Where is the new land. Something about the geology and climate of the archipelago. Disposal of radioactive waste

Archipelago New Earth located in North Arctic Ocean between Karsky and. It consists of two islands - North and South - separated by the Matochkin Shar Strait. Severny Island is more than half covered with glaciers.

Discovery history

The Orange Islands - the northernmost in the archipelago - were discovered in 1594 by the Barents expedition, and got their name in honor of the Dutch prince Moritz of Orange. There is a large walrus rookery on the islands.

New Earth in the time of the Great geographical discoveries was a wintering place for expeditions that failed to break through the ice fields.
Even in the XII-XV centuries. on Novaya Zemlya there were temporary settlements of Pomors, who moved to the archipelago for the sake of fishing, hunting. They took with them everything they needed for wintering on the islands - from firewood to building material for huts. Over time, a peculiar culture of Pomeranian hunters was formed on the islands.
Discovery of Novaya Zemlya by Europeans in the 16th century. was associated with the search for a northeast sea route to India as an alternative southern routes controlled by Spain and Portugal. The path was very difficult, ice blocked it beyond Novaya Zemlya, so many sailors had to spend the winter in the harsh conditions of the archipelago; There were also those who were never destined to return to their homeland.
One of the expeditions to the northeast passage was led by the navigator Willem Barents, who set off on a journey in the summer of 1594. The first attempt to find a trade route was unsuccessful, and in 1596 she was equipped new expedition. During another grueling journey, the team was forced to spend the winter on Novaya Zemlya, as the ship "Mercury" was icebound in Ice Harbor Bay on the northeastern tip of Severny Island in the archipelago. Only on June 14, 1957, the Barents team managed to continue the journey, but the navigator himself died at the northwestern tip of the archipelago.
Later, already in 1608, the English navigator Henry Hudson visited Novaya Zemlya, who also tried to find northeast passage. In the middle of the XVII century. ships of the Danish expedition reached Novaya Zemlya with similar goals.
At the same time, they began to head towards Novaya Zemlya. Russian expeditions, since the Russian Empire was interested in exploring new sources of silver and copper ores. However, at first they all ended in the death of most of their participants. One of the first successful trips to the archipelago was made by Savva Loshkin in 1760-1761: then he was able to overcome the path along east coast New Earth.
The traveler who initiated the scientific exploration of Novaya Zemlya was Fyodor Rozmyslov (d. 1771). On July 10, 1768, he set off with his team from Arkhangelsk to Novaya Zemlya and reached the goal a month later. Here Rozmyslov was engaged in the search for mineral deposits, meteorological and geodetic research.
In addition, he compiled an inventory of the Matochkin Shar Strait.
Until the 19th century the archipelago remained uninhabited, it was used as a staging post and a place for fishing and hunting. However, in order to minimize the risks of capturing sparsely populated lands, by the end of the century, a gradual settlement of the islands began, however, mainly by Nenets families.
At the beginning of the XX century. there were still many blank spots on the map of Novaya Zemlya, so research expeditions were constantly working on the islands of the archipelago. In particular, the Novaya Zemlya expedition of 1911 is known, as a result of which old abandoned Pomor settlements were discovered.

nuclear test site

A nuclear test site was opened on Novaya Zemlya during the Soviet era, and since then access to the archipelago has been limited.
At present, Novaya Zemlya is a closed administrative-territorial entity within Arkhangelsk region. In order to visit the archipelago, a special pass is required. This practice has been preserved since Soviet times, when settlements on Novaya Zemlya were closed for security reasons and their existence was not known.
On September 17, 1954, a Soviet nuclear test site was opened on Novaya Zemlya, which included three sites: Black Guba, Dry Nose and Matochkin Shar (underground tests were carried out at the latter). Almost the entire Nenets population was expelled from the archipelago, the military and specialists who worked at the training ground were placed in the villages.
After the USSR and the USA signed an agreement in August 1963 banning nuclear tests in the atmosphere, under water and in space, the experiments at the Black Guba and Dry Nose sites were stopped. However, underground explosions in the Matochkina Shara area were carried out until 1990.

