The old age of the new world. famous unesco sites in north america. South America. World natural heritage sites

Introduction

Criteria and conditions for the inclusion of natural sites in the World Heritage List

1 Conditions

2 Natural criteria

South America. World natural heritage sites

1 Argentina

2 Los Glaciares National Park

3 Iguazu National Park

4 Valdes Peninsula

5 Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks

Bolivia

1 Noel-Kempff-Mercado National Park

Brazil

1 Iguazu National Park

2 Serra da Capivara National Park

3 Eastern Atlantic Forest Reserves

4 Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves

5 The complex of reserves of the Central Amazon

6 Pantanal Protected Area

7 Brazilian Islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll

8 Campos Cerrado National Parks: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas

Venezuela

1 Canaima National Park

Colombia

1 Los Katios National Park

2 Malpelo Island

1 historical reserve Machu Picchu

2 Huascaran National Park

3 Manu National Park

4 Rio Abiseo National Park

Suriname

1 Central Suriname Conservation Area

Ecuador

1 Galapagos Islands

2 Sangay National Park

Conclusion

References and Internet resources

Introduction

UNESCO World Heritage - natural or man-made objects, the priority tasks in relation to which, according to UNESCO, are their preservation and promotion due to their special cultural, historical or environmental significance.

In 1972, UNESCO adopted the Convention Concerning the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage (entered into force in 1975). By September 2012, the convention had been ratified by 190 participating countries.

Each year, the World Heritage Committee holds sessions at which "World Heritage site status" is awarded.

As of 2013, there are 981 properties on the World Heritage List, of which 759 are cultural, 193 are natural and 29 are mixed.

There are 67 UNESCO World Heritage Sites in South America.

1. Criteria and conditions for the inclusion of natural objects in the World Heritage List

.1 Conditions

As defined in Article 2 of the World Heritage Convention, natural heritage includes the following properties:

) natural monuments created by physical and biological formations or groups of such formations, which are of outstanding universal value in terms of aesthetics or science;

) geological and physiographic formations and strictly restricted areas representing the range of endangered animal and plant species of outstanding universal scientific or conservation value;

) natural places of interest or severely restricted natural areas of outstanding universal value for science, conservation, or natural beauty.

Outstanding global value means cultural and/or natural significance that is so exceptional that it transcends national boundaries and is of universal value to present and future generations of all mankind. Therefore, the continued protection of this heritage is of paramount importance to the international community as a whole. A natural heritage property that meets one of the above definitions and is nominated for inscription on the World Heritage List is considered to be an Outstanding World Heritage Site for the purposes of the Convention if the Committee is able to verify that the property satisfies one or more of the criteria as well as integrity conditions.

1.2 Natural criteria

The main purpose of the World Heritage List is to make known and protect properties that are unique in their own way. For this, and because of the desire for objectivity, evaluation criteria were drawn up. Initially (since 1978) there were only criteria for cultural heritage objects - this list consisted of six items. Then, to restore some kind of balance between the various continents, natural objects appeared and for them a list of four points. And finally, in 2005, all these criteria were brought together, and now every World Heritage site has at least one of them in its description. - include the greatest natural phenomena or places of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic value; - present an outstanding example , reflecting the main stages of the history of the Earth, including traces of ancient life, ongoing geological processes of the development of forms of the earth's surface of importance, or significant geomorphological and physiographic phenomena; - provide an outstanding example of important and ongoing ecological and biological processes of evolution and development of terrestrial, river and lake , coastal and marine ecosystems and communities of plants and animals; - include natural areas that are the most important and significant in terms of the conservation of biological diversity, including habitats of endangered species of outstanding world value in terms of science and nature conservation.

2. South America. World natural heritage sites

South America is the southern continent in America, located mainly in the Western and Southern hemispheres of planet Earth, however, part of the continent is also located in the Northern Hemisphere. It is washed in the west by the Pacific Ocean, in the east by the Atlantic, from the north it is limited by North America, the border between the Americas runs along the Isthmus of Panama and the Caribbean Sea.

.1 Argentina

unesco monument landmark area

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Argentina includes 8 items (for 2011), 4 sites are included according to natural criteria. Los Glaciares and Iguazu are recognized as natural phenomena or spaces of exceptional natural beauty and aesthetic importance. Among them:

· Los Glaciares National Park (1981)

· Iguazu National Park (1984)

· Peninsula Valdes (1999)

· Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks (2000)

In addition, as of 2010, 8 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List, including 5 - cultural, 1 - natural and 2 - mixed criteria.

Argentina ratified the Convention for the Protection of the World Cultural and Natural Heritage on August 23, 1978. The first site in Argentina was listed in 1981 at the 5th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

2.2 Los Glaciares National Park

Los Glaciares National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Los Glaciares, glaciers) is a national park located in Patagonia (South America), in the Argentine province of Santa Cruz. The area of ​​the park is 4459 km ². In 1981 it was included in the World Heritage List.

Founded in 1937, Los Glaciares is the second largest national park in Argentina. The park owes its name to the huge ice cap in the Andes, which feeds 47 big glaciers, of which only 13 flow towards the Atlantic Ocean. This ice mass is the largest after the ice of Antarctica and Greenland. In other parts of the world, glaciation begins at least 2,500 m above sea level, but in Los Glaciares Park, due to the size of the ice cap, glaciers begin at 1,500 m and slide down to 200 m, eroding the slopes of the underlying mountains.

The territory of Los Glaciares, which is 30% covered with ice, can be divided into two parts, each of which belongs to its own lake. Argentino Lake, the largest in Argentina (area 1466 km ²) located in the southern part of the park, and Lake Viedma (area 1100 km ²) - in the north. Both lakes feed the Santa Cruz River, which flows to the shores of the Atlantic Ocean. Between these two parts is the Central Zone (Zona Centro), closed to tourists, in which there are no lakes.

The northern half of the park includes part of Lake Viedma, the Viedma Glacier, small glaciers and several mountain peaks popular with climbers and mountain hikers such as Fitzroy and Cerro Torre.

Southern half The park, along with small glaciers, includes the main glaciers flowing into Lake Argentino: Perito Moreno, Uppsala and Spegazzini. A typical boat trip includes a tour of the otherwise inaccessible Uppsala and Spegazzini glaciers. The Perito Moreno Glacier can be reached by land.

Los Glaciares Park is popular destination in international tourism. Tours start in the village of El Calafate, located on Lake Argentino, and in the village of El Chalten, located in the northern part of the park at the foot of Mount Fitz Roy.

Climate . The entire natural appearance of the park and its originality are associated primarily with the climatic features of the region. Nowhere on the globe are there such favorable conditions for the development of modern glaciation in such low sprats, the "Roaring forties" winds of the western direction meet on their way over the oceanic expanses of the World Ocean of the Southern Hemisphere only the only obstacle in the form of the Patagonian Andes. On their western (Chilean) slopes, the winds fall with terrible force and give away almost all the moisture accumulated from the ocean.

Completely different climatic conditions are characteristic of the eastern (Argentinean) slopes and foothills of the Patagonian Andes, where the national park is located. Having lost strength and moisture on the western slopes, the air masses of the "roaring forties" arrive on the eastern slopes "weakened" and almost dried up. Being in the "rain shadow" of the Andes, the territory of the park receives much less precipitation - up to 900 mm on the slopes of the mountains and 500 mm in the east of the park. The average annual precipitation for the entire park is 809 mm, and the average annual temperatures are within +7.5 °С, minimum +3.3 °С, maximum + 12 °С. Here, unlike the eastern slopes of the Patagonian Andes, most year the sun shines. Only from April to May the sky is covered with clouds, it rains in the foothills, and snow falls in the mountains. In winter, and this is June-August in the Southern Hemisphere, snowfalls are common. In early spring and in summer, strong hurricane-force winds from the west and south - from Antarctica rush over the territory of the park.

Flora. Except snow-capped peaks(which are of undoubted interest to climbers), huge glacial fields and amazingly beautiful lake surfaces in the Los Glaciares National Park, you can also get acquainted with the peculiar flora of Patagonia.

Two types of plant communities are represented in the park - subantarctic Patagonian forests (in the west) and Patagonian steppes, characteristic of the flat-flat part (in the east).

Fauna. The vertebrate fauna of the national park, with the exception of the avifauna, has not yet been studied enough. About 100 species of birds have been recorded here, of which the Andean condor and the long-billed (Darwinian) rhea are the most notable.

Among the birds, the Andean spur (brook) duck, chaffinch are very numerous.

There is a small population of Andean deer. The Andean deer is listed in the International Red Book.

