Stone balls. Stone balls from different countries (petrospheres)

Stone balls of Costa Rica

Another megalithic riddle, which, among similar ones, again turned out to be completely unsolvable for modern adherents of academic science, was the riddle stone balls Costa Rica. And in front of me - how many of them have already been: the ancient aircraft, and the pyramids of Egypt, and Stonehenge, and Karnak, and Mitla, and the labyrinths of the North - you can’t list everything, again and again the eternal question arises - can I cope with this task , will I solve this ancient crossword puzzle? And as it happened with others: at first - as if everything is in darkness, and then more and more appear, and more at first small, and then - larger details of clarity ... And there, you see, - that's the result!

But, everything is in order.

At the end of the 30s of the last century, a report appeared in one of the local newspapers about an unexpected find in the jungles of Costa Rica, this small Central American republic. It turns out that while cutting through the clearing, the workers of the fruit company stumbled upon a scattering of stone balls that had come from nowhere. Among them were the huge ones, reaching 3 m in diameter and almost 16 tons in weight, and there were also very small ones, having a diameter of no more than 10 cm. It was not without a curiosity: the workers who discovered these objects remembered the local legend about the spheres covering the golden cores, and tried to split them with dynamite, hoping to find, like Balaganov and Panikovsky, the gold hidden inside. But, for some reason, their expectations were not justified, nothing foreign was found in the core, everything was just a solid stone.

The original location of the discovery of stone balls

Initially stone balls were found in the delta of the Terraba River near the cities of Palmar Sur and Palmar Norte. Subsequently, it turned out that they are scattered throughout Costa Rica from the north (Estrella Valley) to the south (Coto Colorado River).

Several balls were found in the Diquis River Delta, others were found in the Jalisco region near the city of Aulaluco de Mercazo in Mexico, near the city of Los Alamos and in the state of New Mexico (USA). It should be noted that all these areas are characterized by rather active volcanic activity ...

In 1967, an engineer who worked in the silver mines of Western Mexico and was fond of history and archeology, told scientists from the United States that he had found the same balls in the mines as in Costa Rica, but significantly large sizes. According to him, they were made by the Aztecs. This sensational statement had the effect of an exploding bomb. Then in Guatemala, on the Aqua Blanca plateau, located at an altitude of 2000 m above sea level, near the village of Guadalajara, an archaeological expedition discovered hundreds of balls that were an exact copy of the Costa Rican ones.

Stone sphere in the courtyard National Museum Costa Rica

Scientists managed to find similar stone balls in completely different places on our planet - in the Kashkadarya region of Kazakhstan, Egypt (Kharga oasis), Romania (Costeshti), Germany (Eifel), Brazil (Korupa deposit), Chile, New Zealand and even on Franz Josef Land (Fr. Champ). And in 2008-2009 they began to be found on the territory of Russia - in Siberia, Krasnodar Territory and Volgograd region.

As you can see, there are many stone spheres on Earth. But still, the balls of Costa Rica are considered the most unique of such products. Their quality is admirable: some have such an absolutely regular shape and smooth surface that the question involuntarily arises: how were they made? And what is their purpose?

The National Museum of Costa Rica has a catalog that includes about 130 spherical stones that have survived to this day. But there are many more balls not included in the lists. In general, more than 300 stone spheres have been found in Costa Rica. Undoubtedly, many are yet to be found: they are hidden underground and in the dense jungle.

The calculation of these ancient monuments caused a number of difficulties: many of them were removed from their former place and are now one by one in gardens and temples. Other similar stone artifacts adorn official buildings in Costa Rica, such as the Legislative Assembly, or hospitals and schools. They can be found in museums, as well as in the estates of rich residents of the republic. Two balls are also on display in the USA: one of them is in the Museum of the National Geographical Society in Washington, the other - in the courtyard of the Museum of Archeology and Ethnography at Harvard University.

Location geometry

The very first studies showed that the balls were located, as a rule, in groups of three to forty-five pieces. Many of the balls, some of them in groups, were found at the top of the mounds. But the most amazing thing happened next. Costa Rican scientists, interested in stone balls, decided to look at the find site from above, from the air. The helicopter rose above the jungle - and under it suddenly, as if a page from a geometry textbook floated, stretching for tens of kilometers. Strings of balls folded into giant triangles, squares, parallelograms, circles... Lined up in straight lines, some precisely oriented along the north-south axis...

These geometric constructions were then used to put forward some functional hypotheses.

Hypothesis 1. Balls in groups are arranged like models of some constellations. It is possible that these bizarre stone mosaics from balls were intended for astronomical observations related to calendar calculations and determining the timing of agricultural work. In this case, it is quite appropriate to assume that somewhere nearby there was a highly developed civilization - the forerunner of all the ancient civilizations of Central America.

Hypothesis 2. As already mentioned, one group of four balls was aligned along a line oriented to magnetic north. This has led some scholars to speculate that they may have been placed by people familiar with the use of magnetic compasses or astronomical orientation.

