Modern Robinson Crusoe from Australia (11 photos). Five real Robinsons who know everything about life on a desert island (6 photos)

Daniel Defoe's novel "Robinson Crusoe" is one of the most popular and books read in the world. In many languages, even a new word "robinson" has appeared, which means a person who lives away from other people. But stories about how someone gets on a desert island and spends several years there all alone happened in real life. Sometimes the adventures of non-fictional Robinsons are even more incredible than the plot of Robinson Crusoe. Here are some of them.

Story one
The most famous non-fictional Robinson

The most famous non-fictional Robinson in the world was named Alexander Selkirk. It was his memoirs that became the basis of Daniel Defoe's novel, and it was his adventures that are described in Robinson Crusoe - though not exactly the same, but in a slightly modified form.

Selkirk was a Scot and served as boatswain on the pirate galley Sank Port. Because of a quarrel with the captain, he had to leave the ship for a small deserted island Mas a Tierra in pacific ocean. This happened in May 1704.

The sailor built himself a hut out of logs and leaves, learned to make fire by rubbing one piece of wood against another, and even managed to tame wild goats, which other travelers brought to Mas a Tierra many years ago. He ate meat sea ​​turtles, fish and fruits, sewed clothes from goat skins.

Alexander Selkirk had to spend more than four years on a desert island. On February 2, 1709, two English warships "Duke" and "Duchess" moored to the shore. What was the surprise of the captains and sailors when a man with a thick beard, dressed in a goatskin and who had almost forgotten how to speak, came out to meet them. Selkirk was taken on board the Duke, and after a long voyage, only in 1712 did he finally manage to return to his homeland.

The real story and the plot of the novel differ in many ways. Robinson Crusoe spent 28 years on the island, and Alexander Selkirk - only 4. In a fictional story, the hero of the book had a savage friend Friday, but in reality Selkirk spent all the years on the island completely alone. And another interesting difference is that Defoe in his novel described a completely different island, which is located several thousand kilometers from Mas-a-Tierra (and in 1966 Mas-a-Tierra was renamed Robinson Crusoe Island) - in another ocean and even in another hemisphere!

The uninhabited island described in the novel "Robinson Crusoe" was placed by Daniel Defoe not far from the island of Trinidad in the Caribbean Sea. The author took the nature of the southern Caribbean islands as the basis for the descriptions of his uninhabited island.

A real island Robinson Crusoe is not tropical at all and is located much further south. This island now belongs to Chile and is located 700 kilometers west of the coast South America. The climate here is mild, but not as hot as in Caribbean Islands. The flat part of the island is mainly covered with meadows, and the mountainous part is covered with forest.

Picture from here
Robinson Crusoe Island (former Mas-a-Tierra), where Alexander Selkirk lived for 4 years

Story two
Robinson on the sandbar

This story took place a century and a half earlier than Alexander Selkirk's Robinsonade, but approximately in the same part of the Pacific Ocean.

Spanish sailor Pedro Serrano was the only survivor of a shipwreck that occurred in 1540 off the coast of Peru. Pedro's new home was an uninhabited island, which is just a narrow sand strip 8 kilometers long.

The island was completely deserted and lifeless, there was not even fresh water. So the unfortunate sailor would have died, if not for the sea turtles - the only guests of the island. With turtle meat dried in the sun, Pedro was able to satisfy his hunger, and from turtle shells he made bowls to collect rainwater.

picture from here
Pedro Serrano hunts turtles (illustration for the book)

Pedro Serrano was able to get the fire with the help of stones, for which he had to dive into the sea many times. There were no stones on the island itself, they were found only at the bottom of the ocean.

By burning dry algae and tree debris brought by the waves, the sailor could cook food and keep warm at night.

So 3 years have passed. And then something amazing happened - another person suddenly appeared on the island, also a survivor of the shipwreck. His name, unfortunately, has not been preserved due to the prescription of events.

Together, the Robinsons spent another 7 years on the island, until they were finally picked up by a passing ship.

Picture from here
The island where Robinson Pedro Serrano looked something like this

Story three
Robinson among the seals

Our next hero was called Daniel Foss. He was an American and traveled on a ship called the Negotiator in the South Pacific. But it so happened that on November 25, 1809, the “Negotiant” collided with an iceberg and sank, and to escape and get to nearest island only Daniel Foss succeeded. The island, as in the story of Pedro Serrano, turned out to be completely deserted, but not sandy, but rocky. The only inhabitants of the island were numerous seals. The poor Robinson had to eat their meat for several years. And he quenched his thirst with rainwater, which accumulated in the stone recesses of the island.

