Where does the Kara Sea flow into? Kara sea in russia

Kara Sea used to be called Nyarzomsky (Narzemsky) - this is how it was named in the story of 1601 about the journey to Mangazeya of a resident of Pinega Leonty Shubin (Plekhan) and in the petition of Andrei Palitsyn from 1630. On the map of Edward Wells, the sea is called Tartar. And the name "Kara" belonged to Baydaratskaya Bay, after the name of the river Kara flowing into it. According to the version given by V.Yu. Vize, the name of the river comes from the Nenets word "hare", meaning hummocky ice. It is curious that the Dutchman N. Witsen calls the sea Ice, and the Frenchman J. Campredon Arctic, which echoes the Nenets word. For the first time, the sea was named Kara on the map of V. M. Selifontov in 1736, compiled according to the results of the work of the Dvina-Ob detachment of the Great Northern Expedition.

The Kara Sea belongs to the group of seas of the Siberian Arctic. The boundaries of this sea are land and imaginary lines. From the west, the sea is bounded by a number of islands (the largest of which New Earth) and several straits. From the east, the border of the sea runs along the archipelago Severnaya Zemlya and straits: the Red Army, Shokalsky and Vilkitsky. From the south, the border of the sea is the coast of the mainland. The Kara Sea is well open to the waters of the Arctic Ocean. The sea is located mainly on the continental shelf. These features make it possible to attribute the sea to the continental type of marginal seas.

The Kara Sea belongs to the largest seas Russian Federation. Its area is approximately 883 thousand km2. The volume of water reaches about 98 thousand km3. Average depth the sea is 111 m, the maximum is 620 m. In the waters Kara Sea there are a large number of islands, most of which are small in size. Small islands are combined into archipelagos (Nordenskiöld, Skerries, Minin) and are located along the coast of the mainland. Islands over large sizes(White, Shokalsky, Vilkitsky, Sibiryakov, Nansen, Russian) are located alone.

The coastline of the Kara Sea is uneven. The shores of Novaya Zemlya, which wash the waters of this sea, are indented big amount fjords. The mainland coast is also strongly dissected: in a number of places the sea sharply protrudes into the land, forming the Baidaratskaya and Obskaya bays. The Yamal Peninsula strongly protrudes into the space of the sea. Along the coastline there are large bays (Gydansky, Yeniseisky and Pyasinsky), as well as a number of small bays.

seafaring

The date of commencement of navigation in the Kara Sea is unknown. Only the fact is recorded in history that in 1556 the English traveler Stephen Borough found among the Russian sailors he met at the Kara Gates a clear idea of ​​the sea route to the mouth of the Ob and complete readiness to accompany the British along it. There is a reply from the Tobolsk governor M.M. Godunov and I.F. Volkonsky to the Tsar from 1601, where a description of this path is given: by the Yugorsky Shar Strait to the western part of Yamal, then along the Mutnaya River (a tributary of the Mordyyakha) to the watershed with the Seyakha (Green) River - Lakes Neito and Yambuto - then by portage and river descent into the Gulf of Ob . From the Ob Bay, a path opened south along the Ob (Obdorsk) and east through the Taz Bay (Mangazeya) to the Yenisei basin.

Bottom relief

The relief of the bottom of the Kara Sea has a large number of irregularities. The sea lies almost entirely on the shelf with depths of up to 100 meters. The St. Anna Trough has a maximum depth of 620 meters. The bottom of shallow waters and uplands is covered with sands and sandy silt. Troughs and basins are covered with gray, blue and brown muds. Iron-manganese nodules are found at the bottom of the central part of the sea.

In the southwestern part of the sea, off the Yamal Peninsula, large offshore deposits of natural gas and gas condensate have been explored. The largest of them are Leningradskoye gas reserves - more than 1 trillion m³ and Rusanovskoye. The development of offshore fields is planned to begin after 2025.

