Kola region in ancient times - Murmansk and Murmansk region. Favorite Russia: Kola Peninsula. Murmansk

Kola region in ancient times

On the Kola Peninsula, as well as in the North of Europe in general, people appeared much later than in the South. Only after the retreat of the glacier, about 8 thousand years ago, the conditions necessary for human life were formed here. At the same time, the warm Atlantic Gulf Stream played an important role, which, by heating the northwestern shores of Europe, changed the climate of our Arctic. Forests, grasses, mosses appeared on the Kola Peninsula. Deer, elks, arctic foxes, squirrels, waterfowl began to be found, in the seas - fish and seals.

And yet the conditions of the Far North remained harsh and required tireless, systematic work.

Hunters and fishermen who came from the south settled on the seashores, near the mouths of rivers and small bays, where there was drinking water and it was easier to get food. The main fishing tools were bows with arrows, spears and harpoons. They knew how to block small rivers and catch fish with tops - traps woven from willow twigs or thin pine roots. The dwellings were semi-dugouts, in which fire was constantly maintained.

In the 4th - 3rd millennia BC, groups of people ethnically close to the tribes of the Volga-Oka interfluve came to the Arctic and settled along the banks of rivers and lakes of the inner part of the Kola Peninsula. Since their walls were decorated with deep pits and impressions of a comb stamp during the manufacture of pottery, they received the name of the tribes of the pit-comb ceramics culture.

The aliens already used boats and nets, bone fishhooks, and improved (with a rotating tip) harpoons in fishing. IN sea ​​bays they hunted seals and seals, and on land - deer and elk.

At the end of the 2nd - beginning of the 1st millennium BC, the climate of the Arctic changed again, becoming warmer and drier. Thick deciduous trees covered the North up to the Khibiny. At that time, the tribes of the culture of asbestos ceramics came to the Kola Peninsula from the Northern Urals (in the manufacture of vessels, they added crushed asbestos to the clay for strength, and an ornament in the form of a grid was applied to the walls), belonging to the Finno-Ugric group. These were people of small stature (men on average 155 cm) with a relatively wide face.

As a result of the mixing of newcomers with the old population of the region, a Finnish-speaking people - the ancient Sami - gradually developed. In their physical appearance, they resembled Europeans, but they also carried subtle features of oriental origin. The Norwegians called them "Terfinns" "Tersky Sami" (according to the then name of the Kola Peninsula "Ter" or "Tre"), the Russians called them "Lop", "Lapps".

The Saami occupied most of the territory of the peninsula and, depending on the habitat, were called differently: goblin, i.e. forest, lop (to the south-west of modern Kandalaksha), upper lop (in the area of ​​Imandra and Notozero), Konchan lop (to the north-west of the Kola Bay), Terek lop (east of the peninsula).

The first written information about the Saami came to us from the Norwegian navigator of the 9th century AD Oter, who sailed along the coast of the Kola land: “This whole country is deserted,” he wrote, “and only in a few places do terfinns live, who are engaged in hunting, fishing and catching birds."

The descriptions of the Russian pioneers are more detailed, according to which the Saami did not have huts, lived “in stone clefts”, ate “only animals - ... animals and birds and sea fish”, did not know either bread or vegetables; clothes were sewn from the skins of wild deer. They did not yet have domestic reindeer breeding. Hunting played an important role in the economy. But the main source of livelihood was fishing: in spring and summer - near the sea coast (in small bays and estuaries), and in autumn - in lakes rich in whitefish, pike, perch, grayling, trout. The Sami lived in clans, were pagans and worshiped their gods - seids, to whom they sacrificed part of the hunting prey. At the head of tribal groups were elders, who at the same time performed the duties of priests.

The Novgorodians were the first of the Russians to pave the way to the Far North. So, the chronicle tells about the Novgorodian Uleb, who in 1032 with his people reached White Sea, however, back "few of them came." Due to the lack of roads further Lake Onega I had to use rivers and small channels, sometimes dragging ships overland, making my way through forests and swamps, which made the path difficult and dangerous.

Fur

Furs, which were in great demand on the market, attracted Novgorodians to the “midnight countries”. Russian nobility and foreign merchants willingly bought the furs of sables, beavers, martens, and squirrels. In addition to furs, Novgorodians were interested in the fat of sea animals, walrus tusk, and valuable fish species.