Population

The main settlement of the archipelago - Belushya Guba - was founded in 1897. With the opening of the nuclear test site, a completely new page opened in its history, since it was appointed the administrative center of this experimental complex. Today, the village retains its status, as the landfill continues to operate. Experiments are being carried out on it, including to ensure the safe storage of nuclear weapons. In addition, there is a military unit in the village.
However, the legacy cold war not limited to the nuclear test site. In some bays of Novaya Zemlya there are nuclear waste disposal sites. In order to avoid leakage of hazardous substances, they are constantly monitored by both Russian services and European specialists.
The second most important and populous point of Novaya Zemlya is the village of Rogachevo on the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula. There are other settlements on the archipelago, but they do not have a permanent population. Among them is the village of Matochkin Shar, which has a seasonal commercial value.

Nature

Novaya Zemlya is a land of harsh nature. More than half of the territory of the archipelago is covered with glaciers, and this is mainly cover, and not mountain glaciation.

On Novaya Zemlya reigns natural for the Arctic lands natural world with a variety of bird and fish species. First of all, the archipelago is famous for its very large bird markets: here you can see gulls, guillemots, puffins. On the shores of Lake Gusinoye on the Gusinaya Zemlya peninsula, which is very rich in fish, many geese gather during the molting period.

Relatively heat-loving plants have been preserved on the archipelago, usually not found in such a harsh climate. Among them are cloudberries, blueberries, lingonberries, some types of sorrel, willow-herb and other plants. In addition, alien plants are found on the islands, including several species of buttercups, clover. The seeds got into the local soil with expeditions, merchant ships.

Man on Novaya Zemlya is constantly in contact with wildlife. a big threat to local population represent polar bears, which, with the onset of cold weather, go to the villages in search of food. It is not uncommon for these predators to attack people.

general information

Administrative affiliation: Russian Federation.
Administrative center of Novaya Zemlya: Belushya Guba - 2308 people (2015).

Status: closed administrative-territorial entity.
Russian language.
Ethnic composition: Russians.
Religion: Orthodoxy

Numbers

Climate and weather

Economy

Attractions

Cult

It is assumed that members of the Barents team were among the first Europeans to see a polar bear.

On October 30, 1961, at the Dry Nose nuclear test site in the southwest of Severny Island, the most powerful explosive device in the history of mankind, the Tsar Bomb, a thermonuclear aviation bomb, was tested.

Cape Zhelaniya got its name for a curious reason: on the map of Barents, it was marked as Zhelanny, but due to inaccuracies in the translation, according to the Russian tradition, it became known as Cape Zhelaniya.

The island archipelago Novaya Zemlya is located on the border of the Kara, Barents and Pechora seas, which belong to the Arctic Ocean. The Kara Gate Strait separates Novaya Zemlya from Vaigach Island by about fifty kilometers. It is believed that the first explorers and Novgorod merchants called the islands of the archipelago common name. Most likely, they believed that the lands they saw across the strait were new. The Novaya Zemlya archipelago is the two most big islands North and South, they are separated by a narrow strait Matochkin Shar. How do they look?

In addition, there are small rocks and small islands nearby. Other islands and island groups include: Big Oransky, Gorbovye, Pastukhov, Pynina and Mezhdsharsky Islands. By the way, the latter is the third in the archipelago in terms of its area. The islands of the archipelago are spread over an area of ​​more than 83 thousand square kilometers. The territory of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago belongs to the Russian Federation. Administratively, it is part of the Arkhangelsk region, as a territorial municipality. Visit beautiful.

History of Novaya Zemlya

The Englishman Hugh Willoughby, in 1553, led an expedition that was aimed at opening routes through the north to India. He became the first European to see the islands of the archipelago. Gerard Mercator - Dutch cartographer and geographer, published a map in 1595 from Hugh's notes. On it, Novaya Zemlya appeared as a peninsula. In 1596, the expedition of Willem Barents circled the islands of Novaya Zemlya from the north and spent the winter on the North Island. In 1653, the Frenchman Pierre-Martin de la Martiniere, together with Danish merchants, visited Novaya Zemlya. They met representatives of the Samoyed tribe, who were local residents, on the coast of the South Island.

Emperor Peter I planned to build a fort on Novaya Zemlya to mark the Russian presence in the archipelago. In 1768-69, Fyodor Rozmyslov, the first traveler and Russian explorer on the islands of Novaya Zemlya, arrived here. Two centuries ago, the Russian Empire officially announced that the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago belonged to it territorially. Then the forced settlement of the islands by Pomors and Nenets began. The village of Olginsky was founded on Severny Island in 1910, at that time it became the northernmost inhabited place Russian Empire.

