Mariana Trench beings living in it. The unique depth of the planet. For whom was the city of Teotihuacan created?

There are many amazing places of this world, which are still unexplored by man. It turns out that only 5% of the ocean area is subject to science, the rest remains a mystery for her, covered in darkness. One of these mysterious places is the Mariana Trench, the depth of which has the most great importance among all studied areas of the seabed. The Mariana Trench is another name for the place.

Under the thickness sea ​​water pressure is a thousand times higher than the pressure that is fixed at normal sea. But high-tech devices and caring risky people helped to learn at least a little about the deep cleft. The Pacific Ocean is a true nature reserve, which is not only home to exotic unique animals, but also has remarkable topographical features.

Everyone knows about the existence of this amazing object. Information about it is given to us from a young age, but over time we forget both the numbers and curious facts about this strange and charming place. We decided to remind you where the Mariana Trench is located and what it is. You can learn a lot about the object of the ocean surface.

The heroine of our article is called by the name of the islands, which are located near the "bottom of the earth". It is located along the islands. In the Mariana Trench, the depth of which, it would seem, is capable of destroying all life, there are some microorganisms that have mutated due to high pressure. This tectonic fault has steep slopes - about 8⁰. Below - a wide platform about 5 km, which is divided by stone rapids. The pressure at the very bottom is 108.6 MPa - more than anywhere else on planet Earth.

The history of the study of the phenomenon

1872 is considered the date of discovery of the Mariana Trench, photos of the object appear a little later. The tectonic fault was explored as well as possible by the British on a military corvette in 1951. Becomes known depth Mariana Trench - 10863 meters. Since it was the Challenger ship that sank to the very bottom, to the deepest point, it became known as the Challenger Abyss.

Soviet scientists join the study. Since 1957, the scientific vessel "Vityaz" begins to surf the ocean and discovers that the depth of the Mariana Trench is even greater than previously stated - more than 11 kilometers. Our marine researchers established the fact of life at great depths, destroying the scientific stereotypes of that time. Subsequently, the ship was decommissioned into a museum value. Experiments continue to this day. Five years ago, the “bottom of the world” was visited by the automatic device Nereus, which descended 11 km below ocean level, took new photos and videos.

Diving to the "bottom of the Earth" is at least five hours. The ascent is somewhat faster. It is impossible to stay at the very bottom for more than 12 minutes, taking into account the technology that was at the disposal of the then researchers. Cosmic sums have to be allocated for the study of such terrestrial objects, so the work is going slowly.

Where is it

The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean, two hundred meters from the islands of the same name. It looks like a crescent-shaped crevice, its length is more than 2550 km, and its width reaches almost 70 km.

The results of the study showed that the depth in the Mariana Trench is about 11 thousand meters. Everest reaches only 8840 m. If you need a comparison, then the highest mountain on Earth can be turned over and placed entirely on the bottom of the Mariana Trench, but there will still be more than 2 km of water column above the top. We are talking only about the height, the width of the depression and the mountain do not match.

Curious facts and stories

• It's hot there. At this crazy depth, it turns out that it is not cold. The thermometer shows a positive value - up to 4⁰С. There are hot springs in the gorge, they make the water a hundred points hotter. Boiling the water column does not give high pressure.

• Population. Ignoring the unsuitable conditions for life, the inhabitants of the "bottom of the world" got along well. Huge xenophyophore amoebas live there - up to 10 cm. These are the simplest, but they mutated due to hot water and pressure. Amoeba are able to survive in an environment filled with dangerous chemical elements.

• The inhabitants of the Mariana Trench also became mollusks, although the form from the cover should have simply cracked under great pressure. But hot springs contain serpentine rich in hydrogen and methane. It is these substances that allow mollusks to survive. They managed to adapt even to hydrogen sulfide secretions, converting them into protein compounds.

• The birthplace of life on the planet. Champagne key at the bottom of the ocean is unique area under water containing liquid CO2. It forms specific bubbles, similar to those in a glass of sparkling wine. Scientists have suggested that a primary form of life could have appeared around this key in due time. This is due to the presence of all the necessary substances.

• The depression is slippery. There is no sand or anything like that. At the very bottom there is a thickness of small shells and dead plankton accumulated over thousands of years. The pressure makes this mass look like slime.

