The Yasenevo estate is a beautiful temple near the Bitsevsky forest. Who turned the Yasenevo estate into a private estate

Yasenevo is the oldest village known since the 13th century. Until the end of the 16th century, Yasenevo belonged to the descendants of Ivana Kalita, including Ivan the Terrible, who in a fit of anger killed his eldest son, Tsarevich Ivan Ivanovich, to whom the village was bequeathed.
The name of the estate came from the former village, located nearby. Until the end of the XVI century. and in the second half of the 17th century. patrimony of the Moscow Grand Dukes and Tsars, in 1690-1790. the property of the boyars, then the princes Lopukhins, since 1800 the princes Gagarins, when the Gagarins owned the estate, the buildings were processed in the style of classicism. The outbuildings were built on with wooden mezzanines, decorated with wooden four-column porticos to a height of two floors, from which the estate passed to M.S. Buturlina, and in 1902 to her sons.
The manor building itself was built in the Elizabethan Baroque style with its characteristic pomp and external brilliance. In the first third of the 19th century, the ensemble was rebuilt. The wing was supplemented with mezzanines and classicist porticoes with columns, and a belvedere tower appeared on the manor house. In this form, the estate existed until 1924, when the house burned down.
The ruins of the house began to be dismantled in the early 1930s. - in their place it was supposed to build a building of a rest house. But soon this idea came to naught. Partially survived only the first floor and the remains of the stairs. In the second half of the 70s. designed by architects G.K. Ignatiev and L.A. Shitova, on the basis of the preserved foundation, a building was built that imitated the look that the estate had in the middle of the 18th century. In accordance with this plan, the mezzanines and Empire porticos, which previously adorned the outbuildings, were demolished.
Since there were not enough materials to recreate the second floor of the house, analogues were used - manor houses in Glinka, Lopasna and other places. The white-stone decor was replaced with special concrete. In 1995 the building was plastered.
In front of the estate is the Church of Peter and Paul, in which N.I. Tolstoy and M.N. Volkonskaya were married. Although in popular literature its construction is usually attributed to 1733, this dating is incorrect. Then the owner of Yasenev, F.A. Lopukhin, received permission to build a stone church in his estate, but for some reason, most likely financial, the construction did not take place. Only in 1751, F.A. Lopukhin secured the right to build the current church - a very monumental baroque building with risalits with large order pilasters in the lower tier. The date of completion of the work has not yet been found, it must be thought that they lasted several years. Thus, the most old building Yaseneva - the church is conditionally dated to the 1st half of the 1750s."
Behind the church are the main buildings of the estate, closing the perspective of the entrance: the baroque manor house and perpendicularly placed outbuildings connected by a fence, forming a single ensemble with the house, but decorated more restrained.
From the west, south and east, the main buildings of the estate are surrounded by a regular linden park, founded in the middle of the 18th century. In the western part of the park, two ponds have been preserved, marked more
on the plan of 1766. Another chain of ponds separated the estate from the peasant houses. There were originally four. At present, there are also two of these ponds; they have lost their historical configuration and were rebuilt in the late 1980s.
In 1995, the “Program for the restoration and adaptation of the Yasenevo estate to modern usage and the creation of a cultural and recreational center in it”, agreed by the Main Directorate for the Protection of Monuments of Moscow and the State Property Administration. According to the program, restoration work on the estate was to be completed in 2007. The result of this program was minor cosmetic work: the house was plastered and painted pink.
The house is currently vacant and unused. Due to the fact that it turned out to be too “heavy”, and the foundation was not strengthened, cracks began to appear in the building. The state of the house was also affected by the lack of waterproofing, which was not provided for by the project of its reconstruction.
Unfortunately, now the surroundings of the Yasenevo estate are built up from the north, south and west with new panel houses. The overgrown park in the summer almost completely closes the view of the main house.

Address: ave. Novoyasenevsky, 42

How to get to Yasenev: Art. Novoyasenevskaya metro station

The historical estate Yasenevo is located on the territory of Bitsevsky Park, next to the Novoyasenevskaya metro station. The village of Yasenevo has existed in the Moscow region since the 13th century. The first mention of this village is found in the spiritual charter of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita dated 1338. According to the will, the village of Yasinovskoye remains the youngest son of Ivan Kalita, Andrei Ivanovich. Since Yasenevo is mentioned as a village, this means that there was a church in it. By the way, even more ancient information has been preserved about the temple of the village of Yasenevo, which dates back to the beginning of the 12th century.

