It is called the material of a hundred different things. Vietnam and China: partnership or temporary respite
Of the 400 days of travel, I spent 2 months in China and 2 weeks in Vietnam. You say that it is not correct to compare 2 countries if you spent 4 times more time in one. Yes, and countries differ significantly in size: such big china and such a small narrow Vietnam. I came to Vietnam right after China and I really want to make such a comparison.
3 things I liked most about China: Responsive people in China, stunning nature in china and varied Chinese food.
In Vietnam, it is very tasty and beautiful nature , But people in vietnam not everywhere were very good.
On the eve of the New Year, I would like to draw your attention to the fact that Vietnam has one big advantage over China - it has hot tours to vietnam! Here are the options: and
To begin with, I will show you what amazing sights there are in China and Vietnam.
Landmarks in China
By the way, the best places in China are: and, and, and in Guangxi, in Guangdong and in Shaanxi. also deserve attention. and no less beautiful. Amazing in Sichuan
travertine lakes jizhaigou
mountains of guilin
wuyishan mountains
ancient city of xian
Lijiang Ancient Tea City
Floating bridge in Chaozhou
Monk in the Wudanshan Mountains
Huashan mountains
small village in guangzhou
Attractions in Vietnam
Hoi An City
Cultural Capital of Vietnam
Hanoi Vietnam
Sea in Vietnam
Nha Trang sea
Beach in Vietnam
Vietnam-China border
Mountains in Vietnam
Boat trips in Vietnam
People in China
Comparing China with Vietnam, I will start with the most important thing - with people. I will try to be as unbiased as possible, although it is impossible to judge objectively from my own experience. Especially when it comes to people. Yes, Chinese crowds of tourists all over China and the world in general can blur the impression of any attraction. But otherwise, I really like the Chinese.
For 2 months in China, I met a lot of kind and helpful people who became my friends in a short time. To be honest, with Russians, my native people, it’s not so easy for me to find mutual language. Perhaps this is due to the fact that the Chinese are quick and happy to make contact with a foreigner. Someone because they want to communicate in English. But often, they are just very interested in having a foreign friend.
Biking in southern China
Chinese minority girl
Passers-by helped with advice - where and how to get there. The drivers who gave us a lift in their cars gave us food. Familiar and unfamiliar treated in cafes and restaurants. And the police entered the hotels. Yes, and that has happened. And the people with whom I spent 1 day became my friends who are ready to do anything for you. That's what they are, the Chinese.
The Chinese, in general, are not very smiling people. But behind the strict mask of everyday life, they hide a lot of warmth and kindness. And as soon as they get to know you, they immediately begin to smile at you and want to be your friend. Perhaps because I am a foreigner. But that doesn't make it any less fun, does it?
And what am I all about the Chinese?! Vietnamese. The Vietnamese are a complex people. There are smiling, but there are also rather strange, unpleasant people. It seems that they are not very happy with their lives and the people around them. As my friend said, like they owe something. Did not buy my product - an enemy of the people and a personal enemy too. Unpleasant. This approach in Vietnam tourist places Ah, not uncommon. But there are also good people in Vietnam. Drivers of trucks and vans are good, responsive, willingly deliver. We also met very nice grandmothers doing their favorite thing. For example, they cook delicious noodles. Simple, but done with love.
But in any case, the Chinese defeated the Vietnamese, both in quantity and quality.
Nature
In China, of course, there are more of them. Simply because so many Vietnamese are placed in China. And, unfortunately, it so happened that we did not see the Vietnamese nature. Almost or not at all. Behind the scenes were the jungles of North Vietnam, Dalat coffee plantations, wildlife national park Kat Tien and other beauties. But we enjoyed Vietnamese beach. The sea in Vietnam is good, warm and soft.
In China for 2 months I saw a lot of beauties.
Travertine lake in Jizhaigou
Tiger Leaping Gorge
jizhaigou lake
Huashan mountains
Fenhuan tea plantations
Guilin
wuyishan mountains
Huashan mountains
Mount Wudanshan
So far before my eyes, and impressive. And that's not all. Top 3, so to speak. But there were also ascents to the Mecca of Chinese dance - the martial art of tai chi - and on. And this is only a small part of what you can see in China. And there is even a sea where you can swim - on the island of Hainan. Although Chinese attractions have 2 big, I would say huge, minuses are the price and the number of tourists. The prices are outrageous. The number of tourists is comparable.
Nobody won here. There is nothing to compare. And everyone can draw their own conclusions.
Food
Chinese food is incredibly diverse. From province to province. It varies from region to region. I tasted some cuisine of the peoples very well. The cuisine of the Bai people from the ancient city of Dali is unique in some ingredients, Cantonese cuisine () is exquisite and very tasty.I will never forget crispy shrimp dim sums.
And even standard noodles in each province have their own characteristics. The most delicious - - the famous "noodles across the bridge."
Chinese food - noodles and dim sum
sharp snails
Noodles over China Bridge
Noodles over China Bridge
Noodles soup
Noodles across the bridge in Kunming
Chinese dumplings
Cantonese Cuisine - Dim Sum
Pork in China
But Vietnamese food, especially their soups, wins the heart. Seriously and permanently. I have never tasted such rich and tasty broths anywhere else. Sometimes it seems that there are so many secret ingredients that it is enough for several dishes. And their Bun Cha - soup with grilled meat - something incredible. I would never have guessed to cook a cutlet on the coals and then put it in a soup or rather a sauce.
You just need to try it, there is nothing more to say here.
Maybe, Chinese cuisine wins a little due to the variety. But also vietnamese cuisine- it's very powerful. Almost parity.
