Balloon design. What is the maximum temperature inside the shell? How is a hot air balloon

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In the summer I was visiting Grandfather and Grandmother, who live in the village of Pirogovo, which is not far from our city, and there is also the Izhevsk flying club nearby. Once I saw how from the side of the flying club rose into the sky balloon. I became very interested in how and why balloons fly. On this topic, I read various literature, encyclopedias. Found on the Internet interesting materials on the history of aeronautics.

The object of our study is a balloon.

Goal of the work: Check the conditions of aeronautics with a balloon filled with helium and hot air.

Research objectives:

1. Study theoretical material about aeronautics;

2. Conduct an experiment with a float and liquid, with a balloon using the example of a balloon with helium and hot air;

3. Identify the parameters on which the condition for lifting the ball depends.

Research hypothesis: I think the balloon takes off when it becomes lighter than air.

2.History of aeronautics

2.1 "PASSAROLA" LORENZO GUZMAO

Among the pioneers of aeronautics, whose names have not been forgotten by history, but whose scientific achievements remained unknown or questioned for centuries, is the Brazilian Bartolommeo Lorenzo. This is his true name, and he entered the history of aeronautics as the Portuguese priest Lorenzo Guzmao, the author of the Passarola project, which until recently was perceived as pure fantasy. After a long search in 1971, they managed to find documents that shed light on the events of the distant past. These events began in 1708, when, after moving to Portugal, Lorenzo Guzmao entered the University of Coimbra and ignited the idea of ​​building aircraft. Having shown extraordinary ability in the study of physics and mathematics, he began with what is the basis of any undertaking: from the experiment. He built several models that became the prototypes of the planned vessel.

In August 1709, the models were shown to the highest royal nobility. One of the demonstrations was successful: a thin egg-shaped shell with a small brazier suspended under it to heat the air was lifted off the ground by almost four meters. In the same year, Guzmao started the Passaroli project. History does not have information about her test. But in any case, Lorenzo Guzmao was the first person who, relying on the study of the physical phenomena of nature, was able to identify the real method of aeronautics and tried to put it into practice (Fig. 1).

2.2 THE INVENTION OF JOSEPH MONTGOLIER

“Hurry, prepare more silk fabric, ropes, and you will see one of the most amazing things in the world,” such a note was received in 1782 by Etienne Montgolfier, the owner of a paper manufactory in a small French town, from his older brother Joseph. The message meant that at last they had found what the brothers talked about more than once when they met: a means by which one could rise into the air. This tool turned out to be a shell filled with smoke. As a result of a simple experiment, J. Montgolfier saw how a fabric shell, sewn in the form of a box from two pieces of fabric, after filling it with smoke, rushed up. Joseph's discovery also captivated his brother. Working together now, they built two more aerostatic machines (as they called their balloons). One of them, made in the form of a ball with a diameter of 3.5 meters, was demonstrated in the circle of relatives and friends.

The success was complete - the shell stayed in the air for about 10 minutes, while rising to a height of almost 300 meters and flying through the air for about a kilometer. Inspired by success, the brothers decided to show the invention to the general public. They built a huge balloon with a diameter of more than 10 meters. Its shell, made of canvas, was reinforced with rope mesh and papered over to increase impermeability. The demonstration of the balloon took place on the market square of the city on June 5, 1783 in the presence of a large number of spectators (Fig. 2). The ball filled with smoke rushed up. A special protocol, sealed with the signatures of officials, testified to all the details of the experiment. So for the first time the invention was officially certified, which opened the way for aeronautics.

2.3 INVENTION OF PROFESSOR CHARLES

The balloon flight of the Montgolfier brothers caused big interest in Paris. The Academy of Sciences invited them to repeat their experience in the capital. At the same time, a young French physicist, Professor Jacques Charles, was ordered to prepare and demonstrate his aircraft. Charles was sure that hot air balloons, as smoky air was then called, was not the best way to create aerostatic lift. He was well acquainted with the latest discoveries in the field of chemistry and believed that the use of hydrogen promises much greater benefits, since it is lighter than air (Fig. 3). But choosing hydrogen to fill the aircraft, Charles faced a number of technical problems. First of all, what to make a light shell capable of long time keep volatile gas. The mechanics brothers Robey helped him to cope with this problem. They made a material of the required qualities, using a light silk fabric coated with a solution of rubber in turpentine. On August 27, 1783, Charles' aircraft took off from the Champ de Mars in Paris. In front of 300 thousand spectators, he rushed up and soon became invisible. When someone from those present exclaimed: "What is the point in all this ?!" - the famous American scientist and statesman Benjamin Franklin, who was among the audience, remarked: "And what is the point in the birth of a newborn?" The remark turned out to be prophetic. A "newborn" was born, who was destined for a great future.

