The White Sea is a fabulous place in Russia. Where is the White Sea

What is the White Sea?

This mysterious place located in the northern part of Russia. Its surface area is only 90,000 square kilometers, including numerous small islands, the most famous of which are the Solovetsky Islands. The most deep point sea ​​reaches 340 meters. Rivers such as the Onega, the Northern Dvina, and the Bolshoy Mezen flow into it. It should be noted that with increasing depth, the salinity of sea waters increases.

Nature and recreation

Those who choose to relax on foreign beaches in search of something new should pay attention to the White Sea. Its main magic lies in the most picturesque wild nature saturated with bright colors. Numerous tourists are attracted here not only unusual beaches, but also coniferous forests, and granite rocks. Resting here, you feel unity with nature... Despite the fact that the White Sea is considered to be an inland water body of Russia, it is also considered the Gulf of the Northern Arctic Ocean with which it is connected by a narrow strait. Presumably, this is the reason why unusual creatures live in the White Sea and plants grow that cannot be seen in other places. Its uniqueness is the ebbs and flows that occur here twice a day. But this is only a small part of what attracts tourists here. most popular place for travelers is the island of Kiy. Local beauties delight every vacationer. IN summer time off the coast you can see northern whales - beluga whales. The White Sea has another attractive feature - it is the cleanest air, saturated with the aroma of seaweed, flowers and herbs. The most common algae in it is seaweed, the benefits of which everyone knows. It contains a huge amount of iodine, which is so necessary for the human body.

Diving

It should be noted sandy beaches where you can fully relax from the bustle of the city and admire seascapes under the hum of the White Sea pines. In summer, the water warms up to 20 degrees. Special place occupies diving in the White Sea, whose fans have long appreciated this unique opportunity. Many interesting things can be observed on the seabed: stars, soft corals, hermit crabs, picturesque sheer cliffs with sea anemones, sunken ships and much more. On the coast of the White Sea there are two large diving centers with developed infrastructure and an extensive list of all kinds of services for vacationers.

Tours to the White Sea

They can be done independently or with the help of travel agencies. The best way to get to the coast is by train, which departs from the St. Petersburg railway station. You need to get to Chuka station, and then by car. For the trip, you can use a comfortable bus of one of the travel agencies. Of course, it should be noted that in the latter case the road will take longer, but the path will be much more interesting. Outside the window you can see the lakes of Karelia, the majestic rocks covered with dense forests, and the harsh Arctic expanses.

The White Sea is the only sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean that lies almost entirely south of the Arctic Circle. Difficult in outline coastline, The White Sea is deeply incised into the continent. It has natural land borders, and only from the Barents Sea it is separated by a conditional border - the line of Cape Svyatoy Nos on the Kola Peninsula - Cape Kanin Nos.

The White Sea belongs to the inland seas. Its area is 90.1 thousand km 2, volume - 6 thousand km 3, average depth- 67 m, maximum depth - 350 m.

Different in external forms and landscapes, the shores of the White Sea have local names - Summer Coast, Winter Coast, Tersky Coast, etc. and belong to different geomorphological types.

Landscapes of the White Sea

According to the shape of the coastline and the nature of the bottom topography, seven regions are distinguished in the sea: Funnel, Throat, Basin and bays: Mezensky, Dvinsky, Onega and Kandalaksha.

Climate

The climate of the White Sea is transitional from oceanic to continental. Winter is long and severe. At this time over northern part On the European territory of Russia, an extensive anticyclone is established, and intensive cyclonic activity is developed over the Barents Sea. In this regard, predominantly southwestern winds blow at the White Sea at a speed of 4-8 m/s. They bring with them cold cloudy weather with snowfalls. In February average monthly temperature air almost throughout the sea - 14-15 °, and only in the northern part under the influence of air masses brought from Atlantic Ocean, it rises to -9°. With significant intrusions of relatively warm air from the Atlantic, southwestern winds are observed, and the air temperature rises to -6-7 °. The displacement of an anticyclone from the Arctic to the White Sea region causes northeasterly winds, cooling down to -24-26 °, and sometimes very severe frosts.