Climate and hydrological regime

The Kara Sea is characterized by a polar maritime climate, which is due to the northern location of the sea and its direct contact with the ocean. The Atlantic Ocean, located relatively close to the Kara Sea, moderates the climate. But the island of Novaya Zemlya prevents the penetration of a large amount of warm air masses. The Kara Sea is in more severe climatic conditions than the Barents Sea. Due to the large extent of the sea, climatic differences are observed in its different parts. Storms most often occur in the western part of the sea. Near the island of Novaya Zemlya constantly arises hurricane wind(Novaya Zemlya boron). The duration of this hurricane is short 2 - 3 hours, but in winter time it may take several days. In March, the average air temperature reaches -28.6 0 C at Cape Chelyuskin and -20 0 C at Cape Zhelaniya. The most low temperature air, which can be at sea, is - 45 - 50 0 С. In the warmest period (in July), the air warms up on average by 5 - 6 0 С in the western part of the sea and by 1 - 2 east. Near the mainland coast, the air can warm up to +18 and +20 0 C. But, despite the high summer temperatures, at any summer time snow may fall. In general, the short summer is marked by low temperatures and cloudy weather with a lot of rain.

The water temperature near the sea surface in winter is close to −1.8 °C. Water in shallow areas is well mixed from the surface to the bottom and has the same temperature and salinity (about 34 ppm). River runoff and melting ice in the summer lead to a decrease in the salinity of sea water below 34 ppm, in the mouths of the rivers the water becomes close to fresh. The water warms up to 6 °C in summer.

The tides in the Kara Sea reach a height of 50 - 80 centimeters. During the cold period, sea ice has a great influence on the tides - the magnitude of the tide decreases. The sea is covered with ice almost all year round. Ice formation begins in September. There are large spaces multi-year ice up to 4 meters thick. Fast ice forms along the coast, and floating ice forms in the center of the sea. In summer, the ice breaks up into separate massifs.

Flora and fauna

The flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is poorer than the Barents Sea, but much richer than the Laptev Sea. The flora is represented by several types of bottom algae - brown algae, red algae, green algae. The water feels good and a lot of unicellular algae and phytoplankton develop. The fauna of invertebrates and fish is quite richly represented, including pink salmon, chum salmon, chinook salmon, sockeye salmon, omul, muksun, nelma, char, saffron cod, flounder. Salmon and whitefish spawn in rivers, and go out to sea to feed. At the same time, they keep near the mouths of the rivers, not moving far to the north. In total, 54 species of fish live in the Kara Sea. From marine mammals the seal, walrus, sea hare, white whale live here. Cetaceans are also represented by larger animals - minke whales, of which 5 species can be counted here. Very rarely, both bowhead whales and predatory killer whales swim here from the Barents Sea. There are many birds on the islands (guillemots, auks, little auks predominate), which form noisy bird colonies. Of the land animals, the shores of the mainland and the islands are visited polar bear and arctic fox, for which the sea is an important source of food. Sharks in the Kara Sea are represented by a single species - a small-headed or polar shark, which does not care about cold waters and a harsh climate.

Economic importance

The Kara Sea is characterized by high bioproductivity. Among the objects of fishing are cod, whitefish, char, vendace, omul, smelt, saffron cod, polar cod. Fisheries are organized only in bays, gulfs and lower reaches of rivers, where there is no thick ice cover. As in all coastal northern seas Eurasia, walruses are harvested in the Kara Sea, but only for the needs local population, since walruses have been taken under state protection since 1956. Large oil and gas fields (gas condensate Rusanovskoye, Leningradskoye) have been discovered and are being developed. The Kara Sea is part of the transport North sea ​​route. Ports are located here: Dixon, Amderma; Dudinka and Igarka (Yenisei).

Ecology

The waters belonging to the bays of the Kara Sea are characterized by specialists as moderately polluted. The rivers that flow into the Kara Sea have a relatively low level of pollution. However, the waters of the Ob and Yenisei have a high concentration of heavy metals, which adversely affects the ecosystem of the sea. Another important source is pollution of the waters of the water area with aerosol materials from the metallurgical production in the city of Norilsk. Vessels have a negative impact on the ecological state of the sea. The places of their frequent movement are polluted with oil products.