• Sulfur in a liquid aggregate state. The Mariana Trench, which is not so easy to take a photo of, is rich in various geoformations. At a depth of more than 400 meters, on the way to it, there is a whole volcano. Near Daikoku is located big lake, filled with liquid sulfur, which is nowhere else on Earth to be found. The substance boils at a temperature of 187⁰С, and under it, it is believed, there is an even larger layer of liquid sulfur, which could also contribute to the formation of life on our planet.

• There are bridges there. In 2011, a group of research scientists discovered stone bridges in the Mariana Trench. Four structures stretched between the abyss for almost 70 km. They are located between two tectonic plates - the Pacific and the Philippine. One of them was discovered even earlier, in the 80s of the XX century. It is very high, over 2.5 km.

• The first person at this depth. Since the beginning of its discovery in 1875, only three people have plucked up the courage to dive into the Mariana Trench. The first was an American, Lieutenant Don Walsh, and with him the scientist Jacques Piccard in 1960. The dive was made on board the Challenger. In 2012, film director James Cameron visited the Mariana Trench on a bathyscaphe, and took a photo of it as a keepsake. The man had a painful impression of complete loneliness from this place

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• The riddle of sawn cables. Incredible depths are terrifying. And the first explorers were afraid of unprecedented monsters inside the Mariana Trench. The first fact of a collision with the unknown happened at the time of the Glomar Challenger dive. The registrar began to record a metallic sound, like a screech, and shadows that appeared around the ship. The teachings became concerned about the expensive equipment made of titanium in the shape of a hedgehog, and a decision was made to take the research vessel onto the ship. The “Hedgehog” was damaged after extraction, the titanium 20-centimeter cables were crumpled, or rather, half sawn. Created full impression the fact that someone wanted to stop the ship at a depth.

• Prehistoric lizard. There was a hitch during the dive of the Highfish ship with scientists on board. The device reached a depth of 7 km and stopped. The researchers turned on the infrared camera. She suddenly snatched out of the ocean darkness a huge dinosaur that was biting into the bathyscaphe. With the help of an electric gun, he was driven away.

• The inhabitants of the Mariana Trench are protected by law. This is a national American monument, by right of the most big nature reserve in the world. There are several restrictions on staying in this area. Mining is prohibited here, you can not fish, but you can swim.

The Mayan Trench is inhabited by:

1. Terrible and not so fish

2. Various octopuses

3. And other strange creatures

We are close to the fact that the Mariana Trench will soon become closer to modern man. Perhaps in the near future there will even be tourism. But for now, this option remains on a par with the possibility of affordable space tourism. It is amazing how similar an earthly object is to distant stars in this respect. It is just as unexplored as the celestial bodies. But we at least know for sure that life exists in the Mariana Trench. According to a common hypothesis, it could have come from there. In this case, the study of the deepest place of the World Ocean acquires global significance.

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Despite the fact that the oceans are closer to us than the outer planets of the solar system, people explored only five percent of the ocean floor, which remains one of the greatest mysteries our planet.

Here are other interesting facts about what you can meet along the way and at the very bottom of the Mariana Trench.

Temperature at the bottom of the Mariana Trench

1. Very hot water

Going down to such a depth, we expect that it will be very cold there. The temperature here reaches just above zero, varying 1 to 4 degrees Celsius.

However, at a depth of about 1.6 km from the surface Pacific Ocean there are hydrothermal springs called "black smokers". They shoot water that heats up to 450 degrees Celsius.

This water is rich in minerals that help support life in the area. Despite the temperature of the water, which is hundreds of degrees above the boiling point, she does not boil here due to incredible pressure, 155 times higher than on the surface.

Inhabitants of the Mariana Trench

2. Giant toxic amoeba

A few years ago, at the bottom of the Mariana Trench, they discovered giant 10-centimeter amoebas, called xenophyophores.

These single-celled organisms probably got so big because of the environment they live in at a depth of 10.6 km. Cold temperature, high pressure and no sunlight, most likely contributed to the fact that these amoeba got huge.

In addition, xenophyophores have incredible abilities. They are resistant to many elements and chemicals, including uranium, mercury and lead,which would kill other animals and people.

3. Clams

The strong water pressure in the Mariana Trench does not give any animal with a shell or bones a chance to survive. However, in 2012, shellfish were discovered in a trough near serpentine hydrothermal vents. Serpentine contains hydrogen and methane, which allows living organisms to form.

TO How did mollusks keep their shells under such pressure?, remains unknown.

In addition, hydrothermal vents release another gas, hydrogen sulfide, which is deadly to shellfish. However, they learned to bind the sulfur compound into a safe protein, which allowed the population of these mollusks to survive.