3. Archimedean force - lifting force

On all bodies in the air, as well as in a liquid, the buoyant or Archimedean force acts. In order for the aircraft to take off in the air, it is necessary that the Archimedean force acting on the ball be more power gravity. Aeronautics is based on this.

The lifting force of a balloon is equal to the difference between the Archimedean force and the force of gravity acting on the balloon: F=F A −P heavy (Fig. 4).

How less density gas filling a balloon of a given volume, the less the force of gravity acting on it and, therefore, the greater the lifting force. In order for the balloon to rise up, it must be filled with gas, the density of which is less than that of air. It can be hydrogen, helium, heated air. Hydrogen has one big drawback - it burns and forms an explosive mixture with air.

Helium is a non-combustible and at the same time light gas. Therefore, many balloons in our time are filled with helium.

Warm air is convenient in that its temperature (and, therefore, its density and lift) can be adjusted using a gas burner located under the hole located at the bottom of the ball. When the burner flame increases, the ball rises higher, when the burner flame decreases, the ball goes down. You can choose a temperature at which the force of gravity acting on the ball together with the cabin is equal to the buoyant force. Then the ball hangs in the air, and it is easy to make observations from it.

Air density decreases with increasing altitude. Therefore, as the balloon rises up, the Archimedean force acting on it becomes less. After the Archimedean force reaches a value equal to the force of gravity, the ascent of the balloon stops. To rise higher, ballast specially taken for this purpose is dropped from the ball (sand is poured out of the bags). In this case, the force of gravity decreases, and the buoyant force again becomes dominant. In order to descend to the ground, the buoyancy force, on the contrary, should be reduced. This is achieved by reducing the volume of the sphere. A valve is opened at the top of the balloon, part of the gas escapes from the balloon, and it begins to fall down.

4. PRACTICAL PART

4.1 Experiment with float and water.

Let's check the action of the Archimedean force in a liquid using the example of a float with a sinker. Let's take any container (glass is better for clarity), the float with a sinker will be our imaginary balloon (Fig. 5). Let's lower our imaginary balloon (a float with a sinker) into the container (Fig. 6), because a float with a sinker is denser and therefore heavier than air, it sinks to the bottom of the tank. Let's fill the container with a denser and, accordingly, heavier substance (for example, water) (Fig. 7). We see how our imaginary balloon (a float with a sinker) begins to rise, it is affected by Archimedean - lifting force. After filling the container, the float with the sinker rose to the water level, it was at this level that the gravity of our ball became equal to the Archimedean force (Fig. 8). Further ascent stopped.

: in order for the balloon to take off, the density of the air around must be greater than the density of the air inside the balloon.

4.2 Experiment with hot air.

For the experiment, we took a shell from a Chinese luminous ball. It is large, beautiful and very suitable for experimenting with hot air. The experiment was carried out in two stages, at home at room temperature (22 degrees) and outside, at a temperature of minus 11 degrees.

With the help of a building hair dryer, our ball was filled. During the experiment, it is necessary to observe fire safety precautions and carry out only in the presence of adults, since the temperature of the hot air from the hair dryer reaches 650 degrees (Fig. 9). After the ball was released (Fig. 10), it rose to a height of about 2.5-3 meters (Fig. 11, 12). The ceiling was much higher and did not limit the rise of the ball. Several attempts were made, the results were approximately the same.

Then the experiment was carried out on the street. With the help of a building hair dryer, our balloon was filled with hot air (Fig. 13) and released. The rise of the ball turned out to be much higher, approximately to the level of the second floor of the house, this can be seen from the photograph (Fig. 14, 15, 16)

Conclusion from this experiment: at home at room temperature, the balloon takes off lower than outside, where the air is cold. The strength of Archimedes is stronger than colder air around the balloon and hotter air inside it.

4.3 Experiment with a helium balloon.

For the experiment, Papa and I assembled a miniature ball design (Fig. 17). As a ballast, we used 4 lead weights with paper clips, which are attached to a basket with a chrysalis (Fig. 18). From theory, we know that the Archimedean force acts on the ball, it tries to lift the ball up, and gravity lowers the ball to the ground. Now the photo shows the conditions when the force of Archimedes cannot defeat the force of gravity.