Primitive barter with the peoples of the North was extremely profitable. Local residents, "begging for iron" (metal things), paid for a knife or ax with furs, which cost several times more.

Following the industrialists, Novgorod officials came to the Tersky coast, who imposed tribute on the Saami: from each Saami hunter - five squirrel skins a year. This payment was not heavy, but meant the recognition by the Saami of their dependence on Novgorod.

The first evidence of the existence of tributary relations between the Saami of the Kola Peninsula and Novgorod is contained in the chronicle under 1216, where among the noble Novgorodians Semyun Petrilovich is mentioned - "Tersky tributary" - a tribute collector from the Terek land. It is known that Prince Alexander Nevsky and his son Andrei sent people to the "Terskaya side" to catch gyrfalcons - birds used for hunting.

However, the rights of Novgorod the Great in the Arctic were disputed by the Norwegians, or, as they were called in Rus', "Murmans". In 1251, Alexander Nevsky managed to conclude an agreement with them, which determined the procedure and amount of tribute collection from the Saami. But this agreement was often violated, as a result of which clashes broke out between the Russians and the Norwegians, sometimes real wars for dominance in the Far North. Large and successful, for example, was the campaign of the Novgorodians against the "Murmans" in 1323, when, following the ships along the northern coast, the Russians, Karelians and Saami penetrated far to the west, captured and burned the palace of the ruler of Norway.

In 1419, 500 Murmans per sea ​​vessels- “beads and augers” - attacked the Karelian churchyard in the lower reaches of the Varzuga River and, having ruined it, went to the Dvina, but the coast-dwellers, “two augers Murman izbish”, the rest of the ships fled.

Ultimately, in a stubborn struggle, Novgorod the Great defended its polar possessions.

In the middle of the 15th century, the first Russian settlements appeared on the Tersky coast - Varzuga and Umba. The settlers came from the southwestern Pomorye, which was part of the Novgorod land.

The settlement of the Tersky coast by Russian people took place without any noticeable clashes with local residents, since no more than a thousand Saami lived on the Kola Peninsula during this period, and there were many unused fishing grounds everywhere. Some areas were sold by the Sami to the Russians.

Russian settlers - Pomors - noticeably overtook the Saami in the field of production and life. They brought with them a more complex system of social relations. All this could not but affect the development of the Saami society. Thanks to the exchange of goods with the Russian population, metal products, fabrics, fishing gear made of hemp yarn, and agricultural products penetrated into the Saami economy. The Saami got the opportunity to borrow production skills, to join Russian culture.

As a result of communication with the Russian population, religious ideas are gradually changing among the Saami, individual ownership of fishing grounds is emerging, the tribal system is weakening and disintegrating.

Thus, the inclusion of the Kola Peninsula in the Novgorod land and the rapprochement of the Saami with the Russian people became an important stage in the development of the region.

The settlement of the Kola Peninsula began a very long time ago. Archaeologists have discovered sites of people of the Stone Age. They belong to 7-11 thousand BC. The ancestors of the modern Saami appeared here in 2000 BC. Saami (Lapps) - indigenous people Kola Peninsula - since ancient times they have been engaged in reindeer herding, hunting, and fishing. Trade and the development of crafts in Europe required the development of new territories in order to use their natural resources. The first Russian settlements appeared on the peninsula in the 9th-11th centuries. The chronicles speak of the fabulous riches of Murman: furs, fish, deer, sea animals. In the XI century. Novgorodians on their ships have already plowed the waters of the White and Barents Seas.

In the X-XII centuries. Novgorodians took possession of a vast territory north of the Gulf of Finland and the Kola Peninsula to the Pechora basin. Already in the 1st half of the 12th century, the volost Tre (Tersky coast of the White Sea) was listed among the Novgorod lands, and in the 13th century the Russian villages of Varzuga and Kola were mentioned. The Russians quickly settled the coast of the peninsula, mastered the sea routes around the Tersky portage (as the Kola Peninsula was called in the annals). The appearance of Russians not only contributed to the development of the region, but also ensured the protection of the indigenous population from the raids of Western conquerors.