In the park, there are individual individuals of the mountain veskashi from the order of rodents. More often you can meet llamas, guanacos.

Very rich ichthyofauna glacial lakes and small streams. Many tourists come to Los Glaciares National Park specifically for sport fishing. In lakes Viedma and Lago Argentino, two species of salmon fish have been introduced specifically for sport fishing.

.3 Iguazu National Park

Iguazu National Park (Spanish: Parque Nacional Iguaz) ú) - a national park in Argentina, located in the department of Iguazu, in the northern part of the province of Misiones, in the Argentine Mesopotamia.

The park was created in 1934 and partially contains one of natural monuments South America - Iguazu Falls, surrounded by subtropical jungle. On the other side of the Iguazu River lies the Brazilian park of the same name (Iguazu National Park). Both parks were declared UNESCO World Heritage Sites (in 1984 and 1986, respectively).

Flora. The flora includes 2 thousand species of plants, in particular: one of the endangered species of aspidosperm trees - Aspidosperma polyneuron (Eng.), rarely found outside the park due to cutting down for edible fruits, one of the species of cabbage palm - Euterpe edulis (Eng. ), phebe, holly, foot-bearing plant, recently the less common zedrel, araucaria, palo-rose. There are trees of the burser family, a lot of vascular plants. Among the flowers there are bromeliads, various types of orchids.

Fauna. The fauna of the park includes 70 species of mammals, 400 species of birds, 40 species of reptiles, several hundred species of butterflies, including endangered species. The most common representatives of the fauna are the following: jaguar, jaguarundi, mazama deer, plains tapir, capybara, water opossum, ocelot, giant anteater, brazilian otter, bush dog, cougar, monkeys (capuchins and howler monkeys), nosoha, Paraguayan caiman, broad-faced caiman, coral asp. Birds such as swifts and large toucans can also be found there. Common for these places, the vine-breasted Amazon, the American swift, the tirika, the Brazilian merganser, the bronze penelope (English) Russian, the South American harpy, the hummingbird. Among the known representatives of bats, the most common type of vampire is the common vampire.

The geography of the falls. The complex is 2.7 km wide and includes approximately 270 individual waterfalls. The height of the water fall reaches 82 meters, but on most waterfalls a little more than 60 meters. The largest waterfall is the "Devil's Throat" - a U-shaped cliff 150 meters wide and 700 meters long. This waterfall marks the border between Brazil and Argentina.

There are three cities in the vicinity of the falls - Foz do Iguacu on the Brazilian side, Puerto Iguacu on the Argentine side, and Ciudad del Este on the Paraguay side.

The most famous names of the waterfalls: "Adam and Eve", "Three Musketeers", "Two Sisters", "Salto Escondido" ("hidden jump"), "Salto Floriano" ("flower jump"), "San Martin" , "Ramirez" and a number of others.

Tourism. The Iguazu Falls are one of the most visited tourist destinations in South America. Every year there are 1.5-2 million visitors here. Specially equipped for tourists viewing platforms. In the vicinity of the waterfall, hiking and road routes. Also, tourists are offered waterproof clothing, as the routes go to the very foot of the waterfalls. In the vicinity of the Iguazu Falls, there is an international airport, dozens of hotels, campsites, access roads, and walking trails have been built. The local population is also employed in this industry, specially equipped areas for them, where they show local dances and songs, while dressing in local costumes.

.4 Valdes Peninsula

Valdes is a peninsula on the Atlantic coast of Argentina. Area - 3625 km ². It is connected to the mainland by the isthmus of Carlos Ameghino. The Bay of San José juts out from the north, and Golfo Nuevo juts out from the south. Most of the peninsula is uninhabited territory. There are several salt lakes, the largest of which lies 40 meters below sea level. This is the lowest point on land for South America.

In 1999, the Valdes Peninsula was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List - primarily for its unique and rich fauna.

Physical and geographical features. The peninsula is located in the northeast of the province of Chubut, and is washed by the waters of the Atlantic Ocean. From the north and south, its coasts are washed by the bays of San José and Nuevo.

The relief of the territory is a typical Patagonian plateau, which breaks off into the sea with sheer shores. The coast is composed of marine sediments, which are subject to constant erosion. Part coastline It is represented by beaches, among which rocky ones stand out - a favorite place for elephant seals.

The climate on the territory of the peninsula is transitional between the temperate climate of the central part of the country, with a maximum of precipitation in the hot months and a cold climate with winter rains, which is more characteristic of Patagonia. Summers on the peninsula are hot but short, and winters are cold.

Diversity of flora and fauna. The main vegetation of the seashores is algae. They cover the rocky shores with colorful blankets: blue-green, green, brown, red or yellow-green, depending on the pigment in the plant cells.

The Valdes Peninsula in Patagonia is of great importance for the conservation of marine mammals. A population of the endangered Australian right whale subspecies breeds here. The peninsula is known all over the world precisely because of the excellent opportunities for observing these giants. They come ashore in June and stay until December to breed. The southern whale reaches a length of about 14 meters and weighs up to 50 tons. Females bear cubs for a whole year, and at a time give birth to only one offspring.

Southern elephant seals and southern sea lions also breed here, and the killer whales living here use a unique hunting strategy adapted to the conditions of the local coastline.

The peninsula is also home to many species of birds and land animals such as guanaco, fox, American rhea, American (pampas) partridge, and Patagonian hare.

2.5 Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks

Ischigualasto and Talampaya Natural Parks - Two contiguous parks spread over 275,300 hectares in a desert region on the western border of the Sierra Pampeanas in Central Argentina. Here you can see the most complete paleontological record, starting from the Triassic period (245-208 million years ago). The six geological formations in the parks contain the fossilized remains of numerous mammalian, dinosaurian and plant precursors, showing the evolution of vertebrates and the nature of the paleographic setting during the Triassic period. Included in the UNESCO List in 2000

Flora and fauna of Ischigualasto. The flora and fauna of Ischigualasto is unique. All inhabitants demonstrate amazing adaptability to the desert arid climate. Some of the most common types of animals that travelers can not only see but also feed are Argentine gray foxes, viscachas and rabbits. While traveling through the park, guests also come across peculiar animals - maras, which are also called Patagonian hares, although they have nothing to do with hares.

Of the predators that live in Ischigualasto, one of the most common are the "damage" skunks, since these animals, which defend themselves with the fetid secretions of the anal glands, have a particular preference for open areas.

From the canine family, the gray Argentine fox, or "sorro de la pampa", is widespread here.

In the protected area there are condors, two species of South American vultures - turkey and urubu, many songbirds. And even representatives of the parrot family, which, in our view, are characteristic only of tropical forests.

Surprisingly, even several species of frogs and toads live in these waterless lands.

Vegetation is represented mainly by cacti, rare thorny shrubs and trees, such as "retama", "chanyar", "algorobo" and others. Many of the plants found here are used in medicine.

Attractions of the Talampaya Park

· The dry bed of the Talampaya River, where dinosaurs lived several million years ago - as in Ischigualasto, fossils of that era can be found here.

· Talampaya Canyon - the height of the walls reaches 143 m, the minimum width is 80 m.

· Remains of settlements of local peoples, such as petroglyphs in Puerta del Canyon.

· A botanical garden with native flora in a canyon bottleneck.

· Fauna of the region: guanacos, hares, maras, foxes and condors.

3. Bolivia

Bolivia has only 1 natural world heritage site, the Noel Kempff Mercado National Park. In addition, as of 2010, 7 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List, including 4 - cultural, 1 - natural and 2 - mixed criteria.

.1 Noel-Kempff-Mercado National Park

The Noel Kempff Mercado National Park is located in the José Miguel de Velasco province of the Santa Cruz department in eastern Bolivia on the border with Brazil. The territory of the park is 15,838 km ² , making it one of the largest parks in the entire Amazon. In 2000, the park was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List.

Climate. The climate is distinctly seasonal with approximately 1400-1500mm of average annual precipitation. There is a dry season of about 4-6 months (May to September) when there is a decrease in rainfall. Average annual temperature 25-26°C, but during the dry season temperatures can drop to 10 degrees for several days when the cold dry air masses of Patagonia (surazos) reach the park.

Flora and fauna. The inaccessibility of these places serves as a good natural protection of the virginity of the park, which includes five ecosystems located at altitudes from 200 to 1000m above sea level: mountain evergreen forests, deciduous forests, dry savannah, wet savannah and tropical rainforests. The diverse flora includes 4,000 plant species, of which 2,700 species have been identified. Among them are several types of palms, cedar, oak, creepers and bromeliads, many types of orchids. Breathtaking colors and scents, exotic passion fruit and mangaba fill these places.

