What was the name of Lake Ladoga before? Depth map - Lake Ladoga. Fish that live in the waters of the lake

There is such a charming region in Russia, the attractiveness of which is given by the magnificent mirror-like surface of countless lakes. Some information about this wonderful place can be found in this article. Here we will talk about the diversity of the landscape of this region, about where Lake Ladoga is located. A description will also be given.

This area occupies the northwestern part great Russia. It is discreet and at the same time surprisingly attractive and diverse. Taiga landscapes give way to swamps rich in cloudberries, lingonberries and cranberries. The more elevated areas are decorated with spruce forests and small-leaved forests.

This is one of the largest in Europe freshwater lakes. The length is 219 km, and the largest width is 138 km. The eastern and northern parts of it belong to Karelia, and the southern and southeastern shores belong to the Leningrad region. The water capacity of this lake is 908 km³.

Previously, the Littorin Sea was connected to the lake by a wide strait, and the river. Mga flowed to the east and also flowed into it.

Where it is now, the land rose rapidly, and thus the lake, after time, turned into a reservoir of a closed type. The water level began to increase, its waters flooded the river valley. Mga and broke into the Tosna valley. 4000 years ago, a strait appeared between the Gulf of Finland and Lake Ladoga, which is now the valley of the river. Neva. The relief has practically not changed over the last approximately 2.5 thousand years.

The northern section of Lake Ladoga is located on the Baltic Crystalline Shield, and the southern section is on the East European Platform.

From the history of Lake Ladoga

The described lake is present on one of the very first geographical maps of the Moscow state, which was compiled in 1544 by Sebastian Munster (German cartographer). A more detailed map was presented in 1812 at the Admiralty Department.

Ladoga has always been an important territory for Russia. of strategic importance. In the 9th century, an important water route from the Varangians to the Greeks passed here. There is also documentary evidence of the existence of Nevo (the name of Lake Ladoga in the old days) - an Old Russian chronicle dated 1228. And the first capital Kievan Rus was at the confluence of the Ladoga Lake r. Volkhov. Petrovsky time is also associated with this lake. Lake Ladoga also witnessed the battles of the Northern War.

Where Lake Ladoga is located, a huge number of significant historical events took place. Do not list everything. But it is important to note that Lake Ladoga is the "Road of Life" during the Second World War. Most of the coast of the lake during this difficult time for the country was under the German-Finnish occupation. The people of Leningrad were cut off from the whole world. Only the southwestern part of the lake was open for communication with the Soviet troops (1941-1943). This route started from the port of Osinovets on Lake Ladoga and ended at the docks of Leningrad.

Over the entire period of the existence of this road, more than 1.5 million tons of cargo was transported and transported along it, which allowed the surviving residents of Leningrad to hold out until the blockade was lifted. Also, about 900 thousand people were evacuated along this road.

Much of the history is kept in this great lake. Today, at the place where the most important "Road of Life" ran, there are 102 memorial pillars and 7 monuments. All of them are included in the "Green Belt of Glory". This is a memory of the past very difficult times.

Lake Ladoga is one of the largest fresh water reservoirs in Europe. In our article, we want to talk about where nature and climate are located on its coast. It has sufficient interesting characteristics. Nature here is of particular beauty.

Location of the lake

It is partly located in Karelia (eastern and northern coast) and in the Leningrad region (southern, southeastern, western). On its banks there are such cities as Novaya Ladoga, Priozersk, Shlisselburg, Sortavala, Lakhdenpokhya, Pitkyaranta.

Lake Ladoga on the map is located simultaneously in the Leningrad region and in Karelia. It is large enough. In addition, it also has islands. The area of Lake Ladoga is 17.9 square kilometers, excluding island areas. It stretches from north to south for two hundred and nineteen kilometers. Its widest point is one hundred and thirty-eight kilometers. Agree, the size is impressive. These parameters can be used to estimate the area of Lake Ladoga.

The depth of the reservoir in the northern region ranges from seventy to two hundred and thirty meters, and in the southern part from twenty to seventy meters. As you can see, the depth of Lake Ladoga is very heterogeneous, and highest value has in the northern part of the reservoir. And the volume of the mass of water is nine hundred and eight cubic meters.

Rivers of Lake Ladoga and islands

Thirty-five rivers flow into the reservoir. But only one originates from it - the Neva. There are three large bays on the southern coast of the lake: Volkhovskaya, Svirskaya and Shlisselburgskaya bays.

The largest river flowing into Ladoga is the Svir. She brings him water Lake Onega. Even such rivers as Avloga, Morie, Burnaya, Airajoki, Vidlitsa, Obzhanka, Syas, Olonka and others flow into the reservoir.