At a later time (1589-1591, 1611, several times in the 18th and early 19th centuries), Swedish and Danish troops, English pirates came to the land of Murman. They burned villages, robbed the population and monasteries, killed civilians. There is an ancient Sami legend that the Sami managed to defend their land, and the blood they spilled turned into a stone eudialyte (Lapp blood). In 1854-1855, during the Crimean War, the English fleet burned Kandalaksha, Keret, Strelna, Kola, but could not capture the coast.

In the 16th-18th century, the Kola Peninsula played a prominent role in the Russian economy. But by the beginning of the 19th century, the economic development of the region slowed down due to the discovery of new trade routes despite the huge natural resources peninsulas.

In the 17th century, the Sami began to breed deer. Before that, they simply caught wild deer and used them as vehicle and in food. Fishing was rapidly developing on the Murmansk coast. By the end of the century, 200-250 thousand pounds of fish were caught annually. In 1803, the White Sea Company for the extraction of fish and sea animals was formed. By the middle of the 19th century, up to 500 Pomeranian ships began to come to Murman annually, which caught more than 400 thousand pounds of fish. At the same time, about 5 thousand people lived on the Kola Peninsula by the beginning of the 19th century, and about 9 thousand people at its end.

Since the 1860s, Murman has become a shore of hope for many. The Russian authorities wanted to populate the border coast and, in order to attract and support settlers-colonists, were ready to provide them with various benefits and privileges. At the invitation of the Russian Tsar, about one and a half hundred immigrants from Norway, as well as from Finland, arrived here. Thus, large settlements of Norwegians were formed in Tsyp-Navolok on the Rybachy Peninsula, and Finns in Ura-Guba (Kola District).

The local history museum of Murmansk has an exhibition about Finnish and Norwegian settlers, their life and work on a permanent basis. The exhibition is called “Murman – the Shore of Hope. History of colonization. 1860-1940". Here you can learn about the fate of individual colonial families after the revolution, during the Great Terror and the Second World War, about life in the post-war and 90s. The exhibition has been assembled over the course of three years by the Norwegian Varanger Museum, which was joined by research institutes in Murmansk, Arkhangelsk, Rovaniemi, Helsinki and Tromso.

The central regions of the Kola Peninsula remained covered in a fog of uncertainty for a very long time. All the maps available before 1840 were incorrect in principle. And only in the summer of 1840, the route of A.F. crossed the middle part of the Kola Peninsula. Mendeldorf. The map of his route from Kola to Kandalaksha turned out to be a fairly accurate depiction of the Imandra basin.

Advanced geographical exploration The Kola Peninsula began only in the second half of the 19th century with the expeditions of N. Kudryavtsev (1881) and S. Rabo (1884), Finnish scientists V. Ramsay, A. Chilman and A. Petrelius (1887-1889). The topographer of the Finnish expedition A. Petrelius was the first to make a semi-instrumental survey of the Imandra basin. Geologist N.V. Kudryavtsev, along with geological observations, made sketches, collected interesting materials on the topography and toponymy of the region.

Culture of the Kola North

The main stages in the development of the culture of the Kola Arctic are generally accepted historical periods: the ancient world (Stone Age: Paleolithic, Mesolithic, Neolithic), the ancient world, the Middle Ages, modern times, modernity.

The formation of culture on the Kola Peninsula begins in the VI millennium BC. There are more than two hundred monuments on the territory of the Kola Peninsula mesolithic time. They are concentrated mainly along the sea coast, in bays at the confluence of the rivers Pechenga, Zapadnaya Litsa, Rynda, Kharlovka in the sea, on the Rybachy Peninsula. Chisels, knives, scrapers, arrowheads were found in these territories.

IN Neolithic era (5-3 thousand BC) culture is formed under the influence of the Finno-Ugric peoples, who moved north from 6 to 3-2 thousand BC. This is the time of formation of the ancient Saami cultural and historical community. The Neolithic culture of the Kola Peninsula is widely represented. These are camps at the mouth of the Kola, Tuloma, Ura-Guba rivers, on the rivers Kharlovka, Ponoy, Varzuga. It is distinguished by a high level of development of fisheries for sea animals, fishing, processing of skins, and construction of dwellings. The surviving rock carvings are sources for studying mythology and artistic activity of the ancient inhabitants of the Kola Arctic. These are rock carvings on the Rybachy Peninsula, on the Umba River and Kanozero. They depict game animals - deer, fish, birds, as well as male and female figures. The Sami language belongs to the northern branch of the Finno-Ugrian language.