In general, there have been plenty of versions of the functional purpose of stone balls. I am not going to comment on them, simply, in addition to the indicated 2 hypotheses, I will list others:

spaced balls are like constellations, they are symbols heavenly bodies, a reflection of the entire solar system;

balls served to mark the boundaries between the lands of different tribes;

these are navigational instruments of a highly developed ancient civilization - Atlantis;

stone spheres are symbols of social position;

or maybe these are the balls of the gods when they played their game?

guests from other space worlds chose this place of accumulation of balls as their permanent cosmodrome, and the huge spheres are located in the form of restrictive lines because they performed a function similar to the current runways airfields;

some archaeologists believed that under the balls there may be original capsules with messages from our alien brothers in mind, left by them when they finally decided to leave our planet;

most likely, over the more than a thousand-year history of the existence of the spheres, they performed many functions that changed over time;

interesting is the version that the labor-intensive production of balls in itself could be an important ritual process. Moreover, it played the same role (and perhaps even more significant) as, in fact, its result;

the ancient inhabitants of Costa Rica were surprisingly warlike, possessing powerful technical military means. For example, they could have thrown weapons of exceptional power. Stone balls are just "projectiles" scattered on the battlefield. Maybe it was not even a battle, but military exercises (maneuvers) took place here, a huge field is a kind of range for throwing weapons.

Difficulties. By now, almost all groups have already been destroyed, so measurements taken about fifty years ago cannot be verified for accuracy. Virtually all known balls have been moved from their original location in the course of agricultural work, destroying information about their archaeological contexts and possible groups. Some of the balls were blown up and destroyed by local treasure hunters who believed the fables that the balls contained gold. Balls rolled into ravines and gorges or even under water for sea ​​coast.

The question is where did they come from?

Scientists are still fiercely arguing about the balls, there are many versions of their appearance, but none of them has yet been confirmed. But, there are 2 main versions - natural and artificial origin.

Version - geological natural formations

In accordance with it, it is believed that several dozen volcanoes suddenly woke up in Central America 25-40 million years ago. Their eruptions caused catastrophic earthquakes. Lava and hot ash covered vast areas. It was then that the vitreous particles ejected from the vents of volcanoes began to cool. They, they say, were the embryos of giant spheres. Surrounding particles of eruption products gradually began to crystallize around these nucleoli. Moreover, crystallization went evenly in all directions, so that a ball with an ideal shape gradually formed.

And then nature already acted - through such factors as water, wind and rain, which washed the ashes and soil from day to day. Thanks to this, over time, the "whitened" stone balls appeared on the surface. For example, it has been established that in areas of the Earth with large daily temperature differences (fluctuations), ordinary weathering, called exopholization, "works" very effectively. In this case, the rocks are destroyed spontaneously according to the type of "falling husk", that is, the outer layers of the stone formation are gradually separated, like the husk of an onion, which, in the end, allows only the solid spherical core to remain "alone".

If the centers of the balls were located close to each other, then the stone spheres could even grow together with one another. And in confirmation of this conjecture, several fused such balls were found.

Thus, not some unfounded assumption appeared, explaining the origin of stone balls, but a well-founded hypothesis. It would seem that the mystery of the origin of the stone spheres has ceased to exist, but not everything is as simple as it seems at first glance...

And all this is due to the fact that this - geological - version does not fit the fact that the balls clearly have traces of grinding, and, moreover, they are clearly laid according to some system. And one more objection - balls are also found in places where no volcanic activity is observed at all. And the main thing here is that the version is not able to explain the emergence of balls from a material such as granite through volcanic activity.

In addition, many balls are made of granodiorite, a hard coarse-grained rock of igneous origin, which mineral composition is intermediate between granite and quartz diorite. The granodiorite deposit is located in the foothills of the Talamanca mountain range. But, this factor plays just against the geological version: in the area where the balls were found, there is no such material, and deposits of granodiorite are found no closer than 50 miles from the place where the megaliths were found.

There are several balls made of shell rock, a hard material similar to limestone, which is formed in coastal sediments from shells and sand. Perhaps these balls were brought inland from the delta of the Terraba River.

The spherical formations of the Urals are natural geological objects

And these are also natural objects

Version - handmade

Archaeologists, unlike geologists, recognize that the balls were not made by nature, but by people. And they believe that these balls were made and laid by very skilled people. But, what tools did the ancient masters work with, who managed to give the stone the correct spherical shape? Suddenly stood before the scientists incredible fact: except for stone spheres in this area there was not a single object indicating the presence of a person here ever. No tools for working stone, no shards, no bones were found. Nothing!

And, developing the version, they believe that the balls were made from huge boulders, which were processed to a spherical shape by chipping off parts and grinding. Granodiorite exfoliates with sudden changes in temperature. To remove a thick layer of material, the workpiece must be heated, for example with hot coals, and then rapidly cooled with water. When the boulder already has a shape close to spherical, the material is removed by hitting it with the same hard material. Finally, the last stage of processing is polishing to a shine. This process is similar to that used in the manufacture of stone axes and stone statues and is believed to have been achieved without the use of metal tools, laser meters, and alien assistants. To top it off, the ball could be polished with sand or leather.

As one serious scientist explained, I will not promote his name, the balls are larger " created by the most skilled craftsmen, and their shape is so close to perfection that measuring the diameters with a tape measure and a plumb line did not reveal any inaccuracies". He also says that the natives had mathematical abilities, extensive knowledge in the field of stone processing and knew how to use tools. But since those tribes, apparently, did not have a written language, there are no records of the technology for making balls, and information about the manufacturing method, of course, did not reach us.

The question is when?