Language. English
In China, English is very weak. The relative number of English speakers in China is quite small. Although in big cities, in the centers of provinces, English speakers are found, especially university students. In Vietnam, sometimes ordinary sellers in shops speak English, even where you don’t expect it. Although, if you drive away from tourist places to the outback, you will not find this there.
But in general, Vietnam in terms of prevalence in English wins in the country. Even the Russian language is found.
Although, if we talk about local language, then Chinese, although very difficult to learn, is much more pleasant to the ear. Some kind of croaking, choking Vietnamese, and Chinese melodic, pleasant to listen to. But this is purely subjective.
Prices
Food. In China you can find cheap and Tasty food. In Vietnam too. In restaurants in China, of course, it is already quite expensive, but restaurants, they are restaurants in Africa.
Transport in China is expensive. Except sit-down trains the lowest class. But in Vietnam it is not cheap. Having once taken a sleep bus in Vietnam, we switched to hitchhiking, it was already painfully expensive.
Accommodation. In China, it depends on the province and specific location. You can find an excellent room for 500 rubles per day. In Yangshuo (Guangxi) we had one. And in big cities and super-tourist places, it is cheaper than 800-1000 rubles. will no longer be found. Finding a campsite in China is problematic, as is staying in a tent within the city. Although, they say, you can put up a tent in any park, no one will notice.
But it's the same in Vietnam. In Nha Trang we found a room for 475 rubles, and in Hanoi in new year's eve I had to stop for more than 1000 rubles.
Attractions. In China, they are very, overly expensive. Any mountain or lake can cost 2000 rubles. Yes, you still need to pay for mandatory buses around the territory of about 900 rubles. A ten-minute cable car from the mountain can cost 1400 rubles one way. In Vietnam, everything is not so scary, although something large and historical can cost 450-500 rubles. For Vietnam it is expensive, especially if you go there together.
Vietnam is cheaper than China. But the level is lower. No chic high-speed sit-down trains, no well-established infrastructure on the territory of attractions.
Transport
In China, it is very well developed. If you have money - fly by plane, there are airports all over China. Or take soft sleeping area V high-speed train. The first class in the "sit-down" is also good. Buses are slower, and quite expensive due to toll roads everywhere, but there are more directions. Although there are some places that are hard to get out of - we got into one in Fujian.
In Vietnam, roads and trains are worse. Main track Hanoi-Ho Chi Minh, 1700 km long, is not a highway at all. We did part of this route by bus, and partly by hitchhiking, and average speed in both cases - about 40 km / h. Mopeds drive along the highway all the time, it is very often crossed by cities and villages, and people and carts walk along the road. Trains are said to be slow.
China is far ahead of Vietnam in transport development. Yes, and planes from Russia to China now fly much more often and cheaper.
Visa
You can't enter China without a visa. It is now easy to get a Chinese visa in Russia, but it is not easy to get it in neighboring countries. It is difficult to last in China, but it is possible. You can make a 2-hour and multi-hour visa. Lots of options.
You can get to Vietnam with a stamp for 15 days for free. It is impossible to extend or make a visa run. The next departure is possible only after 90 days. Upon arrival, at the airport, you can get free visa for 30 days, but you need to pay in advance for an invitation (Aproval Letter). You can also get some 3-month or more business visa. It is not difficult to obtain a Vietnamese visa in neighboring Asian countries. In China, a Vietnamese visa costs 420 yuan (4200 rubles). Others should be cheaper.
Because of the free 15 days, Vietnam wins. But this is too little to get acquainted with the country. Chinese visa is best obtained in the Russian Federation. But the Vietnamese - upon arrival.
Hitch-hiking
Hitchhiking exists in China, and it is quite fast. If you drive on high-speed toll roads. And they are all paid here. We were taken only by cars. The main thing is to get to the Tall Gate - the entrance to the highway and get past the ticket office. Or stop in front of them, but usually there is a fork further, and then cars with which you are not at all on the way will stop.
But there is a very serious problem of hitchhiking in China - drivers do not want to drop you off on the highway and take you to their own or the nearest Big City. Sometimes they go beyond Tall Gate and drop you off there. We are not very experienced hitchhikers and this is a problem for us - we could not explain and convince the drivers to drop us off on the highway.
The Chinese drivers are very helpful and can feed you along the way or give you some fruits and drinks.
In Vietnam, hitchhiking also exists, and it is available thanks to American trucks. Inside is comfortable and often there are 1-2 sleeping beds behind the drivers. You can go part of the way lying down, which is very convenient.
Vietnamese drivers are also very helpful, they can feed you and leave you to sleep in their truck.
But the speed of hitchhiking in Vietnam is much lower, around 40 km/h. During daylight hours, you can drive 350-400 km and, perhaps, this is the maximum.
Chinese hitchhiking is fast, while Vietnamese is slow. It is easier to negotiate with the Vietnamese, and the Chinese will not want to leave you on the highway and will take you to the city. It is not comfortable. Each country in terms of hitchhiking has pros and cons.
Results. China, on the whole, wins over Vietnam due to helping and benevolent people. The nature of China is wonderful, but often very expensive to see. Vietnamese nature could not be assessed. Food in China and Vietnam is very tasty and inexpensive. Transport and hitchhiking in China is very fast, but paid transport is expensive. Vietnamese transport is slow because of the roads and also not very cheap. Vietnam can be visited for 15 days for free, which is not possible in China.
China, in general, I liked more, for many reasons, despite its comparative high cost. China has won! =)
China and Vietnam have more than 2,000 years of history of conflicts and wars, so they are very wary of each other. The biggest war in the 20th century between them occurred in 1979. The Chinese army was defeated; Soviet Union.