More than 630 species of birds live in the park, 139 species of mammals are more than in all of North America, including: jaguar, puma, river dolphin, giant anteater, maned wolf, tapirs, capybaras, marsh deer. Many species of butterflies and other insects, 62 species of amphibians, including the South American side turtle and black caiman, 127 species of reptiles. Two types of anacondas are found here at the same time - green ordinary and yellow Paraguayan. About 254 species of fish are found in the rivers.

Some of these fauna are endangered elsewhere in Bolivia.

4. Brazil

There are 8 natural sites on the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites in Brazil. Among them, 4 objects are recognized as "natural phenomena of exceptional beauty and aesthetic importance" (criterion vii).

· Iguazu National Park (1986)

· Serra da Capivara National Park (1991)

· East Atlantic Forest Reserves (1999)

· Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves (1999)

· Complex of reserves of the Central Amazon (2000)

· Pantanal Protected Area (2000)

· Brazilian Islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll (2001)

· Campos Cerrado National Parks: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas (2001)

.1 Iguazu National Park

Iguazu is a national park of Brazil and a UNESCO World Heritage Site, located in the state of Parana. It is famous for its waterfall (part of which is located in the Argentinean province of Misiones) and its scenic wildlife (especially a wide variety of birds) that includes rare and endangered species. This is the most unique place in the world, as 5 forest species are concentrated on one piece of land.

4.2 Serra da Capivara National Park

The Serra da Capivara National Park is a national park in the state of Piauí in northeastern Brazil. The park contains many monuments of prehistoric rock art, which were discovered by the archaeologist Nyede Gidon. On her own initiative, a park was created to preserve the images. In 1991 it was listed as a World Heritage Site. The area of ​​the park is 1291.4 km².

Archaeological studies show that in ancient times the Serra da Capivara was very densely populated, there was the largest concentration of prehistoric peasant farms in ancient America.

Climate, flora and fauna. The climate in these places is very hot and arid, and therefore the vegetation of the park is represented by thorny trees and shrubs, as well as cacti, of various bizarre forms, more reminiscent of a chandelier. Despite the dryness of the climate, which, I must say, is not at all typical for Brazil, in these places it is not difficult to meet anteaters, armadillos, snakes, jaguars, cougars, and various parrots. Also in these places lives an interesting animal - a false vampire. This is a bat with a meter wingspan.

Attractions of the park. In Brazil's Serra da Capivara National Park, there are caves where distant human ancestors lived 50,000 years ago. Most likely this is the oldest community of people in South America. The national park is located near the town of San Raimondo Nonato (central part of the state of Piauí).

Scientists have counted more than three hundred archaeological sites in this place. The main images are well preserved and have an age of 22-25 thousand years before the birth of Christ. Extinct animals are painted on the rocks, which will never be on planet Earth.

4.3 East Atlantic Forest Reserves

Eight protected natural areas(including three national parks) with a total area of ​​112,000 hectares are located in the states of Bahia and Espirito Santo and include Atlantic wet forests and bushes ("restinga"). In terms of biodiversity, this area is one of the richest on the planet. A number of endemic species live in the reserves, which makes it possible to trace the evolutionary path of living organisms, and this, in turn, is of great importance both from a scientific and environmental point of view.

Biodiversity. Despite the fact that the ecoregion has suffered greatly from deforestation for agricultural purposes and urbanization (out of a million square kilometers of virgin forests, about 7% remain), the flora and fauna are very rich here, 450 species of trees can grow on one hectare. Many endemics, for example, 92% of local amphibians are found nowhere else. An example of primates is the genus lion marmosets (Leontopithecus). The collared sloth (Bradypus torquatus) is only found in the Brazilian Atlantic forest. Birds include the blue-capped tanager (Tangara cyanocephala), the red-billed crax (Crax blumenbachii), the blue-bellied parrot (Triclaria malachitacea), the three-toed jacamar (Jacamaralcyon tridactyla) and others.

.4 Southeast Atlantic Forest Reserves

The forest reserves of the southeast Atlantic coast contain the finest and most extensive examples of the Atlantic forests in Brazil. The 25 protected areas that make up this monument, with a total area of ​​about 470,000 hectares, demonstrate the biological richness and evolutionary history of the last remnants of the Atlantic forests. This area is distinguished by its diversity and beauty and is of great scientific importance.

Biodiversity. Partially isolated since the Ice Age, the Atlantic forests have developed into a complex ecosystem with exceptionally high levels of endemism (70% tree species, 85% primates, and 39% mammals).

The designated World Heritage Site contains a well-preserved section of a very diverse Atlantic rainforest. More than 450 species of trees per hectare can be found in some areas. The forest canopy along the river valleys is higher with isolated trees reaching up to 30 m in height.

There is a very diverse fauna. Mammals include 120 species, probably the largest number in Brazil. Some notable species are the jaguar, ocelot, bush dog, La Plata otter, 20 species of bats and various endangered primate species, especially the muriqui and brown howler monkey. The avifauna is very diverse with 350 species recorded.

.5 Central Amazonian Reserve Complex

A huge area (more than 6 million hectares) of the world's unique treasures of nature is a delightful complex of reserves of the Central Amazon. This region is distinguished by a great variety of biological objects. For example, the reserves include such valuable protected areas as Jau National Park, the Anavillanas Archipelago and the Amazon Forest Cover. The diverse ecological systems "varzeya" and "igapo" make the reserves an invaluable world landmark. The peculiar ecology of these places is an excellent habitat for the world's largest electric snakes, Amazonian manatees, black caiman, as well as giant fish - arapaima. In the rivers and lakes that form a bizarre aqua system, you can meet 2 species of dolphins here.

Flora. The flora of the igapo is comparatively poor, being most characteristic of the imbauba-cecropia, which grows rapidly but not high (usually about 10 m), with broad palmate, almost white leaves and aerial roots supporting it underwater. At the surface of the water, in the pools covered with huge leaves of victoria reggae, bushes of nondescript Ivoreans stretch. During the retreat of the floods thickets of tall hard grasses develop. These gloomy forests are decorated with climbing vines and epiphytes, among which there are many orchids. The Amazon forests are the realm of vines. They spread like garlands along the ground, climbing out onto trunks, thrown from branch to branch, from one tree to another, hanging from the trees.

Fauna. Numerous lakes and streams form a mosaic aquatic system within the site, which is in a state of constant development and serves as a habitat for the world's largest population of electric eels.

Rare and endangered species include the Amazonian manatee, black caiman (the largest South American alligator, whose length is 5 m), two species of river dolphins, and also a fish - a giant arapaima.

There are many herbivores on the territory of the object, forest deer and antelope are especially common; there are anteaters, sloth, tapir, peccary, armadillo, many rodents. Monkeys can be seen everywhere, they are very numerous and diverse: capuchins, durukuly, uakari, howler monkeys. There are a lot of bats in the forests.

.6 Pantanal Protected Area

Pantanal - vast swampy tectonic depression in Brazil, small parts of it are also located in Bolivia and Paraguay, in the Paraguay River basin. It is located in the west of the state of Mato Grosso do Sul and in the south of the state of Mato Grosso. The total area is approximately between 150-195 thousand km ², it is one of the largest wetlands on the planet.

Geography and geology. The prevailing heights are 50–70 m above sea level. From the north, east and southeast, the territory is sharply limited by the cliffs of the Brazilian Plateau. The natural conditions of this region are very contrasting. Floods during the wet summer season turn the Pantanal into a huge swamp lake and alternate with winter droughts that form a patchy landscape of perennial semi-grown swamps, lakes, subtle meandering riverbeds, salt marshes, sandbars and grassy areas.

Biodiversity. There is a huge variety of flora and fauna. Over 3,500 plant species grow throughout the Pantanal. There are 650 species of birds, 230 species of fish and 50 species of reptiles, more than 80 species of mammals. There are about 20 million crocodiles alone. On the territory of the Pantanal there is a specially protected natural reserve - "Pantanal", which is a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Reserve "Pantanal" is a unique and at the same time a wonderful attraction in Brazil. Its borders are in contact with Paraguay and Bolivia. The prevailing heights are within 50-70 meters. This amazing savannah is separated from the north by the Amazon jungle, and to the south by dense coastal Atlantic forests. The Paraguay River flows through the Pantanal, which creates numerous swamps, lakes and water meadows.