Summers are cool and moderately humid. At this time, an anticyclone sets up over the Barents Sea, and intense cyclonic activity develops to the south and southeast of the sea.

With such a synoptic situation, northeast winds with a force of 2-3 points prevail over the sea. The sky is covered with clouds, often fall heavy rains. The air temperature in July is on average 8-10°. Cyclones passing over the Barents Sea change the direction of the wind over the White Sea to the western and southwestern ones and cause the air temperature to rise to 12-13°C. When an anticyclone sets up over Northeastern Europe, mainly southeasterly winds blow over the sea, and clear, sunny weather sets in. The air temperature rises to an average of 17-19°, and in some cases in the southern part of the sea it can reach 30°. However, cloudy and cool weather still prevails in summer. Thus, there is no long-term stable weather in the White Sea for almost the entire year, and the seasonal change in the prevailing winds is monsoonal in nature.

Water temperature and salinity

The structure of the White Sea waters is formed mainly under the influence of desalination by continental runoff and water exchange with the Barents Sea, as well as tidal mixing (especially in the Gorla and Mezen Bay) and winter vertical circulation. The Barents Sea waters stand out here (in pure form presented only in the Funnel), desalinated waters of the tops of the bays, waters of the upper layers of the Basin, deep waters of the Basin, waters of the Throat.

In shallow (up to depths of 50 m) parts of the sea, the existence of two water masses has been established. In the deep areas of the Basin and the Kandalaksha Bay, surface water masses are traced, which are significantly warmed up and desalinated in summer; intermediate (with temperature -0.7-1° and salinity 28.5-29‰); deep (highly saline, with a temperature close to freezing). The marked structure of the waters is characteristic hydrological feature White Sea.

The distribution of water temperature at the surface and in depth is characterized by great diversity and significant seasonal variability.

In winter, the water temperature on the surface is equal to the freezing temperature, i.e. -0.5-0.7 ° in the bays, -1.3 ° - in the Basin and reaches -1.9 ° in the Gorla and the northern part of the sea. These differences are related to salinity.

In the Kandalaksha Reserve

In the spring, after the sea is freed from ice, the surface of the water quickly heats up. In summer, the surface of relatively shallow bays is best heated. The water temperature on the surface of the Kandalaksha Bay in August is on average 14-15°, in the Basin 12-13°. The most low temperature on the surface it is observed in Voronka and Gorla, where, as a result of strong mixing, the temperature drops to 7-8 °.

In autumn, the sea cools rapidly, and spatial differences in temperature smooth out.

In winter, the temperature, close to the surface, remains up to 30-45 m, then it rises slightly to a horizon of 75-100 m. The presence of a warm intermediate layer - characteristic White Sea. Below its temperature decreases, and from the horizons of 130-140 m to the bottom it becomes equal to -1.4°. In spring, the sea surface warms up to a horizon of 20 m. From here, the temperature drops sharply (to negative values) to a horizon of 50-60 m.

Water temperature on the surface of the White Sea in summer

In summer, the thickness of the heated layer increases to 30-40 m, the temperature differs little from the surface. From these horizons, the temperature decreases at first abruptly, and then more smoothly, and at the horizon of 130-140 m it reaches -1.4°.

In autumn, cooling extends to horizons of 15-20 m, and the temperature in this layer levels off. From here to the horizons of 90-100 m, the water temperature is slightly higher than in the surface layer, since in the subsurface (20-100 m) horizons, the heat accumulated over the summer is still preserved.

The rivers flowing into the White Sea annually bring an average of about 215 km 3 of fresh water. More than 3/4 of the total flow falls on the rivers flowing into the Onega, Dvina and Mezen bays. In high-water years, the Northern Dvina contributes about 170 km 3, Mezen - 38, Onega - 27 km 3 of water per year. flowing into west coast Kem gives 12 km 3 and Vyg - 11 km 3 of water per year. Other rivers provide only 9% of the flow.