Ancient world The culture of the peoples of the Kola Peninsula (copper, bronze, iron ages) is characterized by the rapid development and enrichment of culture through contacts with ancient civilization. The petroglyphs of that time were enriched with images of large groups of people, scenes of developed seafaring. Two of the most mysterious phenomena of the ancient world also belong to the Bronze Age: the construction of cult monuments - seids and the worship of these sacred stones and labyrinths made of stones on the ground near the water. Period 1 thousand BC - the first centuries A.D. is considered the highest flowering of the ancient Sami culture.

medieval culture The Kola Arctic covers approximately 14 centuries, starting with the great migration of peoples (3-4 centuries AD), the collapse of the Great Roman Empire in the 5th century. (476 - the last Roman emperor is overthrown) and ends in the 17th century. The medieval culture of the Saami is manifested in myths, fairy tales and art crafts. Saami myths are cosmological (about the creation of the world, space), eschatological (about the end of the world), totemic (deer), heroic, natural. Fairy tales - historical, magical, everyday. Fine, arts and crafts - fur products (fur mosaic), painting and appliqués on leather, beadwork, weaving from fabric, yarn, natural materials, birch bark products, wood and bone carving.

The distinguishing feature of this period is formation of Pomeranian culture. Natives of Novgorod, Staraya Ladoga, Rostov-Suzdal lands begin to develop the Kola Peninsula and by the beginning of the 12th century they settled north coast. It was the Pomors who called this region “Murman”.

In the XII century, the territory of the Kola Peninsula was subordinated to Novgorod. In the 15th century, Novgorod and its lands were annexed to the Moscow principality, and the Kola Peninsula became a strategic territory in protecting Russian lands from invaders. Moscow's ban on the distribution of land on the Kola Peninsula to private ownership served to develop monasteries(Kandalaksha, Trifono-Pechengsky), who were the only landowners in the northern territories.

Northern monasteries became not only distributors of Slavic culture in the developed lands, but also major shipbuilding centers. This was especially characteristic of the Solovetsky (founded in 1425) and Pechenga monasteries.

The administrative center until the XIX century. was a fortress-fort Kola. The first mention of the parish of Kolo dates back to 1264. In 1565, the Kola prison was built, named for its location at the mouth of the Kola River, which gave its name to the entire peninsula. In the XV-XVII centuries. Kola is the starting point for sea voyages for fishing to the islands of Svalbard (Grumant) and New Earth. Kola turned into a medieval settlement, whose inhabitants were engaged in crafts, trade or hired work from entrepreneurs. At the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th century, the Kola region was repeatedly attacked by the Swedes. In 1582, the Moscow government sent a governor to Kola to organize the defense. With the introduction of the voivodship administration, Kola became the administrative center of the region. The Kola Uyezd included Lapland and North Karelia. With the construction of fortifications, Kola acquired the appearance of a city. Inside the prison there were churches, a governor's courtyard, an office, a prison, a guardhouse, warehouses and part of residential buildings. Kola received city status in 1784.

The absence of serfdom, the weak influence of urban culture, a specific way of life based on the sea industry, as well as the fusion of Slavic pagan ideas and Christian faith determine originality of Pomeranian culture. Vivid examples of Pomeranian artistic culture are wooden architecture (the church in the village of Varzuga, built in 1674), arts and crafts (chip birds, wooden toys, Pomeranian roes), oral folk art and musical folklore (epic texts, themes and genres of oral folk art, as in the middle lane). The sociocultural activity of the Pomors is also represented in the specifics of folk holidays and rituals that combine the ancient Slavic faith in the forces of nature and Christian traits. The Pomors brought a common Russian culture to the north. The presence of a dialect in the language, the originality of culture, customs, rituals (2 cycles - autumn-winter and spring-summer), rituals, holidays, features of artistic culture.

3. The development of culture on the Kola Peninsula in modern and modern times

The culture of the New Age in Russia begins to take shape at the end of the 17th century and includes the eras of the Enlightenment, Romanticism and Positivism. However, regional variants, as a rule, do not fit into this framework, developing unevenly and with an emphasis on traditional forms.