At the bottom of the Mariana Trench

4. Pure liquid carbon dioxide

hydrothermal source Champagne The Mariana Trench, which lies outside the Okinawa Trench near Taiwan, is the only known underwater area where liquid carbon dioxide can be found. The spring, discovered in 2005, got its name from the bubbles that turned out to be carbon dioxide.

Many believe that these springs, called "white smokers" because of the lower temperature, may be the source of life. It was in the depths of the oceans with low temperatures and an abundance of chemicals and energy that life could originate.

5. Slime

If we had the opportunity to swim to the very depths of the Mariana Trench, then we would feel that it covered with a layer of viscous mucus. Sand, in its usual form, does not exist there.

The bottom of the depression mainly consists of crushed shells and plankton residues that have accumulated at the bottom of the depression for many years. Due to the incredible pressure of the water, almost everything there turns into fine greyish-yellow thick mud.

Mariana Trench

6. Liquid sulfur

Volcano Daikoku, which is located at a depth of about 414 meters on the way to the Mariana Trench, is the source of one of the rarest phenomena on our planet. Here is lake of pure molten sulfur. The only place where liquid sulfur can be found is Jupiter's moon Io.

In this pit, called "cauldron", a seething black emulsion boils at 187 degrees Celsius. Although scientists have not been able to explore this place in detail, it is possible that even more liquid sulfur is contained deeper. It may reveal the secret of the origin of life on Earth.

According to the Gaia hypothesis, our planet is one self-governing organism in which all living and non-living things are connected to support its life. If this hypothesis is correct, then a number of signals can be observed in the natural cycles and systems of the Earth. So the sulfur compounds created by organisms in the ocean must be stable enough in the water to allow them to pass into the air and back to land again.

7. Bridges

At the end of 2011, in the Mariana Trench, it was discovered four stone bridge , which stretched from one end to the other for 69 km. It seems that they formed at the junction of the Pacific and Philippine tectonic plates.

One of the bridges Dutton Ridge, which was discovered back in the 1980s, turned out to be incredibly high, like a small mountain. In the high point, the ridge reaches 2.5 km over the Challenger Deep.

Like many aspects of the Mariana Trench, the purpose of these bridges remains unclear. However, the very fact that in one of the most mysterious and unknown places discovered these formations is amazing.

8James Cameron's dive into the Mariana Trench

Since opening the deepest place in the Mariana Trench - "Challenger Deep" in 1875, only three people were here. The first was an American lieutenant Don Walsh and researcher Jacques Picard who dived on January 23, 1960 on the Trieste.

After 52 years, another person dared to dive here - a famous film director James Cameron. So March 26, 2012 Cameron went down to the bottom and took some photos.

In our article, we want to talk about the mysterious Mariana Trench. This is the most deep point on the surface of the earth. By and large, this is where our knowledge of this place ends. But the Mariana Trench, the monsters that live in it, are eternal and assumptions. Her secrets are as deep as she is.

The first mystery of the Mariana Trench

One of the mysteries of the depression is its depth. Until recently, it was believed that the Mariana Trench, as it is more correct to call this place from a scientific point of view, has a depth of more than eleven kilometers. However, the latest modern technical measurements give a value of 10994 kilometers. Although, it is worth noting that this value is also very relative, since diving to the bottom of the Mariana Trench is a technically very complex event, which is influenced by many factors. Scientists talk about a possible error of forty meters.

Where is the Mariana Trench located?

The Mariana Trench is located in the western Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Guam and Micronesia. Its deepest point is called the Challenger Abyss and is located 340 kilometers from

Answering the question where the Mariana Trench is located, you can give its exact geographical coordinates- 11°21′ s. sh. 142°12′ E e. This place got its name due to the fact that nearby are located part of a state such as Guam.

What is the Mariana Trench?

What is the Mariana Trench? The ocean carefully hides its true size. One can only guess about them. It's not just a "very deep hole". The gutter itself stretched along the seabed for one and a half thousand kilometers. The cavity has a V-shape, that is, it is much wider from above, and the walls narrow down.

The bottom of the Mariana Trench is characterized by a flat relief, and the width varies from 1 to 5 kilometers. Its upper part is eighty kilometers wide.

This place is one of the most inaccessible on our earth.

Do you need to explore the cavity?