The only wooden object on the island was an old oar brought here by the waves. On this oar, Foss made notches so as not to get confused in the count of days, and at the same time, in small, small letters, cut out notes about his stay on the island.

From seal skins, Foss was able to sew warm clothes for himself, and from stones he built a solid house with walls about a meter thick. Robinson also built stone pillar 10 meters high. Every day Foss climbed on it and peered into the distance, looking for a rescue ship. Only after 3 years on the island did he manage to see a sail in the distance, which soon disappeared over the horizon. This case gave our hero a little hope, because if one ship passed nearby, then others may well pass.

Luck smiled at Fost only two more years later. A man swinging an oar was spotted from a passing ship, but the ship was unable to get close to the island because of the dangerous rocky shoals. Then Robinson, risking his life, independently swam to the ship and was finally saved.




Picture from here
This is what the rocky shores of the island looked like, where Daniel Foss spent 5 long years



Story four
Russian northern robinson

Russia also had its own Robinsons. One of them was the hunter Yakov Minkov, who managed to live alone on Bering Island (one of the Commander Islands, not far from Kamchatka) for seven whole years. Unfortunately, we do not know very much about this man and the details of his Robinsonade.

At the beginning of the 19th century, Yakov Minkov, along with other hunters, sailed on a fishing vessel along northern islands. The main task of the voyage was to hunt foxes (these animals with very valuable fur are found only on far north). In 1805, the captain of a fishing vessel landed a hunter on Bering Island “to guard the caught fishery” and promised to return for him in two months.

But the ship went off course and could not find a way back, and the poor hunter had to survive all alone on a northern island with a harsh climate. He lived in a small fishing hut left by someone, fished, built himself warm clothes and shoes from the skins of arctic foxes and fur seals.

It was especially difficult during the long and frosty northern winters. Yakov Minkov built himself a yurt for wintering. It happened that it was completely covered with snow during snowstorms.

Despite all the difficulties, the northern robinson managed to survive, wait for the schooner passing by the island and escape. In 1812, Yakov Minkov finally returned home.

Picture from here
Bering Island, where Russian hunter Yakov Minkov spent 7 years

Story five
Volunteer Robinson

Survival alone on a desert island is voluntary. One of the most famous voluntary Robinsons in the world was the New Zealander Tom Neal.

In 1957, he settled on the deserted coral island of Suvorov in the middle of the Pacific Ocean. Perhaps you will immediately ask, where did the island come from, named after the Russian commander? Everything is very simple - the Russian traveler Mikhail Lazarev discovered Suvorov Island (he also discovered Antarctica), who traveled on a ship called "Suvorov".

Tom Neal is well prepared for life on the island. He took with him large stock fuel, matches, blankets, soap, brought with him seeds of cereals. He also brought chickens and pigs with him to the island. Robinson's lunch menu was complemented by fish, sea turtle eggs, and the nuts of numerous coconut trees.

In 1960, an American ship unexpectedly arrived on Suvorov Island. Tom Neal was not at all happy to meet people. “I am very saddened, gentlemen, that I was not warned of your arrival in advance. I apologize for my suit,” he mockingly replied to the American sailors. Tom Neal even refused American newspapers and magazines offered to him. "Your world doesn't interest me at all," he declared.

In 1966, after 9 years of robinsonade, Tom Neal came to his homeland for a short time to publish his book "Island for myself", and in 1967 he returned to Suvorov Island again.

And only in 1977, the already quite elderly Tom Neal left his island forever and moved to mainland.

Picture from here
Suvorov Island from a bird's eye view

Picture from here
Book by Tom Neil "Alone on the Island"

The novel "Robinson Crusoe" immortalized the name of Daniel Defoe, and the name of the protagonist has long become a household name. Any child in childhood imagined how he would end up on a desert island and survive here. What can I say, not only a boy. So, just recently we talked about a ruined millionaire who celebrated the 20th anniversary of his stay on the island. But what else are there real stories robinsons?

