Technology of organizing and conducting city tours

Instruction

The development of the route is the first thing you need to start drawing up an excursion plan. If the tour is planned in one place (palace, museum, etc.), consider a group scheme for this place in accordance with the plan of the building (or area). Write down where it will start, the group will spend near each exhibit, how long the tour will take in total and what time it will end.

If you plan an excursion around with visits to several attractions, plan the excursion as well, having worked out the optimal traffic scheme, taking into account the situation.

The second stage is writing the text of the excursion. The text should not have any disagreements with historical facts, so when writing an excursion, make references to those sources from where you get information. After all, if some listener disagrees with you and tries to challenge what was said, you can always tell him where your information comes from and how to check it.

The key to an ideal excursion is a guide who himself knows what he is talking about. In addition, it is worth possessing such qualities as tolerance, attention to the requests of sightseers and the ability to surprise them with details known only to you. You can also tell well-known facts, but present them with unique questions, actively addressing the group, trying to involve them in the study of the proposed area.

Recently, excursions have become popular, the main group for which is young people - this is Moscow at night, night visits to museums. You can borrow the idea and organize such a route in your own, especially since it will be very popular if on this moment there is no such offer in the market of tourist services.

The main thing is to start if you are interested in the topic of promotion native land if you like to open unknown pages stories and you want to know about them as much as possible more people, you should organize excursion routes.

Instruction

Before taking a group or a single visitor, prepare for the tour. It is not enough just to walk through the floors of the building and see what is presented in the expositions. Read the sources, find out the history of each exhibit. This is necessary in order to identify what is most important to tell visitors about. Write a rough text of your story, write it down on sheets of paper or print it on a computer.

Excursions, as a form of educational activity, are held in middle, senior and preparatory groups for school at least once a month.

• natural history (cognitive) excursions - to the park, forest, to the lake;
• excursions to get acquainted with the work of adults (school, library).

It is advisable to conduct natural history excursions to the same places at different times of the year in order to show children the seasonal changes that occur in nature.

The preparation of the educator consists, first of all, in determining the purpose of the excursion and selecting the program content. The teacher plans an excursion based on the requirements of the program and the characteristics of the surrounding area.

Determining the place of the excursion, the educator chooses the best way to it - not tiring, not distracting the children from the intended goal. When determining the distance to the place of the excursion, one should proceed from the physical capabilities of the children. In this case, one should take into account the features of the road, the state of the weather. No matter how familiar the place of the excursion is to the teacher, it is necessary to examine it a day or two before it. Having visited the place of the future excursion, the educator specifies the route, finds the necessary objects, outlines the content and volume of the knowledge that children should receive about this range of phenomena, the sequence of conducting individual parts of the excursion, establishes places for collective and independent observations, for children to relax. In order for the excursion to be interesting, the teacher needs to prepare poems, riddles, proverbs, game techniques.

The preparation of children begins with the teacher telling the purpose of the excursion. The guys should know where they will go, why, what they will find out what needs to be collected. The teacher updates the children's ideas about the rules of behavior on the street, in the forest, in public places. When preparing for the tour, you need to pay attention to the clothes of children. Children should be dressed comfortably, according to the weather and season. In the system of preparatory work, training games are actively used, which involve the inclusion of elements of psycho-gymnastics in various types of children's activities and are aimed at developing adequate self-esteem and skills for constructive communication with the natural world, cultivating a value attitude to what surrounds the child.

For the excursion, the educator should prepare excursion equipment and equipment for placing the collected material in a corner of nature. It is good to involve children in its preparation. This contributes to the formation of their cognitive interest in the upcoming excursion.

All equipment must be in a specific location. Before the excursion, the educator needs to carefully consider what material to collect for further work in the group and what equipment, in this regard, you need to take with you.

Methodology for conducting natural history educational excursions.

Natural history tour includes

introductory conversation

Collective surveillance

Individual self-monitoring of children

Collection of natural history material, children's games with the collected material.

The order of parts varies depending on the purpose of the tour, the season. Having brought the children to the place of the excursion, one should recall in a short conversation about its purpose, let the children look around. The main part of the excursion is collective observation, with the help of which all the main tasks of the excursion are solved. The teacher helps children to see the characteristic features of objects and phenomena. To do this, you can use various techniques: questions, riddles, comparisons, exploratory activities, games, stories, explanations. Conversations of a cognitive nature, from personal experience, problem situations and logical tasks offered by educators contribute to an increase in the level of cognitive activity. An example is the question: “How is a birch in a park similar to a birch in your area?”, etc. It is advisable to use exactly those of them that stimulate the manifestation of emotions and feelings of children. You can ask the pupils what kind words can be given to flowers in the park beds, with what wishes to turn to feathered friends, etc. It is necessary to pay attention not only to individual natural objects, but also to ecological communities, considering the "floors" of the park and reservoir , defining the conditioned interaction between them, build logical chains of connections and dependencies.

Didactic games held during excursions should be focused on providing preschoolers with the opportunity to show an active, environmentally literate position in relation to natural objects. Topics can be the following: “Help the tree”, “Beware of the ant”, “Birds love silence”, etc.

An important place is given to questions on excursions that encourage children to consider an object, compare it with other objects, find differences and similarities, and establish a connection between various natural phenomena. When considering objects, it should be borne in mind that children's knowledge will be strong only if they are obtained as a result of the active work of all the senses.

At the end of the main part, children are given the opportunity to satisfy their curiosity in individual independent observations and the collection of natural history material. However, one should not forget about the protection of nature, the collection of material should be strictly limited and carried out under the guidance or with the direct participation of a teacher.

During the rest of the children, games and game exercises are held. Children actualize ideas about the characteristic features of an object, express in words an opinion about the quality of an object, remember the name of plants (“Guess by smell”, “Recognize by description”, “Branch, branch, where is your baby?”, “One, two, three, to birch, run!").

In the final part of the excursion, the teacher once again draws the attention of the children to the general picture of nature. The main goal of the final stage is to sum up the results of the excursion work. Creative tasks will allow the child to express their impressions, show their attitude to the natural world. You can invite children, together with the teacher, to compose books of fairy tales. For example, preschoolers can compose a story about the park, suggest what kind of fairy tales an old spruce tree could tell them. Through the actions of the characters introduced into these literary works, one can express their attitude to various environmental situations. As an option for creative tasks, the educator offers the compilation of collective collages depicting surface and underwater inhabitants of reservoirs, favorite alleys of the park, etc.

Constructing ecosystem models from natural and waste materials will help children better understand the chain of relationships and interdependencies that exist in nature. After each excursion, the layout can be supplemented, transformed. Based on the specified information, children build food chains, add new natural objects, etc.

Thus, excursions help to form pupils' ideas about ecological systems (parks, reservoirs, form ideas about their "life" throughout the year, observe what changes occur with each natural object depending on the season, learn to love and protect the environment.

Excursions are a form of cognitive development of children, first of all, the tasks of the educational field are solved. cognitive development"(Clause 2.6. GEF DO):

Development of children's interests, curiosity and cognitive motivation; the formation of cognitive actions, the formation of primary ideas about the objects of the surrounding world, about the properties and relations of the objects of the surrounding world;

Educational area "Speech development"

Possession of speech as a means of communication and culture; enrichment of the active dictionary; development of coherent, grammatically correct dialogic and monologue speech.

Methodology for preparing and conducting an excursion

Introduction

Chapter 1. Theoretical part

1.1 Basic concepts

Chapter 2. Methodical part

2.1 Excursion technique

2.4 Detour (detour) of the route

2.9 Receiving a tour

Conclusion

Literature

Application

Introduction

The modern tourist market requires a new approach to the organization of excursion activities as one of the main tourist products. Tour operators creating an excursion product must have their own original brand, take into account consumer demand and service differentiation. The birth of new routes leads to the emergence of new excursion objects, product variety. To do this, it is necessary to carefully work out the methodology for preparing and conducting an excursion.

The purpose of the course: study of the methods of preparation and conduct of the excursion.

Tasks:

.study of material on a given topic (literature, Internet sources, mass media);

2.consideration of basic concepts;

.study of the tasks, functions and subject of the excursion methodology.

Chapter 1. Theoretical part

1.1 Basic concepts

Your name techniquereceived from the Greek word "method", which literally means: "the path to something", as well as the path of research or knowledge; theory; teaching. Methodologyin the broad sense of the word - a set of methods for expediently carrying out this or that work, solving a problem, achieving a goal, and in a narrower sense, it is a set of specific methodological techniques for conducting lectures, conversations, excursions on a specific topic and for a specific group.

The technique is divided into general and private.

General methodologycovers learning methods and requirements that serve as the basis for the study of many sciences (consistency and clarity of presentation of educational material, its accessibility to the audience).

Private technique, based on the settings of the general methodology, determines the methods and methods of teaching and educating children and adults, methods of observation, study and research of certain objects. Thus, each private technique is associated with a specific science and follows from the very essence of the subject, serves as the basis for a certain type of activity.

The excursion technique is a private technique, since it is associated with the process of disseminating knowledge on the basis of one form of work. The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for excursions, as well as the sum of methodological methods for preparing and conducting excursions of various types, on various topics and for various groups of people.

The excursion technique is considered in several aspects:

Ø as the basis of the professional skills of guides;

Ø as a mechanism that improves the "feed" of the material;

Ø as a process of streamlining the activities of the guide.

Excursion technique performs a functiona lever that helps the guide in a short time to move a large amount of knowledge into the minds of the tourists. The technique helps the tourists to see, remember and understand much more than in a lecture that reveals the same topic. The excursion methodology is based on the communication of tourists with objects, various types of analysis, visual comparisons, taking into account the possibility of using all the senses of the tourists.

Any technique is the ability to perform certain work in strict accordance with the most optimal rules, recommendations and ensure its high efficiency. In practice, this is the sum of certain skills and abilities to carry out work: develop a new excursion, prepare the next excursion, conduct a tour using the recommended technology, consolidate the knowledge acquired by the excursionists, and improve their knowledge.1

The tour guide answers the following questions:

Why is the excursion prepared and conducted (goal, objectives)?

What issues are covered on the tour (what is its content devoted to)?

How to conduct a tour (methodological techniques)?

The excursion methodology consists of several independent, interconnected parts:

.methodology for developing a new topic for this bureau;

2.methods of development by the guide of a new topic for him, but already developed in this bureau;

.methods of preparing the guide for the next excursion;

.excursion methods;

.methods after excursion work.2

1. Dolzhenko G.P. Excursion business.

Emelyanov B.V. To help the tour guide.

1.2 Development of excursion methodology

Excursion business is an important section of cultural and educational work.

In the history of the excursion business in our country, the main attention was paid to the methodology for preparing excursions and the technique for conducting them, and organizing excursion services for the population.

Of great importance for the development of tourism in the USSR was the resolution of the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers of the USSR All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions "On the further development and improvement of tourism and excursion business in the country." It emphasized that "as a result of the measures taken during the years of the ninth and tenth five-year plans, the tourism and excursion business has become a major branch of public service, has firmly entered the life of Soviet people, has become an effective form of propaganda for the conquests of the Great October Revolution, the successes of communist construction, an important means of educating workers improving their health."