It must be said that in Lake Ladoga the water level is not a constant value. It constantly oscillates, and this is remarkably visible from the white stripes on the rocks that go under the water.

The islands of Lake Ladoga are quite numerous. There are about 660 of them. Their total area is four hundred and thirty-five square kilometers. I must say that more than five hundred islands are located in the northern part of the reservoir. This is the Skerry region.

Most major islands:

Riekkalansari - 55.3 km. sq.
Mantsinsaari - 39.4 km. sq.
Kilpola - 32.1 km. sq.
Tulolansari - 30.3 km. sq.
Vaalaam - 27.8 km. sq.

The most famous on the lake are the Valaam Islands. They are an archipelago of fifty islands. with total area about thirty-six square kilometers. They became famous thanks to the Valaam Monastery, located on the main island, and the Nativity of the Theotokos Monastery on the island of Konevets.

The history of the lake

Lake Ladoga is located in a basin that has a glacial tectonic origin. Three hundred to four hundred million years ago, the entire territory of the lake and its basin was covered by the sea.

The modern relief was formed as a result of the activity of the glacier. The main factor was a change in the level of the ocean, there was a rise in land. After the glacier retreated, the Baltic fresh glacial lake was formed. Later, the waters of this reservoir went to the territory of modern Switzerland. And there the Yoldian Sea was formed.

Nine and a half thousand years ago, due to the rise of the land, Lake Ancylus appeared. On the Karelian Isthmus, it was connected by a strait to Lake Ladoga. And eight and a half thousand years ago, ongoing tectonic processes opened the Danish straits, and the Litorin Sea was formed. This, in turn, gave rise to Karelian Isthmus and, in fact, the formation of Lake Ladoga. Over the past two and a half thousand years, the relief in these places has not changed much.

Northern part The lake is located on the south - on the East European platform. It is at the junction of these surfaces that the greatest depth of Lake Ladoga is observed.

Climatic conditions

Lake Ladoga has a temperate climate, as if a transitional form from temperate maritime to temperate continental. Such climatic conditions explained very simply. The geographical position of Lake Ladoga and the atmospheric circulation of this region determined such a climate.

I must say that in these places there are not so many sunny days a year. This means that the amount of solar heat entering the earth is not so great. Therefore, moisture evaporates extremely slowly. In 12 months it could only be sixty-two here sunny days. Most of the year in this region days with overcast, cloudy weather and diffused lighting prevail.

It is better to plan a vacation on Lake Ladoga from the twenty-fifth of May to the seventeenth of July, then white nights can be observed here. These days the sun does not fall below the horizon, morning and evening twilight merge into a single whole. In general, the white nights last about fifty days.

It should be noted that Lake Ladoga itself also has an impact on the local climate, smoothing out extreme characteristics. Throughout the year, southwestern and western winds dominate here. Quiet and calm weather is extremely rare. Sometimes the winds have storm indicators.

Breezes are observed along the entire coast during summer days and nights. They start around 9 am and continue until 8 pm. The breezes penetrate inland for fifteen kilometers. Fogs are observed here most often in spring, autumn and summer.

Lake coastline

The coastline of Ladoga is more than a thousand kilometers. The northern shores are rocks, strongly indented, forming many peninsulas and narrow bays, as well as small islands separated by straits.

Southern coastline low. It is less indented and is often flooded by waters. The coast is entirely rocky reefs, banks, shallows. Volkhovskaya, Svirskaya and Shlisselburgskaya bays are the largest bays of Lake Ladoga.

The eastern shores are very little indented. There are two bays here: Uksunlahti and Lunkulanlahti. It is in this part that there are wide beautiful beaches from sand.

The western shore of the reservoir is even less indented. It is completely overgrown with dense mixed forests and shrubs that come close to the water. The coast is strewn with boulders. Stone ridges sometimes go far into the depths of the lake from the cape, thus forming dangerous shoals.

Relief of the bottom of the lake

As we noted earlier, the topography of the lake bottom is heterogeneous and has a clear increase in depth from south to north. It can be said that average depth the reservoir is about fifty meters, and the largest is two hundred and thirty-three meters (towards the north of the island of Valaam). Lake Ladoga in the northern part has a very uneven bottom. It is full of cavities. And in southern region the bottom is smoother and more even. Lake Ladoga is the eighth most deep lakes Russia.

The transparency of lake water is different for different shores. Its lowest indicators are observed in the Volkhov Bay, and the highest - in the western direction from the Valaam Islands.

During a strong storm, the water in the lake, as they say, boils and boils, it is completely covered with foam.