In addition to all the other unsolved mysteries, it remains unclear when the balls were made. For such products, radiocarbon analysis is not applicable, which is used to date only biological remains. Therefore, the determination of the age of stone spheres was carried out on the basis of accompanying objects that were found along with them in the archaeological layers. Stone balls have been found in pottery beds from the Aguas Buenas culture, which dates from approximately 200 BC to 800 AD. Stone balls have been found in tombs with gold ornaments dating back to around 1000 AD. They were also found in layers with shards of pottery from the Chiriqui period, dating from 800 BC. before 800 AD This type of pottery was found along with iron tools from the colonial period until the 16th century. Thus, the balls could be made at any time and for any foreseeable period.

The age of the stone balls is unknown.

However, many of the researchers are sure that they were made much earlier - in the most ancient times. US scientist D. Erickson claims that the balls appeared more than 12 thousand years ago. This, allegedly, is also proved by the finds of balls on seabed, where they were installed at a time when there was still dry land ...

Who made?

The balls are thought to have most likely been made by the ancestors of the peoples who lived here before the Spanish conquest. These people spoke the Chibchan language and lived in an area from modern eastern Honduras to northern Colombia. Their current descendants include the Boruca, Teribe and Guaymi peoples. These people lived in isolated settlements, which rarely consisted of more than 2,000 people. They fished, hunted and farmed. Among the crops grown were corn, cassava (a shrub whose roots are a nutritious flour), beans, squash (a type of summer gourd), papaya, pineapple, avocado, chili, cocoa, and many other fruits, root vegetables, and medicinal plants. They lived in mostly rounded houses with a foundation made of river cobblestones.

And in order to assert that it was they who created these mysterious spheres, one must have more evidence than there is, and therefore the answer to this question remains an unsolvable task.

Transport method

Another mystery is how the balls are transported from the place of manufacture to the place of installation. According to scientists, sometimes this distance was tens of kilometers, and the balls had to be delivered through the jungle, swamps, rivers...

How were such blocks transported? With the help of what devices were the balls "rolled" from place to place, making up exact geometric shapes from them? Unfortunately, there were no satisfactory answers to these questions at all.

If blanks for balls were obtained at quarries, stone craftsmen, it is believed, had to carefully monitor their descent. How to move such a heavy load over such a long distance without modern technology? If granite was mined at a quarry and then transported, then almost a three-meter cube, which was required for a ball with a diameter of 2.4 meters, weighed 24 tons! Probably, the natives had to lay a wide, smooth road necessary for transporting blocks through the dense jungle, which, again, is not an easy task! Other balls are made of shell rock, a material similar to limestone, which is found on the sea coast near the mouth of the Dikvis River. Then it turns out that the rock was rafted 50 kilometers upstream. The balls were also found on Canyo Island, located about 20 kilometers from Pacific coast etc.

Researchers

The first to study the balls was an archaeologist from the USA D. Stone, who arrived in Costa Rica immediately after the discovery stone artifacts. And in 1943, in an academic journal of archeology, he published his observations and conclusions, which, as will be characteristic of all future studies and researchers, end with the words: " We must attribute the perfect spheres of Costa Rica to the incomprehensible megalithic mysteries". Everything is exactly the same as was expressed a little later on other stone products and another of the authorities of archeology, now the Frenchman P. Gio: " ... megaliths are a nightmare for archaeologists". And it is impossible not to agree with them.

Then there were many followers and continuers of the studies of stone balls, and an inquisitive reader, ready to delve deeper into the topic, can always find reports of their expeditions and materials of work in print. For the same article, it is enough to say that apart from updating the statistics of finds, describing the locations of these stone products, and studying the accompanying cultural layers, no solid scientific conclusions have been made. Just as before, the main questions remained unanswered: who?, when? and for what? made these stones.

So, attempts to make a scientific analysis of the stone balls of Costa Rica have been going on for more than 60 years. But, as they say, things are still there ...

Not so long ago, the question of assigning the status of a world heritage site to these ancient artifacts was raised before UNESCO. It was entrusted to D. Hupes, Associate Professor of the Department of Anthropology from the University of Kansas and head ofGlobal Indigenous Nations Studies Program.

scientist D. Khupes next to the ancient stone riddle

And he, having conducted the necessary research with his colleagues, upon returning from a trip to Costa Rica, made a report to UNESCO, excerpts from which are given below.

The earliest reports of these stones date back to the late 19th century, but these reports were scientifically confirmed only in the 1930s, so they can be considered a relatively recent discovery, Hoopes said. - Official science dates the stones to 600-1000 AD, but they all appeared before the Spanish Colonization of America. We determine the age of the balls by the style of manufacture and radiocarbon analysis of objects that are found with the balls. One of the problems with this technique is that it reports the date the balls were last used, but not the date they were created. These objects could have been used for centuries and are still in the same places for thousands of years. Therefore, it is very difficult to determine the exact date of creation.

According to Hoopes, pseudoscientists have distorted the general idea of stone balls. For example, some publications have claimed that the stones refer to the "disappeared" continent of Atlantis. Others have suggested that the orbs are navigational instruments, or that they are associated with Stonehenge, or with giant heads from Easter Island.

Myths, based on many incredible theories about imaginary ancient civilizations or alien visits, Hoopes categorically rejected. However, in return - he did not present any of his versions, shedding at least some light on the solution of the balls of Costa Rica.