Large rivers release 60-70% of their water in spring. In connection with the natural regulation by lakes of many small coastal rivers, the distribution of their runoff during the year occurs more or less evenly. The runoff maximum is observed in spring and amounts to 40% of the annual runoff. For the sea as a whole, the maximum flow occurs in May, the minimum - in February - March.

Fresh water entering the White Sea raises the water level in it, and excess water flows through the Throat and Funnel into the Barents Sea. Due to the difference in densities of the waters of the White and Barents Seas, there is also a current from the Barents Sea. There is an exchange of water between these seas, but only in the upper layers (up to 40-50 m), since the White Sea basin is separated from the Barents Sea by an underwater threshold (with a maximum depth of 40 m) located at the outlet of the Gorlo. Approximately 2200 km 3 of water per year flows out of the White Sea, and about 2000 km 3 flows in.

Consequently, more than 2/3 of the entire mass of deep (below 50 m) White Sea water is renewed in a year. At the exit from the Dvina Bay, the cold deep layers are much closer to the surface than in other areas of the Basin. The temperature of 0 ° is observed here only 12-15 m from the surface. K. M. Deryugin (1928) called this region the “pole of cold”. Its formation is explained by the cyclonic circulation of surface waters, in the center of which the deep water rises. The “pole of cold” is very pronounced in summer. In the autumn winter time with the development of vertical circulation, it is less noticeable. When leaving the Kandalaksha Bay, the picture is reversed: warm waters sink deep down. Zero temperature is observed at the 65 m horizon, while in other places on this horizon the temperature is usually negative. K.M. Deryugin called this area "the pole of heat". Its existence is associated with the influence of the influx of homogeneous and warmer compared to the surrounding deep waters from the Gorlo. This is confirmed by an increase in the thickness of the surface warm waters in the area of ​​the "pole of heat" in autumn, when the inflow of deep waters from the Throat becomes more intense.

There is a fundamentally different distribution of water temperature in the throat, where external thermal influences are perceived by the entire mass of water as a whole due to good mixing.

The salinity of the White Sea is somewhat lower than the average salinity of the ocean. Its values ​​are unevenly distributed on the sea surface, which is associated with the distribution of river runoff, the inflow of water from the Barents Sea, and the transfer of water sea ​​currents. Salinity increases from the tops of the bays to the central part of the Basin and with depth, although local features are observed in each season.

In winter, salinity on the surface is increased. In the Throat and Funnel it is 29-30‰, and in the Basin it is 27.5-28‰. The mouth areas of the rivers are the most desalinated. In the Basin, the values ​​of surface salinity are preserved up to horizons of 30-40 m, from where they increase sharply at first, and then gradually increase towards the bottom.

spring surface water significantly desalinated (up to 23‰, and in the Dvina Bay - up to 10‰) in the east and much less (up to - 27‰) in the west. Reduced salinity is observed in the layer of 5-10 m, below it sharply increases to the horizons of 20-30 m, and then gradually rises to the bottom.

Salinity on the surface of the White Sea in summer

In summer, salinity on the surface is lower. In the Basin, desalination spreads to horizons of 10-20 m, from here the salinity first sharply and then gradually increases to the bottom. In the bays, only the upper 5-meter layer is desalinated, which is associated with compensatory flows that compensate for the loss of water carried by runoff surface currents. Due to the different thickness of the layer of low salinity in the bays and in the Basin, the maximum desalination of the entire mass of water to the bottom is associated with the latter. This means that in the central part of the Basin fresh water distributed over the entire thickness of the waters, which is a kind of hydrological feature of the White Sea.

In autumn, salinity on the surface increases, which is associated with a decrease in river flow and the beginning of ice formation. In the Basin, up to horizons of 30-40 m, it is approximately the same, and then salinity increases to the bottom. In Gorlo, Onega and Mezen bays, as a result of tidal mixing, the vertical distribution of salinity is more uniform throughout the year.