Remains important environmental problem Radioactive contamination of the Kara Sea. Due to the fact that a number of numerous air, surface, underground and underwater nuclear explosions were carried out on Novaya Zemlya in the 60s of the last century, more than 13 million curies of Cs-137 were released into the atmosphere. period in the northern seas began the disposal of radioactive waste. To date, the eastern part of the Novaya Zemlya shelf is the main burial site. In this region, waste is flooded in several areas at a depth of 12 to 380 m, they account for 70% of the volume of marine burials of the USSR period. Flooding was carried out in the shallow waters of the bays of the Kara Sea during 1965-1988 swimming facilities With radioactive waste. The greatest potential danger comes from 17 reactors of the atomic icebreaker "Lenin" and 11 thousand containers with hazardous waste. Control measurements are regularly carried out, the results of which show that at the moment the level of radioactivity in the bays of the Kara Sea does not exceed the norm, however, these objects pose a potential environmental hazard.

This sea belongs to the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean and for the most part is located on the continental shelf.
Its area is 885.2 thousand square kilometers, the average depth is about 130 m, the maximum depth is 620 meters.

In the north, the Kara Sea adjoins the Arctic Basin, in the west it borders on the Barents Sea, in the east - on the Laptev Sea. There are many islands of various sizes in its water area, the vast majority of them are located along the continental coast.

On the map of the Arctic Ocean, you can see the Kara Sea.

The coastline of the sea has complex contours and outlines. The Ob and Baidaratskaya bays protrude deep into the land, between which the Yamal Peninsula protrudes far into the sea. The relief of the sea bottom is uneven, there are deep-water trenches and elevations. The southern and eastern parts of the Kara Sea are less deep than its western and northwestern sides. The deepest area of ​​the Kara Sea is located south of Novaya Zemlya, where the Novaya Zemlya depression lies with depths of up to 500 meters. To the east of Novaya Zemlya, the St. Anna Trench begins, extending beyond the sea into the Arctic Basin. central part The Kara Sea has a more even relief. East End In the Kara Sea, near the mouths of the Ob and Yenisei rivers, it is very shallow (depths of 20-50 m) and is characterized by highly desalinated water.

sea ​​surface almost the entire year is covered with ice, reaching a thickness of 4 meters. In the central part of the sea, the ice is drifting, forming fast ice near the coastline. Sea surface ice coverage may vary depending on different years. The tides are not large, from half a meter to 80 cm.

Temperature surface water The Kara Sea is close to freezing temperature - approximately 1.8 degrees C. In deeper areas, especially in the trenches where the warm waters of the Barents Sea penetrate, the water temperature and salinity are slightly higher. at the mouths major rivers the sea is heavily desalinated. In summer, the surface of the sea (up to 10-50 meters) warms up somewhat, in some places - up to 6 degrees C. The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia. There are frequent fogs and storms. There are two stable sea ​​currents- in the northeast and southwest, which slowly move the water masses counterclockwise.

The harsh climate, cold water and powerful ice shell limited the rapid development of life in the Kara Sea. The species composition of the animal world here is two times poorer than in the neighboring Barents. However, there is still life here.

The flora is represented by several types of bottom algae - brown algae (some types of fucus), red algae (rodimenia, odontalia, porphyra), green algae (ulva or sea lettuce). A lot of unicellular algae and phytoplankton, as well as zooplankton, which serves as the main food for the few cetaceans here, feel good and develop in the water.

Pretty well represented invertebrate and fish fauna, among which there are many semi-anadromous (pink salmon, chum salmon, chinook salmon, sockeye salmon, omul, muksun, nelma, char, saffron cod, flounder). Salmon and whitefish spawn in the river, and go out to sea to feed. At the same time, they keep near the mouths of the rivers, not moving far to the north. As in other northern seas, small fish here feel good - European smelt, capelin, sculpins from the slingshot family, liparis, sea chanterelles and other fish. In total, 54 species of fish live in the Kara Sea. However, only omul, muksun and vendace (whitefish), smelt (smelt), saffron cod, pollock (cod) and nelma (salmon) are of commercial importance in the Kara Sea. Fisheries are organized only in bays, gulfs and lower reaches of rivers, where there is no thick ice cover.