Ice can only be covered central part reservoir and only in very harsh winter. A long cold period leads to a strong cooling of the water, for this reason the water in the lake remains cold even in summer. It has time to warm up only in a thin upper layer and a narrow coastal strip. The maximum surface water temperature is in August, when it is twenty-four degrees. The water in the lake is fresh and, in principle, quite clean, except for those areas where there is runoff pollution from industrial waste.

Economic importance of the lake

The place where Lake Ladoga is located determined its serious economic importance for the country. The fact is that the lake is navigable, which is important for the region. It is considered one of the parts of the waterway that is part of the Volga-Baltic route, as well as the White Sea-Baltic Canal.

The most navigable is South part Ladoga from the Neva to the Svir. Since the reservoir has a serious size, there are often storms here, especially in autumn. During such periods, all navigation stops for the safety of passenger ships.

Since the founding of St. Petersburg, the lake has become part of a single water transport system northern Russia. For safe navigation along the southern coast, the Staraya Ladoga Canal was laid. As soon as it became insufficient, the Novoladozhsky Canal was also laid, one hundred and sixty-nine kilometers long.

The Staraya Ladoga Canal is now almost completely dried up and overgrown. And the second channel is navigable to this day. Up to eight million tons of cargo is transported across the lake per year. Oil products, chemical raw materials, building materials, timber are transported to the Baltic from the Volga. In addition, tens of thousands of passengers are transported annually along Ladoga.

Cruises (tourist) to the islands of Konevets and Valaam are made from Moscow, St. Petersburg and other cities. Vessels enter and pass through the central water area of the lake, where the shores are not visible. And when strong winds you can feel a significant swing.

regular passenger traffic not on Ladoga. However, motor ships of a tourist destination go twice a day in certain directions during navigation periods.

Fish that live in the waters of the lake

The fish of Lake Ladoga is of industrial importance. Ten species are caught, among which the most popular are vendace, smelt, ripus. Quite a lot of pike perch and whitefish are found in the lake.

Rest on Ladoga

Despite the fact that the water in Lake Ladoga remains cold even in summer, it attracts a large number of vacationers. As we said earlier, there are beautiful sandy beaches on the coast. Especially popular among tourists northern islands. The best period for kayaking on the lake is June and July. A little closer to autumn, storms begin, in which the excitement of the water is like in the sea.

Here on the lake there is Nizhnesvirsky nature reserve. It is located on the right bank protected area- wetlands international importance. They are interesting because they are a nesting place for water and migratory birds. 256 registered in this territory different types birds.

Of particular interest to tourists is the island of Valaam. He is completely covered coniferous forest. The island has an old monastery, which was founded in the ninth-eleventh centuries.

Vacationers also like to visit Konevsky Island, where there is a monastery. The island got its name from the Horse-Stone boulder located here. Until the end of the nineteenth century, this stone was a place of sacrifice. The main attraction is the Church of the Nativity. Holy Mother of God located on the territory of the monastery.

Historical digression

Novgorodians for several centuries had a military and merchant fleet on Lake Ladoga. Geographic Information got to the Western cartographers in those days. Lake Ladoga appeared on the map of the Moscow State as early as 1544. It was made by the German scientist Sebastian Munster.

And in 1600, a drawing of Rus' was drawn up by Fyodor Godunov. On it, the lake was plotted with fairly high accuracy. In the middle of the eighteenth century, a map was made not only of Lake Ladoga itself, but also of an artificial canal.

Novaya Ladoga

Novaya Ladoga is one of the towns on the banks of Ladoga. It is located on the left side of the Volkhov River in the place where it flows into the lake. The city was founded in 1704 by Emperor Peter the Great himself. There are a lot of historical architectural monuments which may be of interest to guests and tourists.

Shlisselburg

The city is located on the banks of Ladoga. It was founded by the Prince of Novgorod in 1323, who founded a wooden fortress on Oreshek Island. Later it was captured by the Swedes, who renamed it Noteburg. And in 1702 the fortress was recaptured by Peter the Great. He then gave it its current name. The city also has its sights: the Staraya Ladoga Canal, the Oreshek fortress, the monument to Peter the Great, the Cathedral of the Annunciation, St. Nicholas Church.

Priozersk

In this place, the Karelian settlement lived already in the twelfth century. And in 1310, a capital fortress called Korela was built by the Novgorodians at the mouth. Later it was conquered by the Swedes. But in 1710 it again passed to the Russian Empire.

Lake Ladoga and its environs - enough interesting places for tourists. Here you can not only admire the beauties of nature, take boat trips, visit the islands, but also see historical monuments that have survived to our time.

Lake Ladoga is the most large lake Europe. The area of Lake Ladoga is 18400 sq. km. It is an inexhaustible source of drinking water for the second largest city in Russia - St. Petersburg.