The density of the White Sea water primarily determines salinity. In autumn and winter, the highest density is observed in Voronka, Gorla and in the central part of the Basin. In summer, the density is reduced. The density value rather sharply increases with depth following the vertical distribution of salinity. This creates a stable stratification of the waters, which hinders wind mixing. Its depth during strong autumn-winter storms is approximately 15-20 m, and in the spring-summer season mixing is limited to 10-12 m horizons.

Despite the strong cooling in autumn and winter and intense ice formation, convection in most of the sea extends only to horizons of 50-60 m. It penetrates somewhat deeper (80-100 m) near the Throat, which is facilitated by intense turbulence caused by strong tidal currents. The limited depth of distribution of autumn-winter convection is a characteristic hydrological feature of the White Sea. However, its deep and bottom waters are not stagnant. The deep waters of the Basin are formed in winter as a result of mixing with waters coming from the Throat of the White Sea. During ice formation, the salinity and density of mixed waters increase, and they flow down the slopes of the bottom from the Gorlo to the bottom horizons of the Basin.

Bottom relief

The deepest areas of the sea are the Basin and the Kandalaksha Bay, where the maximum depth of the sea is located. The depths gradually decrease from the Basin (about 200 m deep) to the top of the Dvina Bay. The bottom of the shallow Onega Bay is slightly elevated above the Basin. The bottom of the throat of the sea is an underwater gutter depth about 50 m, stretched along the strait somewhat closer to the Tersky coast.

The northern part of the sea is the most shallow. The bottom here is very uneven (especially near the Kaninsky coast), the depths do not exceed 50 m.

The area of ​​the Mezen Bay is dotted with many very mobile sand banks (2-5 m), grouped into several ridges, known as the Northern Cats. Due to the shallowness of the northern part and the Gorlo, the water exchange between the White Sea and the Barents Sea is difficult, which affects its hydrological conditions.

Bottom relief and currents of the White Sea

currents

The horizontal circulation of the White Sea waters is formed under the influence of wind, river runoff, tides and compensatory flows. The resulting movement of the waters of the White Sea occurs counterclockwise, which is typical of the seas of the northern hemisphere.

Since the river runoff is concentrated mainly in the tops of the bays, a waste current arises here, directed to the open part of the Basin. Under the influence of the Coriolis force, the moving waters are pressed against the right bank and leave the Dvina Bay along winter coast into the throat. At the Kola coast, a current passes from the Gorlo to the Kandalaksha Bay, then along the Karelsky coast to the Onega Bay and flows out of it near its right bank. Before leaving the bays, weak cyclonic circulations are created in the Basin between waters moving in opposite directions. These cycles cause anticyclonic movement of waters between them. Around the Solovetsky Islands, the movement of waters is traced clockwise. The velocities of surface currents are low and usually equal to 10-15 cm/s, in narrow places and near capes they reach 30-40 cm/s. Much high speeds some areas have tidal currents. In Gorla and Mezensky Bay they reach 250 cm/s, in Kandalaksha - 30-35 and Onega Bay - 80-100 cm/s. In the pool speed tidal currents less than in the bays.

In the White Sea, a tidal wave from the Barents Sea propagates along the axis of the Funnel to the top of the Mezen Bay. Passing across the entrance to the Throat, it causes a wave that enters through the Throat into the Pool and is reflected. When the incoming and reflected waves are added, a standing wave is formed, which forms the tides in the Throat and the White Sea Basin. They have a regular semidiurnal character. Largest value the tide (about 7 m) is observed in the Mezensky Bay, near the Kaninsky coast, near the Funnel and near about. Sosnowiec. In the Kandalaksha Bay, the tide height exceeds 3 m, and in central regions Basin, Dvina and Onega bays, it is even smaller.

The tidal wave travels long distances up rivers. In the Northern Dvina, for example, the tide is noticeable 120 km from the mouth.

