The Sea of Okhotsk coastline is indented with no bays. Sea of Okhotsk: resources, description, geographical location
In winter, the temperature of the surface waters of the sea usually does not fall below the freezing point (at salinity values of 31-33.5‰, this is -1.6- -1.8°C). In summer, the temperature of surface waters usually does not exceed 7-14°C. Its values in different areas seas in both summer and winter are defined as depth of place, as well as horizontal and vertical movements of water. In coastal shallow areas of the sea and in areas of warm currents, the water temperature is higher than in areas of strong tidal mixing, where relatively warm surface and cold subsurface waters mix, or along the coast of Sakhalin, where the cold East Sakhalin Current passes.
South part The sea is under the influence of warm currents, and the surface water temperature along the Kuril Islands is higher than along the continent. However, in February-March, the inflow of warm waters by the Soya current weakens (the La Perouse Strait becomes clogged with ice transferred from the north), and the temperature of the warm waters of the East Kamchatka current invading the sea drops to 1°-2°C. But even so, the temperature of the surface waters of the southeastern part of the sea is several degrees higher than the temperature of the waters of the rest of the sea by 1-2°C.
Spring warming (from April-May) of surface waters everywhere leads to an increase in temperature and the disappearance of ice. The areas of the shelf and the southern part of the sea are the most heated (up to 2 and 6°С, respectively).
The rearrangement of the temperature field to the summer state is most noticeable in June. The areas of strong tidal mixing (for example, the entrance to Shelikhov Bay) remain the least heated.
The highest values (about 14°C on average) of the temperature of the surface waters of the sea were recorded in August. The water temperature is higher in areas of warm currents (for example, off the coast of Hokkaido) and near the coast (except for the coast of Sakhalin Island, where upwelling is observed) and lower in areas of tidal mixing. Due to the influence of warm and cold currents, the water temperature in the western (cold) and eastern (relatively warm) parts of the sea usually differ by several degrees.
The cooling of the surface waters of the sea begins in September. In October, the most noticeable decrease in temperature to 4°C in the northwestern part of the sea is due to the rise of deep waters. However, in most of the sea the temperature is still quite high (5.5 to 7.5°C). In November, there is a sharp decrease in surface water temperature. North of 54°N the water temperature drops below 2°C.
The distribution of surface water temperature in December remains with slight changes until spring. The lowest water temperatures correspond to areas of polynyas, and high - districts inflow of warm waters (La Perouse Strait and south- East End sea) and rising waters (Kashevarov Bank).
The distribution of water temperature on the surface makes it possible to distinguish thermal fronts (Fig.).
Major thermal fronts Sea of Okhotsk
Fronts form during the absence of ice and are most developed at the end of summer.
The thermal fronts of the sea have a different origin: tidal mixing, at the boundaries of warm currents, river runoff (especially from the Amur Estuary) and zones of subsurface water rise. Fronts appear at the boundary of warm currents near west coast Kamchatka (warm current from Pacific Ocean) and along Hokkaido (warm current from the Sea of Japan). Fronts also form at the boundaries of strong tide zones (Shelikhov Bay and the area of the Shantar Islands). The East Sakhalin coastal front is caused by the rise of cold subsurface waters during the southern winds of the summer monsoon. The front in the central part of the sea corresponds to the average line of the distribution of packed ice in winter. Throughout the summer, there is a zone of cold (less than 3°C) water in the area of the Kashevarov Bank.
In the western part of the deep-sea basin, an anticyclonic eddy is observed throughout the year. The reason for its existence is the invading jets of warm water of the Soya Current and denser cold waters of the East Sakhalin Current. In winter, due to the weakening of the Soya current, the anticyclonic eddy weakens.