The lake is slightly elongated in the meridional direction. The maximum length is about 200 km, width - 130 km. Greatest depth- 230 m. Nature itself made sure that there was no monotony on shores of Ladoga. Lake Ladoga is rich in islands (up to 500 islands with an area of about 300 sq. km), almost all of them are located in the north of the lake. Among them, the Valaam Islands stand out for their size, with coastal slopes sheerly descending into the water. Of the other islands, the largest are Konevets, Vossinansaari, Heinäsensaari, Mantinsaari, Lunkulansaari. IN southern half there are very few lakes of islands and their sizes are small: Zelentsy (in the Shlisselburg Bay), Ptinov (in the Volkhov Bay).

Nature has been working on the artistic framing of Lake Ladoga for millions of years. Its northern part lies on the Baltic crystalline shield, the formation of which dates back to the most ancient eras in the history of the Earth's development. The rocks that make up the shield are mainly represented by granites, gneisses, and crystalline schists of the so-called Archean age. These rocks come to the surface and are only covered in places by a thin layer of sediments of a later time.

Ladoga skerries - a necklace of islands separated by a labyrinth of straits, stretched north coast. Some of them bristled with granite cliffs, dropping almost vertically into the cold depths of the waters. Others expose their sloping stone backs to the waves. In the depths of the bays, small islands covered with trees turn green. A scattering of rounded boulders meets us west coast. Rocky ridges, called "fences" here, go far into the lake. sandbanks and dunes overgrown with red-stemmed pines open up to the gaze of the traveler along the eastern coast.

An integral part of the Ladoga skerries is the Valaam archipelago, on which the ancient Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery is located. At one time, it was his monks who were sent to the Russian Orthodox Church spread the Christian faith among the peoples of distant Russian Alaska. Now Valaam is one of the most popular centers of international tourism.

Thirty-two rivers carry their waters to Ladoga, this is the full-flowing Svir, concealing a huge supply of energy, and the small rivers of the northern coast, lost among the forests and meadows, and the straight Volkhov, and flowing through the many lakes of Vuoksa. There are short rivers, the sources of which lie 20-40 kilometers from Ladoga. Others stretched out for more than one hundred kilometers, and their waters overcome a long way before they join the lake. No matter how the rivers of the Ladoga basin differ from each other in their size, together they serve as the main source of nutrition for the lake. Every year the rivers bring here about 68 cubic kilometers of water. In high-water years, this figure can increase to 100. The share of rain and snow involved in replenishing water reserves in the lake accounts for 15 percent, groundwater - only 2 percent of the total inflow.

Many rivers connect Ladoga with lakes: the Volkhov River - with Ilmen, the Svir River - with Onega, the Vidlitsa River - with Vedlozero, the Tulema River - with Tulmozero, the Lyaskelya or Yanisyeki River - with Lake Janisyarvi, the Vuoksa River - with large lakes Finland (the Saimaa lake system), the Taipale river - with Sukhodolsky lake (Suvantojärvi).

Lake Ladoga, without exaggeration, can be called a pantry of solar energy. Solar energy penetrating into the water column sets the water masses of the lake in motion. Even in short periods of calm, when the surface of Ladoga is mirror-fixed, at depth there is a movement of water masses both horizontally and vertically. This phenomenon contributes to the redistribution of heat in Ladoga, the gradual enrichment of ever deeper layers with it. The accumulation of solar heat and its distribution in water during the day, season, year determines the temperature regime of the lake. Ladoga has its own spring, summer, autumn and winter.

The water reserve in Ladoga is 908 cubic kilometers. This value does not remain constant - in some periods it grows, in others it falls. True, such fluctuations in relation to the total mass of water in the lake did not exceed 6 percent, at least over the past 100 years. They manifest themselves in changes in the water level and are sometimes so significant that they even cause low-water and high-water periods in the Ladoga regime.

In the old days, a long low standing level was often explained by the influence of supernatural forces. Among the inhabitants of the villages scattered along the banks, there were various legends. Maybe because the number 7 was considered lucky in Rus', there was a belief that the water level on Ladoga has been growing for 7 years and falling for 7 years. The onset of dry years in the life of the lake has always been considered an unkind phenomenon. In the XVIII and XIX centuries it especially affected the life of St. Petersburg, economic development which was closely associated with shipping. In dry years, due to the strong shallowing of the Ladoga canals and the source of the Neva, navigation was difficult and suffered heavy losses. The supply of goods to the city was reduced, food prices began to rise, which was why the poor suffered first of all.

From ancient times, swimming on the lake was associated with great risk. Thousands of ships perished in its waves. It got to the point that not a single insurance company in Russia insured ships sailing with cargo on Ladoga. It was not only the poor equipment of ships and the lack of good navigational charts that affected, but also natural features Ladoga. "The lake is stormy and filled with stones," wrote the well-known researcher A.P. Andreev.