In 1954, a Soviet nuclear test site was founded on these islands, the center of which was Belushya Guba. In addition, work in this area was carried out at three more sites in the archipelago. Unfortunately, in 1961, the most powerful explosion in the world occurred at this island test site. A 58 megaton hydrogen bomb exploded. To date, the nuclear test site at Novaya Zemlya remains the only operating nuclear test site in Russia. Also, the Novaya Zemlya archipelago has rich history and interesting landscapes.

Origin of the island

The area of ​​the Novaya Zemlya archipelago is quite impressive. The length of the islands of the archipelago is 925 kilometers, and the width reaches 120-140 kilometers. Vostochny Island is the northernmost zone of Novaya Zemlya, it belongs to the Great Orange Islands. The Pynina Islands are the most south point, they are part of the Petukhovsky archipelago. Cape Nameless is the western side, it is located on Yuzhny Island, the Gusinaya Zemlya Peninsula. Cape Flissingsky is the easternmost point on Severny Island, it is also called the most eastern point in Europe.

The coasts of the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago are distinguished by a sinuous line. Many fjords and bays are formed here, they are perfectly connected to the land. The bays on the western coast are considered the largest, among them: Krestovaya Bay, Mityushikha Bay, Glazov Bay, Mashigin Bay, Inostrantsev, Borzov, Nordenskiöld and Russian Harbor. And in the east there are lips: Oga, Rusanova, Schubert, Neznaniy and Bear. The islands of the archipelago have a mountainous relief, mostly rocky and impregnable coasts. The height of the mountains increases towards the center of the islands. On the island of Severny there is an unnamed mountain, considered the most high point archipelago. A significant part of this island is covered with glaciers. Closer to the coast, they form small icebergs.

Many small streams originate in mountainous areas Islands: North and South. These rivers flow into the Barents and Kara Seas. Notable lakes include Lake Goltsovoye, which is located in the south of Severny Island. And in the west of the South Island is Gusinoye Lake. Experts classify the islands of the archipelago by their origin as mainland. Most likely, they were formed during the movement of the continents, they are called the same age as the Ural Mountains. There is a hypothesis that the South Island was a peninsula somewhere before the 16th century. Therefore, earlier on the maps it was designated in this way. When the seabed began to subside, it became an island.

Others argue that the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago were part of an ancient geological platform. Basically, the islands of the archipelago consist of granites and basalts, such is its geological structure. The discovered minerals include large deposits of iron and manganese ores. In addition to them, deposits of lead, silver, tin and rare earth metals were found.

A harsh climate reigns on the territory of these islands, experts classify it as arctic. Winter days are long enough and cold. At this time, strong gusty winds are typical. In winter, snowfalls and blizzards often fall, the temperature can drop to -40 degrees. Summer is relatively cold, the temperature rises above +7 degrees. Therefore, the climate of the islands is very cold, here you will not wait for warm sunshine. We recommend that you bring warm clothes with you.

Features of the islands of Novaya Zemlya

When a Soviet nuclear test site was created on the territory of the archipelago, indigenous people who lived here since the era of the Russian Empire. The settlements were empty, they were occupied by technical and military personnel. They began to ensure the life of the landfill facilities. To date, there are only two settlements on Yuzhny Island - these are Rogachevo and Belushya Guba. But on the other islands of Novaya Zemlya there are no permanent settlements. The total number of people living in the lands of the archipelago is no more than 2500 people. Basically, these are technical personnel, military and meteorologists.

The island ecosystem is assigned to the biomes that are inherent in the Arctic deserts. This applies to the north of the North and South Islands. The conditions for plants are not the easiest here, so lichens and mosses grow. In addition to them, arctic herbaceous annual herbs are found in the south of the archipelago, a significant part of them are classified as creeping species. Naturalists pay attention to creeping willow, saxifrage opposite-leaved and mountain lichen. On the South Island you can see low grasses and dwarf birches. Island mushrooms include: milk mushrooms and mushrooms. They are found in the lakeside and river valleys. Fish are found in island reservoirs, mainly arctic char.