Water temperature distribution on the 50 m horizon
At the 50 m level, the water temperature is usually close (in winter) or lower (in summer) to the surface temperature. In winter, the horizontal distribution of water temperature in areas of ice formation due to intensive mixing of water up to a horizon of 50 m (and on the shelf to a depth of 100 m) is similar to the surface one. Only in May in most areas of the sea, except for zones of strong tidal mixing, surface layer warms up and, thus, a cold subsurface layer appears deeper than it. In July, at a horizon of 50 m, water with a temperature of less than 0°C is observed only in the northwestern part of the sea. In September, the water temperature continues to rise. But, if in the Shelikhov Bay it is about 3°C, near the Kuril Islands 4°C, then in most of the sea it is about 0°C.
The maximum values of water temperature at the horizon of 50 m are usually observed in October. But already in November, the area of water with a temperature of less than 1°C sharply increases.
The features of the water temperature field are:
Two tongues of relatively warm (over 0°C) waters along the Kamchatka peninsula and from the 4th Kuril Strait to Iona Island;
Warm water zone in the southwestern part of the sea. In winter, it narrows to a narrow strip along about. Hokkaido, and in summer it occupies most of the deep-water basin.
Distribution of water temperature on the horizon of 100 m
At the 100 m horizon, water of the cold subsurface layer is usually noted. Therefore, the lowest water temperatures are typical for the coastal regions of the northwestern part of the sea, and the highest for the zone along the Kuril Islands and for the strip from the 4th Kuril Strait to the Kashevarov Bank.
Intra-annual changes in water temperature are similar to those noted for the 50 m horizon.
Distribution of water temperature on the horizon of 200 m
A feature of this horizon is a sharp decrease in seasonal changes. But they (winter decrease and summer increase in water temperature) are always there. The cold subsurface layer on this and underlying horizons can be identified only in areas of intense tidal mixing (in particular, in the Kuril Straits and the adjoining part of the sea). The distribution of warm water, as well as at higher horizons, can be traced in two branches - along Kamchatka and from the 4th Kuril Strait to Iona Island.
Distribution of water temperature on the horizon of 500 m
On the horizon 500 m and deeper seasonal changes missing. On this horizon mean annual temperature higher than on the sea surface. Below this horizon, the water temperature continuously decreases.
Distribution of water temperature on the horizon of 1000 m
The maximum water temperature at a horizon of 1000 m is located near the Krusenstern Strait (2.44°C), through which, apparently, the greatest transfer of warm water to the Sea of Okhotsk occurs at this depth. The lowest water temperatures on this horizon (2.2°С) are observed not in the northern part of the sea, but in the southern part.
The water temperature fields at standard horizons are given below.
The Sea of Okhotsk is a semi-enclosed sea located in the northern hemisphere, part of the Pacific Ocean, washing the shores of Russia and Japan.
Previously, this sea was called "Kamchatskoye". The Japanese called this sea "Hokkai", which literally translates as "North Sea", but the traditional name eventually changed to the Sea of Okhotsk.
What rivers flow
The following flows into the Sea of Okhotsk big rivers:
- Kukhtui (a river, the length of which reaches 384 kilometers, it is located in the Khabarovsk Territory, as well as the Okhota River);
- Okhota (a small river in the Khabarovsk Territory, the length of which reaches almost 400 kilometers);
- Amur (the length of the river reaches almost 2900 km, which makes this waterway quite large and important in the territory Eastern Russia, and China for infrastructure).
Relief of the Sea of Okhotsk
The western part of the bottom is a gently sloping slab and it is located at a fairly shallow depth. In the very center there are large depressions. However, the maximum depth was recorded in the so-called Kuril Basin, which is located in the eastern part of the Sea of Okhotsk. The bottom can be sandy, rocky, silty-sandy.
The seashores are mostly high and rocky. In the southwest of Kamchatka, the shores have a low relief. There are volcanoes at the bottom of the Sea of Okhotsk, and there are also on the islands. 70 are considered extinct, 30 are active.
The southeastern part of the sea almost never freezes - even in winter, which cannot be said about the northern part of the sea, where ice is kept from October to June. north coast the sea is strongly indented, which is why many natural bays have been created here, the largest of which has the name Sherikhov Bay. There are also many bays in the west of the sea, the largest of which are the Shantar Sea and Sakhalin Bay.