Thanks to picturesque views and an abundance of game, these places were very popular with Russian tsars. Until the end of the 16th century, Yasenevo was a palace village, its owners were Ivan the Terrible, Fedor Ioannovich, Boris Godunov, Mikhail Fedorovich, Alexei Mikhailovich and Peter I.

But let us return to the heir Andrei Ivanovich. He married Princess Maria Keistutovre, granddaughter of Grand Duke Gediminas of Lithuania. Their son Vladimir the Brave was a cousin, friend and associate of Prince Dmitry Donskoy. He received his nickname for his bravery and courage during the Battle of Kulikovo. Prince Vladimir spent winter time in the Kremlin, and Yasenevo made his summer residence. In his spiritual letter, Prince Vladimir Andreevich wrote Yasenevo to one of his seven sons, Vasily Peremyshlsky.

All the children of the prince had a very tragic life. All of them, including Vasily Przemyslsky, died during the plague of 1427. For some time, Yasenev was owned by the widow of Prince Vasily Ulyan, and after his death the village passed into the grand ducal department, since the princely couple had no children. In 1461, all the Moscow lands that once belonged to the family of Vladimir the Brave, according to the spiritual diploma, went to Prince Vasily the Dark. Then Yasenevo changed hands several times. Under the specific prince Andrey Staritsky, the population of Yasenev increased significantly, its lands became more extensive, and orchards appeared along the banks of the Bitsa River.

During the life of Vasily III, his brother, Andrei Staritsky, lived happily with his family, but after the death of the Grand Duke, his second wife, Elena Glinskaya, killed Staritsky by cunning. At first, she persuaded Prince Andrei to sign a letter of faithful service to the ruler. After the signing of this document, Staritsky's custodial functions over the young Tsarevich Ivan were annulled. Then the prince was imprisoned, and in 1537 he was executed.

When Ivan the Terrible came to power (1547), he exiled his uncle's widow, Efrosinya Andreevna, to the Belozersky Resurrection Goritsky Monastery. Her son Vasily exchanged Yasenevo and other Moscow lands for Vereya from Tsar. Since then, Yasenevo, surrounded by dense forests abounding with beavers, foxes, wolves and bears, has become a favorite place for royal hunting.

During the Time of Troubles, when Yasenevo still remained the royal estate, it, like other villages along the Kaluga road, was devastated and burned. The village owes its revival to Fyodor Romanov (Patriarch Filaret). He, returning from Polish captivity in 1626, ordered to lay a large wooden church in Yasenevo in the name of Faith, Hope, Love and their mother Sophia. After the death of Patriarch Filaret, Tsar Mikhail Fedorovich handed over Yasenevo to one of the patriarch's close associates, A.M. Protopopov. The village belonged to him from 1635 to 1646. Then the boyar and butler, Prince Alexei Mikhailovich Lvov, the favorite of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, the father of Peter I, became the owner of Yasenev.

According to the documents of 1646, in the village of Yasenevo there was a single-headed wooden church, and also, “a boyar yard covered with a plank, a stable yard, a cattle yard and 26 draft peasant yards and Bobyl ones, 65 male souls.” At that time it was a large and rich village. Apple orchards were considered the main value of Yasenev.

Lvov paid much attention to the local church. With his funds, decorations for the iconostasis, the handwritten book of the Apostles were purchased, a bell tower was built, and five bells were cast for it. Lvov had no children, and after his death, Yasenevo again returned to the Palace department, where he remained until 1690. Yasenevo was very fond of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich. He came here with Tsarina Natalya Kirillovna, nee Naryshkina, and the young Peter, the future Emperor of Russia. Subsequently, Peter I, in the first years of his marriage, liked to spend time with Tsarina Evdokia Fedorovna Lopukhina under the old oak. According to legend, this ancient oak still existed even in the 20th century.