It seems that life at such depths is simply impossible. Therefore, it makes no sense to study such an abyss. However, the secrets of the Mariana Trench have always interested and attracted researchers. It's hard to believe, but in our time space is easier to explore than such depths. Many people have been outside the Earth, and only three brave men have sunk to the bottom of the trough.

Gutter study

The British were the first to explore the Mariana Trench. In 1872, the Challenger ship with scientists entered the waters of the Pacific Ocean to study the trench. It was found that given point is the deepest the globe. Since then, people have been haunted by the secrets and creatures of the Mariana Trench.

Time passed, research was carried out, a new depth value was established - 10863 meters.

Research is carried out by lowering deep-sea vehicles. Most often these are unmanned automatic vehicles. And in 1960, Jacques Picard and Don Walsh descended to the very bottom on the Trieste bathyscaphe. In 2012, he braved Jace Cameron on the Deepsea Challenger.

Russian researchers also studied the Mariana Trench. In 1957, the ship "Vityaz" headed for the gutter area. Researchers not only measured the depth of the trench (11022 meters), but also found the presence of life at a depth of more than seven kilometers. This event made a revolution in the world of science in the mid-twentieth century. At that time, it was believed that there could be no living creatures at such depths. This is where all the fun begins. How many stories and legends exist about this place - just do not count. So what exactly is the Mariana Trench? Do monsters really live here or are they just fairy tales? Let's try to figure it out.

Mariana Trench: monsters, riddles, secrets

As we mentioned earlier, the first brave daredevils to descend to the bottom of the depression were Jacques Picard and Don Walsh. They descended on a heavy bathyscaphe called Trieste. The thickness of the walls of the structure was thirteen centimeters. She was submerged to the bottom for five hours. Having reached the deepest point, the researchers managed to stay there for only twelve minutes. Then immediately began the ascent of the bathyscaphe, which took three hours. No matter how surprising this may seem, living organisms were found at the bottom. The fish of the Mariana Trench are flat creatures, similar to a flounder, no more than thirty centimeters long.

In 1995, the Japanese descended into the abyss. And in 2009, a miracle device called Nereus descended to the deepest point. He not only took a number of photos, but also took soil samples.

In 1996, the New York Times published the materials of the next dive of the apparatus from the research vessel Challenger. It turns out that when the equipment was lowered, after a while, the instruments recorded the strongest metal rattle. This fact was the reason for the immediate rise of equipment to the surface. What the researchers saw stunned them. The steel structure was badly dented, and the thick, strong cable looked like it had been sawn down. Here is such an unexpected surprise presented by the Mariana Trench. Whether the monsters crushed the technique so much, or representatives of an alien mind, or mutated octopuses ... A variety of proposals were made, each of which was more incredible than the previous one. However, no one ever found the true reason, since there was no evidence for any of the theories. All assumptions were at the level of fantastic guesses. But the secrets of the Mariana Trench have not yet been revealed.

Another mysterious story

Another incredible mysterious case happened with a team of German researchers who lowered their apparatus called the Highfish to the bottom. At some point, the device stopped diving, and the cameras installed on it gave an image of the huge size of the lizard, which was actively trying to chew on an unknown thing. The team drove the monster away from the device using an electrical discharge. The creature was frightened and swam away and did not appear again. It is unfortunate that such events were not recorded by the apparatus, so that there would be irrefutable evidence.

After this incident, the Mariana Trench began to grow with new facts, legends and conjectures. The crews of the ships now and then reported about a huge monster in these waters, which is towing ships at great speed. It became difficult to make out what is true and what is speculation. The Mariana Trench, whose monsters haunted many people, is still the most mysterious point on the planet.

Hard Facts

Along with the most incredible legends about the Mariana Trench, there are quite specific, but incredible facts. There is no doubt about them, since they are confirmed by evidence.

In 1948, lobster fishermen (Australian) reported a large transparent fish that was at least thirty meters long. They saw her at sea. Based on their description, it looks like a very ancient shark (species Carcharodon megalodon) that lived several million years ago. Scientists from the remains managed to restore the appearance of a shark. The monstrous creature was 25 meters long and weighed one hundred tons. Her mouth was two meters in size, and each tooth was at least ten centimeters. Just imagine this monster. It was the teeth of such a creature that were discovered by oceanologists at the bottom of the vast Pacific Ocean. The youngest of them is at least eleven thousand years old.

This unique find suggests that not all such creatures died out a couple of million years ago. Perhaps at the very bottom of the hollow, these incredible predators are hiding from human eyes. Exploration of the mysterious depths continues to this day, because the abyss is fraught with many secrets, which people have not yet come close to revealing.