Currently, the PRC and Vietnam have a coldly neutral relationship, having a number of not only historical grievances, but also the modern problem of the Paracel Islands, the Spratly archipelago. In addition, Hanoi is worried about the sharp increase in the military potential of the NKR, which has occurred since the early 90s of the 20th century, the Chinese have made a qualitative leap in the military field. Although it cannot be said that the countries were fenced off by the Iron Curtain at all: since 1986, Vietnam has been implementing a new policy of comprehensive social economy reform and multilateral foreign policy under the motto: "Vietnam wants to be a friend and reliable partner of countries around the world." In 1991, relations between China and Vietnam were normalized. As a result, in 2009 China became the country's third partner in terms of exports from Vietnam with 4 billion 177 million dollars (8.8% of exports), the first and second places are occupied by the United States (about 11 billion) and Japan (more than 7 billion). ). In terms of imports, China generally ranks first: more than 13 billion dollars (23%), Singapore is in second place - 8.4 billion dollars (14.5%), Japan is third - 6.7 billion (11.6% ).
Vietnam's main exports are: crude oil, leather shoes, furniture, coffee, rice, coal, fish, clothing; imports: refined products, iron, steel, machinery, clothing, trucks, car parts, steel semi-finished products, polymers. Vietnam supplies rice to more than 70 countries, and ranks first in the world in the export of cashew nuts and black pepper. China is Vietnam's main trading partner, in 2009 the income from trade between the two countries amounted to about 21.5 billion dollars, an increase of 6.9% against 2008, in 2010 it rose to 25 billion dollars.
That is, in the field of economics, ideology and politics do not dominate. Mutually beneficial cooperation is based on the very close positions of the communist parties of Vietnam and the People's Republic of China, which, in the conditions of the collapse of the European socialist system, have embarked on a "renovation" and are rapidly developing their economies.
From the history of relations between China and Vietnam
The first states were created by the ancestors of the Vietnamese in the 3rd century BC, at that time the Vietnamese tribes occupied large areas of modern South China. Already in the 2nd century BC. e. between the state of the Viet and the Chinese state of Han, a conflict arose, in 111 BC. BC, taking advantage of the internal conflict, the Chinese army captured Nam Viet, he became part of the Han Empire. Since that time, the territory of Vietnam has been included in cultural sphere Chinese civilization.
Before modern period Vietnam and China have experienced quite a few wars, conflicts, there were significant periods of time when significant territories of Vietnam were part of the Chinese empires or were in "vassal" relations. But not a single Chinese power, dynasty could establish complete dominance, the Vietnamese regularly raised uprisings, beat the invaders, restored their states - and so from century to century. Even the Mongol-Chinese troops could not break the resistance of the Viet at the end of the 13th century, their invasions ended ingloriously.
During the period of colonization by European powers, the positions of the Chinese and Vietnamese drew closer: France colonized Indochina, participated in the "opium" wars against China, they were united not only by the fight against colonialism, but also by the communist idea. When the French banned the Communist Party in their colonies, Ho Chi Minh and other activists of the communist movement in Vietnam hid in China. During the war with the French colonialists (1945-1954), and then during Vietnam War(1957-1975) China provided quite significant assistance to the Vietnamese resistance. But after the Vietnamese expelled the French, and then the Americans, from their country, relations escalated again. In 1975, North Vietnam defeated South Vietnam and captured Saigon. There was a rather large Chinese community there, which controlled a significant part of the trade, the restructuring of the economy in a socialist way seriously hit its interests. In addition, China did not benefit from the formation of a single powerful state on the southern borders with a focus on the Soviet Union, Beijing had already quarreled with the USSR. Vietnam angered the Chinese occupation of the Paracel Islands in 1975, they were considered to belong to the Vietnamese.
The events in Cambodia also caused a split, where in 1975 the Khmer Rouge seized power, they chose China as their only ally. They began to organize constant border skirmishes on the border with Vietnam, in addition, the Vietnamese community in Cambodia itself suffered. After a series of border operations, the Vietnamese leadership came to the conclusion that a decisive major operation had to be carried out. In November 1978, an agreement on friendship and cooperation was concluded between the USSR and Vietnam, so the Vietnamese guaranteed the "rear". The Vietnamese army began a decisive war with the Khmer Rouge, as a result they were defeated, Pol Pot was overthrown, sane people became the leaders of Cambodia.
In China, they were very worried and decided to conduct a limited military operation to reduce pressure on the Khmer Rouge, plus internal problems were resolved. As a result, the Sino-Vietnamese war took place on February 17–March 16, 1979. Interestingly, both sides declared their victory. The Chinese "blitzkrieg" (if it was planned, there is an opinion that in Beijing they were not going to seriously fight with Vietnam, but only tested the USSR for "strength" - whether it would dare to protect its strategic ally) failed, the invasion army, 250 thousand people, although a group of 600 thousand people (44 divisions) was assembled, it captured several border provinces, meeting fierce resistance from the Vietnamese border guards and militias (up to 100 thousand). Hanoi did not bring regular units into battle, keeping in the second line to cover Hanoi and Haiphong. On March 5, Vietnam announced a general mobilization, and on the same day, Beijing began to withdraw troops.
Feature of the war: China and Vietnam never brought their main forces into battle, did not use the Air Force.
As a result, Vietnamese-Chinese and Soviet-Chinese relations were spoiled for many years and the countries were in hostile relations. In 1984 and 1988, two more relatively minor incidents occurred at the border. After that, Hanoi and Beijing agreed to normalize relations.
Sino-Vietnamese War (1979).