Let's change the terms! Let's remove 2 weights and we see how the ball came off the floor. The force of Archimedes defeated the force of gravity (Fig. 19). The ball rose about 1 meter from the floor, conditions arose when the force of Archimedes cannot defeat the force of gravity, but the force of gravity cannot defeat the force of Archimedes either, they have a draw. If we remove one more weight, we change the conditions again, the force of gravity has decreased, the ball has risen higher to the ceiling. If we hang the weight again, the force of gravity will increase, the ball will fall lower (Fig. 20).

Conclusion from this experiment: By adding or decreasing weights, you can control the force of gravity. For flight to occur, the force of Archimedes must be stronger force gravity.

5. Conclusion

After studying the theoretical material and conducting experiments, we achieved our goal and found out the condition under which the flight of a balloon is possible. The flight of a balloon is possible under the condition that the Archimedes force is greater than the force of gravity and depends on the following parameters:

The volume of the ball;

The size of the cargo;

The density of the air inside the balloon;

The density of the air around the ball;

Air temperature inside the balloon;

The temperature of the air around the sphere.

With the help of ballast we can control gravity. By raising or lowering the temperature of the air inside the ball, you can control the Archimedean force.

Bibliography

Kirillova, I. G. A book for reading in physics. -M: Enlightenment. 1986

Oxford. Encyclopedia of the student. - M.: Astrel. 2002.

Peryshkin, A.V. Physics 7. -M: Bustard. 2006

Perelman. ME AND. Entertaining physics. Book 1.-M: Science. 1986

Perelman. ME AND. Do you know physics.// Kvant Library, issue 82. -M: Science. 1992

Modern illustrated encyclopedia. Technique.

Materials from the Internet.

Applications:

Rice. 1 First demonstration of the Passarola balloon model in 1709.

Rice. 3 Filling Professor Charles' first hydrogen balloon.

Rice. 4 All bodies in the air, as well as in a liquid, are affected by a buoyant or Archimedean force.

What is a balloon made of?

A hot air balloon (free hot air balloon) consists of the following parts: a shell, a gondola (basket) for accommodating the crew and passengers, a block of specialized gas burners for burning propane-butane mixture, a set of gas cylinders, an instrument block, tethered and spare halyards, additional equipment and equipment, documentation. A large fan is used for the initial cold filling of the casing.

What is the weight of the balloon?

Hot air balloon kit capable of lifting 3-4 people, along with everything necessary equipment and fuel weighs about 500 kg.

How is a balloon flown?

All aeronautics is based on the law of Archimedes. In the shell of the balloon is hot air, which has a lower density than cold air and therefore is able to rise up. By adjusting the air temperature inside the shell with a gas burner, it is possible to increase or decrease the flight altitude. The ball is reduced by opening a special parachute valve and releasing part of the heated air or due to the natural cooling of the air in the shell. On different heights different wind directions are possible, which makes it possible for the pilot to correct the direction of flight by changing the altitude.

How is a balloon filled?

The first step is to spread the shell on the ground. The assembled gondola with gas cylinders and burner is placed on its side. Further, with the help of carabiners, the sheath cables are connected to the burner frame and the gondola frame. After that, the cold filling of the shell begins with the help of a powerful fan. At the moment when the shell is more than half filled, the time of the burners operation comes. Hot air allows the shell to take a vertical position. Further heating helps the balloon gain lift and fly.

What time can you fly in hot air balloons?

Flights in the spring-summer-autumn period in hot air balloons are held twice a day, in the morning and in the evening. During this period of the year, during the day there is increased solar activity, which forms the appearance of powerful ascending and descending streams due to uneven heating of the earth, which makes flying on a balloon uncontrollable. In winter, balloon flights are held throughout the daylight hours.

Which best time to fly in a balloon?

Our morning flights during the awakening of the Earth and the Sun are extraordinarily beautiful. Evening flights allow you to enjoy the beautiful sunset. Both are interesting. Each balloon flight is unique and memorable for all its participants.

How many people can take a balloon on board?

This is influenced by several factors: the volume of the balloon envelope, the weight of passengers, the amount of fuel on board, and, of course, weather conditions must be taken into account. The world record holder is a 35-seater balloon with a two-story gondola. 2-10 local balloons are usually popular. In our cart maximum amount person limited to 4 passengers.