As for the Kola Peninsula, until the middle of the 19th century, it remained a sparsely populated area, the population of which was the Saami, Russian Pomors, and since 1887, Komi-Izhma and Nenets, developing pastures for reindeer herding. At the end of the 19th century, there were 19 permanent settlements on the coast of Murman. In the spring, White Sea fishermen arrived. The main activities remained marine fisheries and trade.

The most significant event of the late XIX century. was foundation of the city of Aleksandrovsk-on-Murman 1899 (now - Polar). It was a commercial and military port, which became the county center, where administrative institutions were transferred from Kola: the police department, the treasury, the hospital and the pharmacy. Were built, berths, warehouses, people's house, post and telegraph office, city school, residential buildings. Among the buildings stands out the five-domed church of St. Nicholas of Myra. At the beginning of the 20th century, ships of many polar expeditions - G. Brusilov, V. Rusanov and E. Toll - went to the Arctic from Aleksandrovsk. During the First World War, ships of the Arctic Ocean flotilla stood here. The foundation of Alexandrovsk was the beginning of the formation of the military sphere. The development of the trade and fishing sector was facilitated by the creation in 1871 of a cargo-and-passenger sea shipping company - the Partnership of the White Sea-Murmansk Express Shipping Company.

Regular voyages of passenger ships along the western coast of the Arctic Ocean attracted scientists and researchers to these parts. In the 19th century, active scientific and economic development of the Kola Peninsula began. Expeditions to the Kola North were organized, and articles on history, ethnography, geography, and archeology were published. The largest expedition in the XVIII century. was the Great Northern Expedition, carried out from 1733 to 1743 under the leadership of Bereng.

A new stage begins in the development of artistic culture. If in the Middle Ages it was inextricably linked with the mythology of the indigenous people and the religion of the Pomors (northern architecture, icon painting), then by the end of the 19th century. everything changes. This is due to the arrival of a research expedition to the Kola Peninsula, which included artists and writers. Representatives of the Moscow school of painting, who often visited the White Sea and Murman since the 1890s, are considered to be the pioneers of the Russian north: I. M. Pryanishnikov, K.A. Korovin, V. A. Serov, M. A. Vrubel, A. M. Vasnetsov, and M. V. Nesterov, A. E. Arkhipov. The artists who connected their work with the north were Vasily Krainev and Alexander Borisov.

Newest time(the era of Modernism and Postmodernism in world culture, and the Soviet and post-Soviet eras within the culture of Russia) on the Kola Peninsula is characterized by a stormy industrial and cultural development and significant changes in the way of life of the inhabitants of the north. The construction of cities, the railway led to a change in the composition of the population, which was enriched by workers, builders of mining plants. The industrial cities of Monchegorsk and Khibinogorsk appear. 1930s The Kola Peninsula is a zone of exile for repressed citizens and special settlers. This played a big role in the formation of culture, because. among the special settlers there were many doctors, teachers, scientists, artists.

The First World War and the Civil War, the intervention significantly reduced the merchant and trawl fleet of the north. After the liberation in February 1920, the expulsion of the interventionists and the White Guards from Murmansk and the restoration of Soviet power in the region, merchant and fishing vessels were nationalized. During the first two five-year plans, the Kola Peninsula turned into a large industrial region with enterprises, new cities, and important construction projects.

In addition, the Kola Peninsula is becoming the main naval base in the north of Russia. 1937 - date of creation Sevefleet.

Founded in October 1916 new town- Romanov-on-Murman, after the February Revolution, renamed Murmansk. The development of culture is concentrated around the capital of the Kola Arctic - Murmansk, which in the Soviet period was the largest naval and commercial and industrial base in the north. This circumstance predetermined the main professions of the townspeople, and, accordingly, the formation of industrial, educational, scientific, artistic, cultural and leisure spheres.

The artistic sphere is represented by works of fine, musical, theatrical art and literature. Fine arts have developed greatly. Marine painters are actively working in the post-war period. In 1965, the Union of Artists was formed in Murmansk .

Murmansk Regional Museum of Local Lore - the oldest museum in the region, founded on October 17, 1926. The museum is engaged in acquisition, storage, popularization of historical and cultural monuments of the Murmansk region. There are 17 exhibition halls here. The exposition "Nature" tells about the richness of the bowels of the Kola Peninsula, about the Kola super-deep well, listed in the Guinness Book of Records, about the flora and fauna of the region. The voiced diorama "Bird's Market", a diorama with imitation of aurora borealis and, of course, the aforementioned dry aquarium "Life of the Barents Sea", as well as materials about the resources of the Barents and White Seas, the activities of the Lapland, Kandalaksha and Pasvik nature reserves, the Polar-Alpine Botanical garden-institute, etc.