Noting a number of shortcomings in the organization of tourism and excursions in the country, the Central Committee of the CPSU, the Council of Ministers and the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions outlined a broad program of measures for their further development and improvement.1

The development of the excursion business required the development of methodological and theoretical foundations. The Main Tour Directorate played a leading role in this. Central Council for Tourism and Excursions (CSTE is the largest tourist and excursion organization in the USSR, created in 1969 under the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions on the basis of the Central Council for Tourism (1962) and the Institute for Advanced Training of Workers of Tourist and Excursion Organizations (now the Russian International Academy of Tourism).2

1. Nemolyaeva M.E., Khodorkov L.F. international tourism: yesterday Today.

Emelyanov B.V. Helping the tour guide

After twenty years of work, in which the excursion department of the Institute for Advanced Training of Workers of Tourist and Excursion Organizations took part, the functions, signs and aspects of excursions, the essence and features of the two most important elements - show and story - of the excursion method were determined; a classification of excursions and a differentiated approach to excursion services for the population have been developed; the basics of methodology and methodology, elements of excursion pedagogy and psychology have been developed, as well as the components of the excursion business and the features of the professional skills of the guide.

Excursion methodology, being a part of excursion guidance, appears to us as a set of clear rules and requirements for excursions, as the sum of methodological methods for preparing and conducting excursions. One of the main tasks of the excursion methodology: to help sightseers see, hear and feel visual and verbal materials.

The subject of the excursion methodology- purposeful study, systematization, formulation and application in practice of methods and means of training and education, as well as methodological techniques with the help of which excursion workers carry out their activities.

Equally important for the development of the excursion business was the reflection of the problems of the excursion methodology in special editions. This technique, mainly its section "Guiding excursions", in past years was adopted by all organizations that have been conducting excursion work for a long period (BMMT "Sputnik", "Intourist", Central Children's Tourist and Excursion Station, Tourist and Excursion Department of the Ministry of Defense, the State Museum, VDNKh (currently the All-Russian Exhibition Center).

Chapter 2. Methodical part

2.1 Excursion technique

Tour requirements.

In all their multifaceted work, methodologists and guides are guided by the requirements of the excursion methodology.

The effectiveness of the excursion with a sufficiently high level of its content, ultimately, is determined by the methodology of its conduct, as well as the level of organization of the excursion as a pedagogical process.

The excursion methodology consists of several parts: a methodology for developing a new topic for a given bureau, a methodology for developing a new topic for a guide, a methodology for preparing guides for the next excursion, a methodology for post-excursion work with its participants, etc.

It should be noted that the method of conducting excursions has received the deepest development to date.

In the excursion methodology, two types of techniques are distinguished: some of them are applied, as a rule, to all excursions without exception, regardless of what is shown and what the story is about (methods of comparison, localization of events, reconstruction, preliminary inspection, etc.); other techniques are applicable when showing only this object, as a rule, such techniques are the find of one guide and are not used by everyone who conducts such excursions.

Definition of the purpose and objectives of the tour

Work on any new excursion begins with a clear definition of its purpose. This helps the authors of the tour to work in a more organized way in the future. The purpose of the tour is for the sake of which historical and cultural monuments and other objects are shown to tourists. The guide's story is subject to the same ultimate goal. Let's name several goals: education of patriotism, love and respect for the Motherland, socially useful work, and for other peoples; aesthetic education, as well as broadening one's horizons, obtaining additional knowledge in various fields of science and culture, etc. The objectives of the excursion are to achieve the goals by revealing its topic.

Choosing a topic for the tour

The scope of excursion institutions and museums is constantly expanding. Practice shows how important it is to ensure the correct choice of the topic of the excursion. A clear statement of the topic determines the content of the tour.

The theme is the core that connects all the objects of the excursion into a single whole. When creating an excursion, the participants of the creative group conduct the selection of objects, constantly checking their actions with the theme. However, it is not enough to select an object on a topic; one must find specific material on which this topic will be disclosed with the greatest completeness and persuasiveness. The grouping of topics underlies the existing classification of excursions.

Selection of literature and compilation of bibliography.

During the development of a new excursion, a list of books, brochures, articles published in newspapers and magazines is compiled that reveal the topic. The purpose of the list is to determine the approximate boundaries of the forthcoming work on the study of literary sources, to assist guides in using the necessary factual and theoretical material in preparing the text. The list of references is reproduced in several copies for the convenience of the work of the group and those guides who in the future will be preparing to conduct excursions on this topic. The list includes the author, title, year of publication, as well as chapters, sections, pages. With a large number of literature sources, the list can be divided into two parts: "Basic Literature" and "Additional Literature".

2.2 Selection and study of excursion objects

excursion object- an object (phenomenon) that gives an idea of salient features(features) of a certain era in the development of society, science, technology, culture, nature, art, causing the interest of sightseers in the knowledge of the surrounding reality.1

Zorin I.V., Kvartalnov V.A. Tourist terminology dictionary

The objects can be: places associated with historical events; natural objects and reserves; buildings and constructions; memorial monuments and complexes; works of architecture and urban planning; original engineering structures; objects related to the life and work of prominent people; technical exhibits; monuments of art; expositions of museums, art galleries, exhibitions; archaeological sites; folk rituals, customs, etc.

With an abundance of objects related to the topic, Special attention should be given to their correct selection, taking into account the following criteria: safety; cognitive value; content; functional purpose; availability; safety.

The tour should not be overloaded with a large number of visited objects. For a city tour (duration of two to three academic hours), 15-20 objects are recommended.

If there are few objects on the chosen topic, then it is necessary to draw up a package of visual aids - a "guide's portfolio": layouts, photographs, eyewitness memories, film and video recording, maps, diagrams, etc.

When preparing an excursion, it is advisable to draw up cards (passports) of objects, including: name of the object; events associated with it; dates of these events; location of the object; information about the authors of this object; sources of information about this object; safety of the object; safety during his visit; photographs and other illustrative material.

2.3 Planning an itinerary

The route of the tour is the most convenient route for the tour group, contributing to the disclosure of the topic. It is built depending on the most correct sequence of objects inspection for a given excursion, the availability of sites for the group location, the need to ensure the safety of tourists. One of the tasks of the route is to contribute to the most complete disclosure of the topic.

The main requirements that must be taken into account by the compilers of the route are the organization of the display of objects in a logical sequence and the provision of a visual basis for the disclosure of the topic.

In the practice of excursion institutions, there are three options for building routes: chronological, thematic and thematic-chronological.

Excursions dedicated to the life and work of prominent people can serve as an example of the chronological construction of the route.

Excursions related to the disclosure of a certain topic in the life of the city are built according to the thematic principle (for example, "Literary Moscow Region").

All sightseeing city tours are built according to the thematic and chronological principle. The sequence of presentation of the material in chronological order in such excursions is observed, as a rule, only when each subtopic is disclosed.

Route development is a complex multi-stage procedure that requires a fairly high qualification and is one of the main elements of the technology for creating a new excursion. Objects, depending on their role in the tour, can be used as primary and secondary.

The main objects are subjected to a deeper analysis, they reveal the subtopics of the excursion.

The display of additional objects, as a rule, is carried out during the transfers (transitions) of the excursion group and does not occupy a dominant position.

It is recommended to have several options for the movement of the group by the time of the excursion. The need to change the route in some cases is caused by traffic jams, repair work on city highways. All this should be taken into account when creating various route options.

2.4 Detour (detour) of the route

Detour (detour) of the route is one of the important stages in the development of a new excursion theme.

When organizing a detour (detour) of the route, the members of the creative team are faced with the following tasks: to get acquainted with the streets, squares along which the route is laid; specify the place where the object is located, as well as the place where the bus or group stops; to master the entrance by bus to the objects and places of parking; conduct a timing of the time allotted for displaying each object, its verbal, characteristics and movement of the bus (group) between objects; check the feasibility of using the selected methodological methods of display; choose the best points for the location of the tour group and the display of objects.

The detour makes it possible to correctly determine the time required for this excursion. After a detour (bypass), the scheme of the excursion route is coordinated with the local service of the State traffic inspectorate and reproduced on a copy machine. The scheme is handed over to all interested employees, methodologists, guides, bus drivers. This order avoids misunderstandings during the tours. With a well-designed route, the guide is not distracted during the show and the story in order to instruct the driver where to turn, which street to go next, at which monument to stop, where and how to park the bus.

2.5 Preparation of the control text of the excursion

Having determined the route, the members of the creative team begin to compile the control text of the excursion. In such a text, it is necessary to include the main provisions, factual material for a complete and in-depth disclosure of all the subtopics and issues included in the excursion.

The text is the material necessary for the full disclosure of all the subtopics included in the excursion. The text is intended to provide a thematic orientation of the guide's story, it formulates a certain point of view on the facts and events to which the excursion is devoted, and gives an objective assessment of the objects shown.

Requirements for the text: brevity, clarity of wording, the required amount of factual material, the availability of information on the topic, full disclosure of the topic, literary language.

The text of the excursion is compiled by the creative group when developing a new topic and performs control functions. This means that each guide must build his story taking into account the requirements of this text (control text).

When compiling the control text, the methodologist and the head of the methodological section of the guides must ensure that the material is presented as required by the purpose and topic of the excursion. The control text serves as the basis for all excursions conducted on this topic. This circumstance requires a particularly serious attitude to the preparation of this document. The control text in most cases contains a chronological presentation of the material, does not reflect the structure of the excursion and is not built in the itinerary sequence with the distribution of the material presented among the stops near the objects.

The control text is a material carefully selected and verified according to the sources, presented in accordance with the requirements of scientific and partisanship.

The control text may contain materials related to objects not included in the itinerary of this excursion. The control text is a detailed material to help guides who are preparing to conduct or are already leading a tour on this topic. On the basis of the control text, different versions of excursions on the same topic, including for children and adults, for different groups of workers can be created.

In some cases, when the material cannot be arranged in chronological order, for example, in a sightseeing city tour, the control text is material for the subtopics of the tour.

The control text is a directive document for all guides preparing their individual texts. The main provisions of the excursion on this topic should be stated and interpreted in accordance with the content of the control text.

There is another type of excursion text - individual. The guide, preparing to conduct a tour on this topic, composes such a text on his own.

The main difference between the individual text and the control text is that it reflects the structure of the excursion and is built in full accordance with its route. The material in the individual text is placed in the order in which the objects are shown. Individual text has a clear division into parts. Each of them is devoted to one subtopic.

The individual text is a story ready for execution, contains a complete and clear statement of what should be told on the tour. There can be no unjustified abbreviations here when presenting the essence of historical events, evaluating their significance, in conclusions on subtopics. It is also not allowed to mention facts without dating them, without references to sources where they are presented with sufficient completeness.

The introduction, in turn, is usually divided into two parts - organizational and informational. In the first half of the introduction, the guide announces his last name, first name, patronymic, introduces the group to the driver of the tour bus (last name, first name, patronymic, class, experience), the topic of the tour, its route, duration, tells the time and place of its end, calls the institution that organizes the tour. This is followed by a briefing on the behavior and safety rules of sightseers - it is reported, for example, that certain rules must be observed on the bus journey: occupy the same places, not talk and not engage in extraneous affairs, etc.