Robinson Crusoe Island, where Alexander Selkirk spent 4 years

Lived on a desert island: 4 years and 4 months

The story of the Scottish sailor Alexander Selkirk just inspired Defoe to write the novel, it was he who became the prototype of Robinson Crusoe. True, the literary hero spent 28 years on the island, and during this long time alone with nature and with himself, he grew spiritually. Selkirk stayed on the island for 4 years, and he got there not as a result of a shipwreck, but after a quarrel with the captain. And no Friday friend for you, and, of course, cannibals. However, Alexander managed to survive in harsh conditions, he ate shellfish, tamed feral goats and built two huts. In 1709, the sailor was discovered by English ships. When Selkirk returned to London, he told his amazing story writer Richard Steele, who published it in a newspaper.

By the way, the island on which Selkirk lived alone was later called Robinson Crusoe. And 150 kilometers from it there is another island - Alexander-Selkirk.

Traveler Daniel Foss

Lived on a desert island: 5 years

The story of another traveler, Daniel Foss, is also surprising. A man at the end of the 18th century traveled on the ship "Negotiant" along with a team of northern seas where they hunted seals. The ship collided with an iceberg, and 21 people managed to escape by boat. For a month and a half they sailed on the waves until two people were left alive. Soon the boat was thrown ashore, where Foss lost his last comrade. And this island turned out to be far from paradise: a small rocky piece of land, where there was nothing but a rookery for seals. Actually, seal meat helped Daniel survive, and he drank rainwater. Only five years later, in 1809, Foss was picked up by a passing ship. At the same time, the poor fellow had to swim before him, as the captain was afraid that he would run the ship aground.

Tom Neal - voluntary hermit

Lived on a desert island: approximately 16 years

But there are stories about voluntary seclusion. So, for almost 16 years, the coral island of Suvorov became the home of Tom Neil, a native of New Zealand. He first visited the island in 1952. The man domesticated chickens, started a garden, caught crabs, shellfish and fish. Thus, the New Zealander lived on the island for almost three years, and after a serious injury he was taken out. But this did not stop him from returning: Tom returned to his paradise in 1960 for three and a half years, and then in 1966 for ten years. After his second stay, Neil wrote the book An Island for Myself, which became a bestseller.

Jeremy Beebs - Robinson, who managed to grow old on the island

Lived on a desert island: 74 years

In 1911, the ship "Beautiful Bliss" was shipwrecked. Only Jeremy Beebs survived. Then he was only 14 years old. Due to his age, he was very fond of adventure novels, and what do you think was one of his favorite books? Of course, Robinson Crusoe. Here he learned basic survival skills, learned how to keep a calendar, hunt and build huts. The young man managed to grow old on the island: they took him only in 1985 as an 88-year-old man. Just imagine, during this time two world wars have passed and man has mastered space.

Alexey Khimkov with friends - polar Robinsons

Lived on a desert island: 6 years

This story is even more severe: without rainforest And warm sea. IN arctic ice the team lived for six years. In 1743, headed by helmsman Alexei Khimkov, a merchant ship went fishing and got stuck in the ice. A team of four went to the coast of the Svalbard archipelago, where they found a hut. Here they planned to spend the night, but fate decreed otherwise: a strong Arctic wind carried the ice floes along with the ship into the open sea, where the ship sank. The hunters had only one way out - to insulate the hut and wait for rescue. As a result, they lived on the island for 6 years, during which time the team made homemade spears and bows. They hunted bears and deer and also fished. So the harsh Arctic winter turned out to be tough for men. However, there was an outbreak of scurvy in their small camp, and one of the travelers died.

Six years later, a ship sailed past the island, which saved the polar Robinsons. But they did not board empty-handed: during this long time they managed to get about 200 skins of a large animal and about the same amount of arctic fox. About the misadventures of the Russian Robinsons, the book “The Adventures of Four Russian Sailors Brought to the Island of Spitsbergen by a Storm” was later published, which was translated into several languages.

An interesting story about a man who created his own paradise. It was 50 years ago when Brandon Grimshaw decided to quit his job and bought a desert island in Indian Ocean called Moyenne. Brendon Grimshaw bought his island while on vacation Seychelles in 1960. One boy asked him if he would like to buy an island for himself, Brandon thought, why not. At the time, the island was only worth £10,000.