The reason for the harsh nature of Ladoga lies in the structural features of its basin, the distribution of depths and the outlines of the lake. A sharp break in the bottom profile during the transition from great depths in the northern part to shallow depths in the southern part prevents the formation of a "correct" wave - along the entire length of the lake.

Such a wave can occur only in the northern part. When the winds drive it south, it retains its shape only over great depths. As soon as she gets into the area with depths of 15 - 20 meters, the wave breaks. She is tall but short. Her comb topples over. There is a complex system of waves going in different directions, the so-called "crowd". It is especially dangerous for small boats that experience unexpected, fairly strong jolts. There is a known case when a research vessel, operating at a wave of 3-4 points and a wave height of 0.8 meters, experienced a blow, as a result of which it tore off the doors of the closet from the hinges, and the dishes that flew out onto the floor of the wardroom were smashed to smithereens. In the old days, apparently, during such unexpected blows, the steering failed or the ship's hull was destroyed, which led to its inevitable death.

Another feature of the unrest on the lake was also noticed. During a storm, waves alternate: a group of 4-5 high and long waves is replaced by a group of lower and shorter ones. Such excitement is perceived by the vessel as a bumpy road. It causes roll, which adversely affects the condition of the ship's hull. The study of waves on the lake is associated with great difficulties. The most high wave, which was measured on Ladoga, was 5.8 meters. According to theoretical calculations, the height of the wave during a storm can be higher here.

A relatively calm area of Ladoga is the southern bays, where a wave of 2.5 meters occurs only with very strong winds. The quietest month on Ladoga is July. At this time over the lake for the most part worth the calm.

The ichthyofauna of Lake Ladoga is represented by 14 families: lamprey, sturgeon, salmon, grayling, smelt, pike, carp, loach, catfish, eel, cod, stickleback, perch and sculpin. There are 53 all types and varieties of fish in Ladoga. In the lake, its channels and lower sections of tributaries, the following fish are found and found in the order of the ichthyological system according to Berg: river lamprey, stream lamprey, sterlet, Baltic sturgeon (occasionally), sea salmon (as a rarity ), lake salmon, lake trout, brook trout (in Ladoga rivers), ludoga char, pit char, common vendace, Ladoga ripus, Vuoksinsky whitefish, black whitefish, Yamny or Valaam whitefish, Ludog whitefish, Volkhov whitefish, Svir whitefish, lake whitefish , grayling, smelt, smelt, pike, roach, dace, chub, ide, minnow, rudd, asp, tench, gudgeon, bleak, silver bream, bream, white-eye, blue, damp, sabrefish, crucian carp, mustachioed char, loach, pluck, catfish, eel, burbot, nine-spined stickleback, three-spined stickleback, zander, perch, ruff, four-horned goby and sculpin.

Only 9-10 species are of paramount commercial importance: whitefish, smelt, perch, roach, pike perch, vendace (together with ripus), bream, pike, salmon (together with trout), ruff. According to the species composition of fish, Lake Ladoga is rightly called a reservoir predominantly salmon. Salmon, trout, palia, vendace, several breeds of whitefish, grayling and smelt close to salmon fish, that is, a third of the species and varieties of fish represent a group of inhabitants of large, cool and clean waters. Another large group is carp fish, which also make up a third of the species. Ladoga fish, is common for water bodies warmer than Ladoga, but these fish have adapted to living in Ladoga, and some of them have a large number (roach, ide, bleak, bream, partly raw).

The most interesting tourist attraction on the lake is the Ladoga seal listed in the Red Book of Russia.

LADOGA LAKE

Lake Ladoga, the old Russian name is Nevo, (Ladoga - Karelian Luadogu, Finnish Laatokka) is a lake in Karelia (N and E shore) and the Leningrad Region (W, S and SE shore), the largest freshwater lake in Europe. Related to the pool Baltic Sea. The area of the lake without islands is from 17.6 thousand km² (with islands 18.1 thousand km²); the volume of water mass - 908 km³; length from south to north - 219 km, maximum width - 138 km. The depth is uneven in the northern part, it ranges from 70 to 230 m, in the southern part - from 20 to 70 m. The cities of Priozersk, Novaya Ladoga, Shlisselburg in the Leningrad Region, Sortavala, Pitkyaranta, Lahdenpokhya in Karelia are located on the shores of Lake Ladoga. More than 30 rivers flow into Lake Ladoga, and only one - the Neva - originates. In the southern part of the lake there are three large bays: Svirskaya, Volkhovskaya and Shlisselburgskaya bays.