Among this richest fauna on the planet are such well-known species as the hyacinth macaw, toucans, capybara, guar wolf, many species of monkeys, deer, coatis, armadillos, anteater, sloth, more than 1000 species of butterflies, etc. Many of the animals that are threatened extinction in other parts of South America, they live in the Pantanal. Not far from the reserve is the small and wonderful town of Bonito, which is surrounded by greenery. The Brazilians dubbed it - the gate to the Pantanal. Thousands of tourists from all over the world visit this protected natural Park amazing beauty and diversity.

.7 Brazilian Islands in the Atlantic: Fernando de Noronha and Rocas Atoll

The Fernando de Noronha archipelago and the Rocas Atoll, which are the peaks of the underwater South Atlantic Ridge that come to the surface of the ocean, lie near eastern shores Brazil. These islands are among the largest in this region of the Atlantic, and their coastal waters are highly bio-productive and play an exceptional role as habitats and breeding grounds for tuna, sharks, sea turtles and marine mammals. The largest concentrations of marine tropical birds in the Western Atlantic have been noted on the islands; there is also a large local population of dolphins. During low tides on Rocas Atoll, you can observe an impressive picture: shallow lagoons teeming with fish.

Flora and fauna of Fernando de Noronha. The island was covered with forest until the nineteenth century, after the prison was opened on the island, the forest began to be cut down from the construction of escape rafts. Currently, the islands are predominantly covered with shrubs, and in some areas new forest has recently been planted.

The islands are inhabited by 2 species of endemic birds - Noronha Elaenia (Elaenia ridleyana) and Noronha Vireo (Vireo gracilirostris). Both are on the main island; Noronha Vireo is also present on Ilha Rata. In addition, there are the Eared Dove Noronha auriculata Zinaida, the rodents, Noronhomys vespuccii, mentioned by Amerigo Vespucci, have now disappeared.

Geography of Rocas Atoll . It is of volcanic origin, formed by corals. The only atoll in South Atlantic, one of the smallest atolls in the world.

The atoll is oval in shape, about 3.7 km long and 2.5 km wide. The depth of the lagoon is 6 m, the area is 7.1 km ². The area of ​​the two islets of the atoll (Cemit ério in the southwest, Farol Cay in the northwest) is 0.36 km ², of these, Farol Cay accounts for approximately two-thirds of the territory. The highest point is a sand dune in the south of Farol Cay, its height is 6 m. The atoll consists mainly of corals and red algae. The coral ring is practically closed, with the exception of a strait 200 meters wide on north side and a much narrower strait on the western side.

Both islets are overgrown with grass, shrubs, and several palm trees also grow on them. The islets are inhabited by crabs, spiders, scorpions, sand fleas, beetles, and many bird species. Turtles, sharks, dolphins live near the atoll.

.8 Campos Cerrado National Parks: Chapada dos Veadeiros and Emas

"Campos Serrado" is one of the ecoregions of the tropical Brazilian savannah, which occupies about 20% of the country's territory. In this zone there are two Brazilian national parks (Emas and Chapada dos Veadeiros), which are not just protected areas, but also UNESCO World Heritage Sites. Their flora and fauna is distinguished by its biodiversity and at the same time is one of the oldest ecosystems in the tropical zone, which impresses with its amazing contrasts. These places have been pleasing to the eye for thousands of years, and also serve as a safe haven for a variety of animals and plants.

Emas. Emas National Park is located in the central part of the Brazilian Highland savannah. The authorities of the country, or rather President Juscelino, made this territory a reserve back in 1961, but Emas was included in the list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in 2001. The park is rich in forested savanna flora. It is here that you can find amazing palm trees typical of the wooded savannahs. In the park, tourists can see the round crowns of huge babasu palms, reaching 75 meters in height.

The Emasa savanna has helped to preserve many species of living organisms during climate change. Among the most interesting representatives of the fauna, one can note a large anteater, an armadillo and a maned wolf. As for the climate, winters are cold here, and summers are hot. Curious tourists it offers activities such as fishing, horseback riding or boat trips.

Chapada dos Veadeiros. An equally interesting object is the Chapada dos Veadeiros park. which also became protected area in 1961. The park is located in the state of Goiás on an ancient plateau. If Emas is very rich in fauna, then nature has endowed Chapada dos Veadeiros with a wide variety of flora. There are more than 25 species of trees on the territory of the reserve. The fauna of the region is also quite bright and colorful (marsh deer, armadillos, tapirs). In hot summer days temperatures up to 40 degrees can be observed here, but in winter there is sometimes a slight frost.

5. Venezuela

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Venezuela includes 3 items (for 2010), which is 0.3% of the total (981 for 2013). 2 objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 1 object - according to natural criteria (Canaima National Park).

In addition, as of 2010, 3 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The first site in Venezuela was listed in 1993 at the 17th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

.1 Canaima National Park

Canaima National Park is a park in the southeast of Venezuela, on the border with Brazil and Guyana. The area of ​​the park is about 30,000 km ². It is located in the state of Bolivar and occupies approximately the same territory as the Gran Sabana Natural Park.

The park was opened on June 12, 1962 and is the second largest in the country, second only to Parima-Tapirapeco. In 1994, Canaima was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List. The main attraction and value of the park are the tepui (flat-topped mountains) located there.

Flora and fauna. On the territory of Canaima live such representatives of the animal world as: tapir - a large herbivore mammal(somewhat reminiscent of a pig in shape, but has a short trunk adapted for grasping), peccaries - a large artiodactyl, similar to a pig, agouti - rodents, relatives of guinea pigs, moving on long limbs, anteater, cougar, jaguar, as well as broad-faced caiman and etc. In the village Pemon Indians live a lot of rabbits, which are chased by children. The local jungle is famous for the special abundance of various types of orchids, of which there are about 500 species.

Attractions. Like fragments of another world, the Table Mountains stand here - the unique plateau of the Gran Sabana, part of the Guiana Plateau, two-kilometer steep walls of which, absolutely flat at the top, rest against the clouds. These mountains, called tepui, are some of the oldest formations on Earth, dating back countless years when Africa and South America were one continent. Arthur Conan Doyle, inspired by the surreal landscape, settled tyrannosvars and pterodactyls on the tops of the plateau. Of course, there are no ancient lizards on Gran Saban, but the microcosm that lives at an altitude of two thousand meters above the rest of the surrounding world is truly unique.

Another attraction of Canaim is the waterfalls, the highest on the planet. Falling from the sheer ledges of the mesas, these waterfalls make for an impressive sight. The most famous of them - Angel Falls, overthrown from the top of one of the highest tepui - Auyantepui, which deservedly means "mountain of the devil".

6. Colombia

There are 2 sites on the list of UNESCO World Natural Heritage Sites in Colombia:

· Los Katios National Park (1994)

· Malpelo Island (2006)

.1 Los Katios National Park

It was created in the north of Colombia, in the border zone with the state of Panama. On the other side of the border, another protected area has been created - the Darien National Park. On the territory of Colombia, Los Katios National Park appeared in 1976, today its area has grown to 72 thousand hectares. The nature of the park is represented by the following natural areas: tropical forests and floodplain swamps. The territory of Los Katios Park lies around the Atrato River. On its banks and among the nearby complexes of wet forests, a total of about 600 plant varieties were found. Quite remarkable local view considered a cotton tree. This is a typical tropical species that belongs to the mallow family. Mexico is considered the homeland of this species, some countries Central America, Caribbean, tropical region of West Africa.

.2 Malpelo Island

Malpelo - an island in the eastern part Pacific Ocean, 500 km from the coast of Buenaventura Bay in South America. Belongs to Colombia, is part of the department of Valle del Cauca. Area 0.35 km².

On July 12, 2006, Malpelo, together with the adjacent water area of ​​​​857,150 hectares, was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. It is the largest no-fishing zone in the Eastern Tropical Pacific.

Geography. The island is a rock without abundant vegetation, the maximum height is 376 m (Mount Mona, Spanish Cerro de la Mona). The length is about 1850 m, the width is up to 600 m. It is surrounded by small rocks. The Malpelo Natural Protected Area occupies a circle with a radius of 9.656 km around the point with coordinates 3°58?30? With. sh. 81°34?48? h. d. (G) (O).

Malpelo is home to populations of silky sharks, frilled sharks, whale sharks and hammerhead sharks, as well as sand sharks, making the island a popular destination for divers.

The island is composed of effusive rocks, volcanogenic breccias, and tertiary basalt dikes. Vegetation - algae, lichens, mosses, some types of shrubs, ferns.