The fauna is rather modest. Mammals such as the lemming, arctic fox and reindeer live here. In winter south coast polar bears live. TO marine mammals include: harp seals, walruses, sea hares and seals. Whales can often be seen in inland bays and coastal waters. The islands were chosen by various representatives of the bird world, these are: gulls, puffins and guillemots. They formed the largest bird colonies in Russia. Also on the islands there is a white partridge.

To date, the islands of Novaya Zemlya remain closed to a large number of tourists and travelers. Tourism is not developed in these places, because there is a nuclear test site and other military facilities. To visit the islands of the archipelago, you must obtain special permission from the Russian authorities, and you must also maintain the strictest secrecy. Naturalists and scientists are not allowed to enter here, so there is discontent among the world community. environmental situation on Novaya Zemlya, environmental organizations are concerned, because nuclear tests. Despite the fact that the islands of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago remain one of the closed territories, the world community continues to show interest in relation to them. While no one predicts exact time changes in the sphere of tourism of the islands of Novaya Zemlya.

Paema, which has become a hell of a hell of a gallows of Belarusian literature, has grown up in astroza. Antosya knows nothing about the skin of a Belarusian schoolboy, and the famous friend “My dear ones, how dear you are to me” can practice love of Belarus.

How to create adzin with national symbols, once with karespandentam Sputnik Alesya Sharshnyovay uspamіnaў dyrektar’s deputy of the National Library of Belarus Ales Susha.

"Valadarka" like a krynitsa nathnennya

"New Land" Yakub Kolas pachynaў writing near Minsk and the dachshund died there. And eight foreign kropaks on the way were welded for 12 bastards - the menavita was so much spattered, as if the work was finished - it was shmat.

The writing of Kanstanzin Mickiewich, more than in 1911, sitting in the turme for the cell at the illegal driving of the teacher of the Minsk province. aryshtavanya, Pishchalaovski zamak on Nyamiz, more like Valadarka , become months of inspiration for another contributor to the Belarusian literary language.

"Pastoring the wars on your own uspamins in 1947, Kolas uzgadvaў, that, sedzyachy ў astroze, great sumavaў on your own land and ўzgadvaў moments of your dzyatsіnstva", - Alexander Susha's pavedamiў.

For three bastards, the light was lulled by a sluggish ring of razdzela paems, yakіh, darechy, it was thrice. Some times they were friends with "Nasha Niva".

Lepshaya book to the world and opera

Aўtabіyagrafіchny creat in 1923 was the first to scold the Belarusian kaaperatsiynaya vydavetstva "Savetskaya Belarus" - dzarzhaўnaya and the most violent for the hour.

© Sputnik Alesya Sharshneva

Issued paems "New Land" by Yakub Kolas

"Kolas himself says that the fall and paem of the past and the 1890-1900s are disgusting, and some of the fall are written on the roof of pain late in the day. ў velmі sur "eznya zmeny ў hramadskiy zhitstsi", - Tlumachyts Alexander Susha.

Praz nekatori hour s "yalyaetstsa yashche hellishly issued - the hell of Belarusian dzyarzhanaga issuance. The book was often issued, and over the masterful afarmlenny worked the dainty creators of hours. For example, the Finnish master of Aleksantera Ahola-Valo, yaki zrabi ў shmat prats in Belarus ў 20th bastards of the XX stagodja.

The creativity of Kolas and the master Georgiy Paplauskag inspired. Yon zrabіў tsely tsykl malyunkaў, for yakіya at the Leiptsyg exhibition, it was given out atrymala to the people as "The best book of the world."

At this hour paema atrymala and musical arrangement. In 1980, Ales Petrashkevich wrote a libret, and the national opera "New Land" appeared. was a great value, there was an opera on a national the theme of this clock was rarely set.

Encyclopedia for aliens

It is not for nothing that Paema borrows gallon months in the Belarusian literature. "New Land" - the first violent lira-epic work, written in Belarusian, under the patronage of Alexander Susha.

Taghachasnye chytachy immediately adopted the song as if it were a folk song: they sounded me to memory and read with ease the casualties of the khatnih gassy.

“Atsenki paemy, and once issued, were great lords, and not only from the side of the readers and prodstavnіkoў of Belarusian culture, but also to hell with foreign literature of the knower,” said the expert.

The reviewers highly acclaimed the masterful work of art and the christian pasyl and ahrystsli the poem "Encyclopedia of the life of the Belarusian clergy of the late XIX - a patch of the XX century". Menavita getae paraўnanny zastaetstsa infernal from the most papular and tsyaper.