We don't really know why they were made,” Hoopes admitted. “The people who made them didn't leave any written records. We can only speculate based on historical dates and reconstruction of the environment. The culture of the people who made them disappeared shortly after the Spanish conquest. Therefore, there are no myths or legends left about why these balls were made.

The only mystery that the scientist allegedly could explain was the way they were made.

Most likely, the main techniques were hammering, drilling and grinding stones, - explained Hoopes. - Found some balls on which there were traces of hammer blows. We believe that this is how they were created: by hitting large stones with a hammer and carving a spherical shape.

So, this one, so to speak - “the head of the balls”, under the pressure of the questions of the members of the UNESCO commission, but not forgetting to throw a handful of dirt at ufologists, both himself and his science signed in complete professional failure and helplessness. So who should be called false and pseudo-scientists, if not such khupes?

So, the answer is modern researchers- Not yet. Therefore, the issue of awarding the balloons the status of a world heritage site also remained open.

stone balls different countries(petrospheres)

Chudinov V.A.

In the work, I examined small stone balls from different countries, which turned out to be artifacts for domestic needs, transmitting globes, although not very accurately. After that, it would be logical to look for large stone balls that could play the role of a real globe. One of them is shown in fig. 1.

Rice. 1. Stone sphere (No. 1) in the courtyard of the National Museum of Costa Rica

About stone balls. Wikipedia about this ball writes: " Stone balls of Costa Rica - prehistoric stone balls (petrospheres), at least three hundred of which have been preserved at the mouth of the Diquis River, on the Nicoya Peninsula and on the Cano Island off the Pacific coast of Costa Rica. Made of gabbro, limestone or sandstone. Their sizes vary from an inch across to two meters; the largest weigh 16 tons.

The first balls were discovered in the 1930s. United Fruit Company workers clearing land for banana plantations. Mindful of local beliefs that gold was hidden inside the stone, the workers drilled them and split them into pieces. Vandalism was stopped thanks to the intervention of the company's management; the director's daughter subsequently wrote a monograph on the petrospheres of Costa Rica.

In the 1940s the Harvard archaeologist S. K. Lothrop began to study stone balls; Articles began to appear about them in archaeological journals. To attract tourists, petrospheres began to be transported from the jungle to museums and installed on city squares. Currently, only six orbs are in their original locations; the rest can be seen in museums - both in Costa Rica itself and beyond its borders (in particular, in Washington and Cambridge).

Traditional stratigraphic methods for dating artifacts are of little use for stone balls that have been repeatedly moved from place to place. According to the finds of ancient ceramics near the newly discovered petrospheres, they are trying to date them to one or another archaeological culture of Central America. The spread of dating in this case is from 200 BC. e. before 1500 AD e., that is, covers almost the entire period of existence of pre-Columbian civilizations.

The purpose and circumstances of the creation of the petrospheres are also a mystery to scientists. It can be assumed that these were symbols of heavenly bodies or designations of boundaries between the lands of different tribes. More precisely, this could be judged if scientists had full information about the places of their initial placement. Parascientific authors often argue that these "ideal" spheres could not have been made by the hands of ancient people and associate them with the activities of space aliens.».

Strange and ridiculous claims of scientists. Every sentence here is either a riddle or a strange statement.

The purpose of the petrospheres is a mystery to scientists. If they are globes, then there is no mystery. Therefore, it is my task to prove that in addition to being spherical, stone balls bear the contours of continents, and most likely, the names geographical objects. Parascientific authors associate them with the activities of space aliens. - If there are readable and understandable inscriptions on the petrospheres, then in what language the inscriptions are made, they belong to such a people of earthlings. According to the finds of ancient ceramics near the newly discovered petrospheres, they are trying to date them to one or another archaeological culture of Central America. The spread of dating in this case is from 200 BC. e. before 1500 AD e., that is, covers almost the entire period of existence of pre-Columbian civilizations.- Why should we consider that stone balls are somehow connected with ceramics or with Indian civilizations? - Small globes were associated with Rurik's Russia.

It can be assumed that these were symbols of heavenly bodies or designations of boundaries between the lands of different tribes.- But small globes only in one case had, and even then presumably, an overlay of the celestial sphere on the contours of the earth's continents (whirlwind from Slatino). Concerning borders between the lands of different tribes, then why put them on a huge globe, where they will still not be visible on the scale of the entire Earth?

Finally, more accurately, this could be judged if scientists had full information about the places of their initial placement.- What information did we get about the purpose of small stone balls, having learned, for example, that one ball was found in Ecuador, and the other - in Egypt? - Absolutely none. So this is a false premise.

But on the other hand, we have an exact statement and even a name: prehistoric stone balls (petrospheres). I have nothing against the name "petrosphere", but I am surprised at the categorical expression of an opinion about the "prehistoricity" of stone balls. If they were made by people, then those who had excellent knowledge not only about the sphericity of the Earth, but also about the location of the continents on it. Consequently, this is the era of highly informed people, not only not savages, but not even barbarians.