Biodiversity. Malpelo Island is home to a range of rare marine life. A lot of sharks, giant groupers, marlins gather here. This is one of the few places on Earth where reliable encounters with deep-sea sand sharks have been recorded. In these depths, stable populations of large marine predators and pelagic species are maintained, in particular, these are accumulations of more than 200 hammerheads, over 1,000 frilled sharks, as well as whale sharks and tuna. 17 species of marine mammals, including humpback and blue whales, 5 land and 7 marine species reptiles, 61 bird species, 394 fish species and 340 shellfish species have been recorded on Malpelo .

7. Peru

For 2012, the list includes 11 objects, 2 of which are natural and 2 are mixed:

Machu Picchu (1983)

· Huascaran National Park (1985)

Manu (1987)

· Rio Abiseo National Park (1992)

.1 Machu Picchu Historical Reserve

City ancient America, located on the territory of modern Peru, on top of a mountain range at an altitude of 2450 meters above sea level, dominating the valley of the Urubamba River. In 2007 he was awarded the title of the New Wonder of the World.

In 2011, it was decided to limit the number of visitors. According to the new rules, only 2,500 tourists per day can visit Machu Picchu, of which no more than 400 people can climb Mount Wayna Picchu, which is part of the archaeological complex. In order to preserve the monument, UNESCO demands to reduce the number of tourists per day to 800.

Flora and fauna. On the territory of Machu Picchu you are constantly surrounded by landscapes of dazzling beauty. The splendor of the archaeological ruins is harmoniously combined with a huge variety of flora and fauna. On the entire area of ​​the lost city, which is approximately 32,520 hectares, you will see exotic pisonai and kunyual trees, shield palms, alders - they amaze with their grandeur. About 400 species of begonias and orchids grow here, of which only 260 species are classified.

Animals living in Machu Picchu are also striking in their diversity. Approximately 375 species of birds live in the city, of which 200 species can always be seen during the tour. One of the brightest representatives of birds is the Rock Cockerel, it is he who is the symbol of Peru. The bird is easily recognizable by its colorful plumage, it is easy to meet on the banks of rivers.

In terms of animals, the endangered Andean bear is of particular interest. In these parts, he is known as "Spectacled Bear". The animal is absolutely safe, eats only plant foods. Due to his shy disposition, he is rarely photographed. In Machu Picchu you can also see vicuñas, white-tailed deer, wild llamas and other representatives of exotic fauna.

Current state. Machu Picchu, especially after receiving the UNESCO World Heritage status, has become a center of mass tourism. In 2011, it was decided to limit the number of visitors. According to the new rules, only 2,500 tourists per day can visit Machu Picchu, of which no more than 400 people can climb Mount Wayna Picchu, which is part of the archaeological complex. In order to preserve the monument, UNESCO demands to reduce the number of tourists per day to 800. Machu Picchu is located in a remote region. To support tourism, a railway was built to the neighboring city of Aguas Calientes from Cusco via Ollantaytambo, more than ten trains a day run from Ollantaytambo. From railway station Aguas Calientes to Machu Picchu runs a bus that overcomes eight kilometers of a steep serpentine climb. UNESCO opposed the construction of the cable car to limit the flow of tourists. As a result of the earthquake in 2004, the section of the railway was badly damaged, but was restored.

At the 35th session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee, it was decided that the ancient city from February 1, 2012 will be excluded from the list of World Heritage sites in danger.

7.2 Huascaran National Park

A national park located in the Ancash region of Peru, on the territory of the Cordillera Blanca.

The area of ​​the park is 3400 km ². Declared a nature reserve on July 1, 1975. UNESCO World Heritage Site since 1985. The name of the park comes from the name of the high peak Peru - Huascaran, 6768 m high. Many rare and endemic plants and animals live in the park. For example, Puya raimondi is a plant of the bromeliad family up to 10 meters high, whose age can reach up to 100 years.

Climate. The climate in the national park, in addition to being characterized by altitudinal zonation typical of mountains, is divided into two seasons a year. One of them is humid, caused by strong warm winds blowing from the Amazonian jungle, and lasts from December to March. The other, which lasts from May to October, is dry, characterized by a large number of sunny days. The temperature at this time can rise to 25 degrees Celsius, but the nights are very cold, and often the thermometer drops below 0 degrees.

Flora and fauna. The fauna of the White and Black Cordillera is represented mainly by birds and mammals. Some species have not yet been described or our knowledge of them is extremely scarce. According to scientists, there are 112 species of birds in the Huascaran National Park, representing 33 different families. Among them are the Andean Condor, the Andean Spur Duck and the Andean Tinamou. Mammals are represented in the park by only ten species. However, among them are such amazing, rare and beautiful animals as the pampas cat, Andean cat, spectacled bear, vicuña and Peruvian deer.

The flora of the Huascaran National Park is more diverse in terms of species growing here. There are seven climatic zones and a huge number of microclimates in the park. All this contributes to the development of unique plants, capturing literally every part of the mountain surface suitable for life and growth. In total, in Huascaran, scientists have described 779 plant species belonging to 340 genera and 104 families.

.3 Manu National Park

The park was organized in 1977 in the regions of Madre de Dios and Cusco, and in 1987 was recognized as a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Manu Square - 19,098 km ², of which the national park occupies 15,328 km ², the rest is a reserve zone. The main part of the territory is the Amazonian forests, but some part is located in the Andes at an altitude of up to 4200 m. A large number of species of flora and fauna live in Manu. More than 15 thousand species of plants and about a thousand species of birds have been found on its territory (more than a tenth of all bird species and about 1.5 times more than in Russia). On the territory of the park, the population of the Inca toad, endemic to Peru, is protected.

.4 Rio Abiseo National Park

Rio Abiseo National Park is a national park located in the San Martin region of Peru. Since 1990 it has been included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The park is home to many species of flora and fauna, and there are more than 30 archaeological sites from the pre-Columbian period. Since 1986, certain parts of the park have been closed to tourists due to the fragility of both the natural and archaeological environments. The largest and most famous archaeological site in the park is the Gran Pajaten, located on a hilltop near the border of the region. Nearby are the ruins of Los Pinchudos (discovered in 1965), which are a series of stone graves. Most archeology research in the park is conducted by staff at the University of Colorado.

Geography and climate. The Rio Abiseo National Park is located on the eastern slope of the Peruvian Andes between the Marañón and Huallaga rivers, covering an area of ​​2,745.2 km ². In particular, the park covers about 70% of the Abiseo river basin. Altitudes in the park are from 350 m to 4200 m above sea level.

The park has seven climatic zones, ranging from alpine meadows and mountain forests to dry forests and tropical rainforests. Precipitation varies from 500 to 2000 mm per year. The humid mountain forest, which occupies most of the park, consists of low trees, mosses and lichens. This ecosystem exists at altitudes of about 2300 m. The humidity is constant here, and rain falls throughout the year, especially at high altitudes. Soils are acidic.

8. Suriname

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Suriname includes 2 items (for 2010), which is 0.2% of the total (981 for 2013). 1 object is included in the list according to cultural criteria, 1 object - according to natural criteria (Central Suriname Conservation Area).

.1 Central Suriname Conservation Area

The Central Suriname Conservation Area is a conservation area in Suriname. The territory of the reserve occupies 16 thousand km ², consists mainly of tropical forests of the Guiana highlands. The reserve is home to many species of animals, which are also under state protection.

On the territory of the reserve there is a unique granite monolith - Voltzberg, whose age is 1.8 - 2 billion years. It has two peaks separated by a crack: one of them has a height of 245 meters above sea level, the other 209 meters. The monolith itself is located at an altitude of 150 meters above the surroundings. This monolith is 1.1 km long in the north-south direction and up to 700 meters wide in the east-west direction. Only at the top of the monolith there is sparse vegetation.

9. Ecuador

The list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites in Ecuador includes 4 items (for 2010), which is 0.4% of the total (981 for 2013). 2 objects are included in the list according to cultural criteria, 2 objects - according to natural criteria:

· Galapagos Islands (1978)

· Sangai National Park (1983)

In addition, as of 2010, 7 objects on the territory of the state are among the candidates for inclusion in the World Heritage List. The first site in Ecuador was listed in 1978 at the 2nd session of the UNESCO World Heritage Committee.

.1 Galapagos Islands

The Galapagos Islands are an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, 972 km west of Ecuador, consisting of 13 main volcanic islands, 6 small islands and 107 rocks and alluvial areas.

Climate . Despite the latitude, due to the cold current, the climate in the Galapagos is much cooler than other areas at the equator. The water temperature sometimes drops to 20 ° C, and the average annual is 23- 24°C.