Cities
On the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk small town called Okhotsk, which became the first Russian settlement built on the Pacific coast. One of the most big cities on the coast of the Sea of Okhotsk is considered Magadan with a population of more than 90 thousand inhabitants.
Kholmsk photo
The relatively small town of Kholmsk with a population of 28 thousand inhabitants is also located on the seashore. Well, the last big city» on the Sea of Okhotsk, one can name Korsakov with a population of 33 thousand people. The city is actively engaged in fishing and fish processing.
Flora and fauna of the Sea of Okhotsk
The number of fish species in the Sea of Okhotsk is large, it has always been in a fair amount, which is why the sea has become an important industrial facility. Herring, capelin, salmon, pollock and navaga are found in the largest numbers in the Sea of Okhotsk. Among the other valuable seafood, one can also distinguish the king crab - they reach really huge sizes and are a delicacy for humans.
Beluga whale in the Sea of Okhotsk photo
Sea urchins live here sea stars, shrimps and crabs, mussels, jellyfish, corals. King crab is one of the largest representatives of crustaceans in the Far Eastern waters.
As in many northern waters, several species of whales can be found in the Sea of Okhotsk, including rare fin whales, as well as the largest creatures on the planet that have ever existed - blue whales. White whales, seals and seals live in the waters of the sea.
depths of the Sea of Okhotsk photo
The world of birds is diverse and numerous. On the islands of the Sea of Okhotsk, gulls, cormorants, guillemots, guillemots, ipatka, petrels, geese, etc. nest in large colonies.
birds on the Sea of Okhotsk photo
Vegetation of the sea: brown and green algae, red algae, kelp, in some places there are abundant thickets of sea grass - zosters.
Characteristics of the Sea of Okhotsk
The area of the Sea of Okhotsk reaches 1,603,000 square kilometers, and its volume exceeds 1,300,000 cubic meters. The average depth of the sea is quite large - approximately 1,700 meters, and the most deep point seabed is located at a depth of 3,916 meters.
IN summer time sea surface temperature 18 degrees Celsius. And in winter time it is colder - 2 degrees Celsius, and sometimes it can drop to minus temperatures of -1.8 degrees. As for the climate, it is monsoonal, very severe due to northern winds, only in the south the air temperature is relatively high.
Sea of Okhotsk in winter photo
If we compare the Sea of Okhotsk with the neighboring seas: the Sea of Japan and the Bering Sea, then it will be the coldest of them. In winter, the Sea of Okhotsk is tormented by strong northern winds and thereby make the climate even more severe. The minimum air temperature comes along with January and reaches an average of -25 degrees. In summer, the temperature rarely exceeds +15 degrees.
Quite often, storms occur in the Sea of Okhotsk, which last more than one week. They come to the southern part of the sea from the Pacific Ocean. The waves are high and the storms are long. In very harsh winters ice is formed - floating and also motionless. Ice floes float along Sakhalin and the Amur region, often even in summer.
Sakhalin photo
Coastal waters are the least saline and generally do not reach even 30%. But in the rest of the sea, the advantage of the salt level sometimes reaches up to 34%. Surface waters are the least saline - no more than 32-33%, while already at a depth the salinity exceeds 34%.
There are also islands in the Sea of Okhotsk, but their number is extremely small. The biggest one is Sakhalin Island. Most of the islands are located in a seismically active zone.
The Sea of Okhotsk is one of the most large reservoirs on the entire planet. It is also one of the richest in terms of biological resources. The sea provides about 60% of the entire Russian Federation. Rare and endangered species live in its waters, and there are noisy "bird markets" on the banks.
The western border of the Sea of Okhotsk is drawn along the eastern coast of two islands: Sakhalin and Hokkaido. According to its physical and geographical characteristics, it is an inland sea. The Sea of Okhotsk also belongs to the seas of the so-called mixed continental-marginal type. Its area is 1603 thousand square meters. km. A average depth- 821 m. The maximum depth of the Sea of Okhotsk is 3916 m.