The second part of the introduction - informational - briefly outlines the content of the upcoming event, its objectives. At the same time, separate subtopics can be named, two or three most interesting objects are mentioned. You should not turn the introductory part into a brief summary of the tour, give a detailed description of the monuments that will be shown.

The introduction provides information on organizational issues. The task of the guide is to interest the audience, to draw the attention of the participants of the event to the objects that will be shown, and to the topic itself. The main requirements for the introductory word are brevity and dynamism. It should not bore the listeners. The total time allotted for entry should usually not exceed 5-7 minutes. A distinctive feature of the introductory part is that the guide's speech is not accompanied by a display of sightseeing objects. Therefore, the entry is carried out immediately after boarding the bus, before the start of movement along the route, so that the appearance of buildings and natural objects outside the window does not distract the participants of the excursion. The success of the entire excursion depends on the degree of their attention to the guide's message at this moment.

After the introduction, the main part follows - what forms the basis of the excursion - a show and a story that reveals the topic. The structure of this part is more complex, it includes several subtopics. Each of them is revealed on one or more objects.

The tour has a final part, which sums up what the participant saw and heard. In the final part, the guide briefly outlines the conclusions on the topic as a whole, emphasizes the main points, and summarizes the impressions of the tourists.

2.6 Methodological methods of display

The tour is based on the rule "from show to story", which is accepted as an axiom of the excursion business.

Among the main methodological methods of the tour show are the following: preliminary examination, visual analysis, visual reconstruction, localization of events, visual comparison.

Preliminary Inspection Reception. This methodological technique is used at the moment when the tourists are at the location of the monument, when they have already seen it. The guide names the monument, for example: “In front of you are the Tara Gates.” Thus, he invites the tourists themselves to observe a particular object, get acquainted with its appearance, and highlight the most interesting details.

excursion tour guide route showing

Reception of visual analysis. Analysis in any tour is always associated with showing objects. At the same time, the object that the participants of the excursion are examining at the moment is analyzed.

The excursion analysis is based on various aspects of the object - a monument of history and culture. Among the types of such analysis, first of all, they name: art criticism, which is based, for example, on the methods of displaying works visual arts and architecture; historical - based on the methods of displaying an object (buildings, structures where historical events took place); natural science analysis is used when showing natural history objects; production and technical analysis is used mainly when conducting excursions to industrial enterprises, when showing machine tools and mechanisms. Each of the types of analysis can be used separately when displaying an object. In addition, they are also used together when analyzing a single object, especially a complex of objects, such as an architectural ensemble. In this case, the excursion object or complex of objects is divided by the guide into its component parts (elements). Then each of these elements is subjected to one of the types of analysis.

Reception of visual reconstruction. The term "reconstruction" means the restoration of the original appearance, the appearance of something according to material remains or descriptions. The essence of this methodical technique is that the guide verbally reconstructs the image (appearance), for example, of a building, relying on visual impressions.

This methodological technique is usually used when showing those memorable places where hostilities, popular uprisings, strikes, revolutionary May Day meetings, rallies, historical meetings and other significant events took place. This should also include places associated with the life and work of public and state figures, famous writers, scientists, composers, artists.

Various ways of reproducing pictures of the historical past are used. For a more convincing presentation of the material, it is necessary that each guide has a map-scheme indicating the most important details of the historical event.

In those cases when the buildings and structures that reveal the theme have turned into ruins (traces of war, earthquakes, just time), the guide makes a visual reconstruction based on their surviving parts, details, fragments.

The success of the tour in general, and in particular the use of such a complex methodological technique as visual reconstruction, largely depends on the preparatory work. In preparation for the excursion, each guide should thoroughly study the area where the events reflected in the excursion took place. Accurate knowledge of all the circumstances and details helps the guide to become, as it were, an eyewitness to historical events. The competence of the guide, his knowledge, mastery of the methodology allow him to convincingly tell the participants of the excursion about the event, to give them a visual representation of it.

The method of visual reconstruction is also used by the guide when revealing a subtopic related to the future of the city, one of its streets, squares, and an industrial enterprise. Here, with the help of a diagram, photographs, models, explanations of the guide, the appearance of the future city is recreated.

Event Localization Reception. The success of the tour largely depends on how specific the show is, whether the tourists will get a clear idea of ​​where and how the event in question took place. An important role in such concretization of events is played by the methodical method of localization.

This technique got its name from the term "localization", which means the connection of an event with a specific place, the restriction of an action, a phenomenon by a relatively small space. "Local" means: local, peculiar to a certain place. This technique makes it possible to limit the attention of the participants of the excursion to certain frames, to fix their eyes on this particular territory, exactly on the place where the event took place. When presenting the material, this technique involves the transition from the general to the particular.

Visual comparison technique. This methodological technique is based on comparing various phenomena, objects, objects or comparing different features, elements of one object. Several types of comparison are widely used in excursions: comparison of the displayed object with an object that is known to all excursionists, but is located in another city, or with an object shown at the beginning of the excursion or on another excursion conducted before. This comparison is called the method of visual analogy.

The use of the comparison technique enables the tourists to present the actual size of the object, the amount of products manufactured by the enterprise, and the speed of movement. This allows you to reduce the number of figures in the story, the number of facts used.

2.7 Acquisition of the "portfolio of the guide"

"Portfolio of the guide" - the conventional name of a set of visual aids used during the tour. These manuals are usually placed in a folder or small briefcase.

The "guide's portfolio" includes photographs, geographical maps, diagrams, drawings, drawings, samples of products of industrial enterprises (if they are small in size), herbariums, collections of minerals. Such "portfolios" are created, as a rule, for each topic. They are a constant companion of the guide and help to make any trip to the past and present more exciting and rewarding.

The portfolio includes visual aids that are easy to use. Their number should be large, since in this case the manuals will distract tourists from visiting genuine objects - monuments of history and culture, and scatter their attention.

Each exhibit included in the "portfolio" is accompanied by a leaflet with explanations or reference material. Sometimes the explanation is pasted on the reverse side of the exhibit. Such an annotation serves as the source material for the guide when showing this exhibit to sightseers.

2.8 Drawing up a methodological development of the excursion

Methodological development - a document that determines how to conduct this tour, how best to organize the display of monuments, what methodology and technique should be used to make the tour effective. The methodological development sets out the requirements of the excursion methodology, taking into account the features of the objects being demonstrated and the content of the material presented. It disciplines the guide and must meet the following requirements: suggest the guide the way to reveal the topic; equip him with the most effective methodological methods of showing and telling; contain clear recommendations on the organization of excursions; take into account the interests of a certain group of tourists (if there are excursion options); combine the show and the story into a single whole.

Formulation of methodological development is as follows:

Ø the title page contains the following data: the name of the excursion institution, the name of the topic of the excursion, the type of excursion, the length of the route, the duration in academic hours, the composition of the excursionists, the names and positions of the compilers, the date of approval of the excursion by the head of the excursion institution;

Ø the next page sets out the purpose and objectives of the tour, a route diagram indicating objects and stops during the tour.

Methodological development consists of three sections: introduction, main part and conclusion. First of all, you need to get to know the group, name the guide and driver, then remind the excursionists of the rules of behavior on the bus, warning them that they will be able to ask questions and share their impressions when time is given for this. In the information part, it is necessary to name the topic, route, duration of the excursion, but it is desirable to do this in such a way as to arouse interest in the topic, attract the attention of tourists, i.e. this part of the introduction should be bright, emotional. The landing place of the group is determined in working order together with the customer, the starting point of the tour is determined methodological development.

The effectiveness of methodological development depends on the correct filling of all seven columns. Development size - 6-12 pages of typewritten text. The volume of the document depends on the number of excursion objects, the number of subtopics, the duration of the excursion in time and the length of the route.

See the Appendix for an example of methodological development.

2.9 Receiving a tour

With a positive assessment of the control text of the excursion and methodological development by the head of the department or methodologist, in the presence of a completed "portfolio of the guide" and a map of the route, the administration of the bureau sets the date of acceptance (delivery) of a new excursion.

The head of the excursion institution, methodological workers, members of the creative group, members of the methodological section of the guides, where this excursion was prepared, and heads of other methodological sections, take part in the reception of the excursion.

The process of handing over a new excursion by a creative group is businesslike. This stage of preparing a new excursion is important because it makes it possible to detect and timely eliminate shortcomings in the selection of excursion objects, in the direction of the route, in the content of the excursion, and in the use of methodological methods for conducting the excursion.

Reception (delivery) of the excursion is carried out in the form of a friendly discussion, an open exchange of views, a discussion of the identified shortcomings. Tour participants must be familiarized with the control text and methodological development, a map of the tour route, cards (passports) of objects, the contents of the "guide's portfolio", the list (and, if necessary, the content) of the literature used, materials for the tour (certificates, abstracts) , photographs, statistics).

Chapter 3

3.1 Classification of teaching methods

The method of conducting excursions covers a number of issues. This is, first of all, the ability to show objects and talk about the objects themselves and the events associated with them. The technique involves the ability to correctly arrange the excursion material, to fully use visual and verbal evidence on the way to achieving the goal set by the excursion, and, ultimately, to most convincingly reveal the topic of the excursion.

The purpose of the methodology is to help the tourists learn the content of the tour more easily and more firmly. The task of methodological techniques is to ensure the greatest efficiency in using the excursion method of communicating knowledge to the audience.

The guide who goes on the route must know the route as a whole, each object separately, clearly know the content of the text of the excursion, have a good idea of ​​what needs to be said on this topic and when exactly it needs to be done, what is the role of the excursion object in this - a monument of history and culture, how to best demonstrate it to sightseers.

Each guide must know the methodology for conducting excursions, have a clear idea of ​​​​the issues set out in the methodological development - a short list of his actions: what to show and how to show, what to say, when to say and how to say. The task of the guide is not only to simply show and tell, to transfer his knowledge to the group, but also to organize the active cognitive activity of the tourists, their independent work throughout the excursion.

The excursion methodology is divided into two parts: general and private methods.

The general methodology is the basis for conducting any excursion, regardless of its topic and the composition of the group of tourists, it is a system of methodological methods of showing and telling.

Each of the private methods combines only those methodological techniques that are used in excursions of a certain type. This refers to the methodology for conducting industrial excursions or, for example, walking tours. It has its own characteristics and methodology for conducting excursions for schoolchildren, students of schools of communist labor and other groups of tourists.

Private methods of conducting excursions, based on the basic requirements of the excursion methodology, develop and specify the most effective methods (techniques) for conducting excursions of this type. At the same time, methodological techniques are concretized in relation to the specifics of conducting certain excursions.

Such general methods of cognition as analysis and synthesis have found wide application in the excursion methodology.

Analysis is such a method of cognition when the object being studied is mentally divided into its component parts, elements, when various features of the object are studied separately. The mental division of an object, the selection of one or another part from a single whole, allows the researcher to form a more complete and correct idea of ​​the object itself. In this case, properties and qualities inherent only in the studied part or constituent element of the subject can be considered. Consideration of the parts and elements of the subject separately allows you to discover the connections existing between them. The analytical method of research serves as the basis for showing on excursions.