From marine mammals The seal, walrus, sea hare, white whale live here. Cetaceans are also represented by larger animals - minke whales, of which 5 species can be counted here (fin whale, sei whale, blue, small, humpback whales). Very rarely, bowhead whales belonging to the family of right whales and predatory killer whales swim here from the Barents Sea.
As in all coastal northern seas of Eurasia, walruses are harvested in the Kara Sea, but only for the needs of the local population, since walruses have been taken under state protection since 1956.

There are many birds on the islands (guillemots, auks, little auks predominate), which form noisy bird colonies. Of the land animals, the shores of the mainland and the island are visited by the polar bear and the arctic fox, for which the sea is an important source of food.

Sharks in the Kara Sea are represented, perhaps, by the only species - a small-headed or polar shark, which does not care about cold waters and a harsh climate. Fishing for this fish is not carried out here due to small numbers and low palatability of its meat.
Entry from the Barents Sea of ​​giant plankton-eating sharks is quite possible, but such facts are not mentioned anywhere.
In the coastal zone, away from the freshwater mouths of rivers flowing into the sea, it is possible, although unlikely, to meet with an ordinary katran.
That's the whole shark arsenal of the Kara Sea. Not thick, and completely safe for humans.

On the next page - about the eastern neighbor of the Kara Sea -

The Kara Sea is one of several seas that are part of the Siberian Arctic group. By virtue of geographical features it belongs to the continental type of the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean.

The Kara Sea is considered one of the largest in the Russian Federation - its area is approximately 883 thousand kilometers, and the volume of water is about 98 thousand cubic kilometers.

It is said that it was the Kara Sea that served as the prototype for The Tale of Tsar Saltan.

Gas producers...

Boundless pr...

Vaigach Island...

Cape Chelyuskin...

The Kara Sea is located between the islands of Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land and Severnaya Zemlya. It is considered a marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean and is part of the Northern Sea Route. It communicates with the neighboring one on the east side, with the help of the Kara Gates and Matochkin Shar straits, and on the western side - with the Vilkitsky straits, and the straits between the Severnaya Zemlya islands.

The main bays are the Baidaratskaya and Obskaya bays, as well as the Yenisei, Pyasinsky and Taimyr. In some places they crash into the gentle coast of the mainland. Several rivers flow into the Kara Sea, the largest of which are the Yenisei, Ob, Pyasinka and Kara, after which the sea is named. And although this sea is the heaviest along the entire length of the Northern Sea Route, due to the huge ice cover, it is a kind of northern gate of Siberia. It is here that the riches of the Siberian forests are exported along the Yenisei, the Ob.

There are many islands in the sea area, which are included in the Great Arctic State nature reserve. It is the largest in Eurasia. One of famous islands of the Kara Sea - Vaigach Island, is a special place where the secrets of bloody rites and pagan cults of ancient peoples are kept. old times inhabiting these lands. According to their legends, it was here that the abode of the gods was located. Scientists call Vaygach Island anomalous mystery, which for a long time cannot be solved. Travelers note that health is restored here and mood improves.

The Severnaya Zemlya archipelago also has a rich and interesting history. It was discovered in 1913 by the expedition of Boris Vilkitsky. He mistakenly presented the archipelago as one island and named it the Land of Nicholas II. In 1926, Nicholas II Land was named Severnaya Zemlya. And the fact that this zone is a group of islands was published only in 1933.