Vietnam in search of new partners
Hanoi understands that they cannot contain China on their own, so they are looking for new partners to pursue a policy of "collective" containment. So, relations with Japan were quite well established: Tokyo is the largest investor in Vietnam, they invest more only in India (another old enemy of China) - in 2004, the Japanese invested 128 million dollars in Vietnam, in 2008 - 1.1 billion .dollars Trade turnover increased from $7 billion in 2004 to $17.7 billion in 2008. Japan, along with the United States, are the main markets for Vietnamese goods. In 2009, the Economic Partnership Agreement was ratified between the countries. Japan is helping Vietnam develop its space programs, and the first Vietnamese satellite is scheduled to be launched around 2017.
Vietnam is actively establishing cooperation with India, Indian naval officers are training Vietnamese submariners. There is also cooperation with the United States: back in 1994, Washington lifted the trade embargo against Vietnam and normalized Vietnamese-American relations.
The problem of the Spratly and Paracel Islands
The Paracel Islands is a small (about 250 by 100 km) uninhabited archipelago in the Tonkin Sea, captured by China in 1974, but also claimed by Vietnam and Taiwan. The Spratly Islands are an archipelago in the southwest South China Sea, consists of more than 100 small islands, reefs and atolls, their total area is less than 5 km². total area region is more than 400 thousand km². The region is contested by 6 countries - Vietnam, China, Taiwan, Malaysia, Philippines, Brunei.
For China, these islands are of the utmost importance; they are crossed by a sea route, along which the PRC receives most its resources, including oil from Africa, the Middle East. In addition, the islands are of military-strategic importance, they have significant biological resources, which is very important at the present time - no one has canceled the problem of food security, it has only worsened. Plus the shelves, where there may be significant reserves of hydrocarbons.
In 1988, a military conflict took place between the Vietnamese Navy and the Chinese in the Spratly Island area, three Vietnamese ships were sunk, about 70 Vietnamese died, China captured 7 reefs and atolls. In 1995, an agreement was reached between the PRC and Vietnam to start negotiations on the joint use of the region's resources, but they could not agree. In 2005, Vietnam made a declaration of its sovereignty over the Spratly Islands. The PRC currently controls all the Paracel Islands and has its own military posts on atolls 8-9 of the Spratly archipelago. Hanoi has military units on 21 Spratly Islands.
This problem may eventually develop into a rather large regional conflict involving several countries. Nobody is going to give up. But it is highly doubtful that Vietnam will aggravate, it is beneficial for him economic cooperation with the PRC, besides, China has become very strong militarily after the 1979 war. And Vietnam lost a strategic ally in the face of the Soviet Union.
Beijing is using its usual strategy, not escalating, but its Navy is step by step strengthening its position in the archipelago.
Outcome: in the coming years, a war between Vietnam and China is hardly possible, but in the medium and long term it is quite likely. Beijing sharply increased its military capabilities after 1979 and is constantly building them up, quickly becoming the number two power in terms of military potential, according to some analysts, it is likely that it will become the first.
Vietnam is unlikely to be the first victim of the external expansion of the Yellow Dragon, the priority direction is Taiwan. But then the danger will increase - there are also unresolved issues with the Spratly archipelago, historical grievances. Vietnam understands this, so they continue to strengthen the Navy, Air Force, and are looking for an alliance with Japan, India, and even the United States.
Sources:
History of Vietnam. M., 1983.
http://globaledge.msu.edu/countries/vietnam/tradestats/
http://www.rau.su/observer/N07-08_95/7-8_07.HTM
http://www.humanities.edu.ru/db/msg/38707
Our planet gives us a lot of amazing, far from last place among the things that interest us are foodstuffs. Today we will talk about fruits, but not ordinary and known to everyone - apples, bananas, oranges, but about exotic ones.
The Asian countries - Vietnam and China - will become the subject of our interest. Many outlandish trees grow on the territory of these countries, giving the local population tasty and healthy fruits. You have probably heard the name of some of them, while others will be new to you, but nevertheless, we will try to describe not only them appearance but also taste.
Guava
This fruit came to the territory of the tropical zone from Central America. In the immature state, its fruits are very acidic, but as they ripen, the acid disappears. Guava is rich in various vitamins, including ascorbic acid, B vitamins and vitamin A. Scientific studies confirm that these fruits contain about two to three times more vitamin C than citrus fruits. Guava contains many antioxidants - more than five hundred milligrams per hundred grams of pulp. This product is used in the production of various food products, in addition, alcoholic beverages are prepared on its basis.
Jackfruit
This fruit is considered the largest fruit growing on trees. Its weight can reach thirty-five kilograms, while its length is ninety centimeters, and its diameter is fifty centimeters. From the outside, the jackfruit looks green, but as it ripens, it turns yellow. Under the skin are quite large slices, painted yellow. The aroma of the pulp resembles a mixture of banana and pineapple.
It is not very juicy and similar in taste to dried bananas. When carving the fruit, put on gloves, because its surface is usually covered with sticky latex.
Jackfruit is highly nutritious. It contains a lot of carbohydrates - about 40%, which is even higher than in ordinary baked goods. That is why he received another popular name: "bread for the poor." Jackfruit seeds are also consumed by roasting them. They are rich in proteins and carbohydrates. In Vietnam, this fruit is more commonly referred to as breadfruit.
durian
This is a very exotic fruit, familiar to many tourists. It reaches thirty centimeters in length, and its maximum weight is four kilograms. Outside, durian is surrounded by a hard shell, studded with many rather large spines. The main uniqueness of this fruit is the content of organic sulfur in it. It is because of this that the fruits have a very unpleasant rotten smell. However, their taste is very interesting, rich in nutty-creamy shades.
Tourists should remember that durian should never be combined with alcoholic beverages. Such a cocktail can cause death.
This fruit is rich in various trace elements, it contains calcium, sulfur and iron. In addition, it contains vitamin A, ascorbic acid and B vitamins.