In the mouth of the Mezen, wide open to the sea, the tide delays the river current and forms high wave, which, like a water wall, moves up the river. This phenomenon, known in other parts of the world as "mascara, boron", is called coasting here.

The strongest waves (4-5 points and more) are observed in October - November in the northern part and in the throat of the sea. However, the small size of the reservoir does not allow the development of large waves. In the White Sea, waves up to 1 m high prevail. Occasionally they reach a height of 3 m, but as an exception, there are 5 m. The sea is calmest in the second half of summer, when waves of 1-3 points prevail.

The level of the White Sea experiences non-periodic surge changes. The greatest surges are observed in the autumn-winter season with northwestern and northeastern winds. The level rise can reach 75-90 cm. The strongest surges are observed in winter and spring with southwestern winds. The level at this time drops to 50-75 cm. As for the seasonal course of the level, it is the lowest in winter, rises slightly from spring to summer and grows relatively quickly from summer to autumn. In October it reaches its highest position. In estuarine areas major rivers seasonal level fluctuations are determined mainly by the distribution of river runoff during the year.

ice coverage

Every winter the White Sea is covered with ice, and in spring it completely disappears, so the sea belongs to the seas with seasonal ice cover. The earliest (approximately at the end of October) ice appears at the mouth of the Mezen, and the latest (in January) - at the Tersky coast of the Funnel and Gorl. The White Sea ice is 90% floating ice. A very significant feature of the ice regime of the White Sea is the constant removal of ice into the Barents Sea. Associated with it are polynyas that are constantly formed in the middle of winter, which are quickly covered with young ice.

Ice formation in the sea prevails over melting, which affects the thermal state of the sea. As a rule, floating ice is 35-40 cm thick, but in harsh winters can reach 135 and even 150 cm. Fast ice in the White Sea occupies a very small area. Its width does not exceed 1 km. The earliest (at the end of March) the ice disappears in the Funnel. By the end of May, sometimes by the middle of June, the whole sea is usually free of ice.

Economic importance

The underwater world of the White Sea

More than 50 species of fish live in the White Sea. The most common are navaga, herring, polar cod, smelt, White Sea cod, and some types of flounder. The most valuable are salmon and trout. In the sea, mainly saffron cod and polar cod are caught, and herring and White Sea cod are caught in smaller quantities.

I love to travel to unusual and interesting places. I went to the White Sea several times. And each time she actively spent time and made new discoveries for herself. I will also tell you why the White Sea is so attractive, where it is located and how to get to it.

Where is the White Sea

The White Sea is one of the seas of the Arctic Ocean and the only one of its seas that is located south of the Arctic Circle. The White Sea is in the north European Russia. Often this sea is called "Gadwig", and because of the curved coastline "Bay of Serpents". The outline of this sea is unique, and this is not found in other seas. His narrow southern part called the Throat, and the northern one - the Funnel. The White Sea belongs to inland waters only Russia.

As you know, The White Sea is in the north, and sunbathing, swimming, or just lying on the beach will not succeed here. But this sea has a lot ofentertainment that will take your breath away and never let you get bored. This:

In winter, a huge number of seals swim in the White Sea. In the second half of winter, they come out on the ice with their cubs and make huge rookeries. They are not afraid of people, so you can get very close to them.

It is more convenient to get to the White Sea through the city of Petrozavodsk. From it there are many buses towards the White Sea. By car, it is also better to go to Petrozavodsk, from there to Belomorsk, and you are on the White Sea.

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Two years ago, my friends and I traveled along the White Sea. I will not hide, it was difficult to decide on this vacation. But I do not regret that my friends persuaded me. Since then, this place has not let me go, and I dream of seeing the White Sea again.

Where is the White Sea

The White Sea is on the North of Russia, in his European part. This small sea, which is located on the border of the Murmansk and Arkhangelsk regions.

White Sea flows into the Barents And belongs to the Arctic Ocean. It ranks second among the smallest seas in Russia, its area is only 90 thousand km².