In ancient times, navigation in the Kara Sea was equal to a deadly feat - it was called the "ice cellar". Until now, this sea is considered the coldest sea on Earth. It is not surprising, because in winter in these parts the temperature drops to -46 degrees, and in summer no more than +16. The third part of the year is occupied by the polar night, and the rest of the time by the polar day. In winter, storm winds often blow, blizzards and snowstorms rage. In the summer, fogs roll in, and North wind brings snow loads. Most the sea is completely covered with ice. Even modern nuclear-powered icebreakers do not always conquer this sea.

Plant life in the Kara Sea, with its harsh climate, cold water and a powerful ice shell, you can’t call it lively. But it still exists here, however, it is several times poorer than in the neighboring Barents Sea. Several types of bottom algae grow here: some types of fucus, rodimenia and odontaria, porphyry, Ulva, which is also called "sea lettuce" and kelp "- seaweed". In the icy water of this northern sea, unicellular algae and phytoplankton also thrive well. Zooplankton also lives in the waters of the Kara Sea, which serves as food for cetaceans.

Unlike plants, the fauna is somewhat richer. For example, in the waters of this sea there are many invertebrates and fish: pink salmon and chum, chinook and sockeye salmon, omul and musk, nelma and char, saffron cod and flounder. In addition to them, in the sea, not far from the mouths of the rivers, salmon and whitefish come out to feed, which spawn in the rivers.

Just like in other northern seas, there are many small fish in the Kara Sea: European smelt and capelin, sculpins and liparis, sea chanterelles and some other fish. In total, there are about 54 species of fish in this sea. Some of them are of great commercial importance.

The Kara Sea is inhabited by seals and walruses, seals, bearded seals and beluga whales. Among cetaceans, there are 5 species of minke whales: fin whale, sei whale, small, and also humpback. Of the sharks in the Kara Sea, only the polar one lives, which is not afraid of the icy water of this northern sea.

There are a lot of birds on the islands, they form noisy bird markets. Most of them are guillemots and auks, as well as little auks.

So far there are not so many tourists going to the icy coast of the Kara Sea. But those who have visited these parts talk about their vacation excitedly. Of course, you should not count on five-star hotels in this harsh region. But the hotels here are quite decent and you will not stay hungry, that's for sure. But what kind of fishing and hunting awaits you in the Arctic! You can fish even in summer or winter. Here, any kid will teach you this.

If you wish, you can take part in hunting for seals or seals.

Of course, you need to be careful, because the owner of the north can also do this near you.

And of course, you should get to know the customs of the locals better, ride a snowmobile or.

The Kara Sea and the islands lying in its water area are a real pearl of the Russian North. It cannot be described in words, it must be seen and felt.;

Video: Kara Sea:...

The Kara Sea ... From the course of school geography, we know that it is located somewhere on the edge of the Arctic Ocean, i.e. at the top of a map or globe. Quite a lot of knowledge, isn't it? This is definitely not enough for such an amazing geographical feature. Let's try to get to know each other better.

Section 1. Kara Sea. general description.

The Kara Sea belongs to the category of marginal seas geographically belonging to the Arctic Ocean. Its name comes from the latter, which belongs to this basin, in turn, received this name in honor of a noble local Nenets family.

Prior to this, other names can be traced in history: Northern Tatar, New Northern and Mangazeya.

In accordance with the physical and geographical conditions, the Kara is considered the most difficult sea in the Russian Arctic, so any navigation here is associated with rather great difficulties. One of the reasons is the almost constant presence of a strong ice cover. In addition, the depth of the sea is uneven, shoals are encountered quite often, and the currents are poorly studied.

It should also be noted that many this region the weather decides, and since fog or haze persists almost constantly, it is impossible to visually determine the distance in most cases.

To the south-west. parts of the Kara Sea, large offshore deposits of gas condensate and natural gas were discovered not far from.

The main economic significance of the sea lies in the fact that it is considered to be the most important link in such a necessary for the country and plays an important role in the development and strengthening of the productive forces of the regions.

Section 2. Kara Sea. How diverse is its flora and fauna.

On the whole, it can be said with certainty that the flora and fauna here were formed under the influence of conditions very different in nature, both climatic and hydrological. Note that they differ significantly from each other in the southern and northern parts.