At the bottom of the depression, living organisms experience tremendous pressure. It would seem that in such conditions, nothing living can exist. However, this opinion is erroneous. Mollusks calmly live here, their shells do not suffer from pressure at all. They are not even affected by hydrothermal vents that emit methane and hydrogen. Unbelievable, but true!

Another mystery is a hydrothermal spring called "Champagne". Bubbles bubble in its waters carbon dioxide. This is the only such object in the world and it is located precisely in the depression, which gave scientists reason to talk about the possible origin of life in water in this very place.

The Daikoku volcano is located in the Mariana Trench. In its crater there is a lake of molten sulfur, which boils at a huge temperature of 187 degrees. You won't find anything like this anywhere else on earth. The only analogue of such a phenomenon is in space (on the moon of Jupiter called Io).

Amazing place

Giant single-celled amoeba live in the Mariana Trench, the size of which reaches ten centimeters. They live next to uranium, lead, and mercury that are harmful to living beings. However, they not only do not die from them, but also feel great.

The Mariana Trench is the most great miracle on the ground. It combines everything inanimate and living. Everything that kills life under normal conditions, at the bottom of the depression, on the contrary, gives strength to the survival of living organisms. Isn't it a miracle? How much still unknown is fraught with this place!

The bottom of the oceans is uneven, it is cut through by gorges, the depth of which is tens of thousands of meters. The relief was formed millions of years ago due to the movement of tectonic plates - the "shell" of the earth's crust. Due to their continuous movement, the location and shape of the continents and the ocean floor changed. The deepest on the planet is the Pacific Ocean, which at this stage in the development of technology cannot be fully explored.

The Pacific Ocean is the largest on the planet. On its western latitudes lie the continents of Australia and Eurasia, on the south - Antarctica, on the east - South and North America. The length of the Pacific Ocean from south to north is almost 16 thousand kilometers, and from west to east - 19 thousand. The area of ​​the ocean, together with its seas, is 178.684 million kilometers, and average depth about 4 kilometers. But there are amazing places in the Pacific Ocean that make it the deepest in the world.

Mariana Trench - the deepest place in the ocean

This deepest crevice got its name in honor of the nearby Mariana Islands. The depth of the Pacific Ocean in this place is 10 kilometers 994 meters. The deepest point of the trough is called "Challenger Abyss". Geographically, the "Abyss" is located 340 km from the southwestern tip of the island of Guam.

If we take Mount Everest for comparison, which, as you know, rises above sea level by 8848 m, it can completely disappear under water and there will still be room.

In 2010, an oceanographic oceanographic expedition from New Hampshire conducted research on the ocean floor in the Mariana Trench. Scientists have discovered four seamounts at least 2.5 kilometers high each, crossing the surface of the trench at the point of contact between the Philippine and Pacific lithospheric plates. According to scientists, these ranges were formed about 180 million years ago as a result of the movement of the above-mentioned plates and the gradual creep of the older and heavier Pacific plate under the Philippine one. The maximum depth of the Pacific Ocean was recorded here.

Diving into the abyss

Into the depths of the Challenger Abyss descended four times deep-sea submersibles with three people:

1. Brussels explorer Jacques Picard, together with US Navy lieutenant John Walsh, were the first to dare to look into the face of the abyss. This happened on January 23, 1960. The deepest descent in the world was made on the Trieste bathyscaphe, designed by Auguste Picart, Jacques's father. This, no doubt, feat became a record in the world deep diving. The descent lasted 4 hours 48 minutes, and the ascent 3 hours 15 minutes. Researchers found at the bottom of the gutter large flat fish, resembling a flounder in appearance. was fixed lowest point The oceans - 10 918 meters. Later, Picard wrote the book "11 thousand meters", describing all the moments of the dive.
2. On May 31, 1995, a deep-sea Japanese probe was launched into the depression, which recorded a depth of 10,911 m and also discovered ocean inhabitants - microorganisms.
3. On May 31, 2009, the Nerey automatic apparatus set off for reconnaissance, which stopped at 10,902 m. He filmed a video, took pictures of the bottom landscape and collected soil samples, in which microorganisms were also found.
4. Finally, on March 26, 2012, filmmaker James Cameron accomplished the feat of solo diving into the Challenger Deep. Cameron became the third person on Earth to visit the bottom of the oceans in its very deep place. Single deepsea apparatus The Challendger was equipped with state-of-the-art deep-sea imaging equipment and powerful lighting equipment. Filming was done in 3G format. The Challenger Abyss is featured in documentary James Cameron for the National Geographic Channel.