Having moved to the island, it needed to be transformed for life. And then he took to his assistants local resident Rene Antoine Lafortune, and together they began to transform Moyenne, planted a large number of trees and partly created amenities. This photo was taken in 1996:

He told about the island that it was an impenetrable jungle, it was possible to get to different parts only by swimming. Therefore, the first problem he faced was to lay paths through the jungle of the island. Together with Rene, they planted more than 16,000 trees, thereby attracting many thousands of birds to the island, and also contributed to the prosperity of giant tortoises. Not a single turtle was around when the island was first purchased.

Since then, Brendan has been offered $50 million for the island, but he refused the money, saying he wanted to do it here. national park Seychelles, this happened in 2008.

Brendan Grimshaw's book, "Particles of Sand - The Story of One Man and an Island", was published in 1996 and tells about life on the island and the difficulties one has to face. He died on July 3, 2012, just three weeks before his 87th birthday. Brandon owned the island for 50 years.

Title page of Brandon's book:

The book also has illustrations, this is a map of Moyenne Island:

During Brandon's life, no one was particularly interested in his life and activities, and only half a year before his death, in 2012, they learned about him and filmed a 75-minute documentary prepared by Joseph Johnson.

Joseph Johnson spoke of meeting Brandon: "Surrounded on all sides coral reef, Moyenne looked very wild and uninhabited, but after I saw the wooden house through the trees, I realized that Brandon lives here. I was greeted very kindly by a tanned older man in shorts and a T-shirt. Oddly enough, he still spoke with an accent, although it did not go well with exotic species these places. Together we climbed the rock-cut steps to Brandon's one-story wooden house. Here he took care of 120 of his giant tortoises. Giant tortoises live in the Seychelles, but they are almost extinct on other islands. Brandon gave them names such as: Alice, Florita, etc. His house was a little old and shabby, but it was filled with American gifts and souvenirs."

After the appearance of Daniel Defoe's novel "Robinson Crusoe", the name from the title of the book quickly became a household name. Robinson began to be called anyone who, on his own initiative or by the will of fate, was away from people.

Sometimes the adventures of the most famous non-fictional robinsons turn out to be even more interesting than stories about hermits described in books.

Alexander Selkirk - the prototype of Robinson Crusoe

Being the boatswain of a pirate ship, Selkirk fell into disfavor with the captain in May 1704. The consequences of the quarrel was the landing of a sailor on the deserted island of Mas-a-Tierra, which is located in the Pacific Ocean, and where Friday was not even heard of a friend. Despite the difficult living conditions, Alexander was able to achieve some success during his stay on the island.

For example, tame wild goats. It was in the company of these horned ones that English ships found him in 1709, and already in 1712 Selkirk managed to return home. The editors of the site recall that Defoe had Robinson's stay on the island for 28 years.

Traveler Daniel Foss

This piece of land was deserted, and there was nothing here but a rookery for seals. An ordinary wooden oar helped the hero to survive, which was washed to the shore of the island by waves. The hero was waving it like a flag when he was seen from a passing ship 5 years later. Moreover, Daniel got to him by swimming, because the captain was afraid to land the ship on a rocky bottom.

Volunteer Robinson – Tom Neal

In addition, the island was rich in its tropical gifts. When, after 3 years, Tom's stay in paradise was violated by the Americans, he did not even want to hear anything about the world of people. Nevertheless, in 1966, Tom made a short foray into civilization to publish his memoirs and earn money.

With the book "Island for myself" he returned to the island. His inspiration lasted another 10 years, after which Tom Neal left an uninhabited piece of land and went to live out his life in his native New Zealand.

The Magic of Defoe's Book

He learned his knowledge of calendar keeping, hunting and primitive architecture from a book about Robinson Crusoe, and fresh fruits and coconut milk helped to maintain health until old age. Only in 1985, at the age of 88, he found himself on a German ship that happened to pass by.

The story about the famous hermit from the book by Daniel Defoe is reflected in the cinema. In 2000, the film Cast Away starring Robert Zemeckis and Tom Hanks was released.

Alexey Khimkov - Russian "Robinson"

Khimkov had no choice but to insulate the discovered building for wintering. Rifle cartridges did not last long, but with the help of handy items, the brave team made homemade bows and spears. This was enough to hunt deer and bears. The island was also rich in small game and fish, and salt was mined straight from sea water.