Neighboring basins continue to exert enormous influence. So, for example, some heat-loving forms actively penetrate from the Barents Sea, and, on the contrary, high arctic forms from the Laptev Sea. The ecological boundary of distribution, according to scientists, is the eightieth meridian. However, one should not forget that freshwater elements also play a significant role.

If you spend comparative analysis, it turns out that qualitatively the flora and fauna are significantly poorer than the same Barents Sea, but significantly ahead of the Laptev Sea. For example, in the Barents region today there are 114 varieties different types fish, in the Kara - somewhere around 54, and in the Laptev Sea - much less, only 37.

Due to this fact, the Kara Sea has importance in the life of the whole country. Omul, muksun, vendace, smelt, saffron cod, saithe and nelma are organized here.

The Kara Sea... Photos of animals living in its vicinity adorn the printed and virtual editions of the planet. Pinnipeds are also abundant in the sea. Here you can meet seals, and if you're lucky, then walruses. In the summer, the beluga whale comes here, and the polar bear lives all year round.

Section 3. Kara Sea. Interesting Facts.

The salinity of the sea is quite uneven. This is due to the fact that several large rivers flow into it at once (Yenisei, Taz and Ob). It is located mainly on the shelf. To meet an island in the Kara Sea, or rather a cluster of several, is not such a rarity. The average depth is 50-100 m, the largest recorded is 620 m. The area is 893,400 km². The coldest of all our (Russian) seas. The water temperature near the coast rarely exceeds -1.8 °C in winter, and +6 °C in summer. In the years cold war this sea was a place for secret burials of nuclear waste. According to very rough estimates, today in its waters there are not only thousands of containers, about twenty ships with radioactive waste, but also several reactors with the most dangerous unspent fuel. It turns out that the waste, the level of radiation of which was considered low, was simply poured into the water.

Posted Thu, 23/04/2015 - 08:32 by Cap

In ancient times, navigation in the Kara Sea was equal to a deadly feat - it was called the "ice cellar". Until now, this sea is considered the coldest sea on Earth. It is not surprising, because in winter in these parts the temperature drops to -46 degrees, and in summer no more than +16.
The third part of the year is occupied by the polar night, and the rest of the time by the polar day. In winter, storm winds often blow, blizzards and snowstorms rage.
In the summer, fogs roll in, and the north wind brings snowballs. Most of the year the sea is completely covered with ice. Even modern nuclear-powered icebreakers do not always conquer this sea.
The Kara Sea can be safely called the most extreme sea in Russia!

There are many islands in the sea area, which are included in the Great Arctic State Nature Reserve. It is the largest in Eurasia. One of the most famous islands in the Kara Sea, Vaigach Island, is a special place where the secrets of bloody rites and pagan cults of the ancient peoples who inhabited these lands in ancient times are kept. According to their legends, it was here that the abode of the gods was located. Scientists call Vaygach Island an anomalous mystery that cannot be solved for a long time. Travelers note that health is restored here and mood improves.

The Kara Sea is a marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean.
Previously, the sea was called Nyarzomsky (Narzemsky) - this is how it was named in a 1601 story about a trip to Mangazeya by a resident of Pinega, Leonty Shubin (Plekhan) and in a petition by Andrey Palitsyn from 1630 (the etymology of this name is unknown). And the name "Kara" belonged to Baydaratskaya Bay, after the name of the river Kara flowing into it. According to the version cited by V. Yu. Vize, the name of the river comes from the Nenets word "hare", meaning hummocky ice. It is curious that the Dutchman N. Witsen calls the sea Ice, and the Frenchman J. Campredon Arctic, which echoes the Nenets word.
For the first time, the sea was named Kara on the map of V. M. Selifontov in 1736, compiled according to the results of the work of the Dvina-Ob detachment of the Great Northern Expedition.

schooner Polar Odysseus in the Kara Sea

Geography
Location
The sea is limited north coast Eurasia and Geiberg. In the northern part of the sea is Vize Land, an island theoretically discovered in 1924. Also in the sea are the islands of the Arctic Institute, the islands of Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee.