Straits of the Sea of Okhotsk
The Amur estuary, and also - these are the channels through which the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk connects with the Sea of \u200b\u200bJapan. Which ocean gives rise to the Sea of Japan? It, like the Okhotsk, belongs to the waters of the Pacific Ocean. With the help of a huge number of Kuril straits, the sea is also connected to the Pacific Ocean. The deepest are the straits of the Bussol and Krusenstern islands. According to the classification of geographer N. Zubov, the Sea of Okhotsk belongs to the category of basin seas. The depth of its straits is much less than the depth of the basin.
Islands of the Sea of Okhotsk
The part of which ocean the Sea of Okhotsk is, also determines its shape. This part of the Pacific Ocean is a large number of islands of various origins. But herself coastline considered to be relatively flat. The islands of the sea differ in their shape. There are also those that are located in the waters in compactly compressed groups. There are also singles. The map of the Sea of Okhotsk is dotted with many islands, including those that are in the zone of seismic activity (for example, these are the Kuriles). Scientists also distinguish the so-called islands of the transition zone. The first group includes those that are formed by a single lithospheric plate with the mainland.
And the second geographers include those that have the shape of elongated archipelagos. The first group includes small islands located near East Sakhalin. These are Seals and the Stone of Danger. Seal Island has a flat surface and steep banks. And the Danger Stone, in fact, is a group of bare stones located in the La Perouse Strait. Two hundred kilometers. from about. Sakhalin is located on Iona with rocky shores. Its height is about 150 m. And in the northwest is the Shantar archipelago, which includes about 15 islands, the territory of which is 2.5 km 2. IN Southern Kuriles included the islands of the so-called Great Kuril Ridge.
Salinity and temperature
The salinity of the waters is determined by the part of which ocean the Sea of Okhotsk is. The salinity of the sea is in many ways similar to the data of the Pacific Ocean. The surface waters of the Sea of Okhotsk have a salinity of 32.8-33.8 ppm. The intermediate layer has a salinity of 34.5 ppm. It is known that in the Pacific Ocean this figure is on average 30-35 ppm. The temperature at the surface of the water in the sea during the cold season ranges from -1.8°С to +2°С. In summer, the figures rise to + 18 ° С. But at a depth of about 50-150 meters, the water temperature remains constant year-round. It is about -1.7°C. More than warm waters with a temperature of about 2-3°C.
Sea ownership
Since March 2003, Russia has been recognized as the official right to the enclave of the sea. The Sea of Okhotsk, or rather, a significant part of its shelf with an area of \u200b\u200babout 52 thousand square meters. km. is now in the possession of the Russian Federation. This event was especially important for local fishermen. After all, before they could not do fishing anywhere in the sea. After the transfer of the Sea of Okhotsk to Russia, they will no longer have competitors from other countries who previously had to give away part of the fish they caught. In addition, other workers in the industrial industry since then have been able to cross the sea area along the most convenient route.
Biodiversity
"The Sea of Okhotsk - the basin of which ocean?" - this question is also often asked in connection with the description of its marine wealth. The fauna of the sea is rich in species that came to these waters from the Pacific territories. Crabs, shrimps, sea urchins and stars, seals, whales, fur seals live here. According to some estimates, it ranks first in the world in terms of the number of crabs. It is in the waters of the Sea of \u200b\u200bOkhotsk that the giant king crab lives, the leg span of which can reach 1.5 m.
About 200 species of fish are also found in the sea - these are herring, cod, navaga, pollock, capelin. Also in this area you can often meet sharks. Their species composition is similar Bering Sea: katran, polar and salmon sharks are found here.
Other riches
The Sea of Okhotsk is rich not only in fish stocks, crabs and various shellfish. Geologists say that about 40% of the territory of its shelf are sources of black gold - oil. There are also rich deposits of natural gas. Many experts tend to believe that the amount of oil deposits at the bottom of the sea exceeds three billion barrels. But the complete transfer of the sea to Russia also means some obligations for Russia. The state must protect against poachers who hunt illegally on the territory of the sea.