Arguing in this way, archaeologists could come to the conclusion that there was only a little left - to search for the corresponding inscriptions. But for some reason, none of them came to this simple idea, although such an idea lies on the surface. And the most obvious of these thoughts is to look for inscriptions in Greek on the petrospheres, since it was supposedly the ancient Greeks who assumed the sphericity of the Earth. After all, even ordinary readers know the answer to the question: “What was the very first proof of the sphericity of the earth and to whom did it belong?” - A certain Vladimir Flakov answered him like this: “ It is believed that the first person who proved the sphericity of the Earth is the ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle (the years of his life from 384 BC to 322 BC). Indeed, in the fourteenth chapter of the second book of the treatise "On the sky" Aristotle gives several proofs of the sphericity of the Earth» (http://answer.mail.ru/question/81735509).

But for some reason, scientists did not look for Greek inscriptions on the petrospheres, although no one forbade increasing the glory of the ancient Greeks. So what was stopping them? - I believe that they, like the Germans in World War II, were blown up by their own ideology. The modern historical and archaeological paradigm claims that each ethnic group went through the evolutionary path of development from savagery to civilization itself, however, at different speeds. The Indians of America were allegedly helped in the course of the segment by the European conquerors - the Spaniards, the Portuguese, the British and the French. But the ancient Greeks were not among the conquerors. Consequently, there can be no ancient Greek inscriptions on the petrospheres. But there can be no European inscriptions either, since none of the named peoples made any petrospheres in their homeland.

One thing remains: if there are inscriptions on the stone balls, then in one of the Indian languages. - But this is absolutely not necessary for historians! Then it turns out that the Indian civilization overtook the European one? - For political reasons, this cannot be allowed. It is better to consider the balls as a game of nature or primitive maps of boundary lines between tribes. Which, in fact, was voiced.

And I, based on my paradigm, put forward a different assumption: the petrospheres were made by people, Europeans, about X-XII centuries AD, and Russian, and, most likely, in the temples of Rurik. At the same time, just like archaeologists, I reason by analogy: such were the results of my previous studies of small spheres.

Rice. 2. My reading of the inscriptions and identifying the contours of the continents on the petrosphere

My inscription readings. As usual, I increase the contrast. Unfortunately, the natural lighting of this ball is not suitable for scientific purposes: the top turned out to be light, the bottom - dark. By increasing the contrast, the top will become even lighter, the bottom even darker, so it will be almost impossible to distinguish the contours here and there. However, even such an image is enough for primary proof that we have a globe in front of us.

I do not start by identifying the contours of the continents, but by reading the largest inscriptions, since these inscriptions are barely visible, and drawing thick lines will make it impossible to read the barely visible letters of the inscription. So the order of performing epigraphic analysis is dictated by the features of the image.

So, first I read the largest inscriptions located on the top of the ball. They say : THE MASK OF MAKAZHEV RURIK YAR. From the analysis of inscriptions on small globes, we know that the words MASK MAKAZHEVA or MASK MAKAZHI mean the current lexemes borrowed into the Russian language MAP or GLOBE . And the mention of Yar Rurik means that these geographical artifacts were made in the temples of Rurik.

Then I move on to reading the inscriptions on the top third of the globe. Here, the saturation of the letters with color is much greater, the letters look much denser, although their size is somewhat smaller. I am reading this text: MAKE-UP MASK YAR RURIK. Although it almost verbatim coincides with the previous one, its presence is very important in order to understand that the first text has been read correctly. The second text confirms the meaning of the first.

One of the eastern kinks in the Mediterranean Sea resembles the number 3. It is here that there is a fragment on which you can read the dating of the globe: 303 YAR. However, this dating is also duplicated: at the bottom left, in a rectangular white frame, I read the numbers: 303-324 (as usual, a larger date is written first, then a smaller one). I believe that this is not the date of manufacture of this globe, since such a product can be made in less than a year, but the date of manufacture of a certain series, and Last year- this is exactly the year of manufacture of this particular artifact. In terms of the chronology familiar to us, we get the dating: 1159-1180 A.D. , that is, the second half of the XII century.

Inside the three white-framed fragments, I read the words: 33 YARA ARKONA. They are no different from the same address read on some small globes. This city is well known to me: later it was called Chersonesos, and nowadays - Sevastopol. This inscription is very important to me: it says not only that this city of Russian military glory was the center of cartography of the XII century, but also about what the sailors of this port made world travel, for which they needed maps and globes. Including demonstration ones, like this one, from Costa Rica.

And on the last fragment, I read a clarification: TEMPLE YAR. - Who would doubt that? Of course, the temple of Yar was responsible for cartography. - It is possible that this globe has several more inscriptions with initial data that duplicate or clarify what I read, but for the first acquaintance with this type of artifacts, this is enough.

The next problem is the selection of the contours of the continents. First you need to understand in general which hemisphere we see on the globe from this angle. Judging by the outlines of the lower left continent, this is Africa. In this case, above we see Eurasia, which goes above the visible part of the globe. And from this it follows that the circumpolar parts of the Earth on it are greatly reduced, which is why Africa goes beyond the globe at the bottom, and Eurasia at the top. So the globe in front of us is represented by the Eastern Hemisphere.

Then you should read the inscriptions of geographical objects. Of course, these names could be framed; however, then some frames will fall on others, and it will be very difficult for the reader to understand them. Therefore, I took a different path: under each inscription in the runes of the Family on the globe, I signed the inscriptions in modern letters. And I started with Africa: just above the white frame, I found the word MAKEUP, which he signed on the globe, and also spelled the runes of the Family on the decryption field. A little higher, I found the word that is still often read on the geoglyphs of North Africa. This word SCLAVIIA. Thus, in the XII century, both the name of the entire continent and the name of its northern part differed from modern ones. Although it is possible that they have already fallen into disuse. - At the same time, I checked myself: I recognized the contours of Africa correctly.