Flora and fauna. The inability of large predators to develop on the islands has allowed many animal species to thrive on these islands. Therefore, the Galapagos are home to a large number of endemic and unique animals such as sea lions, native penguins, Galapagos tortoises, dolphins, vampire finch, marine iguanas, lava lizards, whales, sharks, etc. There is also a large variety of seabirds such as frigatebirds, flamingos and albatrosses. Plants of the Galápagos also surprises with its diversity; a wide variety of endemic trees, tree ferns, other types of shrubs and flowers grow on the islands. The archipelago has some rare species of cotton, tomatoes, peppers, guava and orchids. The underwater life in the Galapagos Islands is also very beautiful. The surrounding waters are home to many species of fish, animals and aquatic plants, which is why the Galapagos Islands are considered one of the wonders of the underwater world.

Fortunately, due to the remoteness of the islands from the continent and active sea communications, the wildlife here is practically not affected and remains the same as Charles Darwin once found it. Tourists arrive in the Galapagos Islands mainly by plane. The Galapagos is probably the only place on earth where you can dive with a penguin or swim among the sea lions. The Galapagos Islands are one of the planet's most precious treasures and one of the last refuges wildlife in the world.

.2 Sangai National Park

Sangai National Park is located in highlands Ecuador. The territory of the Andes, included in the national park, is full of volcanoes. Most main volcano The park is named Sangay. The approaches to it in Ecuador have been protected since 1975, it was then that the Sangay National Park was formed. Until today, the territory of the park has grown to 500 thousand hectares. Mostly in the open spaces of the park there are areas of tropical rainforest, as well as foggy mountain forests.

Flora and fauna. As for the arrays of tropical rainforest, the following types of vegetation dominate among them: mulberry trees, palm trees, laurel trees, lianas. And in the alpine zone of foggy forests, the following species prevail: various orchids and ferns, thickets of bamboo and shrubs. The diversity of plant species in the park is quite a natural phenomenon, because there is a very wide range of altitudes, which ranges from 1000 to 5230 m above sea level. In total, as many as 8 altitudinal vegetation belts can be observed in Sangai Park; in general, about 1,000 species have been recorded in the region's fines.

The fauna of the Sangai volcano is represented by the following species: mountain tapir, vicuña, pygmy deer, the avifauna is dominated by the red bird, condor and other birds. As for the mountain inhabitants, such as the mountain tapir, we have enough information about them.

The red bird is one of the most amazing birds in Sangai park. The red bird is also often called the bird of paradise, it belongs to the order of passerines. The bird is medium in size, about 30 cm long, while the wing length is about 16 cm, and the tail is 12 cm long. It has a golden-green plumage, a small crest on the back of the head. The bird has a bright red chest and wings, as well as legs. The back has a gray-yellowish tint, the throat is dark green.

In rather limited areas of the park, animals such as puma, Andean fox, spectacled bear, pudu deer, ocelots and jaguars, guinea pigs live. Of the birds, such unique species as cubillin and quilimas, vultures, giant hummingbirds, and so on, were ignored.

Conclusion

Thus, using the example of the region of South America, one could get acquainted with the UNESCO World Heritage program, which began its existence in 1975. Since 1977, the World Heritage Committee has held annual sessions at which the objects of the program are identified - natural or man-made objects, the priority tasks in relation to which are conservation and promotion due to their special cultural, historical or environmental significance.

The main purpose of the World Heritage List is to make known and protect properties that are unique in their own way. For this, and because of the desire for objectivity, evaluation criteria were drawn up. The first six criteria have been in force since 1978 and define cultural objects, natural objects have been included in the list since 2002, when four additional natural inclusion criteria appeared.

Also, in the course of the work done, it was possible to make sure that the "World Heritage Site Status" provides the following benefits (for natural heritage sites): it is an additional guarantee of the safety and integrity of unique natural complexes; enhances the prestige of territories and their governing institutions; contributes to the popularization of the objects included in the List and the development of alternative types of nature management (primarily, ecological tourism); ensures priority in attracting financial resources to support world cultural and natural heritage sites, primarily from the World Heritage Fund; contributes to the organization of monitoring and control over the state of conservation of natural objects.

The states on whose territory the World Heritage sites are located undertake obligations to preserve them.

References and Internet resources

Drobot V.I. The concept of the World natural heritage: a textbook / Mar. state un-t; IN AND. Drobot. - Yoshkar-Ola, 2008. - 122 p.

2. Gebel P. Natural heritage of mankind: landscapes and treasures of nature under the protection of UNESCO. M.: Publishing house BMN AO. 1999. - 256 p.

Maksakovskiy N.V. World Natural Heritage. - M.: Education, 2005. - 396 p.

Cattaneo M. Treasures of mankind. UNESCO World Heritage. - AST; Astrel, 2005. - S. 512.

Official information site "UNESCO: World Heritage Sites" http://unesco.heritage.ru

Http://world heritage.rf

http://ru.wikipedia.org/

http://umeda.ru

http://7-chudes-sveta.ru

http://whc.unesco.org/

http://www.vokrugsveta.ru/encyclopedia/

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The UNESCO list in the United States includes the main natural and cultural attractions of the country. Of course, the Statue of Liberty is known all over the world. It stands on an island in Manhattan Bay and has long become a symbol of the country. The monument was donated to the United States by France in the 19th century. It was created by sculptors Bartholdi and Eiffel. The latter was responsible for the frame of the statue. At the same time, it is alleged that the copper from which it was made was purchased in the Russian Empire. She was taken out of the territory of modern Bashkortostan. Overall Height the monument together with the pedestal is ninety-three meters. In addition to its aesthetic value, the statue bears practical benefit and serves as a beacon for ships sailing to the port.

UNESCO natural sites in the United States are represented primarily by the Grand Canyon. This is a unique place on earth. The canyon is located in Arizona and is an integral symbol of North America. For geologists, it is of great scientific value, since the geological layers here allow us to understand how our planet was formed in the last two billion years. On the territory of the canyon, traces of the habitation of ancient people were also found. Another important aspect is the incredible beauty of the local scenery. Together, all these factors give unique miracle light, which is part of the World Heritage.

Another natural attraction of the country, protected by UNESCO in the United States, is the Yellowstone National Park. On its territory there are amazing lakes, rivers and waterfalls. And Yellowstone Lake is recognized as one of the largest alpine reservoirs in the world. The famous Yellowstone geysers are also located here. The largest of them Excelsior splashes hot water to a height of over 100 meters. The park has unique forests that have been preserved in their original form. They are inhabited by bison and grizzly bears.

The natural attractions of the United States include such national parks as Olympic and Mesa Verde.

Of the 981 UNESCO World Heritage Sites, 22 are in the United States. These sites have been chosen for their significance for nature or cultural heritage. Among them are the Serengeti ecosystem in Tanzania, the Egyptian pyramids, the Great Barrier Reef in Australia and the Grand Canyon in the USA.

We offer you a list of UNESCO World Heritage Sites that are located in the United States.

Kluane Parks and Reserves, RAngel St. Elias, Glacier-Bhey and Tatshenshini-Alsek, Alaska and Canada

Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1979.

This park system includes an impressive array of glaciers and mountains on both sides of the US-Canadian border. Glacier Bay is home to the world's largest non-polar ice field, as well as some of the longest and most beautiful glaciers in the world.

Grand Canyon National Park, Arizona

The Grand Canyon is also called one of the Seven Natural Wonders of the World. The landscape of the canyon is changing under the influence of the current of the Colorado River even today, although this process began about 17 million years ago. The unique combination of bright colors of the rock and original forms of erosion makes the canyon a spectacular natural attraction. The Grand Canyon stretches for 446 kilometers and reaches up to 29 kilometers wide and 1.6 kilometers deep. Almost 5 million tourists come to see this wonder of the world every year, and for them there are many access points to the canyon to admire its beauty.

Redwood National Park, California

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980.

Redwood Park is home to a forest of redwood trees, some of the oldest and tallest in the world. Spacious prairies, forest plantations of oaks, wild rivers and almost 64 kilometers of unspoiled coastline are also protected within the park. To visit the park, there are 5 visitor centers that provide tourists with the opportunity to get a closer look at this diverse and beautiful landscape.

Yosemite National Park, California

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.

In the heart of California, in Yosemite National Park, open beautiful scenery and impressive views. Its valleys, multiple waterfalls, lakes, glistening ice domes and twisted valleys are examples of how granite monoliths have been altered by glaciation. Plan your visit to this world heritage site well in advance - the park's website has helpful information on transportation and accommodation.

Mesa Verde National Park, Colorado

The exceptional archaeological sites in Mesa Verde Park are very well preserved and are testament to the ancient cultural traditions of the Native Americans. They are a visual bridge between the past and present lifestyles of the Pueblo peoples of the American Southwest. There are about 5,000 known archaeological sites within the park, including 600 rock settlements. At different times of the year, there are different opportunities to visit, so it is recommended to plan your trip to Mesa Verde in advance.