Bottom Features
The bottom of the sea is very diverse. There are depressions, and gutters, and many hills. The part of which ocean the Sea of Okhotsk is, also determines the nature of its shelf. According to its characteristics, it is related to the bottom of the Pacific Ocean. The Pacific Ocean is known to have the largest number of deep sea trenches on the planet. The Sea of Okhotsk is located in the transition zone between the Asian continent and the Pacific Ocean. The sea region is a huge lithospheric plate, which is located between the Eurasian, North American and Pacific plates. The Pacific Ocean on the world map is separated from the Sea of Okhotsk by the Kuril-Kamchatka deep-sea trench.
1. Sea of Okhotsk.
2. The sea enters the Pacific basin.
3. Located in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, separated from the ocean by the Kamchatka Peninsula, Kuril Islands and the island of Hokkaido.
4. Located between 43° and 62° parallel north latitude.
5. Position of the sea between 135° and 165° meridians east longitude.
6. The length of the sea in directions in degrees and kilometers:
The extent of the sea from south to north is 19° degrees, i.e. approximately 2100 km;
The length of the sea from east to west is 20° degrees, 1575 km.
The length in km was calculated based on the length between parallels and meridians on a map with a scale of 1:35,000,000.
7. Washes the shores of Russia and Japan: the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, about. Hokkaido, oh Sakhalin, Shantar Islands.
8. neighboring seas: the La Perouse Strait and the Tatar Strait (through the Amur Estuary) connect the Sea of Okhotsk with Sea of Japan.
Neighbor Ocean: The First Kuril Strait and a number of straits in the chain of the Kuril Islands, such as the Fourth Kuril Strait, the Krusenstern Strait, the Bussol Strait and the Friza Strait, connect the Sea of Okhotsk to the Pacific Ocean.
9. View of the sea: marginal sea.
10. In winter, the water temperature at the sea surface ranges from -1.8° to 2.0° C, in summer surface waters warm up to 10° C and above.
11. Max Depth sea: 3521 m (in the Kuril basin), in some sources there is a depth of 3916 m, but I did not find this figure on the map, so you can operate with it if it is in your textbook.
Fig. 12. Distribution of depths The shelf zone (0–200 m) occupies about 20% of the sea area, the continental slope (200–2000 m), on which separate underwater heights, depressions and islands are distinguished by a sharp change in depths, and the deep-sea basin occupies about 65%, and the deepest basin (more than 2500 m), located in the southern part of the sea - 8% of the sea area.
13. Distribution of water salinity: according to the map of the average annual salinity of the surface waters of the World Ocean, in the northern and eastern parts of the sea, the salinity of surface waters is up to 32 ppm, and in the central, western and southern parts of the sea, the salinity of surface waters is up to 33 ppm.
14. The Sea of Okhotsk is located in a temperate climate zone, while its eastern part (in the region of the Kuril Islands) is located in maritime area temperate climate, and the rest in the temperate monsoon region.
15. Features of the structure of the bottom:
The bottom is a wide range of different underwater elevations, depressions and trenches. The northern part of the sea is located on the continental shelf. In the western part of the sea there is a sandbank of Sakhalin, located near the island. In the east of the sea is the continental shelf of Kamchatka. As indicated in paragraph 12, most of the water expanses are located on the continental slope. South edge sea is the deepest zone, this part of the sea is a bed that is located along the Kuril Islands. The southwestern part of the sea is characterized deep depressions and slopes. In the central zone of the sea there are two elevations: the Academy of Sciences and the Institute of Oceanology, they divide the marine underwater space into 3 basins: the northeastern TINRO basin (small depth of about 850 m, flat terrain), which is located west of Kamchatka. The second basin is the Deryugin depression, located east of Sakhalin, the water depth here reaches 1700 m, the bottom is a plain, the edges of which are somewhat elevated. The third basin - the Kuril - is the deepest (about 3300 m) of these three.