Murmansk Regional Puppet Theatre. It was founded in 1933. This is the oldest theater in Murmansk. The puppet theater focuses on Russian fairy tales, legends and traditions of the Saami, fairy tales of the peoples of the world.

Drama theater of the Northern Fleet. It was organized in 1936 in the city of Polyarny. After 10 years he moved to Murmansk. In the postwar years, People's Artist of the USSR Mikhail Pugovkin played here. Murmansk Regional Drama Theater created in 1939 on the basis of a branch of the Leningrad Bolshoi Drama Theater. M. Gorky. The theater was headed by S. A. Morshchikhin, artistic director, and A. V. Shubin, chief director. The official opening of the theater took place on February 1, 1939 with the play "Consul General". During the Great Patriotic War, T. G. Savina became the artistic director of the theater. For many years, the theater has been playing on the stage of the House of Culture. S. Kirov and, finally, in 1963 he moved to a new building on Lenin Avenue. With the arrival in the same year of the troupe of the chief director, student of G. A. Tovstonogov, V. V. Kiselev, a new stage in the creative life of the team begins.

The beginning of history Murmansk State Regional Universal Scientific Library is a meeting of the II Plenum of the Murmansk Regional Committee of the All-Union Communist Party of Bolsheviks dated November 28 - December 1, 1938, at which it was decided "... to organize a regional library in which to create a reference and bibliographic department on issues of a party-political and legal nature ..." In the first post-war For years, the library fund was 17 thousand copies and it was considered the largest book depository in the region. At that time, the main task of the library was to form funds, taking into account the specifics of the Murmansk region. As of January 1, 1949, the amount of literature in the library fund is 101,685 copies. In the interior design of the Library, works of arts and crafts created by local artists based on northern motifs were used. Today, the Murmansk State Regional Universal Scientific Library - the main library of the Kola Peninsula - is the largest cultural, educational, local history, information, and leisure center of our region.

Naval Museum of the Northern Fleet. It was founded in 1946. It is the youngest of the naval museums in Russia, but the materials collected in it are unique. According to its profile, the museum is military-historical. The museum collects, studies and stores naval monuments: weapons, naval flags, banners, orders and medals, documents, items of military paraphernalia, personal belongings of sailors who served in the Northern Fleet in different years. There are also models of submarines, surface ships and aircraft from different years. The museum funds include about 65 thousand exhibits. The expositions tell about the origin of the naval forces in the north of Russia, the creation and development of the Northern Fleet, its role in the Great Patriotic War, its significance in the post-war period to the present day.

Museum of the History of the Murmansk Shipping Company. It was opened in 1977. There are three halls: "The history of the development of the icebreaking and transport fleet", "Ships and people of the nuclear fleet", the diorama "Development of the Northern Sea Route". Many models of icebreakers and transport ships of the shipping company are exhibited in the halls of the museum. Many different instruments taken from old sea vessels are exhibited.

Murmansk Regional Art Museum. The only museum of fine arts in the Arctic. The museum was opened in 1989 in the very first stone building in Murmansk, erected in 1927. Currently, the art museum has more than 4 thousand items. The collection is based on works of contemporary domestic fine arts. A significant place in the collection is occupied by a collection of works by Murmansk artists, which gives a fairly complete picture of the development of fine arts in the Kola North in 1960-1990, of the most characteristic trends in the creative activity of the Murmansk branch of the Union of Artists. In the section of decorative and applied arts, samples of Russian art crafts are presented.

Regional center of art crafts. About 30 exhibitions a year are held in the halls of the center. Here you can see the products of the Sami craftsmen - cloth embroidered with beads, drawings on leather, wood, bone; products of Pomeranian antiquity - chipped birds, woven birch bark, hand-patterned weaving, knitwear, Pomeranian costume, "roe", amulets made of rye dough, lace.

Oceanarium opened in 1992. This is the northernmost aquarium in the world. It hosts performances with sea seals and excursions on the theme of the underwater life of the northern seas.