Do I need to take ballast in the form of sandbags with me?

Ballast is necessary only for gas balloons (charliers and rosiers) filled with helium or hydrogen, which eventually (or intentionally) escape from the envelope. Hot air balloons (hot air balloons) fly according to a different principle, and only the difference in temperature inside and outside the shell is used to adjust the flight altitude.

How safe is hot air ballooning?

Flight in a hot air balloon, i.e. hot air balloon, according to statistics, is the safest of all existing aircraft. The design of a hot air balloon is the most reliable of all aircraft, representing a large parachute. For hot air balloon flights, regulatory authorities conduct ongoing checks aviation technology. Philosophy safe flights in aeronautics the following: There is nothing more terrible than a fearless pilot. Therefore, if you are informed that the flight is postponed due to weather conditions, treat this with understanding and respect.

Do I need to take a parachute with me into a hot air balloon?

According to the staffing table, it is not provided, as in passenger aircraft. Aerostats are one of the most safe species air transport, and during the performance of tourist flights in a parachute is not necessary. The exception is special flights for great height, or flights associated with the performance of records.

How to behave in a balloon flight?

The pilot gives a detailed briefing before the flight, in flight and before landing.

Basic moments

You can not: pull on any ropes and hoses, hang down and sit on the sides of the basket, turn the valves, climb in and out of the basket without the permission of the pilot.

Need: hold on to the rope loops on the sides of the basket located on the inside, enjoy the flight. Before landing, bend your knees slightly or squat down (as when jumping), while observing the moment of touching the ground.

How does a hot air balloon land?

For landing, it is necessary to select a field of sufficient size, located along the flight path. The higher the surface wind speed, the large sizes there should be a field not to get on obstacles. As you approach the field, the heating of the shell stops, and the balloon begins to descend. The air from the shell is released through a special, large parachute valve. Landing at strong wind gives an unusual feeling. The shell occupies a horizontal position upon contact with the ground. At this moment, it is necessary to firmly hold on to the handles inside the gondola until the balloon stops completely.

How long does it take to prepare a balloon for flight?

With the coordinated work of the team, the balloon can be prepared for flight in 15-20 minutes. The same amount of time is needed to collect it after the flight for transportation by an escort vehicle.

Why do you need a balloon escort team?

During the flight of a hot air balloon, it is constantly followed by an escort team that helps to prepare the balloon for flight, determine the wind currents and, after landing, assemble the balloon. Communication with the escort vehicle is carried out using radio or telephone communication.

How should I dress for a hot air balloon flight and what should I bring with me?

For a hot air balloon flight, it is best to dress in comfortable casual or sportswear. Headwear is desirable at any time of the year. Gloves are required if you wish to assist the team in preparing the hot air balloon for flight. In flight, the wind is not felt, as the balloon moves along with the air mass. We recommend waterproof shoes for morning flights, as there may be dew on the launch pad. For safety reasons, less combustible materials such as cotton are preferred over synthetic materials. Be sure to bring a camera or camcorder with you or order professional photography from us. Due to the limited space in the gondola (balloon basket), it is better to leave large bags or backpacks in the balloon escort car.

A few words about the weather in aeronautics?

As with all aviation, the weather is one of the most important aspects for the safe operation of balloons and airships. Rains, thunderstorms, fresh wind near the ground or in the air have every reason to postpone the flight. There is a saying: The courage of a pilot is to refuse to fly (in bad weather).

What is the maximum temperature inside the shell?

Usually, during normal loading, it is enough to warm the air inside the shell to a temperature of 90 to 110 C in summer, up to 30-50 C in winter. However, the temperature inside the hot air balloon shell should not be higher than 120 C, otherwise it will lead to premature wear of the shell.

Can the shell of a balloon catch fire from the flame of the burners?

The design of the shell is designed in such a way that during the flight of a hot air balloon, the flame enters into it. Inexperienced pilots may accidentally burn a small hole in the bottom of the shell during filling. This is not something out of the ordinary and needs minor repairs. To increase wear resistance, the lower part of the shell is made of a special heat-resistant material - Nomex, which can withstand temperatures up to 1300 C.

What fuel do balloons use?

The air inside the envelope of a hot air balloon is heated by a burner while burning a propane-butane mixture.

What material is the hot air balloon made of?