Rambutan
These are small fruits - about the size of a walnut. They grow in clusters and look like oblong balls with an elastic peel. On the surface, the fruit is strewn with stiff light brown and dark brown hairs, wrapped at the ends. The length of rambutan is three to five centimeters. Under the peel is the pulp, which looks like a white-yellow gelatinous mass. It has a pleasant sweet taste and is rich in carbohydrates and proteins. The fruits also contain a lot of calcium, phosphorus, iron and ascorbic acid.
passion fruit
These fruits are also called passion fruits. They have a rounded shape, and their color ranges from dark gray to brown. Edible is the most tender pulp, painted yellow. It is very juicy, and tastes like the familiar sea buckthorn (sweet and sour taste). The fruit contains many seeds, juice is usually squeezed out of it, which is added to various yogurts, and also mixed with other juices, most often orange.
Mangosteen
This fruit is deservedly called the queen of all tropical fruits. Under the peel, it contains pulp, collected in cloves similar to garlic. It is painted in a pearly white color, literally melts in your mouth, leaving a delicate pleasant taste. Most often, mangosteens are consumed fresh as a dessert. With a sharp knife, cut the peel in a circle, after which the upper part is removed. In the bottom half you will have slices that can be easily removed with a fork. This product is rich in unique enzymes that effectively eliminate the inflammatory response: swelling, pain, redness and fever.
sapodilla
These fruits are similar to large elongated kiwi, their weight can vary from ten to one hundred grams. Under the thin skin is a very sweet and juicy flesh, colored yellow and brown.
Longan
This plant is considered a relative of the lychee. It grows like clusters that look like grapes. The fruits are covered with a dense brown skin. It is easily separated from the pulp, just like the lychee. Longan has a sweet taste, it is usually eaten fresh, but is sometimes used to make ice cream, various creams and pie fillings. These fruits are rich in various trace elements: magnesium, iron, phosphorus and potassium. They also contain a lot of vitamin A and ascorbic acid.
Many exotic fruits grow in Asian countries, which have unique taste qualities and are characterized by a high degree of usefulness.
According to official figures, there are 54 nationalities in Vietnam. However, there are many more ethnic groups.
The ethnic composition of the country's inhabitants in figures looks like this: 85.7% live in Vietnam, 1.9% in Tai, 1.5% in Muongs and Khmers, 2.13% in Miao-Yao, and 1.1% in Nungs.
The remaining nationalities are represented in smaller numbers: these are the Chinese, Banars, Sedangs, Hoa, Sre, Khre, Mnongi, Sanziu, Santai, Raglai, etc.
The official nationalities are grouped into 8 groups based on language: Vietnamese, Mon-Khmer, Chinese, Tibeto-Burmese, Thai, Miao-Miao, Cham and peoples who speak Kadai languages.
The mountain peoples of Vietnam are united in a group of highlanders or thuongs.
Religious preferences of the Vietnamese
Among the inhabitants of the country there are Buddhists (only 9.3%), Catholics (6.7%), Khao-Hao (about 1.5%), Protestants (0.5%), and Cao Dai (1.1%).
The rest of the population is either atheist or adheres to folk beliefs. They are based on the ritual "tho kung to tien". This is the cult of ancestors. This dogma is not formalized, it does not have a hierarchy of clergy. Since the adherents of the cult of ancestors conduct their rites in Buddhist temples, then many mistakenly consider about 80% of the country's population to be Buddhists.
Economy of Vietnam
In the late 1980s, the economic crisis also affected Vietnam. Since 1986, the country has launched reforms aimed at developing market relations. At the same time, the landmarks of socialism were not removed. Moreover, the state controls private enterprise. Article 15 of the Constitution of Vietnam fixes at the state level the recognition in the country of public, collective and private property.
The reforms made Vietnam a leader among ASEAN members in 1995-1997. 30% of all capital investments in the state were investments of foreign companies. GDP increased by 8.9% annually.
In 1998-1999, the Asian financial crisis leads to a decrease in imports to the country and an increase in exports. Of course, foreign investment has also decreased.
Vietnam is very different high prices property at low incomes. The purchasing power of the Vietnamese is low. Basically, the Vietnamese live poorly, poor and in a dirty country. At the same time, they manage to maintain an average level of security in the country, which pleases visitors. The healthcare industry, compared to others Asian countries well developed.
As of 2015, GDP per capita has already amounted to USD 6,400.00. At the same time, the GDP growth rate is 6.10%. On average, the Vietnamese receive about 7.5 million VND per month. The salary of the President in the country does not exceed the average salary of the Vietnamese.
The state uses the wealth of nature to develop its economy: manganese, coal, timber, oil, gas, phosphates, bauxites, chromites, hydropower. The industrial sector employs 15% of the country's population. Everyone has heard about Vietnamese cell phones, office equipment and components for computers, household appliances.
And the Vietnamese also sew clothes, shoes, are engaged in agriculture and shipbuilding. Agriculture employs about 52% of Vietnam's population, which is 21% of GDP. In the fields of the country we will see pepper, soybeans, cashews, bananas, peanuts, sugar cane. Superiority in the country is held by rice, rubber, coffee, tea, cotton. Income from tea production exceeds $150 million. The development of fishing and seafood processing is gaining momentum.
Since tourism in Vietnam also tends to develop, the service sector requires its own reforms and effective steps. About 33% of the population of the state is employed in this area.
Vietnam is a very, very ancient country, the first settlers inhabited the lands of these places during the Paleolithic era. Like China and Egypt, Vietnam is ancient state that have arisen on their own.
There is a legend about the appearance of the Vietnamese people. Once upon a time, the lord of the seas and water elements, Lac Long Quan, married the charming fairy Au Ko, who was the daughter of the god of mountains. But the young husband preferred to spend most of his time in sea depths, and nothing could bring husband and wife closer, the appearance of sons also did not affect their relationship.