The name Ladoga is given to a river, a lake and a city. At the same time, until recently it was not quite clear which of the names is primary. The name of the city was derived from the name of Lake Ladoga (from Finnish *aaldokas, aallokas "wavering" - from aalto "wave"), or from the name of the Ladoga River (now Ladoga, from Finnish *Alode-joki, where alode, aloe - "low terrain" and jok(k)i - "river").

In PVL 12th century. referred to as "the great lake Nebo". Perhaps from the name of the Neva River. Fasmer's etymological Russian-language dictionary:NEVA - a river connecting Lake Ladoga and Fin. bay, for the first time other Russian. Neva, Zhit. Alexandra Nevsk. (XIII century), p. 2; earlier also Nevo - "Lake Ladoga" (Pov. time years and also in the Book. big hell.). From Finnish. Nevajoki, Nevajarvi from neva "swamp", whence also the Swiss, Wed-Nzh.-Ger. Nu "Neva", perceived by the people. etymology as "New (river)".Etymological dictionary of Krylov:NEVA - The name of the river on which Tsar Peter built the new capital of Russia goes back to the Finnish name Nevajoki - "swampy river", derived from the word neva - "swamp".

In the sagas, and later in treaties with Hanseatic cities the lake is called Aldoga (cf. Finnish aalto - wave). From the beginning of the 13th century, the name came into use - Lake Ladoga, formed from the name of the city of Ladoga, which in turn was named after the tributary of the Volkhov River of the same name in its downstream(Fin. alodejoki - a river in a low area). Other variants of the origin of the name of the lake: from the Karelian word aalto (Karelian aalto - wave; hence Karelian aaltokas - wavy). Some researchers consider the primary hydronym Ladoga, from other Fin. *Alode-jogi (joki) "lower river".

There is also a hypothesis about the origin of the word "Ladoga" - from the dialect Russian word -alod- signifier open lake, vast water field (Mamontova N. Toponymy of the Ladoga Region). Fasmer's etymological Russian-language dictionary: ALOD - f. "glade, vast and flat terrain", arkhang., mez., (Dal), also "open lake, vast water field", zaon. (Sandpiper). According to Mikkola (JSFOu 23, 11), from Fin. *alode, modern. fin. aloo, alue "that which is below". It is doubtful borrowing from Fin. aavo, aavu "steppe, open lake";Explanatory Dictionary of V. Dahl: ALOD - f. arch-mez. clearing, vast and flat terrain. Alodnoe place is flat and open.

rice. 1 Islands of Lake Ladoga.

rice. 2 Lake Ladoga near Sortavala.

rice. 3 Ladozhskoe lake

The basin of Lake Ladoga is of glacial-tectonic origin. In the Paleozoic 300 - 400 million years ago, the entire territory of the modern basin of Lake Ladoga was covered by the sea. Sedimentary deposits of that time are sandstones, sands, clays, limestones - they cover with a thick layer (over 200 m) a crystalline foundation, consisting of granites, gneisses and diabases.

The modern relief was formed as a result of the activity of the ice sheet (the last, Valdai glaciation ended about 12 thousand years ago). The main factor was: the change in the level of the world ocean, the water of the glacier and its weight - the rise of the land began (and continues). After the retreat of the glacier about 12,600 years ago, a fresh Baltic glacial lake was formed with a level of 25 meters above the ocean. About 10-9.6 thousand years ago, the waters of the lake broke through in the region of central Sweden and the Yoldian Sea was formed, the level of which was 7-9 m higher than the modern level of the Baltic Sea.

Approximately 9500 years ago, the rise of land blocked the strait in Central Sweden and the lake of Ancylus was formed. In the north of the Karelian Isthmus, it was connected by a wide strait to Lake Ladoga. The Mga River at that time flowed to the east and flowed into the lake in the area of the modern source of the Neva.

Approximately 8500 years ago, tectonic processes open the Danish straits and the Litorin Sea is formed. Although the water level was much higher than the current one, it was lower than in Antsil Lake. This led to the formation of the Karelian Isthmus, and the formation of Lake Ladoga.

How long the lake was completely isolated is unknown - the water level in the lake rises faster than the land rises, and when the level of Ladoga exceeded the watershed level, the lake waters, flooding the Mga river valley, broke into the Tosna river valley.

Thus, about 4 thousand years ago, arose new strait between Lake Ladoga and the Gulf of Finland, which became the valley of the Neva River. The old strait in the north of the Karelian Isthmus by this time was already above the level of the lake. The relief has not changed significantly for the last 2.5 thousand years.