Vyadomy pismennik and gramadski dzeyach Ales Adamovich at the pile of scientific practice "Belarusian Vershavany Raman" asked a hypothetical test: if we could scantactate for some people with aliens, then what would be the most accurate and illustrative would the hell belarusian muggles be given to them? "The New Land" by Yakub Kolas, because you are all right with us," - a Navukovian on his pile test.

At the same time, it is possible to get hell of a badge of issued issued by Belarusians not only in any country. For example, the National Library of Belarus presented the works of the Belarusian songwriter on their own site.

Admyslov's virtual project can provide not only scans of original first publications, but also first publications, and sherags of analytical texts, supported by supra-councils of libraries.

Geographical position

New Earth- an archipelago in the Arctic Ocean between the Barents and Kara seas; part of the Arkhangelsk region of Russia in the rank of the municipality "Novaya Zemlya".
The archipelago consists of two large islands - North and South, separated by a narrow strait (2-3 km) Matochkin Shar and many relatively small islands, the largest of which is Mezhdusharsky. The northeastern tip of the North Island - Cape Flissing - is the easternmost point of Europe.

It stretches from the southwest to the northeast for 925 km. The most north point New Earth - east island of the Greater Orange Islands, the southernmost - the Pynina Islands of the Petukhov Archipelago, the western - an unnamed cape on the Gusinaya Zemlya Peninsula of the South Island, the eastern - Cape Flissingsky of the Severny Islands.

Area of ​​all islands over 83 thousand km²; the width of the North Island is up to 123 km, the South - up to 143 km.
In the south, the Karskie Vorota strait (50 km wide) is separated from Vaygach Island.
About half of the area of ​​the North Island is occupied by glaciers. On the territory of about 20,000 km² - a continuous ice cover, extending almost 400 km in length and up to 70-75 km in width. The thickness of the ice is over 300 m. In a number of places, the ice descends into the fjords or breaks off into the open sea, forming ice barriers and giving rise to icebergs. total area glaciation of Novaya Zemlya is 29,767 km², of which about 92% is cover glaciation and 7.9% is mountain glaciers. On south island- areas of the arctic tundra.

Climate

The climate is arctic and harsh. Winter is long and cold, strong winds(the speed of katabatic (katabatic) winds reaches 40-50 m/s) and snowstorms, in connection with which Novaya Zemlya is sometimes called the "Land of Winds" in the literature. Frosts reach -40 °C. The average temperature of the warmest month - August - is from 2.5 °C in the north to 6.5 °C in the south. In winter, the difference reaches 4.6°. The difference in temperature conditions between the coasts of the Barents and Kara seas exceeds 5°. Such a temperature asymmetry is due to the difference in the ice regime of these seas. There are many small lakes on the archipelago itself; under the rays of the sun, the water temperature in the southern regions can reach 18 ° C.

Population

In administrative terms, the archipelago is a separate municipality of the Arkhangelsk region. It has the status of ZATO (closed administrative-territorial entity). A special pass is required to enter Novaya Zemlya. Until the beginning of the 90s. the very existence of settlements on Novaya Zemlya was a state secret. The postal address of the village of Belushya Guba was "Arkhangelsk-55", the village of Rogachevo and the "points" located on the South Island and the south of the North Island - "Arkhangelsk-56", the "points" located in the north of the North Island and Franz Josef Land - " Krasnoyarsk Territory, Dikson-2 Island "(communication with them through Dikson was maintained). IN administrative center- the urban-type settlement of Belushya Guba, located on the South Island - 2149 people live (2013). The second settlement on Novaya Zemlya that currently exists is the village of Rogachevo (457 people), 12 km from Belushya Guba. There is a military airfield - Amderma-2. 350 km to the north on the southern coast of the Matochkin Shar Strait is the Severny settlement (without a permanent population), a base for underground tests, mining, construction and installation works. There are currently no settlements on the North Island.

Indigenous people- the Nenets were completely evicted from the islands in the 1950s, when a military training ground was created. The population of the settlements is mainly made up of soldiers and builders.

According to the results of the 2010 All-Russian Population Census, the population of Novaya Zemlya is 2429 people and is concentrated in only two settlements- Belushya Guba and Rogachevo.