The sea is located mainly on the shelf; many islands. Depths of 50-100 meters predominate, the greatest depth is 620 meters. Area 883,400 km².

Fall into the sea deep rivers: Ob, so salinity varies greatly. The Taz River also flows into the Kara Sea.

The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia, only near the mouths of the rivers the water temperature in summer is above 0 °C. Frequent fogs and storms. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice.

Bottom relief
The sea lies almost entirely on the shelf with depths of up to 100 meters. Two gutters - St. Anne's with maximum depth at 620 meters (80°26′ N 71°18′ E) and Voronin with a depth of up to 420 meters cut through the shelf from north to south. The East Novaya Zemlya Trench, with depths of 200–400 meters, runs along the eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya. The shallow (up to 50 meters) Central Kara Plateau is located between the trenches.

The bottom of shallow waters and uplands is covered with sands and sandy silt. Troughs and basins are covered with gray, blue and brown muds. Iron-manganese nodules are found at the bottom of the central part of the sea.

Kara Sea Sibiryakov Island

Flora and fauna
The flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is formed under the influence of diverse climatic and hydrological conditions in the north and south. Big influence Neighboring basins are also affected by the penetration of some heat-loving forms (from the Barents Sea) and high arctic species (from the Laptev Sea) from them. The ecological boundary of their distribution is approximately the eightieth meridian. Freshwater elements also play a significant role in the life of the Kara Sea.

Qualitatively, the flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is poorer than the Barents Sea, but much richer than the Laptev Sea. This can be seen from a comparison of their ichthyofauna. 114 species of fish are found, in the Kara - 54, and in the Laptev Sea - 37. The following are of commercial importance in the Kara Sea: whitefish - omul, muksun and vendace; from smelt - smelt; from cod - saffron cod and saithe; from salmon - nelma. Fisheries are organized only in the bays, gulfs and lower reaches of the rivers. Pinnipeds of different species are found in the sea: seals, bearded seals, less often walruses. In the summer, the beluga whale comes here in large numbers - a herd animal that makes regular seasonal migrations. There is also a polar bear in the Kara Sea.

COAST OF THE KARA SEA
The coastline of the Kara Sea is complex and winding. Eastern Shores Novaya Zemlya is indented by numerous fjords. Significantly dissected, the mainland coast, where the Baydaratskaya and Obskaya bays protrude deep into the land, between which are located far to the east large bays: Gydansky, Pyasinsky, starting from which coastline outlines many small bays. Less tortuous West Coast Northern Earth.

Diverse in external forms and structure, the coast of the Kara Sea in different areas belongs to different morphological types of coasts (). The sea is framed mainly by abrasion, but there are accumulative and ice shores. The eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya are steep and hilly. The mainland coast is low-lying and gently sloping in places, steep in places. Mostly low shores

Gydan Bay, Kara Sea

ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA AND WINDS
Located in the high latitudes of the Arctic and directly connected with the Northern Arctic Ocean The Kara Sea is characterized by a polar maritime climate. Relative proximity Atlantic Ocean somewhat softens the climate of the sea, in the way of warm Atlantic air and waters, therefore the Kara Sea is climatically more severe,. The large extent of the Kara Sea from the southwest to the northeast creates noticeable differences in climatic indicators in its different areas in all seasons of the year.