16. Features of the organic world.
Vegetation and animal world on the one hand, they are distinguished by great diversity, and on the other hand, by an uneven distribution of this diversity. If in the southern, warmer part, the number of fish species is about 300, then in the northern, colder part, the number of species is more than two times less, only about 123 species. Nevertheless, in terms of stocks of commercial crab, the sea ranks first in the world. Salmon fish are of great value: chum salmon, pink salmon, coho salmon, chinook, sockeye salmon as a source of red caviar. There is also intensive fishing for herring, pollock, flounder, cod, navaga, capelin, etc. Whales, seals, sea lions, fur seals live in the sea. A huge amount of green, brown and red medicinal algae stands out from the flora.
Sea of Okhotsk (from the name of the river Okhota)
The Lamskoye Sea (from the Evenk lam - sea), the Kamchatka Sea, a semi-enclosed sea in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean, bounded by the eastern coast of the mainland Asia from Cape Lazarev to the mouth of the Penzhina River, the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, Hokkaido and Sakhalin. It washes the coasts of the USSR and Japan (Hokkaido Island). It connects with the Pacific Ocean through the Kuril Straits, with the Sea of Japan - through the Nevelskoy and La Perouse Straits. Length from north to south 2445 km, maximum width 1407 km. Area 1583 thousand sq. km 2, the average volume of water is 1365 thousand cubic meters. km 3, average depth 177 m, the largest - 3372 m(Kuril basin). The coastline is slightly indented, its length is 10460 km. The largest bays are: Shelikhov (with the Gizhiginskaya and Penzhinskaya bays), Sakhalin, Udskaya, Tauyskaya, Academies, etc. east coast O. Sakhalin - Aniva and Patience bays. Most of the northern, northwestern and northeastern shores are elevated and rocky. In the mouth sections of large rivers, as well as in western Kamchatka, in the northern part of Sakhalin and Hokkaido, the coasts are predominantly low. Almost all the islands: Shantarsky, Zavyalova, Spafaryeva, Yamsky and others - are located off the coast, and only the islands of Iona are in the open sea. They fall into O. m. major rivers: Cupid, Uda, Hunting, Gizhiga, Penzhina. Relief and bottom geology. O. m. is located in the zone of transition of the mainland to the bed of the ocean. The basin of the sea is divided into two parts: northern and southern. The first is submerged (up to 1000 m) continental shelf; within it are distinguished: the heights of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR and the Institute of Oceanology, occupying central part seas, the Deryugin depression (near Sakhalin) and Tinro (near Kamchatka). The southern part of the ocean is occupied by the deep-water Kuril Basin, which is separated from the ocean by the Kuril Islands. Coastal sediments are coarse-grained terrigenous, in the central part of the sea - diatomaceous oozes. The earth's crust under the sea is represented by continental and subcontinental types in the northern part and suboceanic type in the southern part. The formation of the O. m. basin in the northern part occurred during the Anthropogenic time, as a result of the subsidence of large blocks of the continental crust. The deep-water Kuril Basin is much more ancient; it was formed either as a result of the subsidence of the continental block, or as a result of the isolation of part of the ocean floor. Climate. O. m. lies in the zone of the monsoonal climate of temperate latitudes. Most cold dry winds blow from the mainland, chilling the northern half of the sea. From October to April, negative air temperatures and a stable ice cover are observed here. On S.-E. average monthly air temperatures in January - February from -14 to -20°C, in the north and west from -20 to -24°C, in the southern and eastern parts of the sea from -5 to -7°C; average monthly temperatures in July and August are respectively 10-12°C, 11-14°C, 11-18°C. The annual rainfall is from 300-500 mm in the S. up to 600-800 mm to the west, in the southern and southeastern parts of the sea - over 1000 mm. In the northern half of the sea, the cloudiness is less than in the southern half and increases from west to east. In the oceanic water balance, surface runoff, precipitation, and evaporation play an insignificant role; its main part is formed by the inflow and outflow of Pacific water and the inflow of water from the Sea of Japan through the La Perouse Strait. Pacific deep water enters through the straits of the Kuril Islands below 1000-1300 m. Its temperature (about 1.8-2.3 ° C) and salinity (about 34.4-34.7 ‰.) change little during the year. superficial Okhotsk water occupies a layer up to 300-500 deep m and except coastal zone observed throughout the sea. Its temperature in winter is from - 1.8 to 2 ° C, in summer from - 1.5 to 15 ° C, salinity is from 32.8 to 33.8 ‰. As a result of winter convection between the lower boundary of the surface water and the upper boundary of the deep Pacific water, an intermediate layer of water with a thickness of 150–900 m with a temperature throughout the year from - 1.7 to 2.2 ° C and salinity from 33.2 to 34.5 ‰. In the O. m. there is a pronounced, albeit with numerous local deviations, cyclonic system of currents with small (up to 2-10 cm/sec)