Nature

The ecosystems of Novaya Zemlya are usually referred to as biomes of the Arctic deserts.(North Island) and Arctic tundra.
The main role in the formation of phytocenoses belongs to mosses and lichens. The latter are represented by species of cladonia, the height of which does not exceed 3-4 cm.
Arctic herbaceous annuals also play a significant role. Creeping species, such as creeping willow (Salix polaris), opposite-leaved saxifrage (Saxifraga oppositifolia), mountain lichen and others, are characteristic of the scarce flora of the islands. The vegetation in the southern part is mostly dwarf birches, moss and low grass, in areas near rivers, lakes and bays a lot of mushrooms grow: milk mushrooms, mushrooms, etc.
Most big lake- Goose. It is home to freshwater fish, in particular arctic char. Of the animals, arctic foxes, lemmings, white partridges, and also reindeer are common. The polar bears are coming in southern regions with the onset of cold weather, being a threat local residents. Marine animals include harp seals, seals, bearded seals, walruses, and whales.
On the islands of the archipelago you can find the largest bird colonies in the Russian region of the Arctic. Guillemots, puffins, seagulls settle here.

And that same morning at 11:32 a.m. over Novaya Zemlya at an altitude of 4000 m above the land surface, a bomb with a capacity of 50 million tons of TNT was exploded.
The light flash was so bright that, despite the continuous cloudiness, it was visible even at a distance of a thousand kilometers. The swirling giant mushroom has grown to a height of 67 km. By the time of the explosion, while the bomb was slowly descending on a huge parachute from a height of 10,500 m to the calculated point of detonation, the Tu-95 carrier aircraft with the crew and its commander, Major Andrei Egorovich Durnovtsev, was already in the safe zone. The commander returned to his airfield as a lieutenant colonel, Hero of the Soviet Union.

Slavsky and Moskalenko, being congress delegates, specially flew to the northern test site early in the morning on the day of the experiment to observe the preparation and implementation of the explosion. From a distance of several hundred kilometers from the epicenter, being on board the Il-14 aircraft, they saw a fantastic picture. The impression was completed by the shock from the shock wave that overtook their plane.

One of the groups of participants in the experiment, from a distance of 270 km from the point of explosion, saw not only a bright flash through protective tinted glasses, but even felt the effect of a light pulse. In an abandoned village - 400 km from the epicenter - were destroyed wooden houses, and the stone ones lost their roofs, windows and doors.

For many hundreds of kilometers from the test site, as a result of the explosion, the conditions for the passage of radio waves changed for almost an hour and radio communications ceased. Those who were at the airport Kola Peninsula near Olenya, the creators of the bomb and the leaders of the experiment, headed by the chairman of the State Commission, Major General N. I. Pavlov, for 40 minutes did not have a clear idea of ​​​​what happened and in what condition the crews of the carrier aircraft and the laboratory aircraft accompanying it Tu-16. And only when the first signs of radio communication with Novaya Zemlya appeared, from the command post near Olenya, they asked in plain text for information about the height of the cloud's rise. In response, they reported: about 60 km. It became clear that the design of the bomb had not failed.

In the meantime, the crews of the two planes taking off on a mission, and the documentary filmmakers who were filming at other points, experienced, by the will of circumstances, the most vivid and strong impressions. The cameramen recalled: “It’s creepy to fly, one might say, riding a hydrogen bomb! What if it works? Although it’s on fuses, it’s still ... And there won’t be a molecule left! Unbridled power in it, and what! The flight time to the target is not very long , but it stretches... We are on a combat course. The bomb bay doors are open. Behind the silhouette of the bomb is a solid cotton wool of clouds... And the bomb? Pilots in afterburner are leaving the drop point... Zero! Under the plane from below and somewhere in the distance, the clouds are illuminated by a powerful flash. What an illumination! Behind the hatch, light-sea simply spilled out, an ocean of light, and even the layers of clouds were highlighted, manifested. .. At that moment, our plane left between two layers of clouds, and there, in this gap, from below, a huge light-orange balloon appears! It, like Jupiter - powerful, confident, self-satisfied, - slowly, silently creeps up .. Breaking through the seemingly hopeless cloud cover, it grew and grew. Behind him, as if into a funnel, it seemed that the whole Earth would be drawn in. The spectacle was fantastic, unreal ... in any case unearthly "