The legend claims that a hundred heirs were born. And soon Lak Long Quan made an offer to his wife to separate their sons and disperse - to her in the mountains, and to him in the sea. He motivated this decision by the fact that they are from different families, he is a dragon, and she is a fairy, and they cannot live together, although there is love between them. Au Ko agreed, and those sons who left with their father and began to live on the coast were the progenitors of the modern Vietnamese people, and those who climbed into the mountains with their mother were the highland peoples of the country. Parents, a fairy and a dragon, passed on to their children the knowledge that they themselves possessed. Their father taught them to sow and cultivate arable land, and their mother taught them to plant mulberry orchards and silkworms. It was the fairy Au Ko who told people about how tasty and sweet sugar cane juice is. The dragon was destined to play a significant role in the formation of the state of Vietnam.
After Lac Long Quan, his power passed to his eldest son, who founded the first Vietnamese Hung dynasty and called the country Vanlang. These events took place, according to legend, in 2879 BC, the people who then inhabited these lands were called Laviets. Today, historians consider them to be the true progenitors of the current Vietnamese people. There were 18 rulers in the Hung dynasty, they succeeded each other on the throne and held power in their hands until 257 BC.
The death of the Hung dynasty is attributed to the daughter of the last king named Mi Nuong. Her father proclaimed a competition throughout the country between applicants for the hand of Mi Nuong, since she was supposed to marry only an outstanding and courageous person. The ruler of the neighboring kingdom of Teiau also claimed her hand, its inhabitants were called Auviets. When he lost the contest and did not marry the beautiful My Nuong, he ordered his successors to wipe out the Vanlang country from the face of the earth. This was done by the grandson of the unfortunate groom, who attacked Vanlang, enslaved him and created a new state with a new name, combining both old ones - Aulac, that is, Auviets and Lakviets.
The winner renamed himself and remained in the annals of Vietnamese history as An Duong Vuong. The first accomplishment that he undertook was the construction of Koloa, the capital of the new state. He planned to build a fortress in the shape of a snail, but here An Duong Vyong was disappointed, as the walls erected during the day invariably collapsed at night.
The Golden Turtle Kim Kui, a mythological animal very revered in Vietnam, came to the aid of the ruler. She said that the hill around which they unsuccessfully tried to build a fortress is occupied by an evil spirit that takes the form of a harmless chicken. Then An Duong Vyong himself caught the bird and beheaded it, after which the fortress was successfully completed. It is curious that the Golden Turtle helped An Duong Vuong completely free of charge, and also gave him a magical crossbow that fired a hundred arrows at a time.
This crossbow played its victorious role in the war with China, which became the first battle of which there are documents. But, despite the victory over the Chinese Qin Empire, the Aulac state soon ceased to exist. It happened again through the fault of the ruler's daughter.
After the war with Qin, a certain Chinese general settled in the area north of Aulak, now it is the city of Guangzhou, which belongs to China. When this happened, the Qin empire no longer existed, and this general called himself the ruler of those lands that were under his control. The general's goal was to conquer Aulac. To do this, the cunning Chinese was able to marry his son to the heiress of An Duong Vyong named Mi Tiau.
After the wedding, the young people began to live in Koloa, it was this step that was conceived by the insidious general. He persuaded his son to destroy the magic crossbow in order to take away his power from Aulak. The general's son broke his crossbow and immediately left the castle, heading north towards his father. Mi Tau, in love, rushed after her husband. Immediately, the Chinese army attacked the state of An Duong Vuong, who, relying on a crossbow, was not prepared for an attack. When he understood the state of things. He fell into a strong rage, rushed after his daughter, caught up with her and beheaded her. Then he also committed suicide by jumping into a pond.
Koloa Fortress is located at a distance of 20 kilometers from Hanoi. The pond where the ruler of Au Lak found his last resting place still exists, there is a statue of An Duong Vuong with a magic crossbow in his hand, and in the temple dedicated to his daughter, there is a statue of the headless My Tiao.
Chieu Da, the treacherous husband of Mi Tiau, created a single new state from his lands and the lands of Aulak, called Nam Viet. Interestingly, when Chieu Da became the ruler of Nam Viet, he began to position himself as a real Vietnamese. He defended the interests of the Vietnamese people before the Chinese Han Dynasty, cared for the well-being of the local Vietnamese, constantly carried out reforms in their favor.
Before Chieu Da, the Vietnamese were ruled by kings, he became the first Vietnamese emperor and did everything to strengthen the power and significance of the Vietnamese state. But Chieu Da had no luck with the heirs, they turned out to be nothing outstanding, weak, and soon lost what their father had achieved. For example, one of the sons married a Chinese woman, very domineering and decisive, who kept both her husband and then her son under her heel.
When Chieu Da died, this son succeeded him as Emperor of Nam Viet, but his Chinese mother forced him to become part of the Chinese Han Empire and completely submit to her. The emperor did not have time to do this, he was killed together with his mother by one of the officials, who understood the disastrous consequences of joining the Chinese empire.
Immediately after these dramatic events, a war was unleashed with the Chinese, which Nam Viet lost. The result of losing the war was the complete subjugation of the Chinese empire. Vietnam for the next thousand years turned out to be the northern province of China. This long era has been called the "Northern dependency" in Vietnamese history. But despite Chinese domination, the Vietnamese people have retained their cultural traditions. Throughout the time of enslavement, Vietnam fought against the Chinese colonialists. Every now and then, liberation uprisings flared up, for example, the uprising led by the Chyng sisters is known. This event once again emphasized the importance of the role of women in the history of Vietnam, showed their authority in society, much more significant than in Chinese society.