The northern part of Lake Ladoga lies on the Baltic Crystalline Shield, the southern part lies on the East European Platform. In the areas closest to Ladoga, the southern border of the shield runs approximately along the line Vyborg - Priozersk - the mouth of the Vidlitsa River - the source of the Svir River.

The crystalline basement of the Northern Ladoga area belongs to the ancient primary basement of Fennoscandia and was formed about 2000 million years ago. These are the oldest geological formations on Earth. Over millions of years, the ancient mountains of Svekokarelida have flattened to picturesque hills, rocks and cliffs. The depression of Lake Ladoga was formed in the Tertiary period as a result of a powerful geological fault. At the same time, as a result of faults, the formation of the archipelago and the coastal part of the northwestern shore of Lake Ladoga took place. 12 thousand years ago, after the departure of the glacier, almost the entire surface of the Ladoga region was under the water of the ancient Baltic glacial lake. The climate, water level and salinity of the lake gradually changed. About 4000 - 3000 years ago the formation of the Neva took place and the level of Lake Ladoga dropped by 10 meters.

At the end of the 9th century AD. a change in the hydrography of the region (a decrease in the level of the Baltic and, accordingly, of Lake Ladoga), led to a simultaneous process of shallowing of the rivers of the Ladoga basin, including the Volkhov with tributaries.

rice. 4 Antsyl Lake includes Ladoga 9500 years ago. The lake's outflow to the ocean is marked.

32 rivers flow directly into Lake Ladoga - more than 10 km long, to the most major rivers flowing into Lake Ladoga include: r. Svir flowing from Lake Onega, r. Vuoksa, originating in Finland, r. Volkhov, flowing from Lake Ilmen, r. Syas and others.

rice. 5 The Svir River - Podporozhsky district in the NE part of the Leningrad region.

rice. 6 Svir River, rapids.

rice. 7 sandy shores Svir river.

rice. 8 River Vuoksa.

The Vuoksa River is mentioned in the Novgorod chronicles. People have lived in the vicinity of the river since prehistoric times - sites of the Stone Age period were found here, there is a mention of Vuoksa in the ancient epic "Kalevala". In the distant era of Tsar Ivan the Terrible, the Vuoksa River is mentioned as a place of congress for solving state issues.

pic 9 Vuoksa near Melnikovo.

rice. 10 A dam on the Vuoksa River in Imatra.

rice. 11 Priozersk Vuoksa river.

rice. 12 Upper reaches of the Volkhov River.

rice. 13 The Volkhov River in the St. Ladogi and Lyubsha (Chernavino-5), mounds in the "tract of the hill".

rice. 14 The Volkhov River - not far from the mouth.

rice. 14 river Syas.

Lake Ladoga - Nevo.

rice. 16 ladozhskoe lake.

rice. 17 Landscapes of Lake Ladoga.

rice. 18 Lake Ladoga - shores.

rice. 19 Lake Ladoga - breaker.

rice. 20 Lake Ladoga - forest.

rice. 21 Lake Ladoga - silence.

rice. 22 Lake Ladoga - autumn.

rice. 23 Rocky shores of Lake Ladoga.

rice. 24 Lynx rock, pos. Vartsila, Northern Ladoga.

rice. 25 Ruskeala, former marble quarry. Height of rocks: 30 - 40 m, Northern Ladoga area.

rice. 26 Lake Ladoga - stones.

rice. 27 A boulder near Vidlitsa is a river in Karelia, near Ladoga.

rice. 28 On the islands of Lake Ladoga.

rice. 29 Cape Rahaniemi. Radiance August 18, 2003.

rice. 30 Gorskii Staraya Ladoga canal photo 1909

Figure 31 Korela Fortress in Priozersk.

Korela (Swedish Kexholm, Finnish Käkisalmi "Cuckoo Strait") is a stone fortress in the city of Priozersk, on the island of the Vuoksa River. Medieval Korela was the most northwestern city of Rus'. The fortress was founded at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. Novgorodians on the island of the river Uzerva(Vuokse)to protect the northwestern borders of the republic from the Swedes.

Priozersk - [Karelian. Kagoisalmi, Fin. Käkisalmi - "Cuckoo Strait", Swedish. Kexholm - "cuckoo island"] - administrative center Priozersky district of the Leningrad region. The city is located on the Karelian Isthmus, along the banks of the northern branch of the Vuoksa River, between Lake Ladoga and Lake Vuoksa. Until the beginning of the 17th century, it was the center of the Korelsky land, the Korelsky district of the Vodskaya Pyatina. From the 14th century to 1611 the city was known as Korela. From 1580 to 1595 and from 1611 to 1918 the city was called Kexholm. Since 1918, the city, which was part of Finland that gained independence, began to be called Käkisalmi. In 1940, after the Soviet-Finnish war, the city went to Soviet Union, the name Kexholm was returned. In 1941-1944, during the Soviet-Finnish war, the city was occupied by Finnish troops and was called Käkisalmi. In 1944, after the Moscow armistice, the city was ceded to the Soviet Union for the second time. In 1948 it was renamed Priozersk.)

rice. 32 Fortress Oreshek - Orekhovy Island, (fin. Pähkinäsaari) - a small island at the source of the Neva. The main attraction is the ancient Novgorod fortress of the XIV century Oreshek.

pic 33 Map of the encyclopedia of Brockhaus and Efron. Ladoga lake. (clickable)

...