Everglades National Park, Florida

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.

This park is the largest natural subtropical reservation in the United States with an area of ​​one and a half million acres. Many rare and endangered species of animals live here - manatees, American crocodiles and the Florida cougar. The Everglades has opportunities for camping, boating, backpacking, bird watching, and ranger tours.

Archaeological Site "Cahokia Mounds", Illinois

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1982.

Cahokia at one time was a city incomparable to others. The inhabitants of the Mississippian area who inhabited the city built many housing structures in it, from ordinary houses to monumental buildings that have retained their grandeur for centuries. The site contains an interpretive center and visitor facilities; You can walk here on your own or with a guide.

Yellowstone National Park, Idaho, Montana and Wyoming

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1978.

Half of the world's geothermal sites (10,000) and the world's largest group of geysers (over 300, or two-thirds of the world's total) are located in Yellowstone. The park is also famous for its wildlife - grizzly bears, wolves, American bison and elk deer live here. Yellowstone is America's first national park and visitors come from all over the world.

Mammoth Cave National Park, Kentucky

"Mammoth Cave" is the longest cave system in the world with a length of more than 644 kilometers. About 130 species of flora and fauna live here, as well as many wild cave animals. Visitors are offered cave tours, rock climbing, canoeing, picnic areas, horseback riding, biking, camping and other outdoor activities. fresh air. If you are going to the "Mammoth Cave", it is recommended that you plan your trip in advance.

Glacier and Waterton Lakes National Parks, Montana and Canada

Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1995.

Waterton Lakes National Park (Alberta, Canada) and Glacier National Park (Montana, USA) were merged into the world's first International Peace Park in 1932. Parks delight visitors with untouched forests, alpine meadows, rocky mountains and incredible lakes. It is also a real paradise for hikers - more than 700 miles hiking trails among breathtaking landscapes. The park's website has a lot of information for planning your trip.

Carlsbad Caverns National Park, New Mexico

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1995.

Beneath these rocks, canyons, cacti, grass and rare trees lie more than 118 caves. All of them were formed by the action of sulfuric acid on the surrounding limestone. The age of some reaches 250-280 million years.

Chaco National Historical Park, New Mexico

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1987.

This collection of monumental public and official buildings testifies to the fact that its builders had an accurate knowledge of astronomical phenomena. To understand the meaning of life and connect with the people who lived here before (850 and 1250 BC) tours of the Chaco, its hiking and cycling routes, evening gatherings near the fire and night sky observation programs help.

Taos Pueblo, New Mexico

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1992. This adobe settlement in the valley of a small tributary of the Rio Grande represents the culture of the Pueblo Indians from Arizona and New Mexico. Mud dwellings and ceremonial buildings stand as evidence of the timeless culture of the ethnic group, which formed at the turn of the 13th and 14th centuries. These UNESCO World Heritage-listed houses have been inhabited continuously for over 1,000 years.

Statue of Liberty National Monument, New York

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1984.

The statue of "Liberty Enlightening the World" is a gift of friendship from the people of France on the 100th anniversary of American independence, unveiled on October 28, 1886. The statue stands in New York harbor, and since its inception has met millions of immigrants sailing to America. To definitely get to the Statue of Liberty, you need to plan a visit in advance.

Independence Hall, Pennsylvania

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1979.

The Declaration of Independence and the United States Constitution were signed in this house in Philadelphia. The universal principles of freedom and democracy set forth in these documents are of great importance to American history and have had a significant impact on legislators in many countries around the world. Along with Independence Hall, you can also see the First Bank of the United States, Congress Hall, Old City Hall, Franklin Court and the Liberty Bell Center.

La Fortaleza and San Juan, Puerto Rico

Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1983.

The massive fortifications of San Juan include the fortress of La Fortaleza and 3 forts - San Felipe del Morro, San Cristobal and San Juan de la Cruz. To this day, part of the old city wall exists, built between the 16th and 19th centuries to protect the city and San Juan Bay. When visiting this historical site, you can explore the fortifications, go on a tour, watch a video program and just have fun.

Great Smoky Mountains National Park, Tennessee and North Carolina

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1983.

The Great Smoky is America's most visited national park. And this is not surprising - more than 3,500 plant species grow among the landscapes of incredible beauty, and the local nature has practically not been influenced by humans. Autotours, cycling and tourist routes, camping, fishing and just walking among the beauty of wild nature will give you incredible pleasure.

Monticello and the University of Virginia, Virginia

Inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1987.

Monticello Manor was designed by the third US President and author of the American Declaration of Independence, Thomas Jefferson. Both this house and the campus of the nearby University of Virginia fit incredibly into the natural landscape of the area and are examples of neoclassical architecture.

Olympic National Park, Washington

Listed as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1981.

In the Olympic Park there is an incredible beauty of the coast, and picturesque lakes, And majestic mountains with glaciers, and even a tropical forest. Thanks to such a variety of ecosystems, it seems that you have visited 3 parks at once. On its territory there are 5 tourist centers- use their services to get the most out of your holiday on the coast.

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Attractions

South America is the birthplace of the Amazon and the impenetrable jungle. The Chavin civilization was born here, and the culture of the Naskans forever inscribed South American ceramics in the annals of the world's artistic heritage. The natural conditions of South America are diverse and contrasting. There are plains and long mountain ranges, and volcanoes and earthquakes also continue to disturb the continent. Today we will tell you about the seven natural wonders of South America. Read and be surprised!

Iguazu Falls, Brazil and Argentina

Iguazu Falls- one of the largest waterfall complexes in the world - is located on the Argentine-Brazilian border, 320 km east of the city of Asuncion in Paraguay, at the intersection of the Iguazu and Parana rivers. It was discovered in 1541 by the Spanish conquistador Alvaro Nunez Caseso de Vaca. Alvaro went to the jungle in order to find gold. In fact, he found it, only in figuratively, because the Iguazu Falls are considered one of the main attractions of Brazil and Argentina.

The name of the waterfall comes from the Guarani language and means "big water". And nothing surprising. The average volume of water falling from above is 1.2 million cubic meters per second, so you can imagine what a roar there is for the entire district. About once every forty years, during a drought, Iguazu dries up completely, and during such a period the waterfall also disappears, and only the rock remains.

The last drought was in 2006. Now, on the contrary, the authorities are concerned about the high water level in the river, therefore, due to the threat to the safety of tourists, the approach to the famous "Devil's Throat", the most famous waterfall of the complex, was closed.

If the Iguazu cascades were a single, continuous wall of water, then it would be the widest waterfall in the world, but this is not the case, and today the African Victoria Falls has the widest continuous water wall.

In order not to stop only at the waterfalls, take a tour of the Iguazu National Park to see the real jungle with its virgin flora and fauna.

Tour to Iguazu Falls

Galapagos Islands, Ecuador

Galapagos Islands is an archipelago in the Pacific Ocean, located 972 km west of Ecuador and consisting of 13 main volcanic islands, 6 small islands and 107 rocks and alluvial areas. It is known not only for the huge number of animals that can no longer be found anywhere else, but also for the fact that at one time Charles Darwin conducted his research here, after which he created his Theory of Evolution.

The islands were officially discovered in March 1535 by the priest Thomas de Berlanga, who sailed on a ship from Panama to Peru, but lost his course. In 1978, the islands became part of the UNESCO World Heritage Site, and in 1985, the World Biosphere Reserve. famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl visited here in 1953 in search of the heritage of the famous Incas.

The flora and fauna of the islands is extremely unusual and diverse. The main plant in the Galapagos is the prickly pear cactus, which grows to gigantic sizes. Since not a drop of rain falls on the islands for 8 months a year, this desert dweller has practically no competitors here.

There are only 9 species of mammals here, but they are all found exclusively in the Galapagos. Marine iguanas live here, similar to lizards and get their food in the sea, sometimes at a depth of up to 10m. They are adjacent to sea lizards and the main decoration of the islands - giant Galapagos tortoises.

Galapagos tortoises are among the longest-lived world record holders. They live for 200 or more years. Feathered on Galapagos archipelago as many as 60 species, and half of them live only here.

There are 13 varieties of finches alone. Galapagos pigeons, Galapagos buzzards, Galapagos flightless cormorants, and masked boobies are not found elsewhere. These amazing birds in the mating season give each other beautiful green branches as a symbol of love.