In the future, the contouring of the coastline did not go so smoothly. The boot of the Arabian Peninsula was easily recognizable, but it was difficult for me to understand exactly where the line of its toe ran. On the one hand, it turned out to be very short in the foot area, but on the other hand, it was clearly pressed coastline Persia. To be sure, I read the names: on the boot I found the name ARABIA, and in the more eastern region - PERSIA.

There is such a thing on planet Earth mysterious phenomenon: around the world in different places scattered where stone, where clay balls. Quote from here:

This amazing natural phenomenon is found in the most different corners Earth. But no one can really explain its reason yet. We are talking about the so-called Moeraki boulders, also known as "watermelons of Elijah the prophet." Someone takes them for dinosaur eggs, someone - for the fruits of ancient marine plants, and some even suggest that these are the remains of a UFO. The phenomenon is indeed strange. Imagine an almost ideally shaped stone or iron ball with a diameter of ten centimeters to three meters. If someone happens to meet such an “egg” broken, then inside he will find a cavity with crystalline formations along the inner surface. For more than a decade, archaeologists and geologists from all over the world have been trying to establish the origin of stone balls scattered around the world, from Franz Josef Land to New Zealand.
But in order to admire the "watermelons of Elijah the prophet", it is not at all necessary to go to New Zealand. They are found in China, in Israel. The same round stones there are in Costa Rica, they are called "balls of the gods" there. These stones are considered man-made, they are called the "eighth wonder of the world" and they are under state protection. The largest "balls of the gods" in Costa Rica reach three meters in diameter and weigh about 16 tons. And the smallest - no more than a children's ball, have only ten centimeters in diameter. The balls are arranged singly and in groups of three to fifty pieces, sometimes forming geometric shapes. The largest number of stone spheres is in Costa Rica. There are about 300 of them there. The age of most of them is estimated at about 12 thousand years. Scientists have found that most are made of solid lava rock, but there are specimens made from sedimentary rock.
Balls were also found in other countries of Central America, USA, New Zealand, Romania, Kazakhstan, Brazil. We have similar formations in Russia (although Russian “eggs” are not considered man-made from the point of view of official science). For example, mysterious stone balls were discovered in the village of Boguchanka, in the north Irkutsk region. Locals are sure that this is a UFO, for the reason that the balls look like they are made of metal. Many balloons were stolen, destroyed or blown up. Treasure hunters believed that gold could be hidden inside. Scientists also suggest that in Central America, balls could be placed in front of the house of noble people, thereby showing their status.
However, it is difficult to explain the purpose of the balls in Novaya Zemlya or Franz Josef Land, which are considered man-made. Where did this "wonder of the world" come from? The assumption that stone balls are dinosaur eggs is rejected by scientists outright for the reason that even the largest dinosaurs could not have such huge cubs. The birth of some stone balls is due to the influence of glaciers. But as for the "iron UFOs" and boulders hollow inside, official science considered that this is a geological formation, and even gave it its name - geodan - a closed cavity in any sedimentary or volcanic rocks.
But that's why it is official science, to give only those versions that fit only into the official version of history, but there is also not the official one. And here a contradiction arises, since the age of most of these formations, according to researchers, is at least 60 million years, and this is according to official version dismisses even the idea of ​​man-made these formations. Everyone must understand for himself what to believe in, narrow his horizons to the generally accepted version, that is, the official one, or be with that small number of people who are used to relying on their own minds and not brushing aside supposedly fantastic versions of the course of our history of the Earth. But such versions are becoming more and more popular every day, with each new discovery of our past.

There are stone balls in Kabardino-Balkaria: Batyrshatala tract, right behind the settlement of Kashkhatau, coordinates 43°17’56.78″N, 43°35’16.51″E, photo from here:




Quote from here:

Between the village of Kashkhatau and with. Babugent ... in the western direction goes the Batyrshabala tract, which consists of several small independent gorges. One of them ends with an expansion in the floodplain of the Ch Terek River ... The main rocks of this region are clays, marls, limestones of the Permian and Cretaceous period. Clay rocks of bright yellow color form thick layers up to 200-300 m, lie on carbonate rocks. So these loose layers of clay are the "carriers" of mineral aggregates - a kind of stones. They are simply "stuffed" with these stone cores - concretions. CONCRETIONS (from lat. concretio - accretion, thickening), concretions, mineral formations in sedimentary rocks Oh. They differ sharply from the host rocks in terms of physical properties, structure, and composition. Concretions are everywhere here: they are part of the coarse clastic material of the channel; lie right on the bottom, streamlined by water streams, washed by them from loose clays; individual fragments of stones are visible in the clay rocks of the sides, they are “guessed” in the upper soil layer with their rounded shapes ... Not being able to continue the route, our small group focused on a more thorough study of spherical and other forms of nodules: they determined their size, spatial arrangement, tried to look inside some samples. As a result, an important feature was established. Dozens, even hundreds of balls are placed here, at first glance, haphazardly. But it is not so. . On one of the platforms on the starboard side, we found a "Glade of balls" with dozens of balls of the same size. Tightly and neatly fitted to each other, spherical concretions formed a layer, looking out of the soil with upper hemispheres, like anthills. Many balls in the valley are kept in the surrounding rocks by tree roots from falling and rolling down. Mineral inclusions of clay-carbonate rocks have various shapes: disc-shaped, dumbbell-shaped, elliptical, spherical, etc. They also vary in size, from grains of a few centimeters to spheroids three or more meters in diameter. How did these solid bodies form in loose rocks? It is believed that concretions (concretions) are formed due to the diffusion concentration of scattered components of the host medium, metasomatism processes, redeposition of rocks, and also during the crystallization of colloidal clots. Concretion centers can be grains of minerals, fragments of rocks, shellfish shells, fish teeth and bones, plant remains, etc. Concretions most often consist of calcite, silica, iron oxides, and pyrite. Some balls have a layered internal structure. Of the various forms of concretions in the study area, spherical ones predominate. Concretions of an ideal spherical shape are found here. On the outer shell of some irregularly shaped mineral formations there are white lines forming a large mesh pattern. As if drawn by a skillful hand, these patterns point to the most important physical and chemical processes that proceeded in stages in nodules during formation. Such concretions are called septaria (from the Latin "sertum" - partition). As a result of compression, contraction of already hardened mineral bodies, they crack. Cracks in septaria, as a rule, are directed radially from the central core to the periphery; subsequently, they are filled with quartz grains. These crystallized zones turn out to be less durable compared to the mineral substances in which they were formed. Being in conditions where it is possible mechanical influences on them: collisions in mudflows, river flows, falls down, etc., such bodies split into crystallization zones. In the resulting chips, the internal structure is visible: layered, with petrified mollusks etc. In one of the irregularly shaped finds, it turned out a large number of fossil organisms of the Permian period - ammonites stuck in the rock in an incredible chaotic state, ranging in size from tiny to 15 cm in diameter. Shell shells have been preserved on some. We believe that our geological expedition was a success. When selecting samples for research in the laboratory, they opted for transportable stone balls the size of a soccer ball. The collection of concretions of the department was significantly replenished with such new specimens. physical geography. And the most important thing is the discovery of the quiet Valley of the Balls. But it is not the only one in our republic. In the zone of the Forest Range, clay-carbonate rocks with inclusions of stone nodules form a continuous belt. And among the nodules, the most amazing are the spherical ones. Probably because the ball is the most perfect geometric shape created by nature. Lyudmila EMUZOVA, Head of the Department of Physical Geography, KBSU

The researchers were quite puzzled. In favor of the version of the eggs speaks the shell with signs indicating that it is a shell, and the remains of organic matter inside. Looks like organic exposed to intense heat and the giant fetuses perished.

Instead of children's hands - a bottom (hard surface) and a stream of water / mudflow that rolls stones along a clay-covered bottom, these stones are covered with thin layers of clay and gradually increase in size, like a snowball when building a snowman. In Kabardino-Balkaria, according to a professional geographer, " clayey rocks of bright yellow color form thick layers up to 200-300 m, lie on carbonate rocks. So these loose layers of clay are the "carriers" of mineral aggregates - a kind of stones. They are simply "stuffed" with these stone cores. … Their great confinement to the places of outcrops of clay slates was revealed.." Geographers now believe that concretions (concretions) are formed due to the diffusion concentration of scattered components of the host medium, metasomatism processes, redeposition of rocks, and also during the crystallization of colloidal clots. In general, they will probably describe the formation of a snowball in something like this, highly scientific and incomprehensible to anyone except themselves)). From Wiki:

metasomatosis, metasomatism (from μετά (Greek) ... and σώμα (Greek) - body) - a natural process of replacing mineral complexes that occurs under the influence of endogenous solutions and proceeds with a change in the chemical composition of the rock at a constant volume, at which the dissolution of old minerals and the deposition of new occurs almost simultaneously, so that during the process of substitution, the mineral complexes all the time retain a solid state.

Costa Rica is a country-reserve, which lies in Central America. Wonders of nature and very beautiful places there's plenty here. Stone balls in Costa Rica, found in the southeast of the country near the town of Palmares, amaze both scientists and experienced travelers.

Perfectly Shaped Stone Spheres

Found massive spheres, as often happens, quite by accident. One fruit company was clearing the impenetrable jungle and preparing the site for a future banana plantation. In depth rainforest workers stumbled upon an incredible size. There was something to be surprised!

Where did strange balls come from on the coast? There is no answer to this question yet. There are similar creations of human hands in other places. the globe. But precisely on this beautiful land spheres are the largest. The weight of some reaches 16 tons, and the diameter - up to 3 meters! There are smaller balls.

All products are characterized by ideal surface smoothness. What tools were used to process lava massifs or sedimentary rocks from which unusual three-dimensional figures were made? No one knows? How were they transported to their current location? Also a mystery. In these parts there are no rocks from which these round ones are carved. Where they were brought from is also unclear? In a word, questions without answers.

Guests from the past

There would be fewer questions if these strange stone balls of Costa Rica were made two or three centuries ago. But their age is almost 12 thousand years! In those distant times, there were no grinding machines, no lasers, no special drying chambers. Perhaps we are mistaken, and in those days a highly developed civilization lived on Earth? Too much evidence of intelligent activity and the most complex objects made in those days is found by researchers of antiquity.