Lake Ladoga (historical name Nevo listen)) is a lake in Karelia and the Leningrad Region, the largest freshwater lake in Europe.

Location Leningrad region, Karelia

Height above sea level 4 m
Length 219 km
Width 138 km
Area 18,135 sq. km.
Volume 908 km3
Maximum depth 260 m
Average depth 70 m
The catchment area is 276,000 sq. km.
The flowing river Svir, Volkhov, Vuoksa, Syas, Naziya, etc.
Flowing river Neva
On the shores of Ladoga there are ancient low coastal ridges with gentle slopes covered with dry forest, and between them there are wide swampy and peaty hollows. Along the very coast there are thickets of willows, gray alder, small forests on marshy soils, lowland sedge bogs, marshy meadows with sedge and horsetail. There are frequent chains of dunes, partly mobile, partly fixed by pine forests. In coastal shallow waters there are thickets of reeds and reeds.

Rivers

The lake is fed through the Svir River from Lake Onega, and through the Volkhov River - from Lake Ilmen. The rivers Vuoksa, Syas, Naziya and others also flow into it. The Neva is the only river flowing from Lake Ladoga.
Bogs and complex lacustrine basin systems regulate the flow into Lake Ladoga and its water regime. The rivers, passing through intermediate lakes, leave in them a lot of suspended mineral particles carried by them and reach Ladoga with noticeably clarified water. River floods are flattened on lakes.

Water balance

Approximately 85% of the incoming part of the water balance comes from the inflow river waters, 13% - precipitation and 2% - inflow groundwater. About 92% of the expenditure part of the balance goes to the Neva runoff, 8% - to evaporation from the water surface.

Precipitation is frequent on Lake Ladoga and its shores: the number of days with precipitation per year reaches 200. In autumn and winter (November-February), precipitation is more frequent, in spring and summer (April-June) less often.

Islands

There are about 660 islands on Lake Ladoga with a total area of 435 sq. km., most of them are concentrated in the northern part of the lake, in the so-called skerry region, as well as in the Valaam (about 50 islands), the Western archipelago and the Mantsinsari group of islands (approx. 40 islands). The largest islands are Riekkalansari, Mantsinsari, Kilpola, Tulolansari, Valaam, Konevets.

The most famous on Lake Ladoga are the Valaam Islands - an archipelago of about 50 islands with an area of \u200b\u200babout 36 km2, due to its location on the main island of the archipelago Valaam Monastery. Also known is the island of Konevets, on which the monastery is also located.

Animal world

Now in Lake Ladoga and the rivers flowing into it there are 58 species and varieties of fish. Most of the species live in the lake permanently, and only some of them, such as the Baltic sturgeon, Baltic salmon, Neva lamprey, sea eel, sometimes enter Ladoga from the Baltic and Gulf of Finland. In the past, sterlet was found in Lake Ladoga, now it is gone. Behind last years new fish appeared in the lake - carp and peled. The common carp came from Lake Ilmen, where it was released in 1952-1953, and the peled came from the lakes of the Karelian Isthmus, where it has been bred since 1958.

Of the most valuable commercial fish in Lake Ladoga, salmon, trout, char, whitefish, vendace, ripus, pike perch and bream are found. Less valuable include ruff, perch, roach, pike, silver bream, bleak, blue bream, smelt, etc.

Local lake salmon is an exceptionally valuable fish. Its weight reaches 10 kg. From May to September, she goes to spawn in the rivers, most of all in the Svir, Burnnaya, Vidlitsa and Tulema. Young salmon spend 2-3 years in the rivers, and then slide into the lake. Best Places salmon fisheries are located in the northern part of the lake. However, fishing since 1960. prohibited, as the salmon herd recovers very slowly. The reason for the slow resumption is a sharp deterioration in spawning conditions; rivers are littered with timber rafting, Vuoksa is polluted, poachers cause great damage on Stormy, Svir is blocked by hydroelectric dams.

At the bottom of Lake Ladoga there are 385 species of invertebrates, therefore, this fauna is quite diverse. Most species are in the littoral zone (about 290). Much less - in the deep part (about 80).