It allows sightseers to get a scientific concept of sightseeing objects, phenomena that are studied, for example, on biological and geological excursions.

Of no less importance for the excursion methodology is such a method of cognition as synthesis. The use of this method involves the mental connection of individual parts or elements of an object. In practice, synthesis is a combination of all the data obtained as a result of analysis into a single whole. Various types of synthesis are used in excursion practice : a) combining various parts of a visually perceived object into a single whole; b) combining different qualities, aspects, features of the object being studied into something single; c) combining several elements of a given object to identify common properties for them.

Synthesis allows sightseers to study the general and the particular, the identical and the different. Synthesis, as well as analysis, is used on excursions in the methodological methods of localization and contrast (comparison).

Analysis and synthesis in excursions are usually inextricably linked. They allow excursionists to go from the concrete to the abstract, from the complex to the simple, and vice versa, depending on which method of cognition was chosen as the excursion method. The scheme of interaction between synthesis and analysis in excursions, as well as in other forms of studying objects and phenomena of the surrounding world, is simple: analysis precedes synthesis, and synthesis completes analysis.

The excursion technique makes extensive use of analogy, which is one of the common methods of scientific analysis. Using the method of analogy, the guide compares similar features, the most significant aspects of two or more objects (objects) and, on the basis of this, draws conclusions about the similarity of other objects (objects) to each other.

Skillful use of the method of analogy allows, for example, a better understanding of natural phenomena in natural science excursions. Analogies are also appropriate in excursions to industrial, architectural and other topics.

The analogy method activates the perception on the excursion, stimulates the mental activity of the group. When showing, for example, an architectural monument, sightseers are asked to remember where they have seen a similar building before.

When using the analogy method in the method of showing objects, it is very important to first identify, undoubtedly, similar features, elements in the compared objects. The analogy method is associated with the use of a variety of associations.

The excursion methodology uses various methodological techniques that are built on associations. The more similar impressions received in previous excursions are preserved in a person’s memory, the better and more firmly he assimilates new objects, pictures, phenomena, their features and properties.

It is on this quality of human consciousness that the perception of the content of excursions in cycles built according to the thematic principle (historical, architectural, natural history, etc.) is largely built.

When preparing new excursion topics, methodologists, selecting the most effective methodological methods of showing and telling, characterizing the object itself and the events associated with it, proceed from what associations by contrast, similarity, time, place of action or location will be used during the excursion.

The excursion methodology is based on the position put forward by K.D. Ushinsky about the maximum use of the old links of knowledge acquired by a person earlier, when assimilating new links, about their continuous movement in the learning process. Such a movement of old links of knowledge helps the consciousness to better perceive what is currently the subject of observation and assimilation. New acquisitions at the same time have an impact on strengthening the knowledge of a person as a whole.

Time order associations are also often used in excursions, especially in historical, art history and literary excursions. It is much easier to remember events that follow one after another in time or occur simultaneously. Works of art created at the same time are remembered better. The guide in his story emphasizes this circumstance.

Associations for unity of place. We are talking about objects located nearby, in the same space, within the sight of a person. Associations of this kind are designed for great opportunities visual memory. On the basis of associations for the unity of place in excursions, a methodology was built to show architectural ensembles, memorials in one square, a residential complex consisting of several buildings, as well as observation from observation deck panoramas of the city, terrain, water area seaport. The same type of association is used when showing a map of the area, that part of the city where historical events took place, various schemes, tables, drawings. In this case, the methodological development sets the guide the task of ensuring that the idea of ​​the unity of the place becomes the starting point for the tourists when studying the visual range that is shown to them.

Various types of association occupy a large place in the excursion methodology. They help to identify the features of objects, their individual sides. Methodological techniques using associations activate tourists, accelerating their mental activity, increasing its efficiency.

The excursion methodology is based on teaching methods borrowed from pedagogy: verbal, visual and practical.

verbal methods. The guide's story uses verbal methods: oral presentation of the material, conversation, explanation, retelling of the content of a written source, explanatory reading, citation. In a significant part of the tour display, visual methods are used: demonstration of the objects being studied in kind or in the image, observation of objects. Practical methods are used in the independent work of tourists on the assimilation of the material. This is an inspection of objects, observations on the instructions of the guide, the use of a compass and other devices. The method of exercises is used much less frequently in excursion practice. Its task is to develop various skills and abilities of tourists.

The excursion is one of the most active forms of ideological-educational and cultural-mass work. The degree of its effectiveness depends not only on the guide, but also on the tourists, their participation in the process of learning. That is why the excursion methodology relies on research methods, and above all, the method of observation. Observation is the initial stage of research, it allows tourists to accumulate a lot of factual material, contributes to the conscious, purposeful perception of objects and phenomena.

Excursions are based on direct observations, when the object of study appears before the group in its natural form at its natural location (except for museum excursions). Unlike indirect observations carried out with the help of instruments, using their readings, direct observations on excursions are of a short-term nature. As for such a form of observation as an experiment, even in its simplest forms, the overwhelming majority of excursions do not use it.

The requirements of the excursion methodology boil down to the fact that all the techniques and methods of showing on the excursion must be correctly selected, carefully verified in practice, critically and demandingly evaluated. All this should be done before the approval of the methodology for conducting excursions for a mass audience.

Excursion methodology in the narrow sense of this term for each specific excursion on a specific topic and for a specific group of tourists is a pre-selected set of methodological methods of showing and telling.

The analysis of the object of the excursion should be built in such a way that its features are gradually and in a certain order revealed. The order of observation, its sequence can be inductive or deductive. These methods of cognition are as important for the excursion methodology as analysis and synthesis. However, there is a significant difference in their application. If analysis and synthesis are actively used in that part of the excursion, which received the conditional name of a show, then induction and deduction are mainly used in another part of it - in the story.

Induction is a method of reasoning based on inference from particular isolated cases, from disparate facts to generalizations, to a general conclusion.

Deduction is a method of reasoning, a logical conclusion from the general to the particular, from general judgments, provisions to particular conclusions, to individual facts.

Both of these ways of reasoning in the excursion do not exist in isolation, they are interconnected and complement each other.

3.2 Excursion technique

The concept of "excursion technique" combines issues related to its organization. In the methodological development, these issues are reflected in the column "Organizational instructions".

The effectiveness of the tour largely depends on the level of its organization. Its beginning is of great importance. It is important to immediately interest the tourists, to captivate them. After all, many participants get on the tour immediately after a working day at work or in the classroom, they are often tired and poorly prepared for the perception of the content. The text of the excursion and the methodological development take into account these circumstances, the guide is recommended to avoid difficulties in presenting the material, to present it simply and popularly. An important role is played by the elation of the story, the ability of the guide to prevent and avoid conflict situations in the excursion group. The attitude of the guide to the audience during the entire tour should be respectful, friendly.

The guide must take care of the good visibility of objects and the audibility of explanations for all participants in the tour. This determines the guide's choice of a place for himself in relation to the group. Each guide must carefully study the contents of the section of the methodological development "Organizational instructions" and clearly understand how these instructions should be used correctly during the tour.

After getting off the bus, the guide immediately finds a place for the group. Methodological development usually provides several options (points) for the location of the group. This is done in case one of these places is already occupied by another group or for some reason cannot be used at the moment. Each guide during the preparation of the excursion, being on the route, carefully studies these places. Therefore, during the tour, he confidently places his group in one of the recommended places. The location of the group at the object can also be changed depending on the task. If, for example, the task is to see the object along with the background, the farthest point is selected for the group. If the task is to see the details of the object, its individual parts, then the group is located near the object.

Each tour has a specific time limit. The methodological development provides for an approximate time for showing each object, for highlighting specific subtopics and the main issues that are included in them. A novice guide usually conducts a tour, constantly checking his watch. This makes it possible to avoid wasting time on covering the first subtopics. Such overspending leads to the fact that the remaining subtopics will be crumpled or not disclosed at all.

Much depends on the correct organization of the preparation of the guide for conducting a new excursion. It is recommended, for example, to "conduct" an excursion, sitting at a table in a methodological office or at home. In such a rehearsal without a group, the guide, fulfilling the requirements of methodological development, makes an introduction, then in the required sequence leads a "show" of the objects included in the route. At the same time, everything unnecessary is removed from the tour, leading to an overrun of the time allotted for showing and telling. This work is carried out under the supervision of the head of the section or methodologist.

It should not be reduced to the observance of the time indicated by the methodology. Sometimes it happens that due to long gatherings of the group, a late bus, or other reasons beyond the control of the guide, the event starts later than the scheduled time, say, a four-hour city tour starts twenty minutes late. The question arises before the guide: what to do? How to keep within, so that the topic does not suffer? It is impossible to extend the time: in four hours the bus must serve another tour group. None of the sub-topics can be thrown away. One way out is to reduce the time allotted by the methodological development for the disclosure of subtopics. This is done carefully, the guide proceeds from the fact that the main thing in the content should be preserved, all the main issues should be covered with sufficient completeness. The abbreviation may affect minor details in the show and in the story. The guide, with the help of a methodologist, prepares in advance for such situations, carefully "playing" them.

One of the requirements for a story on an excursion is a targeted character. Whatever the guide tells about - about a building, a fortress tower, a sculptural group, plants, it should be clear to the excursionist which building and moreover - which floor, window, balcony is dedicated to the story, which monument is in question, which plant is characterized. This is achieved with the help of specific indications of where the historical event took place, where the person in question lived. If there are several houses located nearby and sometimes identical in their architecture, the color of a particular house, its external distinguishing features, and visible design features are necessarily called. The guide, pointing to the desired building, checks whether the participants of the tour understand which object he draws their attention to. The narrator continues the story only after he makes sure that everyone clearly understands what object is being discussed, and most importantly, they see this object well.

The guide leads the entire tour in most cases while standing. He sits in his place only during long journeys from object to object. Most often this happens when conducting out-of-town excursions. The technique of conducting excursions has a number of clear requirements.

At a bus stop, for example, the tour guide gets off the bus first, leading the group, showing them the way to the show object. This also applies to the movement of the group between objects on a walking tour. When the group returns to the bus, the guide is the last to enter, thereby letting the driver know that the group has finished boarding and you can continue on your way. In cases where the parking time is extended for some reason, for example, to buy souvenirs or visit a bookstore, all sightseers are warned about the exact time of the bus departure.

Between subtopics, in addition to logical transitions, in some cases excursion information is given on the bus. The size of each such certificate depends on the availability of material and the duration of the move. With a properly prepared excursion, the content of each reference is related to the topic of the excursion.

Answers on questions. Tourists along the way ask the guide questions about any objects - buildings, structures, streets, squares, and sometimes about problems not related to the topic of the tour.

Answers to such questions, sometimes of interest to only one or two people, distract other participants from the perception of the topic. For experienced guides, such questions in a group arise much less frequently. The tour should be conducted in such a way that the attention of its participants is concentrated on those objects, the display of which is provided for by the methodological development. Questions that arise during the tour should not be answered immediately, this is done only after it has ended. The guide agrees with the group about this order when presenting the introductory part: "You will receive answers to your questions during the tour at the end of our meeting."