Unfortunately, it was not hunger or cold that lay in wait for them, but ordinary scurvy. In conditions of lack of vital vitamins, one in four died five years later. Another year and a half passed before, in the summer of 1749, a passing ship led by Commander Kornilov noticed the wild Robinsons. The book "The Adventures of Four Russian Sailors, Brought to the Island of Svalbard by a Storm"

News of the surviving hunters eventually reached Count Shuvalov himself, who was listed at the royal court. It was he who instructed the French citizen Le Roy to write a book about the misadventures of Khimkov called "The Adventures of Four Russian Sailors Brought to the Island of Svalbard by a Storm", which was subsequently published in several languages ​​in different countries peace. We invite you to learn the stories of the most famous travelers.
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Shot from the movie "Outcast"

The story of the island hermits on Robinson Crusoe (the prototype of which is the son of a Scottish shoemaker, Alexander Selkirk, a drunkard and rowdy) does not end there.

What do others, including modern Robinsons, do, who are they and how do they live?

Australian Downshifting: David Glashin

Once David Glashin was a stock broker, had his own business and a mansion in Sydney. But in 1987, he went bankrupt on a large investment and lost almost all of his money. Disappointed in his former life, he decided to leave the world of people and go to paradise - not in heaven, but quite on earth, on the island of Renaissance, which is not far from northeast coast Australia.

The island was uninhabited, and Glashin leased it, promising the authorities to turn the place into a tourist resort. He moved here in 1993, taking with him dishes, furniture, a refrigerator and a laptop. And also - a spouse, a child and a dog named Kwazi. The first, however, did not enjoy the wild life for long and soon fled to the continent with the child. But the dog remained faithful to the end.

Glashin's voluntary exile continues to this day. I must say that the hermit still has not lost touch with civilization (on the roof of his house there are solar panels, so Glashin cannot live without electricity), uses the Internet and even earns money on the stock exchange. This allows him to shop for big land, Although most Of course, he gets his diet on the island: coconuts from wild palm trees, fish from the ocean, vegetables from his garden. And he makes beer himself - they say it's quite tasty.

Robinson's cloudless existence is overshadowed only by his unfulfilled obligations, which is why the authorities have been trying to evict him from the island for 16 years in a row. However, Glashin intends to live in paradise until the end of his days, and he, of course, does not need a tourist health resort here.

Back to the Ancestors: Masafumi Nagasaki

This modern robinson hailing from the country rising sun abandoned the benefits of civilization a little more than completely, leaving himself only a tent, some of the dishes and yes plastic bottles. His island Sotobanari (which translates as "island in the distance") is located south of Japan and quite close to Taiwan. The area of ​​the island is a little more than a kilometer, it is surrounded by dangerous currents, and there are no sources of fresh water here. But there are no people either. Only Nagasaki lives here with his pet crow.

A successful photographer from the world of show business suddenly dropped everything and moved to the island. It was in 1992. Today Masafumi is 79 years old. The hermit has a lot to do: in the morning, obligatory bathing, then exercises, cooking, cleaning and washing dishes. All things must be done before sunset - then the attack of tropical insects will begin. It doesn't seem to be a lot of work if you live in a warm apartment somewhere in Voronezh. But on a wild island, every little thing turns into exhausting work. The main problem of Nagasaki is typhoons. Once such a hurricane destroyed all the trees on the island, and Masafumi had to whole year fry in the sun, not being able to hide in the shade - except perhaps under your canopy.

Once a week, a man goes to the nearest settlement (on neighboring island) for your favorite rice balls and drinking water(Money is sent to him monthly by his brother). And these days Masafumi hates the most, because he has to wear clothes - on his island he walks completely naked, not counting the slippers on his feet and a towel on his head - protection from the scorching sun. However, Nagasaki is absolutely happy and intends to end his life here. “I decided that this is the place for me, this is where I will die,” he says.

Alone in the Arctic: Ada Blackjack

Well, when hermitage is a voluntary matter. You are a man. And you were thrown into the tropics. What about a forced “vacation” in the Arctic?

In August 1921, a Canadian scientific expedition went to Wrangel Island (in Chukchi Umkilir, which means "polar bear island"), located in the Northern Arctic Ocean. The island, as today, belonged to our country, but in those days Canada had views of it. The main task of the polar explorers was to conquer impregnable island and founding a Canadian colony on it.