speeds away from the coast. In narrow places and straits, strong tidal currents(up to 3.5 m/s in the Kuril Straits and in the area of the Shantar Islands). In O. m., tides of a mixed type predominate, mostly irregular daily. Maximum tide (12.9 m) is observed in the Penzhina Bay, the minimum (0.8 m) - off the southeastern part of Sakhalin. In November Northern part the seas are covered with ice, while the middle and southern ones, being exposed to incoming cyclones, and occasionally typhoons, become the site of severe storms, often not abating for 7-10 day. The transparency of water O. m. away from the coast is 10-17 m, near the coast decreases to 6-8 m and less. Om is characterized by the phenomenon of the glow of water and ice. Vegetation and fauna. According to the species composition of organisms living in the O. m., it has an arctic character. The species of the temperate (boreal) zone, due to the thermal effect of oceanic waters, are predominantly inhabited by the southern and southeastern parts of the sea. The phytoplankton of the sea is dominated by diatoms, while the zooplankton is dominated by copepods and jellyfish, larvae of mollusks and worms. Numerous settlements of mussels, littorinae, and other molluscs, barnacles of balanus, sea urchins, from crustaceans there are a lot of amphinodes and crabs. On great depths A rich fauna of invertebrates (glass sponges, holothurians, deep-sea eight-ray corals, and decapod crustaceans) and fish has been found in the sea. The richest and most widespread group of plant organisms in the littoral zone are brown algae. Red algae are also widespread in O. m., and green algae are found in the northwestern part. Of the fish, the most valuable are salmon: chum salmon, pink salmon, coho salmon, chinook, sockeye salmon. Commercial accumulations of herring, pollock, flounder, cod, navaga, capelin, smelt are known. Mammals live - whales, seals, sea lions, fur seals. Kamchatka and blue, or flat-footed, crabs are of great economic importance (O. m. ranks first in the world in terms of stocks of commercial crab), and salmon fish. According to O. m. important sea routes connecting Vladivostok with the northern regions Far East and the Kuril Islands. Major ports on the coast of the mainland - Magadan (in Nagaev Bay), Okhotsk, on Sakhalin Island - Korsakov, on the Kuril Islands - Severo-Kurilsk. O. m. was discovered in the 2nd quarter of the 17th century. Russian explorers I. Yu. Moskvitin and V. D. Poyarkov. Work began in 1733 on the Second Kamchatka Expedition, whose members photographed almost all the coasts of the O. m. In 1805, I. F. Kruzenshtern surveyed the eastern coast of Sakhalin Island. During 1849-55, G. I. Nevelskoy undertook a survey of the southwestern shores of the O. m. and the mouth of the river. Amur proved that there is a strait between Sakhalin and the mainland. The first complete report on the hydrology of the sea was given by S. O. Makarov (1894). From the works of the early 20th century. The studies of V. K. Brazhnikov (1899–1902) and N. K. Soldatov (1907–13) are of great importance for understanding the fauna of O. m. From foreign expeditions of the late 19th - early 20th centuries. It should be noted the American expeditions of Ringald, Rogers and the US Fisheries Commission on the vessel "Albatross", the Japanese expedition of 1915-1917 under the leadership of H. Marukawa. After the October Revolution of 1917, complex research work under the direction of K. M. Deryugin a and P. Yu. Schmidt a. In 1932, a combined expedition of the State Hydrological Institute and the Pacific Institute of Fisheries worked in the Ocean Sea on the ship Gagara. After this expedition, systematic research in O. m. was conducted for a number of years by the Pacific Research Institute of Fisheries and Oceanography. Since 1947 oceanography has been studied by the Institute of Oceanology of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR on the ship Vityaz (1949–54), by ships of the State Oceanographic Institute, the Vladivostok Hydrometeorological Administration, and other institutions. Lit.: Makarov S. O., "Vityaz" and the Pacific Ocean, vol. 1-2, St. Petersburg, 1894; Leonov A.K., Regional oceanography, part 1, L., 1960. T. I. Supranovich, V. F. Kanaev. Sea of Okhotsk.