The shell of a hot air balloon is usually made of lightweight, durable and heat-resistant materials such as polyester, polyamide or lavsan. For strength, there are vertical and horizontal lines of force. The gondola or basket is woven from wicker or rattan, some parts of which are covered with leather. These materials have been traditional for many years, as they fully meet the requirements and adequately perform their function - they are light, elastic and behave well in all weather conditions and effectively take on dynamic loads during hot air balloon landings. The system for supplying hot air to the shell consists of a block of burners and gas cylinders. Cylinders can be aluminum, steel, titanium or composite materials.

What is the meaning of sports aeronautics?

Aeronautics is one of the most beautiful views sports. During the flight, pilots-athletes need to complete a number of tasks of the sports director related to dropping markers - bright ribbons of a certain size and weight, passing the specified coordinates by the balloon, performing virtual tasks.

How high can a hot air balloon fly?

Typically, hot air balloons fly up to several kilometers in height. At the same time, it should be borne in mind that with climbing, the air is more discharged, which affects the person and the operation of the burners. It is considered safe (without oxygen equipment) to climb to a height of 3000-4000 meters. During tourist flights, the flight altitude depends on the desire of passengers and current weather conditions, but is limited by the rules for performing flights in the area of ​​flights. Record flights on hot air balloons can be carried out to a height of over 8000 meters.

Should you try hot air ballooning?

Definitely worth it! You'll like it!

A hot air balloon is a hot air balloon that flies due to the lifting force of heated air. There are gas-filled balloons in which gas creates lift, but we fly on thermal balloons.

More than 200 years have passed since the first flight of a man on a balloon, but the concept of a balloon has not changed significantly.

How is a balloon made?

A hot air balloon consists of a shell, a gondola and a burner (thermal plant).

The figure shows the most common balloon design.

The shell of the balloon under the dome has a device for bleeding hot air, it is also called an exhaust valve.

This valve is opened with a halyard, the other end of which is in the basket of the balloon. To reduce the effort on the control line and to evenly transfer the load to the valve, the line is passed through a block, which, in turn, is attached to the lower ends of the lines.

In the normal position, the valve is held by the pressure of hot air in the shell, and the vertical bands do not allow the valve to bulge out. A dome halyard is attached to the ring, which is used to fill the balloon.

The heaviness from the weight of the gondola, passengers and additional equipment is perceived by the shell itself and vertical tapes. Horizontal tapes have an auxiliary function and limit the rupture of the shell in case of unforeseen situations.

Hot air balloon gondola (balloon basket) is made of wicker or reed, covered with leather from the bottom. Able to withstand significant impacts during landings.

The thermal installation, depending on the class of the balloon, consists of one or more burners connected to gas cylinders. The maximum power of each burner is high and amounts to several million watts.

As a rule, manufacturers offer customers various equipment balloons basic elements. As for one type of shell, different versions of gondolas can be offered, so balloon baskets can be equipped with different shells. Depending on the type and volume of the shell and burners, they can be single, double, triple, and for large volume balloons, they can include four burners.

For flight safety, instrumental equipment is also necessary, which includes: altimeter, variometer (pointer vertical speed), temperature indicator in the shell, fuel level indicators in cylinders. In addition, a radio station is needed to communicate with the flight control center, aviation services and the escort vehicle.

An event that you will remember for a lifetime. We are ready to help you with this.

Dome

The dome of the hot air balloon is sewn from durable nylon fabrics - polyester or polyamide, the inside of which is covered with polyurethane (silicone). Covering the fabric with polyurethane, it does not let air through.

Pieces of fabric - segments - are sewn into columns, which are then sewn together. The inflation opening of the dome is lined with Nomex protective tape, which is resistant to heat and protects the dome from burning during inflation.

Next, vertical and horizontal load tapes are sewn on the dome. The number of ribbons varies, depending on the number of columns and the shape of the dome. The more columns the ball has, the more tapes are needed for stitching, the less durable they can be. At the top of the tape, they are attached to the ring of the top, and at the bottom, the bypass tape is attached to the suspension ropes of the dome. Compounds are hidden in bags made of Nomex material. In this way, a uniform frame of the dome is obtained.

Domes are classified by volume and load capacity, i.e. maximum weight, which the dome lifts.