The White Sea also cannot boast of depth, the bottom relief here is very gentle, small depression (up to 340 m) is only in the central part.

On the coast of the White Sea several port cities, the largest of which are:

• Arkhangelsk;
• Severodvinsk;
• Belomorsk;
• Kem;
• Onega;
• Mezen;
• Kandalaksha.

There is a legend that the White Sea was named so because in winter it freezes. When frosts come, its shores turn white, and in the center drifting floating ice .

So this small and shallow northern sea why go there? What can be seen there? The answer is simple: nature and people.

Sights of the White Sea

There are several places in this region that I recommend to you visit:

Solovetsky Islands - is one of the most major museum reserves Russia;

Small Korely- museum under open sky in which in one day you can get acquainted with culture of the Russian north;

• Key Island- can be seen here unusual natural phenomenon.

On the last item from my list, I want to dwell in more detail, because this place is not so popular among tourists, and about it harder to find information.

There is another smaller island near Kiy-island. We saw him when we walked around main island. They were separated by a long distance and it was possible to get there only by swimming. It was at high tide.

I have already said that the White Sea is quite shallow, the water at low tide goes very far. so far away that when the water is gone, we were able to go to the neighboring island right on the seabed without getting your feet wet.

It was very unusual, I took a pebble from the seabed as a souvenir. On small island we found a deserted rocky beach that had also recently been part of the seabed. It looked like scenes from a movie.

Traveling along the White Sea is suitable for those who love leisure. Yes, I will definitely come here again.

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I have been to the Black Sea dozens of times, so one day I decided that it was time to visit the White Sea as well. No sooner said than done. On one of the next autumn holidays, I collected travel bag, took the camera and hit the road. Below is a summary of what I saw there.

What does the White Sea look like?

Although I understood that just as the Black Sea does not have black water, the White Sea is also not snow-white. And so I wanted to see milk-colored water ... Of course, the water in the sea is the most ordinary - somewhere dark blue, and somewhere dirty yellow.

However, the "White" sea is called for a reason. If you look at the sea during severe frosts when the water freezes and the banks are covered with frost, you can see that it really is completely white.

Where to find the White Sea

The White Sea is the property of Russia, which is located in the northwestern part of the country.

The White Sea has access to the Barents Sea through the strait under strange name Throat. And through the White Sea-Baltic Canal you can get to Onega lake.

When viewed from a satellite, you can see that the White Sea is a small drop of the Arctic Ocean...

The following objects surround the White Sea:

• city ​​of Arkhangelsk Arhangelsk region);
• the city of Belomorsk (Republic of Karelia);
• Kola Peninsula(Murmansk region).

White Sea for tourists

The White Sea is beautiful, but cold. You won't find girls in bathing suits here during the day with fire. And in general, there are almost no tourists here.

But, it has a lot of advantages that are not yet known to everyone, so tourism is just starting to gain momentum.

The White Sea is almost the smallest sea (only the Azov Sea is smaller) and the water in it, despite the active movement of ships, is very clean.

For guests of the White Sea, the following entertainment is provided:

• walks on the water in boats and boats (and with music!);
• hiking around the islands to get acquainted with the local nature;

• fishing master classes (there are a lot of fish in the White Sea);
• seaside excursions.

Movie fans will also be able to visit the village of Rabocheostrovsk, where many scenes for the film "The Island" were filmed.

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I recently traveled in the northwestern regions of Russia. The White Sea and its environs opened up picturesque places for me, which I want to visit again in order to feel all the poetry again and see all the beauty of this region.

Where is the White Sea

It is quite easy to find the White Sea on the map. Its coordinates are 65° north latitude and 36° east longitude. To see the White Sea - just drive to Arkhangelsk or Belomorsk, these cities can be reached by train or plane.

It is advisable to travel around these areas in an SUV, it is hardly possible to enjoy staying in these places, being in noisy port cities or in their suburbs.