Clarity of presentation, clarity of wording, consistency and validity of conclusions, absence of omissions on the topic usually do not leave room for perplexed questions from tourists during the excursion itself. A significant role in the selection of material for display and story is played by the interests of various groups of tourists.

An important role is played by the quantitative side of the story. The duration of the excursion as a whole and the duration of the story of its accompanying person are values ​​that do not coincide in time. This is due to the peculiarities of the perception of the material by the audience during the excursion as a kind of form of knowledge. The guide cannot, unlike the lecturer, speak continuously. Between the individual parts of the story, between the story and the excursion information on the way, between the logical transition and the story about the object and the events associated with it, there should be small breaks - silent intervals. Methodical workers call these pauses "air in excursion". The time of such breaks is used by people to think about what they have just heard from the guide, to fix the factual material in memory and formulate their conclusions. It is especially important that the sightseer has such a free from showing and telling, a small amount of time at each monument for self inspection objects, in order to prepare to understand and perceive what will be shown and told at the next stop. These few free minutes during the tour can be used simply for relaxation. Compliance with this order is especially important for those who are not yet accustomed to such an active form of acquiring knowledge as an excursion.

During the show and story, the guide, following the example of a lecturer, can use notes, cards and other forms of "reminder" about the content of the excursion.

Methodists and leaders of methodological sections should not try to ensure that each guide from the very first excursion memorizes all his text, digital material, dates of creation of monuments, etc. Even with an excellent memory, it is impossible to immediately remember all the quotations, especially when they are large excerpts from literary works. And in the future, the guide may forget or miss something when showing and telling.

For each subtopic of the tour, several cards are compiled - according to the number of main questions included in the subtopic. Brief data about the object, the content of the story on this issue are entered on the card. For ease of use and subsequent memorization, quotations, excerpts from documents and excerpts from literary sources are written out on cards without any abbreviations and changes. For significant citations, when using the methodical method of literary montage, separate cards are created. A reference is also made here to the edition, the document from which the quote is taken.

All cards must be correctly completed and technically completed. They are made small in size, approximately 11x15 cm (a quarter of a sheet of ordinary writing paper), on thick, durable paper.

The text entered on the card should be understandable, because the guide does not read it, he only glances at it and sets out the material, characterizes the visual object, most often looking at his listeners.

When conducting a bus tour, when a short break appears when moving from object to object, the guide, leafing through the cards, refreshes the material in his memory, which will later be used in the story.

For ease of use during the event, all cards have serial numbers and are checked and folded in the desired sequence before going on the tour. Preparation in each regular excursion consists in the fact that the cards are carefully read again. Such a process of getting used to the individual text, memorizing the materials of the excursion after a while makes it possible to refuse to use the cards. The use of cards with quotes, especially with many (literary montage), is the right of every guide, regardless of his experience and preparedness.

Conclusion

Summing up the work done by us, we can conclude that the preparation of a new excursion topic is a complex process. This work is considered completed when all the necessary documents are prepared:

.Related literature list

2.Cards of objects included in the route

.Excursion control text

.Individual texts of guides

Route map

."Guide's Bag"

.Methodological development on the topic

.Excursion materials

.List of guides who conduct excursions on the topic

Excursions are an effective form of studying the native land, so the selection of objects and the preparation of the route should be the most important stage in preparing the text of the excursion.

Depending on the role that objects perform in the excursion to reveal the topic, they are divided into main and additional.

The route of the tour depends on the topic, its structure and provides a substantive, visual basis for the disclosure of the excursion topic, determines its sequence, the number of monuments and memorable places. The itinerary of the tour is compiled in such a way that, with a consistent display of objects, it would be possible not only to reveal all the planned sub-themes, questions of the tour, but also purposefully, harmoniously state its content. Particular attention should be paid to the choice of the object, which is supposed to end the tour.

When developing a route, it is necessary to take into account the location of the display objects, the possibility of viewing them, the conditions for approaching monuments or memorable places.

The main requirement of the excursion methodology - obligatory combination of display with the story. The specifics, features of the method of conducting an excursion are related to its theme and purpose, and depend on the nature of the objects. It is necessary to think over the methodology for showing memorable places that do not always attract attention with their appearance. The task is to use the semantic meaning of the monument to arouse interest in it.

The methodology for preparing and conducting a walking tour is based on general methodological requirements, however, it has some features in the selection of material, building a route, methods of displaying excursion objects.

The tour should consist of three parts: introduction, main part, conclusion.

On the way, the group of tourists ask questions to the guide. The forms of answers to questions can be different, the guide in the introduction must agree with the group that time will be allotted for questions about the content of the excursion and answers to them after it ends.

For the guide, the main thing is the word. He must speak concisely, expressively, have good diction, moderate gesture, be able to control his voice. And its main task is to help people look and see more and deeper.

An obligatory stage in the creation of a new excursion is a conclusion about the text and methodological development. The conclusion is a competent opinion on the quality of the preparatory excursion, it contains an assessment of the main documents on the possibility of conducting an excursion based on them.

In this work, we tried to reveal all aspects of the preparation and behavior of excursions, this work can serve as a theoretical basis for the work of guides and companies that make up excursion routes.

Literature

1.Dolzhenko G.P. Excursion business. Moscow - Rostov-on-Don, Publishing Center "Mart". 2005.

2.Emelyanov B.V. Tour guide: Textbook. - 5th edition. - M.: Soviet sport, 2004.

.Emelyanov B.V. Professional skills of the guide: Proc. allowance. - M.: TsRIB "Tourist", 1986.

.Emelyanov B.V. To help the tour guide. - M.: Profizdat, 1976.

.Zorin I.V., Kvartalnov V.A. Tourist terminological dictionary: Reference manual / Ed. - comp. - M.: Soviet sport, 1999.

.Nemolyaeva M.E., Khodorkov L.F. International tourism: yesterday, today. - M.: Intern. relations, 1985.

.Methods of preparing and conducting excursions: Proc. Benefit. - M.: TsRIB "Tourist", 1988.

8.CD disc Great Encyclopedia of Cyril and Methodius, ASC, 2008.

9.CD disc Encyclopedia of tourism , Publishing House Media 2000 .

Application

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The word "excursion" comes from the Latin word "excursio" - trip, in Russian it appeared in the 19th century. The tour is a visual process of learning about the surrounding world, the process of getting to know the peculiarities of nature, history, life, sights of a particular city or region. An excursion in the modern sense is a methodically thought-out display of places of interest, historical and cultural monuments, which is based on an analysis of the objects that are in front of the sightseers, as well as a skillful story about the events associated with them.

The essence of an excursion can be defined as follows: an excursion is the sum of knowledge communicated to a group of people in a specific form, and a certain system of actions for their transfer. Function in Latin means: performance, range of activities, duty, role. To function means to act, to work. The functions of the excursion are considered as its main feature. The range is wide enough. In almost every excursion there are cognitive, educational, informational, educational functions, the functions of scientific propaganda, the organization of cultural leisure and the formation of interests, the expansion of cultural horizons, etc.

A sign is that which makes objects and phenomena similar to each other or distinguishes them from each other.

Common features for all excursions are:

1. The duration of the course - from one academic hour (45 minutes) to one day.

2. The presence of sightseers (groups or individuals).

3. The presence of a guide conducting the tour.

4. Visibility, visual perception, display of excursion objects at their location.

5. The movement of the participants of the tour along a pre-compiled route.

6. Targeted display of objects, the presence of a specific topic.

7. Active activity of participants (observation, study, study of objects).

The absence of at least one of the above seven signs deprives the right to call the event an excursion.

In addition to these general features, each type of excursion has its own specific features:

a) for bus stations - showing objects when the bus is moving in slow motion, showing objects when the bus stops moving without exiting it, showing objects with the excursionists leaving it;

b) at the museum - acquaintance with the materials located on the stands;

c) for production - a demonstration of existing facilities.

Deprived of the necessary features are those activities that can be designated by the general term "guidism". "Guidism" should be regarded as a negative phenomenon, as a result of a frivolous approach to preparing and conducting an excursion. An excursion and a cursory inspection of objects with the help of a guide are different concepts.

A wide range of display objects, multifaceted topics, the development of the method of conducting excursions, the professional skills of guides allow excursions to perform certain functions, each of which plays an important role in providing information to tourists.

The specificity of the tour lies in the organic combination of show and story in it. The guide shows the sightseeing objects and accompanies the show with analysis, explanations, and historical references. If there are no objects that reveal any topic, there can be no excursion. Showing the object, the guide gives explanations, helps the tourists to perceive what they see correctly, to give an objective assessment of the events, phenomena, facts related to this object. Thus, in the course of the tour, the guide purposefully influences the formation of the worldview of the tourists, and the information provided, due to the visibility, is well remembered and contributes to the expansion of their horizons.

Classification of excursions

Classification is the distribution of objects, phenomena, concepts into classes, departments, categories, depending on their common features. Excursion service is both an independent activity and part of a complex of tourist services. Tours are currently classified by:

2. Composition and number of participants

3. Venue

4. Way of movement

5. Duration

6. Form of holding

Each group has its own components, specifics and features.

Sightseeing tours are also called multifaceted. They use historical or modern material. Such an excursion is built on the display of a wide variety of objects (monuments of history and culture, buildings and structures, places of famous events, etc.). Sightseeing tours describe the events close-up. This gives a general idea of ​​the city, the country as a whole. The chronological framework of such an excursion is the time of the existence of the city from the first mention of it to the present day and the prospects for development. Unlike thematic ones, the formulation of the topic in them presents a certain complexity. Regardless of the place where they are prepared and held, they are practically similar to each other, primarily in their structure. At the same time, sightseeing tours have their own distinctive features. They are dictated by those features in the history of development that are inherent in a particular city or country. Literary subtopics are included in sightseeing tours of cities associated with the life and work of writers and poets, etc.

Thematic tours are devoted to the disclosure of one topic. If this is a historical excursion, then it can be based on one or more events united by one theme. If the excursion is on an architectural theme, then the subject of the show can be ancient architectural structures, ensembles.

Thematic excursions are divided into historical, industrial, art history, literary, natural history, architectural and urban planning.

2. According to the composition and number of participants, excursions are divided into individual, for local population, visiting tourists, adults, students, schoolchildren, pensioners, etc. The peculiarities of the perception of the excursion material of each of these groups require changes in the content of the excursions, the methodology and technique of their conduct, as well as their duration.

3. According to the place of the excursion, there can be: urban, suburban, industrial, museum.

According to the method of movement - pedestrian and using various modes of transport.

The duration of excursions is from one academic hour (45 minutes) to a day. Short-term tours (from 1 to 2 days) are often called a weekend itinerary, they may include several excursions of different duration.

6. According to the form of conducting excursions, they are divided into the following types: excursion-walk, combining elements of knowledge with elements of relaxation. They are held in the forest, in the park, in the mountains, etc. An excursion-lesson is a form of communication of knowledge in accordance with the curriculum of an educational institution.