Believe it or not, a special kind of penguin lives on the islands. The islands are very much appreciated by diving enthusiasts, because in addition to dolphins, tropical fish and whales, it is fashionable to meet huge flocks of fur seals and sea lions here.

On one of the islands - Isabella - there are several volcanoes. Sierra Negra- the most famous, it is the second volcano in the world in terms of the size of the crater, after the famous Ngoro Ngoro in Tanzania. The diameter of the crater is about 7 kilometers. The entire surface of the crater is black lifeless volcanic rock, in contrast to Ngoro-Ngoro, whose crater is a flowering valley filled with animals.

Route to the Galapagos Islands

Atacama Desert, Chile

Atacama Desert considered one of the driest places on Earth. There are territories here that have never been irrigated with water, where there is not a single blade of grass, not a single bush - only stones and silence. Some landscapes resemble the Moon, so the locals named one of the valleys after this celestial object.

The Chilean desert is also popular as the Sahara Desert in Africa, which is why all Chilean guidebooks put it in the top five most significant places in the country.

There are a lot of salt marshes on the territory, which were formed after the lakes dried up. If you see this place from afar, it will seem to you that this is a lake. It is actually a thick layer of ice that glistens in the sun.

About 160 species of cacti grow in the Atacama (90 of them are endemic) and about 200 species of animals live, mainly reptiles and insects. The flora includes plants such as llareta and kenoa, a type of tree that grows on the very high altitude in the world.

The desert is not adapted for life, but there is a lot of copper here and, accordingly, mining is the main occupation of local residents.

There is a unique art object in the desert, a sculpture of a giant hand as a sign of the helplessness and loneliness of a person in the sands.

The statue "Hand of the Desert" was created by the Chilean sculptor Mario Irarrasabal in 1992 and this is the only thing that reminds of the presence of a person for several tens of kilometers around.

Atacama Desert Tour

Perito Moreno Glacier, Argentina

Perito Moreno- one of the most unique glaciers on the planet, where the frozen water is unrealistically blue, and the total mass of ice overtakes a 16-story building in height. If you happen to come to Argentina, be sure to visit Los Glaciares National Park. Located near the city of Calafet.

The glacier was named after the Argentine explorer Francisco Moreno, who first explored the region in the 19th century. Translated from Spanish, the name Perito Moreno means "scientist Moreno."

Every day the glacier moves forward by 2 meters, in a year it overcomes the path of 700 meters. But it is melting at the same rate, so we can say that the glacier is standing still.

The most interesting thing is that the glacier comes ashore at a speed of 2 meters per day (it turns out that it rises by almost 700 meters per year). However, at the same time, it melts at the same rate, so in fact, for 90 years, Perito Moreno has stood still.

You can watch this miracle of nature from specially equipped viewing platforms. One of them is located at Cape Magellan. For convenience, bridges are laid everywhere, along which you can wander indefinitely, there are benches where you can simply observe this bewitching beauty.

If you doubt your abilities, go to the glacier on a small boat that sails 200-300 meters to Perito Moreno, you can’t get any closer, because every second there is a threat of a collapse of the glacier.

Get to Perito Moreno

Angel Falls, Venezuela

Angel Falls is the most high waterfall in the world, the Angel's water flow has to fly almost a kilometer to reach the earth. It is 20 times taller than Niagara Falls and is stunning. The waterfall is located in the tropical forests of Venezuela, on the territory of the Canaima National Park.

It was discovered in 1935 by American aviator and gold prospector James Crawford Angel, although it was first discovered in 1910 by Spaniard Ernesto Sánchez La Cruz. Angel was flying over the area in search of gold when he decided to land on the top of a certain mountain. There he saw a huge waterfall falling with a crash from a cliff. Soon everyone learned about the new waterfall, which was named after the pilot who discovered it.

Getting to the waterfall is not so easy - Angel is located in the wilderness of Venezuela. A trip to the waterfall includes a plane flight from the city of Caracas or Cuadad Bolivar to Canaima, and then another crossing by water. It is very difficult to predict whether the waterfall will be visible, since this area is often clouded with fogs.

Tour in Angel Falls

Kaieteur Falls, Guyana

ABOUT Kaieteur waterfall many do not even know, because it is overshadowed by Iguazu and Angel, however, Kaieteur Falls is one of the largest and most beautiful waterfalls in the whole world. Moreover, it is the most powerful waterfall in the world. It consumes more than 1,263 cubic meters of water every second, which is almost 2 times more than Niagara.

He is 5 times taller than Niagara Falls and twice - African Victoria. First Kaieteur waterfall It was discovered by the English geologist Charles Brown on April 24, 1870. It was the first white man who saw all the beauty and power of this amazing waterfall.

Kaieteur is located in the National Park of the same name, which completely surrounds the waterfall. Locals say that the waterfall got its name from the Indian leader Kaya, who, in order to save people, sacrificed himself by sailing along the Mazaruni River in a canoe.

The main reason that the waterfall is almost unknown to tourists is the lack of normal access to Kaietura. It is located in the Guyanese part of the Guiana Highlands in the center of tropical rainforests in a little-studied region of Guyana. Therefore, many prefer not to come here, because they do not know what to expect. Although there are an unusual number of mysterious and unique places here.

Take at least Roraima, a table mountain located in South America on its northeastern side. The place is so mystical that there are more than a hundred legends associated with it.

Route to Kaieteur waterfall

Lake Titicaca, Peru and Bolivia

mysterious Lake Titicaca is the largest alpine reservoir and the second largest lake of the continent. The name consists of the words of the Quechua language: "titi" - puma, the sacred animal of the Quechua Indians and "kaka" - rock.

It is located on the border of Peru and Bolivia, on the Altiplano plateau. More than 300 rivers flowing down from glaciers flow into the lake, and the Desaguadero River flows out, flowing into the endorheic Lake Poopo in Bolivia. The salinity of the water is about 1 ppm, so Titicaca is considered a freshwater lake.

Lake Titicaca It is considered the cradle of the civilization of the Incas, Teotihuacan and other peoples of the Andes. According to the mythology of the Incas, once the world was plunged into the abyss of darkness and cold, and the human race was on the verge of extinction. Some time after the flood, the god Viracocha emerged from the depths of Lake Titicaca.

Traveling through the islands of the lake, Viracochi ordered the Sun and Moon to rise. He recreated man and woman and sent them to all four directions, beginning the settlement of the world. Thus, Titicaca is considered the birthplace of the Inca civilization, whose spirits returned back to the lake after death.

For a long time, Titicaca haunted scientists who were looking for an underwater city called Wanaku, in which, according to legend, Inca gold was hidden. In 1968, the famous Jacques Yves-Cousteau descended to the bottom of the lake to find at least some signs of the sunken city. However, he only discovered ancient pottery.

Only in 2000, local archaeologists discovered the ruins of the temple at the bottom of the lake. According to preliminary estimates, these are the remains of the Tiwanaku civilization that once existed on this site, which existed even before the birth of the Inca civilization.

Tour to Lake Titicaca

Islands lost among the waters of the Pacific Ocean, mysterious moai statues known to the whole world, colonial cities of incredible beauty and religious monuments richly decorated - these are just some of the unique sights that guests of South America can see. Some natural reserves and architectural monuments located on the territory of the continent have been recognized as World Heritage Sites; today these sights are well known even to those who have never been to South America. Unique objects there is something for everyone to explore, nature lovers will love the national parks, and history buffs will love the ancient cities and archaeological areas.

Iguazu National Park was founded in 1934 and covers over 55,000 sq. km. More than 1.5 million people visit the park every year, they come to admire the magnificent waterfalls, walk through the centuries-old forests and fabulously beautiful mountainous areas. More than 2,000 species of plants grow on the territory of the reserve, it has become a habitat for 70 species of mammals, 40 species of reptiles and 400 species of birds. The main feature of the Iguazu Park is the beautiful waterfalls, of which there are more than 270 on its territory.

Today, convenient bridges and viewing platforms are equipped for tourists near the most beautiful waterfalls, so you can see natural attractions in all their glory. There are many fast-moving rivers in the park, rafting along which is also very popular with tourists, and many people prefer to just stroll through the most picturesque areas of the reserve on foot. Not so long ago, a hotel for tourists was built on the territory of Iguazu Park, so everyone can stay in these picturesque places longer.

The main natural attraction of the reserve is a waterfall with a frightening name "Devil's Throat", over which a rainbow forms every day. Jeep safaris are held on the territory of the reserve, during which you can see many rare representatives of the local fauna. Hiking is popular with those who enjoy bird watching, the exotic forests are home to cute colorful parrots, toucans and more exotic bird species found nowhere else in the world.