Fauna and flora of the White Sea

In total, there are 68 species of fish in the White Sea. In addition, sharks live in its waters: katrans, giant, herring, polar. The most dangerous for humans is herring. Among the fish inhabiting the White Sea, you can see the following species:

• cod;
• polar cod;
• herring;
• catfish;
• flounder;
• perch.

Among other things, it is worth noting that the shores of this sea are full of birds. In the warm season, the so-called bird colonies are formed. Great cormorants, guillemots, arctic terns, kittiwakes, sea gulls, etc. arrive for nesting.

In addition, corals are also found in the White Sea. Even in this sea, there are up to two hundred species of algae.

Not to mention also mammals. In the waters of this sea there are ringed seals, lactakhs, beluga whales. By the way, lactakhs are the largest seal in Russia.

There are up to two hundred species of algae in the White Sea.

A lot of interesting things can be said about the White Sea.

• This is the only sea among all inland seas which should not be shared with other states.
• Between the Barents Sea and the White Sea there is a strait called the Throat.
• Deposits of manganese and iron have been found at the bottom of the sea.
• Records of this sea existed as early as the 11th century.

White Sea - really picturesque region. There pulls to go again and again, in order to enjoy clean air and beautiful scenery.

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Instruction

The White Sea is relatively warm, but due to its remoteness from the ocean, the diversity of its flora and fauna is noticeably inferior to its neighbor from the north - the Barents Sea, with which it is connected by the Gorlo Strait. The White Sea water area is formed by several bays and bays that have their own names.

A large number of rivers flowing into the White Sea (such as the Onega, Kem, Northern Dvina, Mezen, Ponoi, etc.) contribute to the desalination of the upper water layer, compared to the deep water layer. But due to the fact that in the central part of the sea there is a deep basin (over 300 m), surrounded by shallow depths from the side of the Barents Sea (up to 80 m), deep waters are not affected by water exchange, which occurs between neighboring seas twice a day, and retain their salinity. Due to this, huge stocks of benthic inhabitants and zooplankton are stored in the lower layers.

About 68 species of fish are found in the White Sea, of which 56 are marine, the rest are anadromous or semi-anadromous. They live mainly at a depth of up to 20-30 m, where there is a lot of food. When the temperature of the upper layers reaches +150C, many heat-loving Atlantic fish enter the White Sea waters, bypassing the Norwegian and Barents Seas, for fattening and spawning: salmon, northern navaga, haddock, and cod. Mackerel, sea flounder, Atlantic flounder, common catfish (analogue of the White Sea striped catfish), and trout also migrate with them. The habitues of shallow water are: lumpfish, gerbil, butterfish and eelpout, gobies, scorpionfish, beaks, sculpins, capelin, sea , whitefish and smelt.

Pacific herring is one of the first commercial fish. Polar cod and saffron cod enter the White Sea in winter to lay eggs, which are carried by the current to the Barents Sea. Smelt is a semi-anadromous fish that also spawns in rivers. Whitefish - a valuable commercial fish - is found everywhere near the sea coast and at the mouth of rivers. Catfish, cod and haddock are bottom marine fish that avoid desalination.

Arctic cod, saithe and navaga - representatives of cod - also in sea ​​waters. There are two types of flounder: one - comes from the Barents Sea for fattening (sea flounder, flounder-ruff), the other - lives in the White Sea permanently (polar flounder, river and ruff).

The permanent inhabitants of the White Sea include the ubiquitous Katran and the polar, secretive inhabitant of the depths. Both are not dangerous to humans. A rare, but aggressive guest may be a herring shark swimming from the Barents Sea.

lovers active rest fishing is often done in nature. The abundance of rivers in Russia makes this type of recreation popular among the townspeople. But not all novice fishermen know which rivers, what conditions she prefers and what her habits are. Special guides and catalogs compiled by scientists can be very useful in studying the inhabitants of the river expanses.