Burners

The burners, figuratively speaking, are the powerhouse of the hot air of the balloon. From a mechanical point of view, this is the most difficult part of the ball. Burners heat up the air when the balloon is inflated and maintain the temperature during the flight. The burners “feed” on liquid propane, which turns into gas before combustion in the burner coils. Therefore, almost half of the burner is a spiral. The liquefied gas enters the burner from the gas cylinder. In the spiral, liquid propane heats up, and when it warms up, it turns into a gas. A hot burner works more efficiently than a cold one. Modern burners are made with protective boxes that protect the pilot's hand from burns and keep the heat radiated downward from the glowing burner. The burner is made of very strong stainless steel, since propane combustion temperature is about +500 C. Therefore, burners must withstand temperatures big differences. Modern balloon burners are powerful - their power reaches 4500-6000 megawatts.

Basket

Baskets are usually made of wicker, the bottom of the basket is made of moisture resistant marine plywood. 6 mm stainless steel cables are used for the structural frame of the basket. They attach the basket to the dome. Polyurethane risers are inserted into the sockets of the basket frame and the burner frame. They strengthen and make the heating system stable. These risers and cables are covered with leather sheaths that protect the risers and cables from mechanical damage. The gas cylinders are usually secured with leather straps at the corners of the basket. Devices, a card case, a fire extinguisher and other accessories are also fixed in the basket in the places intended for them.

The balloon has neither motors nor the rudder we are accustomed to. Of the entire technological arsenal - only burners, sandbags and a special valve in the upper part of the dome for air etching. How to control this aircraft?

From the history of aeronautics

However, the French town of Annone is considered the birthplace of aeronautics, where on June 5, 1783, the brothers Etienne and Joseph Montgolfier raised into the sky a spherical balloon created by them filled with heated air.

The flight of an aircraft weighing about 155 kg and a diameter of 3.5 meters lasted only 10 minutes. During this time, he covered about a kilometer at a 300-meter height, which was an outstanding event for his time. Later, balloons in honor of the creators began to be called hot air balloons.

The balloon of the Montgolfier brothers consisted of a linen shell covered with paper. To fill it with hot air, a fire was made from finely chopped straw. And 3 months later, an addition was made to the design of the aircraft in the form of a special basket for passengers.

Modern balloons are undoubtedly more perfect, but they are made in almost the same way. For the manufacture of the spherical shell of the ball, a special thin and durable polyester material is used. The air heating system has changed. The function of the fire is performed by an adjustable propane gas burner installed in a basket directly under the dome.

Despite being heavily dependent on the wind, modern hot air balloons are manageable. The flight height is adjusted by an outlet at the top of the canopy with a break cord. A side valve is provided to change course. There are also more complex designs, where another one filled with helium can be placed inside the main dome.

How to fly a balloon with a basket

Balloon control is an activity that requires serious preparation and considerable financial costs. Suffice it to say that a balloon pilot training course today costs about 200,000 rubles. The price of the balloon itself (depending on the model) is commensurate with the price of a car.

Preparation

The flight is preceded by careful preparation. First of all, it is necessary to study the weather conditions - cloudiness, visibility and wind speed. In accordance with the received data, the flight route is planned. Due to unforeseen changes in weather conditions, it is precisely such a route that is chosen where there are enough places on the way for safe landings.

Takeoff

In order for the balloon to take off, the efforts of the entire crew are necessary. The best option starting points - a flat area 50 x 50 meters in an open field, where there are no extraneous objects nearby - poles, trees, power lines.

Then the assembly of the ball begins: burners are attached to the basket, which are connected with special hoses to gas cylinders. After a test run of the burner, the crew proceeds to stretch the canopy (necessarily in the direction of the wind). Further, the stretched dome is fastened to the basket with special carabiners.

The next step is to fill the dome with cold air using a fan, after which the burner is started to heat the air. The heated air lifts the dome from the ground, and the crew (with passengers) takes their places. To prevent the ball from flying away, it is first tied to the car.

Flight

Despite the lack of a motor and wings, the balloon is controllable, which requires certain skills. The main controls are the burners and the exhaust valve. To climb, the burner turns on and the air heats up additionally, and to descend, the valve opens slightly. Horizontal flight occurs due to a tailwind. This is where the skill of the pilot comes into play. So, in order to fly faster, he can increase the flight altitude where the wind speed is stronger.

Descent

The landing site is chosen in advance. It must be large and secure. The ideal option is a football field next to the highway. The crew reports the landing site by radio to the ground. Next, the pilot releases air from the dome using a valve. The ball slowly falls to the ground.