Excursion-consultation, which gives visual answers to the questions of tourists, is one of the types of advanced training. Excursion educational is a form of training and advanced training of excursion workers.

A city sightseeing tour is of the greatest interest to tourists, as it allows them to get a general idea of ​​the city in a short time (usually three hours), see sights, learn about the stages of historical development, etc. All sightseeing city tours are similar in structure: each of them contains several obligatory sub-themes, which, when expanded, deepened, and included new display objects, can become independent thematic tours. Choice from a variety of subtopics of the main, mandatory - difficult task. In the life of the city, it is necessary to single out precisely those aspects that had a decisive impact on its historical development.

When choosing subtopics sightseeing tour the national identity of each city, the peculiarities of life, architecture, and art should be taken into account. The definition of topics is one of the most important issues in the development of a city sightseeing tour. The multifaceted nature of the city sightseeing tour causes certain difficulties in choosing the objects of the show. In each fairly large and old city, there are historical, architectural, and modern monuments. The multifaceted nature of the sightseeing tour, which includes various sub-themes, determines complex logical transitions from one topic to another. With the help of logical transitions, the guide in the process of telling the story must connect the monuments of different eras and the main subtopics of the excursion into a single whole.

The structure of the city sightseeing tour usually begins with a brief introduction, followed by the main part, during which the subtopics of the tour are highlighted. After getting to know the city, the guide makes a conclusion and answers questions. A city sightseeing tour is a tour of a high category of complexity and requires the guide to have versatile knowledge, to be fluent in the methodological methods of its implementation. When conducting a sightseeing tour, the inductive method of presenting the material is widely used. It is important to immediately establish contact with the group, to interest the tourists. City sightseeing tours are the most visited and occupy a large share in the structure of excursion services. They are held for all categories of tourists and require a differentiated approach to the audience.

Excursions on historical topics - from thematic excursions represent the largest group.

The text and methodological development of excursions on historical topics should reflect the historical era through a brief description of socio-economic formations, productive forces and relations, correctly illuminate such issues as the role of the individual in history, historical events and phenomena in their cause-and-effect relationship. The objects of historical excursions can be monuments, memorable places and buildings associated with historical events in the life of the country, the activities of historical figures, etc.

Each historical excursion must contain material about the present. The guide is obliged to cover historical facts and events from the standpoint the latest achievements science, to make the tour relevant and modern.

Literary excursions - enrich a person spiritually, give him aesthetic pleasure. According to the venue, literary excursions are city, suburban and literary reserves. A literary excursion is created if there are enough objects in the city related to the life and work of the writer and if his works describe streets, alleys, houses. When preparing an excursion, the work begins with the collection of textual material, then the search for objects is carried out. Identifying objects is not always easy, especially if the tour is dedicated to the writers of the past. In this case, it is necessary to refer to reference books, archival materials.

Literary excursions often include monuments to writers as objects of inspection. Displaying monuments has its own characteristics: it is important to reveal the essential aspects of the writer's work, i.e. display of the monument should be carried out only in literary terms. There are usually few objects for display, and the external appearance of the buildings where writers lived, worked, and their works were published. The guide should show these memorable places in such a way that the sightseers understand and appreciate their significance in the life and work of the writer. At the same time, one cannot do without visual material, in particular photographic illustrations. Photographs and drawings can depict memorable places as they were during the life of the writer, portraits of the writer and persons close to him who played a certain role in his life, illustrations for the writer's works.

Art excursions - their classification is based on various types of art: music, cinema, theater, fine and decorative arts. They introduce works of fine art, are divided into tours showing paintings, etc. Tours showing works of painting are held in art galleries and historical and art museums. Of great importance in art history excursions is the so-called culture of showing the monument. Everything is important here: the correct location of the group and the position of the guide, and the refinement and clarity of his gestures.

Excursion groups are created taking into account the age characteristics of the tourists - for children, youth, etc. Excursions for children of school age are divided into two groups - school and extracurricular. School excursions are educational in nature, they are held with the aim of in-depth study of the school curriculum. Out-of-school excursions are organized by excursion institutions and are aimed at expanding the horizons of children and adolescents. When showing objects to a school audience, one should not give an art history analysis and talk about the peculiarities of the style of the monument, but it is necessary to emphasize its beauty and grandeur. In excursions for children visual aids are necessarily used. They must be clear big size neatly decorated. During the tour, rest is provided, during which games, quizzes are held, songs are performed. Excursions for children perform not only a cognitive, but also an educational function, and there should be more educational elements in these excursions than in any others. Of particular importance are the elements of the ritual: the laying of flowers, a moment of silence. When preparing an excursion for young people, the question of the amount of excursion material is of great importance. In terms of volume, this material should be smaller than for adults, but more lively, interesting, with elements of romance. Excursions must be used a large number of illustrations, excerpts from historical documents and works of fiction.

excursion material

By means, forms and methods of excursion activities, guides inform, educate, help people in practice to satisfy their urgent needs for knowledge. Structural components of excursions are: guide - excursion object - excursionist. Conducting excursions is not limited to transferring a certain amount of knowledge and conveying it to the tourists, but involves their merging with the knowledge that the tourists have, with their own life experience, and the formation of certain beliefs in them. The advantage and strength of the method of excursion influence lies in the fact that the information received by the tourists during the excursion is corrected in the process of assimilation and becomes their property.

There are many different types of information: political, scientific, artistic, technical, etc., which are associated with understanding and affect the human mind. If the information is nationally colored, it can influence a person's consciousness more effectively. The widespread use of examples of oratory skills, voice capabilities, facial expressions, gestures can enhance the semantic content of information. The "Living Word" is a more efficient way of conveying facts, comments, and messages to tourists.

The work of a guide also closely interacts with social, psychological and pedagogical processes. This interaction determines the specifics of the methodology of activity. The study of the motives for people visiting excursions allows you to better use the potential of the guide. Studies show that the higher the interest of the excursionist, the more actively he perceives information. The use of unknown, but interesting information in excursions increases interest in it. Direct communication with the tourists, direct contact, the ability to assess the reaction in communicating with them, the qualified presentation of the material, as well as the creation of an atmosphere of mutual trust and goodwill are indispensable conditions for the success of the excursion.

Another condition for the effectiveness of the tour is the reliability of information. Any distortion of the truth injures people, leads to a loss of confidence, therefore, when preparing and conducting an excursion, it is necessary to rely on the reliability of sources for obtaining information. The selection of facts is the basis of every message. Thus, the tour simultaneously solves two problems: it brings people knowledge and develops a personal attitude to the knowledge gained, forms beliefs.

Each excursion has its own well-defined theme based on the existing classification of excursions. A theme is a circle of phenomena selected and illuminated by the author. The topic is closely related to the purpose of the excursion. The goal is the main conclusion, thought, assessment of the events depicted. The choice of a topic depends on potential demand, a specific order or a targeted awareness of a certain topic of excursions. The theme of the excursion is set initially, and the author of the excursion should gradually bring the excursionists to the idea, as to the general main conclusion, by actively encouraging them to perceive the action, it is necessary to force each of them to become, as it were, a participant in the event and comprehend the idea himself. In this case, the task of understanding the idea by the excursionists is subordinated to the development of the action.

One of the specific features of the tour is the visual and documentary basis. Each topic is a collection of a number of sub-themes. Each subtopic should have completeness and logical completeness. A properly developed sub-theme should be perceived by the tourists not by itself, but together with other sub-themes - in the composition.

The composition of the excursion is called the location, sequence and ratio of the subtopics of the main questions, the introduction and the final part of the excursions. Composition is the organization of action and the corresponding arrangement of material.

The introduction consists of two parts: organizational (representation of the guide, the driver - on a bus tour; the company from which the tour is conducted; a brief briefing of the tourists on the rules of conduct and safety on the route) and informational (a brief message about the topic, route, length and duration of the tour, end time and place). The introduction is designed for 5-7 minutes.

The main part of the excursion involves the main action during the excursion, so it should contain an introduction to the topic, an outset, development (growth) of the action, a climax and a denouement. An introduction to the topic is an introduction to action, a brief story about the era, previous events. An introduction to a topic usually develops into a plot or directly into the beginning of the action. The introduction to the topic and the plot should be extremely clear, concise.

The main part is based on specific sightseeing objects, on combinations of show and story. Its content consists of several sub-themes, united by a theme. The number of sub-themes of excursions averages from 5 to 12. Sub-themes include several questions and are logically linked to each other in a certain dosage in time, depending on the significance of a particular sub-theme in this excursion. At the same time, it is important to select objects in such a way that the objects would help to reveal the content in a certain way.

In the main part, the subtopics should be subject to strict logic, the material must be selected taking into account the development of the topic. Each episode must be conditioned, connected by semantic "bridges" (logical transitions) with the previous and subsequent ones.

The escalation of action serves as both an introduction to the theme and an outset, and develops upwards to a climax and denouement. You should not go from emotionally strong construction of sub-themes and showing more significant objects to less significant ones. In the development of action, one must strive for complicity - this is the highest emotional moment that requires psychological readiness. The completeness of each subtopic suggests the completeness of the composition of each individual question, each episode. The development of the action must be brought to a climax, in which the idea of ​​​​the idea of ​​\u200b\u200bthe excursion is most concentrated.

The culmination is the point, the moment of the highest tension of the plot (the plot is a chain of events that the excursion tells about) of the action. In the center of the culmination lies the main event, the main excursion object. If the initial event in the plot and its own series in the main development of the action are logically linked, then the climax follows naturally and becomes the semantic and emotional center of the entire excursion. Excursion on the route should prepare tourists for a meeting with this object. The culmination of the excursion is often the finale. It carries a special semantic load, as it represents the most important point to maximize the activity of all participants.

Features of the technology, the creative nature of the work increase the importance of editing sub-themes when creating an excursion. In order for the excursion not to break up into separate episodes, it is necessary to find a single plot move corresponding to this excursion theme as a core. The given move not only sets the dynamics, the direction of development of the plot of the excursion, but also is the connecting moment in connection, i.e., in the installation of individual sub-themes. Well-chosen logical transitions in this case can play not only a connecting role, creating a sense of the integrity of two completely different sub-themes, but also in some cases carry a semantic meaning.

The conclusion, like the introduction, is not connected with excursion objects. It takes an average of 3-5 minutes and consists of two parts:

1) the result of the main content of the excursion, the conclusion on the topic, realizing the purpose of the excursion;

2) information about other excursions that expand and deepen this topic.

The excursion is the result of two most important processes: its development and its execution. They are interconnected, interdependent. Creating a tour product is a complex process that requires the active participation of managers and guides. The content of the future excursion, its cognitive value are directly dependent on their knowledge, competence, degree of practical experience, their assimilation of the basics of pedagogy and psychology, the ability to choose the most effective ways and methods of influencing tourists.