Enough time has passed since 1940, when the amazing spheres were found. But scientists have not come close to unraveling. They don't know how the stone balls ended up on the coast of Costa Rica. Some of the smaller finds were pilfered by curious and “black archeologists”, some spheres were buried in the ground in order to save them for posterity. Several of the most massive ones were left for viewing by tourists who, while visiting the reserve country, look with great interest at the mysterious creations of ancient craftsmen.

Stone balls in Costa Rica photo

1930s, Costa Rica. A group of workers from the famous United Fruit Company clear away dense thickets tropical plants to start another banana plantation.

And suddenly... Among wild jungle people stumble upon something unimaginable - huge stone balls of perfectly regular shape.

The diameter of these "balls" was about three meters, and the weight was approximately 16 tons. True, it later turned out that there are medium and small specimens nearby - up to the size of a children's ball.

And then another mystery arose. It turns out that the spheres are not arranged randomly, but in a certain order. Some rows formed straight lines, others triangles and parallelograms.

In 1967, such balls were found in Mexico in silver mines - only these artifacts were even larger. And in Guatemala, on the high plateau of Aqua Blanca, for the time being, hundreds of huge stone statues perfect shape.

In the future, something similar began to be found almost everywhere: in the USA, New Zealand, Egypt, Romania, Germany, Brazil, Kazakhstan, on Franz Josef Land. And more recently - on the territory of Russia: in Siberia, the Krasnodar Territory and the Volgograd Region.

As soon as the workers opened the stones in Costa Rica, the American archaeologist Doris Stone arrived there. In 1943, her observations and conclusions were published in the US academic journal of archeology.

And Samuel Lothrop, an archaeologist at Harvard University, began studying stone spheres in 1948. In 1963, the results of his research were published: maps of the areas where the balls were located, descriptions of pottery and metal objects found next to them, as well as many photographs and drawings.

Modern scientists have continued this research work, but there is still no clear answer to the most elementary questions: what are the balls, where did they come from and what did they serve?

Multi-ton "balls" played by the gods

The famous Swiss writer and ufologist Erich von Daniken called the balls “balls played by the gods”, and perhaps this fantastic formula is the closest to the truth, because it is almost impossible to explain their origin from the point of view of science and common sense.

Geologists attribute the appearance of "balls" to volcanic activity, arguing that a ball of such an ideal shape can form if the crystallization of volcanic magma during an eruption occurs evenly. But this version does not fit the fact that the balls clearly have grinding marks, and, moreover, they are not stacked randomly, but according to some system. And one more objection - "kruglyashi" are also found in places where no volcanic activity is observed at all.

Archaeologists, unlike geologists, recognize that the stone spheres were produced not by nature, but by people. According to scientists, the "balls" were made from round boulders in several stages. First, they were heated, then processed with stone tools, and finally polished to a shine, removing all roughness.

Archaeologist Samuel Lothrop said: “Obviously, the balls are products of the highest quality. They are so perfect that measurements of the diameters showed no difference.”

Cosmodrome or "cash"?

Researchers are wondering: what were these mysterious formations for? Some believe that they were installed in front of the houses of noble people as a symbol of their power, or that stone balls were related to certain cults and sacrifices.

Interestingly, in Costa Rica, one group of four balls was aligned on a line pointing due north. A number of archaeologists suggest that this is evidence that the creators of the spheres were familiar with such a science as astronomy, and that the spheres themselves somehow interacted with the cosmos. This version is confirmed by the fact that the Maya Indians, who once lived in Costa Rica, were outstanding astronomers. They precisely divided the year into seasonal cycles, observed the movement of the planets, and compiled maps of the starry sky with more or less fixed coordinates of celestial objects.

Some even believe that the stone spheres represent a map of the starry sky and, accordingly, serve as "beacons" for spaceships. There is also an opinion that the balls had a topographical function - they played the role of landmarks for travelers and marked the boundaries of certain territories.

There is an exotic version that the balls were used as money - after all, some tribes still have stone "cash". Spheres of different sizes are just "coins" of different denominations - from the most expensive to small "pennies".

In search of gold

Nowadays, it is very difficult to refute or confirm this or that version. In the course of research, agricultural work and just for the sake of pampering, almost all the balls were moved from their original places. Numerous connoisseurs of antiquities stole smaller "balls" to decorate their gardens and yards.

Great damage was done to science after someone started a rumor that there was gold inside the balls. Of course, no one “dug up” the precious metals inside them, but a huge part of the unique objects was irretrievably lost.

In addition to all other unsolved mysteries, it remains unclear when the balls "came into the world." Archaeologists often determine the date of origin of artifacts by the cultural layer in which they were found. But the balls are found in completely different layers, which date from 200 BC. before 1500 AD

However, many researchers are sure that the "balls" were made much earlier. American scientist George Erickson claims that ancient craftsmen produced them more than 12 thousand years ago. This is also proved by artifacts raised from the seabed, where they could appear, most likely, only at a time when there was land.

Another mystery is the method of transporting the balls from the place of manufacture to the place of installation. According to scientists, this distance sometimes amounted to tens of kilometers, and heavy stone products had to be transported through the jungle, swamps and rivers.

It is not known whether the mysteries of the "balls of the gods" will ever be solved. The researchers themselves doubt this. Archaeologist Doris Stone once said: "We must attribute the stone balls to the incomprehensible megalithic mysteries."

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