One of the uprisings became truly liberating, after which Vietnam gained the desired independence for 50 years. As a result, the country began to be called Vansuan, and the legend says that the rebels won not without the help of a dragon.
Further, everything developed in such a way that the Chinese officials controlled the Vietnamese territory more and more weakly, even the Chinese governors acted as defenders of the interests of the Vietnamese people. The Chinese troops were withdrawn from the lands of Vietnam to suppress a large uprising in China, then the Chinese Tang dynasty was overthrown, and a long period of disunity and confusion began in China. Instead of the Tang dynasty, other large and not very states grew up, there were several dozen of them. One of them, with a similar name Dai Viet, attacked Vietnam, this attack repeated Chieu Da's military actions to capture Vietnam a thousand years ago. But Dai Viet failed to achieve its goal - to connect the lands of South China with North Vietnam.
By that time, the Vietnamese already had excellent commanders, one of them repulsed the attacks of the aggressor on the Batdang River. The famous military leader Ngo Quyen came up with a clever move that served him faithfully. It consisted of the following - sharp stakes were driven into the bottom of the river, and the Vietnamese fleet allegedly began to retreat. The light ships of the Vietnamese sailed painlessly dangerous place, and the enemy heavyweights, who sailed in pursuit, were trapped. They pierced their bottoms and went to the bottom.
Ngo Kuyen founded the new Ngo dynasty, under him the capital returned to Koloa again. When Ngo Quyen died, anarchy began in the country. This stage in the history of Vietnam acquired the name of the “epoch of 12 rulers”, when each specific king constantly made attempts to seize the lands of his neighbor. But the people soon realized that it was necessary to unite, otherwise they would face extermination. In 968 AD, the commander Din Bo Lin managed to unite the country and move the capital to the Hoa Lu mountains. Now these two ancient lands– Koloa and Hoaly are of great interest to historians and travelers. Din Bo Lin appointed himself emperor, and he had to constantly restrain the aggression of the local nobility, who dreamed of conquering the country.
In 980, the emperor, along with his heir, was killed by conspirators, power passed to the commander Le Hoan, who married the widow of Din Bo Lin. He declared a new Le dynasty, defeating the Chinese Song dynasty with the same stakes driven into the bottom of the same Batdang river.
But the Le dynasty was also destined to end ingloriously, it turned out that the son of the emperor had real sadistic inclinations, his favorite pastime was the torture of his subordinates, whom he watched with pleasure. The indignant people as a result of the coup killed a sadist, and the Buddhist monks began a conspiracy.
The next ruler, Ly Cong Huang, founded the first long dynasty in the history of the country in independent Vietnam. He again moved the capital from the mountainous regions to the bend of the Red River. This was facilitated by a giant dragon that took off into the sky right in front of the emperor floating down the river. So says the legend. In the place where the dragon rose from, it was decided to build a new city - Thanglong.
The years of the Li dynasty are the years of the formation of Vietnam as a centralized state. The Li era lasted from 1010 to 1225, when for the first time power was concentrated in the capital of the state. Buddhism had a very great influence on the population in the country, because Buddhist monks helped the people get rid of the sadistic ruler.
In 1069, the country was renamed Dai Viet, which means Great Viet. Subsequently, for the first time in history, Vietnam itself attacked southern provinces China in order to return the lands of ancient Nam Viet, located near Chinese city Guangzhou. But this military campaign did not become a victorious procession. Much has changed over the years, the culture of the population has developed, its ethnic structure has been transformed, in connection with which, the people have come closer to the Chinese nation. The Vietnamese army was perceived with hostility and did not receive support from the local Vietnamese.
True, in the southern part of the country, the Vietnamese army was more successful. She conquered the kingdom of Champa, after which the well-known "Advancement to the South" of the Vietnamese people began. This movement to the south was due to the unusually rapid and powerful growth of the Vietnamese population, as well as the fact that there was very little land suitable for habitation in North Vietnam.
At the end of the 12th century, a huge crisis began in the state, affecting many areas - politics, economics, social life. Rod Chan, who had long been waiting for the right moment to overthrow the government and ascend to the throne, immediately took advantage of this. burst out Civil War between Lee and Chan. The outcome of this military conflict was unexpected. At the decisive moment, the emperor of the ruling dynasty concluded a truce with representatives of the Chans and granted them the most important positions in the state. Thus, the outcome of the war was decided and the Li dynasty no longer posed a threat to the Chans. Later, the Chans even persuaded the emperor to marry his seven-year-old daughter to one of the representatives of the Chan dynasty, who was only eight years old. When the emperor died, this girl ascended the throne and handed over the reins of power to her husband. This meant that a new dynasty was once again in power in Vietnam.
Further, the Chans behaved cruelly, they killed all members of the imperial family of Lee and issued an order to change the name of Lee to the name of Nguyen. This order applied to absolutely everyone. Therefore, in modern Vietnam, Nguyen is the most common surname.
The era of the reign of Chans is the strengthening of feudal relations in Vietnam, this happened from 1225 to 1400. During this time, the state grew stronger along with rich and noble landowners, and then weakened, and by the beginning of the 15th century, landowners represented a serious economic power and political force.
The Chang Dynasty covered itself with glory in opposing its Mongol army, which was then the most powerful and invincible in the world. Three times the Mongols tried to capture Dai Viet, but they were given a fitting rebuff. In the 14th century, the advance to the south resumed, areas of the city of Hue were annexed to Dai Viet.
The second half of the 13th century was occupied by constant and long military operations, which could not but affect the state of agriculture. The agrarians began to express dissatisfaction, crowds of poor peasants wandered around the country, who tried to cling to the lands of rich landowners so that they would not be taxed there.