Stages of developing excursions:

1. Determination of the purpose and objectives of the tour.

2. Choice of topic.

3. Selection of literature and compilation of bibliography.

4. Determination of sources of excursion material. Acquaintance with the expositions and funds of museums on the topic.

5. Selection and study of excursion objects.

6. Drawing up the route of the excursion.

7. Detour or detour of the route.

8. Preparation of the control text of the excursion.

9. Acquisition of the "guide's portfolio".

10. Determination of methodological methods for conducting excursions.

11. Determination of the technique of the excursion.

12. Drawing up a methodological development.

13. Drawing up an individual text.

14. Acceptance (delivery) of excursions on the route.

15. Approval of the excursion as a tourist product of a travel company.

There are certain requirements for the development of each stage. The work is considered completed when all the necessary documents are prepared.

Table 1.1. Documentation required for a tour theme

The excursion methodology is a set of requirements and rules for such a form and method of acquiring knowledge as an excursion, as well as a set of methodological methods for preparing and conducting excursions of various types, on various topics and for various groups. Excursion technique is also the ability to perform certain work in accordance with approved rules and requirements.

Employees of tourist and excursion institutions in their activities should proceed from the fact that the method of excursion work is a private technique, because it is associated with only one of the forms of dissemination of information and knowledge. The purpose of the excursion technique is to help tourists better understand the content of the excursion material. The basis of the tour is the display of objects. With the wrong selection of objects and the inept use of the display methodology, the main advantage of the excursion over other forms of education - visual impressions - can be lost. It is impossible to successfully conduct an excursion prepared without taking into account the methodological justification for using specific methods of showing and telling.

The professional skill of the guide finds its expression in the selection and practical use of objects while showing them to sightseers. The interpretation adopted in pedagogy regarding the effectiveness and expediency of demonstrating visual aids can be widespread for a guided tour. The effectiveness of the demonstration depends on: right choice demonstrated objects, on what is shown and how it is shown, as well as on the ability of the teacher to combine his verbal explanation with the demonstrated visual object.

Pedagogical science considers it appropriate to demonstrate visual aids under the following four conditions:

1. When visual aids serve as objects of direct study and this enables viewers to extract the necessary knowledge about their forms, properties and relationships.

2. When the observed object, combined with the personal experience of the viewers, helps to explain the internal connections in phenomena that are inaccessible to perception at the time of observation.

3. When the demonstrated object serves as a confirmation (illustration) to the story.

4. When the object of observation is the starting point for characterizing those phenomena and relationships that were not known to the participants in the observation until that moment.

These conditions are directly related to excursion practice in terms of organizing the display of objects, their observation, study and research under the guidance of a guide. It must be borne in mind that the excursion process, its content and the very method of presenting material on the topic depends on the objects. It is important for the guide to properly organize the display of objects included in the route. He needs to proceed from the fact that no matter how interesting the object is, his main task is to fully reveal visually and confirm one of the provisions of the topic. An inexperienced guide can arrange a group to observe objects in such a way that the position put forward by him becomes practically unprovable. For example, you should not tell the group about nature conservation and show natural objects (a grove, a garden, a green boulevard) against the background of a factory chimney that emits thick smoke, etc. Each section of the excursion methodology has its own characteristics, its content. The skillful use of the excursion technique in the presence of a good control text is one of the effective ways to increase the effectiveness of the excursion form of presenting information, which every methodologist and guide should take into account in their work.

Any excursion is based on a combination of two main elements: showing sightseeing objects and telling about them. Showing and telling on excursions are not the same values ​​for all types and topics of excursions. The ratio of story and show can and should change. The display of objects on one excursion differs from the display on another on the same topic and in the time spent on it, and in the methodology of conducting. The same changes occur with the story. It can be more or less detailed, more or less figurative. The main reasons for these differences are in the changing content of the tours depending on the characteristics of the audience; in the provision of this topic with objects; in the nature of the displayed objects; in the degree of their preservation; in the amount of factual material that the guide has; in the difficulties of observing and understanding objects by sightseers.

Display is the process of implementing the principle of visibility, a visual way of getting acquainted with excursion object or several objects at the same time (for example, an architectural monument or architectural ensemble). The show can be considered as an action (or the sum of actions) of the guide, aimed at revealing the essence of the object. Showing objects is an action that occupies a dominant position in the tour. Properly selected objects, their number, sequence of display affect the quality of the tour.

Showing an object is a system of purposeful actions of a guide and sightseers, observation of an object under the guidance of a qualified specialist. The display in the tour is the sum of three elements:

Self-observation by sightseers of the object;

Acquaintance of tourists with the exhibits of the "guide's portfolio" in order to supplement the visual range;

Show under the guidance of a guide (using certain methodological methods of showing).

Conditions for showing:

Properly selected display points;

Time, season, more favorable for showing;

The ability to divert the attention of tourists from objects that are not related to this topic of the tour;

The ability to move sightseers in order to use a methodological technique when showing an object from different viewpoints;

Skills and abilities of the guide;

Readiness of tourists to observe the object.

The excursion is an organic combination of the means of subject and graphic visualization and an important addition to this unique combination - the word. It is important in the process of conducting an excursion to ensure an organic unity between what the excursionist receives when observing the object and the guide's explanations.

The story is the name of the oral speech of the excursion, conventionally accepted in the excursion activity, i.e. messages and explanations that the guide gives to the group (for example: an object is a historical event with which it is associated; characterization and analysis of an object; activities of specific historical persons).

The guide's story does two things:

1) comments, explains, supplements what he saw;

2) reconstructs, restores what the excursionist cannot see at the moment.

The story is a sounding individual text of the guide, performed by him in compliance with the requirements of oral public speech and representing a sample of a monologue. During the excursion, the story grows from oral information to visual information, from visual impressions to verbal assessments and conclusions.

Requirements for the story: thematic, plot, specificity, coherence, consistency, brevity, persuasiveness, accessibility of presentation, completeness of judgments, connection with the show, scientific character.

A tour is the golden mean where it is possible to achieve the optimal combination between showing objects and telling about them and the events associated with them. The most effective way to conduct a tour is through the methodological methods of showing and telling. The method of conducting excursions in a broad sense is a system of tasks and requirements, methods and techniques of showing and telling in the course of studying the topics of excursions, which are very different in their goals. The methodology for conducting a specific excursion is the guide's action program for demonstration; it is the guide's action program for demonstrating objects, organizing their observation by tourists, using certain methodological methods of showing and telling. On the one hand, the methodology is close to a scientific discipline, and on the other hand, it represents the implementation of the requirements of this discipline in practice.

Peculiarities of the display during the excursion: Inspection activity. Purposeful study of objects - monuments of history and culture, buildings, structures, memorable places. logical sequence. Showing each subsequent object serves as a stepping stone in the disclosure of the topic. Hence its strictly defined place in a number of displayed objects, in the route itself. Leading role of object inspection. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the demonstration in the excursion precedes the story. The visual impressions of the story serve as an introduction to it.

Features of the story in the excursion: Dependence on the movement of the excursion group. The story in the excursion is always subject to the rhythm of the movement of the excursion group, the route of this movement. Therefore, text prepared for a walking tour cannot be used on a bus tour and vice versa. Submission to display. The story is connected with objects located on the group's path. Outside the objects there is no excursion story, a story without showing is a violation of the excursion method of communicating knowledge, reduces the quality of the excursion. Use of visual evidence. During the story, the excursionist must see the object itself or present it in a reconstructed form, using the materials of the guide's "portfolio". In different excursions, depending on their nature, themes, etc. various methodological methods of showing and telling are used.

Display and its main techniques.

Preliminary inspection. It is used when the sightseers are at the monument and have already seen it. The guide names the monument. It seems to invite sightseers to quickly take a look at the object, to get acquainted with its general appearance, to identify the most memorable details. For those who see the monument for the first time, the method of preliminary inspection makes it possible to combine their idea of ​​the monument, compiled on the basis of images of its illustrations in books or postcards, with what he observes in front of him at the moment. A preliminary inspection, even in cases where it is a natural object that occupies a significant area, lasts no more than one and a half to two minutes. Before it starts, tourists can be given advice that will direct their attention to certain details of the object.

Excursion analysis. An analysis is given of the object that the excursionist sees in front of him at the moment by mentally dividing it into constituent elements and studying its properties. Excursion analysis is one of the most effective methods of obtaining cognitive results. There are various types of excursion analysis. Among them are: art criticism - as a method of displaying works of fine art and architecture; historical - as a method of showing an object (building, structure) where historical events took place; natural science - as a method of showing objects of nature. One of the tasks of excursion analysis is to develop the skills of self-analysis among tourists, the ability to divide an object into its component parts, identify the most important features and, ultimately, correctly perceive its essence.

visual reconstruction. It is used when showing memorable places where military operations, strikes, rallies, etc. took place, as well as places associated with the life and work of famous writers, scientists, composers, artists. This technique can be widely used in excursions, which show architectural monuments of buildings of the distant past. The reconstruction technique, or, as it is also called, the restoration technique, makes it possible to mentally restore a memorable place, building, structure in its original form. The use of reconstruction suggests that the tour guide has accurate knowledge of the object. And not only knowledge - the guide must visually clearly represent the monument in its original form.

Event localization. The success of the tour largely depends on how specific the show is, whether the tourists got an idea of ​​where and how the event in question took place. An important role in such concretization of events is played by the method of localization. It makes it possible to limit the attention of a person, chaining him to a given specific territory, exactly to the place where this event took place.

Comparison. This technique is based on a comparison of various events, facts, objects or a comparison of qualities, sides of one object. Several types of comparison are widely used in excursions: visual, verbal, comparison of the demonstrated object with an object that is known to everyone, but located in another city, or with an object shown at the beginning of the tour. This technique enables the tourists to imagine specifically the size of the object.

The story and its main techniques

Tour help. It is given in connection with the display of the monument and most often when examining additional objects, when the methodological development is not provided for getting off the bus for a detailed acquaintance. The excursion information contains the basic data of the object: its dimensions, date of construction, authors, etc. The excursion information resembles excursion travel information in its form.

Description of the object. In a concise form, the characteristics of the object are given, the actual material, the main events associated with it, are somewhat more detailed. This technique is used when showing an object at a stop from the bus, without the excursionists getting off. The time allotted for the description of objects at the stop from the bus window, without the exit of the tourists. The time allotted for the description of the object usually does not exceed two or three minutes.

Explanation. Represents detailed story about the object. Events related to the object are only stated, but also explained. For example, the story about the monument in honor of the Victory of the Soviet people in the Great Patriotic War, the guide, showing the monument, gives its characteristics, speaks of the victory over fascism, its significance. This technique is most often used in architectural and urban planning, industrial and natural history excursions.

2.5. Excursion technology

The effectiveness of any excursion largely depends on the technique of its conduct, the relationship between the methodology and technique of conducting. A number of requirements are imposed on the technique of conducting an excursion. These include the introduction of the guide to the group, the correct arrangement of the group at the object, the exit of the excursionists from the bus and returning to the bus (another vehicle), the use of the microphone by the guide, keeping the time allotted for the tour as a whole and the disclosure of individual subtopics, answering the questions of the excursionists etc.

Acquaintance of the guide with the group. The guide, entering the bus, gets acquainted with the group. He greets those present, calls his last name, first name, patronymic, the excursion institution that he represents, introduces the tourists to the bus driver, that is, he begins the tour with an introduction.