The location, intensity and interaction of the main centers of atmospheric action largely determine the state of the weather and the magnitude of meteorological elements throughout the year. In the autumn-winter time, the Siberian anticyclone forms and sets, the Polar High intensifies, and the action of the Icelandic Low trough extends to the sea. At the beginning of the cold season in the northern part of the sea, the north wind prevails, and in the south - the winds are unstable in direction. The wind speed at this time is usually 5-7 m/s. The winter baric situation determines the predominance of southern, southwestern and southeastern winds in most of the sea. Only in the northeast winds of the northern rhumbs are often observed. The average wind speed is 7-8 m/s, often it reaches storm force. The largest number storms fall on western part seas. Off the coast of Novaya Zemlya, a local hurricane wind, the Novaya Zemlya bora, is often formed. It usually lasts several hours, but in winter it can last 2-3 days. Winds southern directions, as a rule, they bring continental air strongly cooled over the mainland into the Kara Sea. The average monthly air temperature in March at Cape Chelyuskin is −28.6°, at Cape Zhelaniya −20°, and the minimum air temperature in the sea can reach −45–50°. However, with southerly winds, relatively warm polar sea air sometimes also enters the western part of the sea. It is brought by cyclones coming from the west and deviating to the south and southeast, as they meet the chain of Novaya Zemlya mountains on their way. The most frequent inflows of warm air occur in February. These intrusions and the Novaya Zemlya bora make the winter weather unstable in the western part of the sea, while in its northern and eastern regions the weather is relatively stable, cold and clear.

In the warm season, the Siberian High collapses, and the low-pressure trough disappears. The polar maximum is shifting to the north. In this regard, winds blow in the spring, which are unstable in direction, the speed of which usually does not exceed 5-6 m/s. The cyclonic activity is weakening. Spring warming occurs quite quickly, but does not lead to significant increases in air temperature. In May average monthly temperature air keeps about -7 ° in the west and about -9 ° in the east of the sea.

Formed over the sea in summer local area increased pressure, which leads to the predominance of northern winds with speeds of 4-5 m/s. In the warmest month (July), the average air temperature is 5–6° in the western part of the sea and 1–2° in the east and northeast. In some areas of the mainland coast, the air temperature can rise to +18 and even +20°. There can be snowfall in any summer month. In general, summers are short and cold with overcast rainy weather. Strong winter cooling and weak summer warming, unstable weather in the cold season and a relatively calm state of the atmosphere in summer - character traits climate of the Kara Sea.

Baydaratskaya Bay Kara Sea

DRAIN OF THE KARA SEA
This sea accounts for an average of about 55% (1290 km3/year) total runoff to all seas of the Siberian Arctic. The Ob annually brings about 450 km3 of water, the Pyasina - 80 km3, the Pur and Taz together - about 86 km3, and other rivers - about 74 km3. With such a significant river runoff, it is distributed very unevenly in time and space of the sea. Approximately 80% of river water enters the sea in late summer - early autumn (June - September). In winter, water from only the largest rivers flows into the sea in very small quantities. Almost all continental runoff enters the Kara Sea from the south. Under the influence of mainly prevailing winds, river water spreads over the sea, its distribution is not the same from year to year. Based on the generalization of long-term observations for the Kara Sea, western, eastern and fan-shaped variants of the distribution of freshened waters in it have been established.
In general, almost 40% of the area of ​​this sea is under the influence of continental waters. They have very different effects on natural conditions seas. The heat they bring slightly increases the surface water temperature in the estuarine areas, which contributes to the breakup of fast ice in spring and somewhat slows down ice formation in autumn, river waters reduce salinity sea ​​waters; mechanically, river runoff affects the direction of movement of sea waters, etc. Continental runoff is an important factor in the formation of the features of the Kara Sea.

Pyasina, Upper and Lower Taimyr, Khatanga.

Portnyagino, Kungasalakh, Labaz, Kokora.

Major bays:
Middendorf, Pyasinsky, Sims, Taimyr Bay, Teresa Clavenes, Thaddeus, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay.
Administratively part of Krasnoyarsk Territory, forming in it a special Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets region.
The largest city is Norilsk.

NUMBER OF PEOPLES
The number of indigenous peoples of the North - as of 01/01/2008 - is 10,217 people or 27.0% of the total population, of which:
Dolgans - 5,517 people;
Nenets - 3,486 people;
Nganasans - 749 people;
Evenks - 270 people;
Enets - 168 people;
other nations - 27 people.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
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