The hunting went very badly, food was sorely lacking. Unable to withstand such a life, in January 1923, three polar explorers - Crawford, Maurer and Halle - went to the mainland for help. Nobody else saw them. And in April, Knight died of scurvy. Ada was left alone. She was accompanied by a cat named Vic.

The expedition consisted of four men: Allan Crawford (leader), Milton Galle, Fred Maurer and Lorne Knight, as well as a woman - Ada Blackjack. She was not a professional polar explorer, like the rest of the team, but she was an Eskimo. The 25-year-old girl was supposed to help prepare food for the team members and arrange life. In such dangerous journey she ventured to go to earn money for the treatment of her son, who had tuberculosis. Two of her children (and her husband) had already died at that time, she wanted to save the life of the third, although she had to give the boy to an orphanage during the trip.

At first, everything went well - people had a supply of food and guns for hunting. Replenishment of provisions was expected next summer, but due to poor ice conditions, the arriving ship was never able to approach the island. The same thing happened a couple of months later. The hunting went very badly, food was sorely lacking. Unable to withstand such a life, in January 1923, three polar explorers - Crawford, Maurer and Halle - went to the mainland for help. Nobody else saw them. And in April, Knight died of scurvy. Ada was left alone. She was accompanied by a cat named Vic.

Ada did not know how to hunt, but the dying Knight told her how to do it, and the woman hunted foxes, ducks and seals. She also kept a diary and read the Bible. In August 1923, a ship moored to Wrangel Island. Severely malnourished, Ada, who had spent five months all alone, was rescued. With the proceeds from the expedition (in addition, Ada kept the skins of the foxes killed by her and then sold them), the woman cured her sick son. And then she gave birth to another child, returned to Alaska, where she died at the age of 85.

A book has been written about Ada ("Ada Blackjack: true story Arctic Survivor, Jennifer Niven; not translated into Russian), but for some reason not a single film has been shot yet.

Hostage of the Sea: Jose Salvador Alvarenga

January 30, 2014 homeowners in a deserted place Marshall Islands- Amy Liebokmeto and Russell Lakedrick - frightened heartbreaking scream. Running out into the street, they saw an overgrown man in torn underwear. In his hand he held a knife. The man continued to shout in an unfamiliar language, and then fell to his knees and repeated only one word: "Jose, José."

The owners of the house gave him something to eat, watching how he devoured food: like a wolf - without raising his head. Amy, Russell, and the other islanders didn't understand him, as he spoke Spanish and local population- in English and Micronesian dialects. The situation was saved by a Norwegian anthropology student who had an internship here - he knew some Spanish. And this is what the man told him.

His name is José Alvarenga. He's 37 years old. He is a fisherman and worked in one of the villages on west coast Mexico. November 17, 2012 he went to sea with a partner named Ezequiel Cordoba. A day later, the motor on their boat broke down, and then they got into a storm. There was no means of navigation on the simple boat (except for the walkie-talkie, which broke down almost immediately), so all they had to do was wait. The fishermen did not even have food with them, apart from a few sandwiches and a couple of bottles of water. And there were no oars. Meanwhile, they were washed out into the open ocean.

Until the radio broke down, Jose managed to inform his superiors that they were in trouble. They were looking for them for a couple of days, and then, citing fog and bad weather, they waved their hand. Men fished with their bare hands and ate raw. But most often came across seabirds that landed on the edge of the boat. To quench their thirst, they accumulated rainwater, but for the most part they drank the blood of dead animals, and also ... their own urine. Jose's partner was sick of such food, he ate less and less every day, and slept more and more. One day he just didn't wake up. According to Jose, for several days he kept Ezequiel's corpse in the boat in the hope that they would be found, and then threw it into the water. It was then that Jose had thoughts of suicide, but he resisted. Several times he saw ships passing by, and once they even noticed him, waved to him, and then sailed away.

The story of José, who spent 14 months in open ocean in an old boat without oars, food and water, having traveled 10,000 km, was so incredible that not everyone believed in it. But later research (including a lie detector test) showed that the man is still telling the truth. At home (it turned out that although Jose worked illegally in Mexico, he was originally from El Salvador) he was met by the whole city. But the relatives of the deceased partner sued, claiming that Jose ate Cordoba. Alvarenga, of course, denies this.