It is important that from the very beginning the guide subordinated his actions to the established rules of communication with the group. He doesn't start talking right away. There is a pause that lasts ten to twenty seconds. The first acquaintance takes place, further contacts of the guide with the group largely depend on it. The sightseers gradually fall silent, sit down more comfortably, their attention switches to the guide. Tourists estimate what the guide is capable of, what interesting things he will tell them, and the guide thinks about how to interest these people, how to rive their attention to the topic.

With the correct organization of excursion work, preparation for it should take place in advance. This is done by tour organizers or travel agents.

The plot of the excursion must be known to the excursionist in advance. The excursionist must know the topic of the excursion. It is extremely important that advertising activities and the purchase of a tour package be separated from the tour by one or two days. This is significant in the sense that during this period of time a certain psychological attitude of the excursionist will occur. He will have time to think and get used to the plot of the tour.

Each topic has its own introduction. If the composition of the group is different (for example, the local population and visiting tourists, adults and children), the same excursion will have different introductions. The guide pays special attention to the preparation and execution of the introduction, which gives a specific setting to the tourists, allows you to establish contact with them.

The exit of tourists from the bus (trolleybus, tram). Tourists need to prepare in advance for the exit. In cases where this is not done, a significant part of the group remains on the bus, not leaving to observe the monuments at their location. Thus, tourists lose the opportunity to personally get acquainted with the object.

At stops where the exit of the excursion group is provided, the guide leaves first, showing an example to the group and determining the direction of its movement to the object. In cases where other stops are arranged in the excursions, for example, sanitary or for the purchase of souvenirs, the guide reports the exact time (hour and minutes) of the bus departure. It is necessary to require tourists to comply with the rules of the tour, which affects the schedule of the bus along the route. If the parking time in a country excursion for some reason is reduced or increased, the guide informs all sightseers about this.

Arrangement of the group at the object. When developing an excursion, as a rule, several options for placing a group to observe the excursion object are determined. This is done in the case when the place determined by the methodological development is occupied by another group or when the sun's rays shine into the eyes, making it difficult to inspect the object. There are other reasons that prevent the use of the recommended place. In hot weather, opportunities are used to locate groups in the shade. In case of rain, the option of placing tourists under the roof, under the crown of trees, is provided. In some cases, the technique requires that several points be selected to inspect the object: far, if the object is shown together with environment or other objects; near, if individual details of a building, structure, terrain, natural object are analyzed. These features are reflected in the column "Organized guidelines for methodological development." Each guide carefully studies these instructions and, before going on the route with the group, clarifies issues related to the arrangement of the group to observe objects. It is also necessary to ensure the safety of sightseers when inspecting objects and when crossing motorways.

With the simultaneous location of several groups near one object, such a distance must be maintained between them so that one guide does not interfere with the other with his story, so that one group does not obscure the other object of observation. Known difficulties in observing this condition are the placement of groups to show the museum exposition.

Movement of sightseers from the bus to the object, from the object to the bus, between the objects is carried out by the group. The guide's place is in the center of the group, a few people go in front, a few are nearby, the rest are behind. It is important that the group does not stretch: the distance between its head and those who go last should not exceed 5-7 meters. The guide must ensure that when the group moves along the route, integrity is not violated. With a long group, not everyone will hear the guide's story, his explanations and logical transitions that are presented along the way. Experienced guides skillfully guide the movement on the route.

The pace of the movement of the group depends on the composition of the group (children, youth, middle age, the elderly), on the terrain, for example, climbing uphill, poor roads, overcoming ditches of dangerous zones in working shops, etc.

In a walking tour, the pace of movement of tourists is slow, unhurried, since the display objects are located next to each other.

It is more difficult to set the required pace of the group's movement on a bus tour. Here, getting off the bus, the guide does not start moving immediately, especially if the object is located in the distance. He allows most of the sightseers to get off the bus and then, slowly, but not too slowly, leads the group towards the goal. Approaching the object, he does not begin his story immediately, but after the whole group has gathered.

The guide directs the movement of tourists and in the course of their independent work on the route. Tourists walk around the object to read the inscription on it themselves, to enter inside it, to see the peculiar features of the architecture. They climb a hill to determine its height, climb a bell tower, a minaret, to make sure of the unusual "step" of the steps of a steep staircase, descend into the moat to determine its depth, etc. These movements of tourists enrich them additional information and new impressions, make it possible to experience the unique features of the objects, the features of the events to which the excursion is dedicated.

The return of tourists to the bus. During the movement of the group, it is led by a guide. When a group boards a bus, it stands to the right of the entrance and counts the sightseers who enter the cabin. This is done invisibly. After making sure that all the participants of the excursion have gathered, he enters the bus last and gives a signal to the driver about the start of the movement.

It is necessary to avoid counting tourists who have already taken their seats on the bus. This introduces unnecessary nervousness, sometimes causing comical situations, thereby disrupting the course of the excursion.

Tour guide location. The guide on the bus should take a place where he can clearly see the objects that are discussed on the tour, but so that all the tourists are in his field of vision. At the same time, tourists should see it. Typically, this is a dedicated front seat next to the driver (the seat behind the driver is reserved for another driver). The guide is not allowed to stand while the bus is moving (as well as sightseers) for safety reasons.

On a walking tour, the guide should be half-turned to the object. Conducting a display of visually perceived objects requires that they be in front of the eyes of the guide, because he analyzes them based on his visual impressions. This is especially important in out-of-town excursions, when the guide, while the bus is moving, sitting in his place with his back to the sightseers, looks into the front window of the bus and talks about what the sightseers already see or are about to see.

Compliance with the time in the excursion. The methodological development indicates the exact time allotted for the disclosure of each subtopic in minutes. Everything is provided here: showing objects, the guide's story, moving along the route to the next one and the movement of the group around the observed objects. The ability to meet the allotted time for the guide does not come immediately. This requires a lot of practice, including conducting an excursion with a watch in hand: at home, at a specific object. It is necessary to achieve compliance with the time when conducting a logical transition, highlighting a single sub-topic and main issues. Helps the guide timekeeping the time spent on individual parts of the tour. On the basis of such timing, taking into account the comments of the listener, the guide makes appropriate adjustments to his story. Everything superfluous is removed from the tour, which leads to a waste of time. Often, for reasons beyond the control of the guide, the tour is significantly reduced in time. The reason for this is the protracted gathering of the group, breakfast served to tourists at the wrong time, the bus being late, etc. As a result, the tour starts late. The guide has only one way out - to reduce the time allotted for the disclosure of the topic. This should be done by keeping everything important in the content of the excursion and removing the secondary. To do this, you need to prepare in advance for a possible reduction in the material of the excursion.

Technique for conducting a story while the bus is moving. The story while driving on the bus should be conducted by a guide through a microphone. If the equipment does not function well or there is no microphone at all, it is useless for the guide to talk while driving. The noise of the engine and the shaking of the bus limit the audibility, so that the explanations will be audible only to the sightseers sitting nearby. In this case, the guide gives materials about the nearest section of the route before the start of the movement, and during the movement he reports only the names of objects or areas. If there are important objects or settlements it is necessary to stop the bus, turn off the engine and only then give explanations. This must be agreed in advance with the driver.

Answers to the questions of tourists. In excursion practice, a certain classification of questions has developed. They are divided into four groups: the questions of the guide, which are answered by the tourists; questions posed during the story, which the guide answers; rhetorical questions that are posed to enhance the attention of tourists; questions asked by the participants of excursions on the topic. The first three groups of questions are related to the methodology for conducting excursions, and only the fourth group of questions is related to the technique of conducting excursions. Their content is different - sometimes they are associated with objects, sometimes - with the life of famous figures, and often - with events that are not related to the topic of the excursion. The main rule for dealing with such questions is that you should not interrupt the story and give an immediate answer to them, and you should not also answer questions at the end of each of the subtopics. This scatters attention and distracts the audience from the perception of the content of the topic being disclosed, since not everyone in the group is concerned about these issues. Therefore, the guide should answer questions not during the tour, but at the end of it. The content of the answers should not be debatable, i.e., make the tourists want to argue, continue the topic raised in the question.

Making an introduction to the topic, the guide informs his listeners about this order of answering questions.

Breaks in the tour. The tour guide should not talk continuously. There should be small breaks between the individual parts of the story, the story and the excursion information on the way, the logical transition and the story about the object and the events associated with it.

Pauses pursue the following tasks:

The first is semantic, when the time of breaks is used by people to think about what they heard from the guide and saw with their own eyes. To consolidate the factual material in memory, formulate their conclusions and remember what they saw. It is important that sightseers have time free from showing and telling each object for self-examination, preparation for the perception of what will be shown and told at the next stop;
- the second - to give a short rest to the tourists. It does not carry any semantic load. This is especially important for those who are not yet accustomed to such an active form of cultural and educational work as an excursion.

Pauses in out-of-town excursions are combined with rest, which, in accordance with the existing procedure, is provided to the guide: 15 min. after each hour of work (for the guide, the hour of the tour is 45 minutes). This rest can be summarized and used by the guide at the end of the tour. There may also be pauses in excursions - free time used to purchase souvenirs, printed matter, thirst quenching, as well as for sanitary stops on long excursions.

The technique of using the "guide's briefcase". The content of the "portfolio of the guide", its significance and role in the use of methodological techniques of the show is related to the methodology for preparing and conducting the tour. Each exhibit - a photograph, a drawing, a reproduction of a painting, a portrait, a drawing, a copy of a document - has its own serial number. This determines the sequence of demonstration of this exhibit to the tourists.

The exhibit can be shown by the guide from his workplace, handed over to the tourists in the rows for a more detailed acquaintance.

Sometimes, in accordance with the methodological development, the guide organizes the playback of tape and video recordings. It is important to check the serviceability of the equipment in advance, the availability of the necessary records, to ensure audibility for all participants in the tour. The guide must be able to use this equipment.

During the tours, elements of the ritual (the ceremonial worked out folk customs). Tourists at burial sites and memorials honor the memory of the dead with a minute of silence, are present at the changing of the guard of honor, participate in processions and rallies, and listen to mourning melodies. The guide needs to know the procedure for laying flowers, the passage of sightseers at the locations of mass graves and obelisks, participation in the guard of honor, in a minute of silence, the rules of conduct at the Eternal Flame and at the burial sites of heroes of the Civil, Great Patriotic War (1941-1945) and others wars. Before the start of the tour, the guide informs about everything, emphasizing the importance of observing the ritual when visiting historical sites.

conclusions

The importance of issues related to the technique of conducting excursions can hardly be overestimated. Neither a fascinating story about objects, nor methodical methods of displaying monuments will give the necessary effect if all aspects of its implementation are not seriously thought out, if conditions for observing objects are not created.

Control questions

1. The concept of "excursion technique".
2. Contents of the column "Organizational instructions".
3. Organization of the guide's work with the group.
4. Skillful use of excursion technique.
5. Skills in using the technique of conducting excursions.
6. The pace of movement of the group, its significance.
7. Using the microphone. Work in the absence of a microphone.
8. Establishing the necessary order in the group.
9. Use of free time during the excursion.
10. Answers to the questions of tourists.
11. Technique for using visual aids.