This basin is located at the junction of the Indo-Australian Platform and the Pacific Plate. Extends from the Kermadec Trench towards the Tonga Islands. Its length is 860 km, and its depth is 10,882 m, which is the record of the Southern Hemisphere and the second deepest on the planet. The Tonga region is notorious for being one of the most active seismic zones.

In 1970, on April 17, when the Apollo 13 spacecraft returned to earth, the fired landing stage containing plutonium fell into the Tonga trench to a depth of 6 km. No attempt was made to extract it from there.

Philippine Trench

The second deepest place in the Pacific Ocean is located in the area Philippine Islands. The recorded depth of the depression is 10,540 m. The depression was formed as a result of the collision of granite and basalt layers, the latter, as a heavier one, undermined the granite layer. The process of meeting two lithospheric plates is called subduction, and the place of "meeting" is the subduction zone. In such places, tsunamis are born and earthquakes occur.

The depression runs along the volcanic ridge Kuril Islands on the border between Japan and Russia. The length of the trench is 1300 km, and the maximum depth is 10500 m. The depression was formed more than 65 million years ago during the Cretaceous period as a result of the collision of two tectonic plates.

It is located near the Kermadec Islands, which is in the northeast of New Zealand and in the southwestern Pacific Ocean. The trench was first discovered by the Galatea group from Denmark, and the Soviet research vessel Vityaz studied the bottom of the trench in 1958 and recorded a maximum depth of 10,047 m. In 2008, an unknown species of sea slugs was found at the bottom of the trench, as well as up to 30 cm.

Video: inhabitants of the Mariana Trench

Our blue planet is full of secrets, and we humans strive to comprehend them. We are naturally curious, learning from the past and looking to the future with hope. The ocean is the cradle of mankind. When will he reveal his secrets to us? Ta greatest depth The Pacific Ocean, which is known to scientists - are these figures true, or is the incomprehensible hidden under the black water?

The Mariana Trench is one of the least explored places on our planet. Although the deepest ocean trench still hides a lot of secrets, a person managed to learn a few interesting facts about its structure and parameters.

Willyam Bradberry | Shutterstock.com

Part of the data about Mariana Trench known to a fairly wide circle.

1. So, the pressure in the Mariana Trench is 1100 times greater than at sea level. For this reason, plunging a living being without special equipment into a gutter is an effective way to commit suicide.

2. The maximum depth of the Mariana Trench is 10,994 meters ± 40 meters (according to data from 2011). For comparison, the highest peak of the Earth Everest reaches a height of 8,848 meters, and, therefore, once in the Mariana Trench, it would be completely covered with water.

3. The deep-water trench got its name from the Mariana Islands, located about 200 km to the west of it.

Exploratory missions that dared to descend into the deep-sea trough discovered its more amazing facts.

4. The water in the Mariana Trench is relatively warm from 1 to 4 degrees Celsius. The reason for such a high temperature of deep water hydrothermal springs, the water around which even heats up to 450 degrees Celsius.

5. Huge poisonous xenophyophores live in the gutter. Unicellular reach 10 centimeters (!) in diameter.

6. The Mariana Trench is home to shellfish. Invertebrates are found in the vicinity of serpentine hydrothermal vents, which exude hydrogen and methane, necessary for the life of molluscs.

7. The Champagne hydrothermal vent in the basin produces liquid carbon dioxide.

8. The bottom of the hollow is covered with a viscous mucus, which is crushed shells and plankton remains, turned into sticky mud by incredible water pressure.

9. At a depth of about 414 meters in the Mariana Trench is active volcano Daikoku. Volcanic eruptions have formed a lake of liquid sulfur, the temperature of which reaches 187 degrees Celsius.

10. In 2011, 4 stone "bridges" were discovered in the Mariana Trench, each of which is 69 kilometers long. Scientists suggest that they were formed at the junction of the Pacific and Philippine tectonic plates.

11. The famous director James Cameron was one of three daredevils who made the descent into the Mariana Trench. The creator of Avatar undertook his journey in 2012.

12. Mariana Trench national monument USA and the largest marine reserve in the world.

13. The Mariana Trench is by no means a strictly vertical depression in seabed. The shape of the Mariana Trench resembles a crescent moon with a length of about 2550 kilometers and an average width of 69 kilometers.