Big soviet encyclopedia. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. 1969-1978 .
See what the "Sea of Okhotsk" is in other dictionaries:
Sea of Okhotsk ... Wikipedia
Pacific Ocean, east. shores of the Asian part of Russia. The name appeared in the middle of the XVIII century. Given according to the Okhotsk prison (modern Okhotsk), which is named after the Okhota River (distorted Evensk. Okat river). In the XVII-XVIII centuries. also called Tunguska ... ... Geographic Encyclopedia
Sea of Okhotsk, a semi-enclosed sea of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Asia. Separated from the ocean by the Kamchatka peninsula, the ridge of the Kuril Islands and about. Hokkaido. The Nevelsky, Tatar and La Perouse straits communicate with the Sea of Japan, the Kuril Strait with the Pacific ... ... Russian history
Sea of Okhotsk- (Tunguzskoye or Lamutskoye), borders on the shores of Sakhalin, Primorsky Region. and Kamchatka and the Kurilsk chain. about vov; Tatarsky and Laperuzov. it is connected by straits with Japan. sea, and near the straits between Kurilsk. about you with Quiet. ok m. In… … Military Encyclopedia
Semi-enclosed sea of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Asia. Separated from the ocean by the Kamchatka peninsula, the ridge of the Kuril Islands and about. Hokkaido. Prol. Nevelsky, Tatarsky and Laperouse communicates with the Japanese m., Kuril straits. with Quiet ok. 1603 thousand km².… … Big Encyclopedic Dictionary
Semi-enclosed sea of the Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Asia. Separated from the ocean by the Kamchatka Peninsula, the ridge of the Kuril Islands and about. Hokkaido. The Nevelskoy, Tatar and La Perouse straits communicate with the Sea of Japan, the Kuril Straits with the Pacific Ocean ... encyclopedic Dictionary
Sea of Okhotsk- Coast of the Sea of Okhotsk. Sea of Okhotsk, Pacific Ocean, off the coast of Eurasia. Separated from the ocean by the Kamchatka Peninsula, the Kuril Islands, and the island of Hokkaido. Area 1603 thousand km 2. Depth up to 3521 m. Shantar Islands. Large bays Shelikhov ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary
A vast basin located in the NE of Asia, belonging to the Pacific Ocean. It lies between the parallels 44° and 62° 16 s. sh. and meridians 135° 15th and 163° 15th century. e. The sea is most stretched along the meridian; so from the Penzhina Bay to the south. borders... ... Encyclopedic Dictionary F.A. Brockhaus and I.A. Efron
SEA OF OKHOTSK- the marginal sea of the Pacific Ocean, separated from it by the Kamchatka Peninsula, the chain of the Kuril Islands and the island of Hokkaido. Connects with the Japanese m. narrow and shallow straits. Nevelskoy and La Perouse, with the Pacific ca. pr. Kuril ridge. Avg. depth 821 m, max … Marine encyclopedic reference book