Imperial power was weakening, and the power of wealthy landowners, on the contrary, was growing stronger. In this situation, when the authority of the authorities fell sharply, and the opposition raised its head, the nobility began to catch up with the chancellor Ho Kyui Li, who since 1378 was the de facto ruler of the country. It was in his power to strengthen the army and return back the areas of Dai Viet, torn away by Champa. Further, the chancellor directed his activities to strengthening the centralized power and the nobility. He carried out significant reforms to reorganize the government apparatus, strengthen regulatory bodies. All these actions were not to the liking of the rich feudal lords, and they decided to ask for help from China.
As a result, in 1407, the Chinese army ended the Huo dynasty. The country was occupied by Chinese troops. The occupation continued until 1427, when, finally, the national liberation movement drove the invaders out of Dai Viet. At the head of the uprising was Le Loy, who, after the liberation of the country from the Chinese army, founded the Le dynasty and continued the reformist activities of his predecessor.
So in the 15th century it was already possible to speak of progress. The rapid growth of cities began, land plots became the property of the state, trade was actively expanding both within the country and abroad. The apparatus of officials and the army became orderly and harmonious. The official ideology was recognized - Confucianism. From 1460 to 1497, the state of Vietnam experienced an unprecedented rise in all spheres of activity, Dai Viet finally annexed Champa and some western regions.
At the beginning of the 16th century, a number of peasant uprisings occurred, and attacks on the central apparatus of power by the noble families of the country also began again. As a result, by the middle of the 17th century, two independent states were formed on the territory of Dai Viet, and this was under the nominal power of the Le dynasty. These are the state of Dangnggoai with the capital Thang Long, today's Hanoi, and the state of Dangchaung with the capital Fusuan, now the city of Hue. The first belonged to the Chini dynasty, and the second to the Nguyen. The Chini developed the lands in the northwest of Vietnam, and the Nguyen - in the south.
The 18th century was marked by the strongest outbreak of popular anger in the Nguyen state. It began in the mountains, the uprising was led by peasants, brothers from the mountainous region of Taishon. The meaning of the rebellion was expressed in the call - "to take away the property of the rich and divide it among the poor." The wave of discontent that swept across the country turned out to be so powerful that the entire family of the Nguyen rulers was eradicated, miraculously only little Nguyen Anh survived.
By 1778, the leaders at the head of the peasant movement began to strongly lean towards the revival of feudalism. One of the leading brothers proclaimed himself emperor, and in 1786 the Teishon army seized the lands of the Chinei state. Thus, all power was actually concentrated in the hands of the Teyshons. The Le dynasty made an attempt to regain power, but was overthrown by the Teyshons.
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By 1802, the surviving heir Nguyen Anh was able to destroy the Teishon and establish his own power on the lands of both former states of Chiney and Nguyen. Two years later, the country began to be called Vietnam, and the city of Hue was proclaimed its capital. During this period, the last dynasty in the history of the state, the Nguyen dynasty, was founded, and Nguyen Anh, known in historical records as Emperor Gia Long of Vietnam, became its emperor.
During the reign of Gia Long, he carried out several useful economic reforms, as a result of which the life of the population became better. This continued until the middle of the 19th century, until a new, completely unknown misfortune happened - the French colonialists. It is known that the capture of South Vietnam by the French took place in the period from 1858 to 1862, as a result South Vietnam was turned into a colony of France, which was called Cochinchina. In this regard, the Saigon Treaty is mentioned, according to which three provinces of Vietnam in the South went to France, and prerequisites were created for the unhindered advance of the colonialists inland. And so it happened, in the 80s North Vietnam was also conquered, which opened the way for the colonialists to Chinese provinces rich in mineral deposits.
In 1887, France created the Indochinese Union, under the flag of which all the Vietnamese lands it seized, as well as Cambodia, Laos and part of China, were united. But the Vietnamese people did not sit idly by, they fought, and very actively, for their independence from French domination. Vietnamese insurgent detachments were formed everywhere, and Chinese "black flags" and liberation squads fought next to them. The uprising in support of the ruler lasted until the very end of the 19th century. It was organized by Ham Ngi, the emperor, and supported by the masses of the people. Ham Ngi was captured and exiled to Algeria for the rest of his life.
The movement of the rebels under the slogan in support of the ruler turned out to be the last traditional action of the masses in defense of the monarchy. The subsequent political actions of the Vietnamese government were strongly affected by Japan's victory over Russia in 1905.
The year 1930 was marked by the founding of the Vietnamese Communist Party, led by Ho Chi Minh. Soon it was named the Communist Party of Indochina.
from 1941 to 1945, Vietnam was under the occupation of the Japanese army, while the French administration was retained.
In 1941, Ho Chi Minh formed the League of Struggle for the Independence of the country, it was called the Viet Minh. The essence of the League was the organization of the national-patriotic front, the program of the front was written. The main point of the program was the transfer of land ownership to farmers.
This movement, which swept across the country, ended in the complete victory of the revolution in August 1945. It resulted in the proclamation Democratic Republic Vietnam.
This outcome of the liberation movement was influenced by the victory over fascism and the surrender of the Japanese army. Ho Chi Minh became the President of the Republic of Vietnam, putting a lot of effort into building a free Vietnam. So, in 1946, Vietnam adopted its first Constitution in the history of the country. But France did not give up so easily, and did not stop hostilities in the south of the country.
The independence of Vietnam hung in the balance, and then the whole people rose to defend their interests. It was real liberation war, Resistance that lasted for 9 years, until 1954. All this time, the peacekeeping forces of other countries tried to resist the colonialists. Also in France itself, a movement was launched against the shameful war. In the end, the French government was forced to give up its positions and sign the Geneva Agreement, according to which France undertakes to organize the withdrawal of its army from the state of Vietnam and create conditions for the reign of peace.