Currently, more than a hundred species of river fish living in Russia are known. Not all existing species included in the relevant catalogs, work in this direction is still being carried out by scientists from the Russian Academy of Sciences, who are still finding new species of river fish and compiling their descriptions. The difficulty here lies in the fact that some species of fish interbreed with each other, which leads to the formation of hybrids. Such crossing mechanisms are widely used in industrial fish breeding.

The most famous inhabitant of the rivers, of course, is the pike. This one usually lives in coastal zone, replete with water thickets. Pike love places with a weak current. This fish is very sensitive to the oxygen content in the water, therefore it is not uncommon in closed small reservoirs in winter. The color of the pike can be very diverse and depends on the characteristics of the habitat and river vegetation. Being a predator, the pike feeds mainly on small ones.

Common river perch is no less popular with wildlife lovers and avid fishermen. It also belongs to predators, so other river fish make up the bulk of the perch's diet. As a potential prey for more big pike, river perch tries to stick to water bodies with a slight current. In some regions, perch is not only an object of interest for lovers fishing on the bait, it also has a commercial value.

Common in the rivers and roach, which has several subspecies in Russia. This fish prefers to stay in flocks, taking advantage of the protection of aquatic vegetation, snags and trees hanging down to the water. Roach also does not like very fast currents. Fish of small and medium sizes are not as shy as large specimens. Sometimes you can observe hybrid forms obtained by crossing common roach with rudd.

Often in the rivers you can meet not only river fish, but also the so-called anadromous species. Such fish spend a significant part of the time in the seas, rising to the mouths of the rivers only for the spawning period. Anadromous species include, for example, some species of the family: trout, salmon, pink salmon.

River fish is a very valuable dietary product that is digested much better than meat. She, in addition, is not so allergenic when compared with sea fish. In many regions of Russia various kinds river fish is an important component of the economy. Some of these fish can be successfully kept in aquariums.

Summer is the season for vacations and beach holidays. It is at this time of the year that most people go on a trip to seaside resorts. For some, a seaside vacation is a beautiful tan, for others it is warm and healthy salty water, while for the rest, clean sand and a favorable climate are important.

Red sea

The local air is very dry, its humidity is no more than 30%, it is saturated with oxygen and has a beneficial effect on the nervous system. Almost the whole year the north-west wind blows here, so the heat of 40 ° C is tolerated quite easily. But excessive dryness of the air can sometimes lead to overdrying of the mucous membranes.

This is the warmest, most transparent and salty sea in the whole world, not a single river flows into it. One liter of Red Sea water contains about 41 g of salt. This factor has a wound healing effect, and also helps to cure the symptoms of many skin diseases. There are quite a few in the Red Sea a large number of poisonous and life-threatening creatures. Therefore, it is not recommended to swim over special barriers.

It's easy to get burned on the beach. The radiation of the sun is very active, and the wind creates a phantom feeling of coolness. On open sun It is not recommended to be in the period from 11 am to 4 pm. The Red Sea is the best place for relaxation for lovers of warm and clear water and diving enthusiasts.

Mediterranean Sea

In summer, the local air heats up to 40°C in the south and up to 25°C in the north. On islands such as Corsica, Sardinia, Crete and Sicily, the wind saves from the heat. The climate would be quite similar to the Red Sea, but it can be very stuffy here due to high humidity, more than 50%. In July-August, it is optimal to relax in southern France, northeastern Italy or northern Croatia. In September, you can go anywhere, there is no heat, and the sea is still warm.

caribbean sea

Coastline caribbean in places it is strongly indented, sometimes there are mountainous cliffs. The shallow water areas are mostly coral deposits, so swimming with bare feet can cut your feet. average temperature air fluctuates between 23-27оС. The climate here is warm, the beaches are beautiful, and the water is clear and clean. Also, diving enthusiasts will discover the amazing and rich world of the local marine fauna. But there are also quite dangerous creatures and fish that can harm a person. Holidays in the Caribbean are not cheap. It is perfect for fans of the exotic, thrill and night parties.

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Islands Caribbean

Sources:

• beach holiday on south seas in 2019