In 1674, by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a new large two-story Church of the Sign began to be built in the village. A donation dated January 11, 1690 has been preserved, according to which Yasenevo complains to the boyar Fedor (Illarion) Abramovich Lopukhin, the father of Queen Evdokia. According to this testament, if the Lopukhins family is interrupted, the village must return to the palace department. Historical events It so happened that the Lopukhins, who were highly respected by the supporters of Tsarevich Alexei, fell out of favor with the authorities. Abram Fedorovich Lopukhin was executed in 1718 after an investigation into the case of Tsarevich Alexei. So Yasenevo again ended up in the palace department. The inventory, which was compiled during the confiscation of the estate, has been preserved. According to this document, Yasenevo was an estate of rare beauty. The description says: “A huge orchard with an area of ​​3.5 dessiatines approached the fence of the estate from two sides. with ponds… 1800 apple trees of all kinds, hundreds of plums and cherries. In the garden there is a small flower garden planted with currants on four sides. Only in 1727 was Yasenevo returned to the Lopukhins. Its owner was Fedor Abramovich Lopukhin, married to Vera Borisovna, who was the daughter of the famous Field Marshal of the time of Peter the Great B.P. Sheremetev. The Lopukhins had seven children. The rich inheritance of his wife allowed Lopukhin to create a wonderful estate and park ensemble in Yasenevo. Back in 1733, Lopukhin filed a petition for the construction of a new stone church of Peter and Paul in his estate, since the old wooden Church of the Sign was completely dilapidated and was unsuitable for holding services. But only in 1751 such permission was received. The old Church of the Sign was dismantled, and the construction of a new building began. The newly built temple was consecrated in 1753.

Descriptions of that time allow you to create a very vivid picture of the estate of that time. Behind the church was a hill surrounded by green groves and lawns. On this hill, Lopukhin began to build a beautiful stone house in the Elizabethan Baroque style. Wide main staircase led straight to the mezzanine. Outbuildings were built perpendicular to the house. The gaps between them were filled with a fence, and around the house a regular french park with alleys, ponds, pavilions and gazebos. In 1757, Lopukhin died in battle, and construction was suspended. Only after the daughter of Fyodor Lopukhin got married and inherited the estate, the construction of the palace was completed.

At the beginning of the 19th century, after the young Anna Lopukhina, the favorite of Tsar Peter I, married Pyotr Gagarin, Yasenevo became the property of the young couple. At the age of 27, shortly after giving birth, Lopukhina died of consumption (1805), and Pavel Gavrilovich Gagarin settled in Yasenevo. This was facilitated by the ambiguous position of the prince in society, which developed because of the history of his marriage to Lopukhina, and his personal preferences. The prince took up writing the book “Thirteen days, or Finland”, and in 1812 Gagarin equipped 23 peasant militiamen for the war at his own expense. Yasenevo continued to be a model farm, and after the war of 1812 was estimated at 180,000 rubles.

Despite the fact that even during the life of Pavel Grigorievich Yasenevo passed to his distant relative, Prince Sergei Ivanovich Gagarin, the previous owner came to the estate until his death. In his declining years, he married the former ballerina M.I. Spiridonova. Secular society did not recognize the new princess, and the Gagarins lived in Yasenevo. Spiridonova and her daughter left the estate only after the death of her husband.

Sergei Ivanovich Gagarin was married to Varvara Mikhailovna Pushkina, a cousin of the mother of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin. Of the five children of the Gagarins, only two survived - son Ivan and daughter Masha. The new owner of Yasenev, Sergei Ivanovich Gagarin, slightly rebuilt the ensemble of the estate. Wooden mezzanines were attached to the outbuildings. The central parts of the outbuildings were decorated with wooden four-column porticos to a height of two floors. The building of the main house was crowned with a belvedere. Sergei Ivanovich Gagarin also rebuilt the local church. Initially, it was a pillarless cubic church with an 8-sided drum cut through by 8 windows and a dome. In 1832, Gagarin made a two-stage reconstruction of the building. A warm chapel was added to the cold Peter and Paul Church in the name of the Holy Great Martyr Barbara - the heavenly patroness of Varvara Mikhailovna, the wife of the landowner. In the early 1860s, this chapel was dismantled due to an emergency condition, and the second stage of reconstruction began. S.I. Gagarin did not live to see the completion of construction work, and only after his death were the chapels completed in the name of Paraskeva Pyatnitsa (instead of St. Barbara) and Sergius of Radonezh.

The relationship between the Gagarins and Pushkins contributed to the fact that many friends and acquaintances of Alexander Sergeevich Pushkin often visited the estate, and the Gagarins themselves were interesting people, possessed versatile talents, made friends with the most famous personalities that time.

Sergei Ivanovich Gagarin was on friendly terms with Prince Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy. They also served together on the Moscow Board of Trustees, and Tolstoy often visited Yasenevo. Next to Yasenev, there was the Uzkoye estate, which belonged to P.A. Tolstoy, a relative of Nikolai Ilyich. It was in the Yasenevskaya church of Peter and Paul in 1822 that the wedding of Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy and Princess Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya, the future parents of the writer Leo Tolstoy, took place. They celebrated the wedding in the neighboring estate Znamenskoye-Sadki.

The main occupation of Sergei Ivanovich Gagarin throughout his life was agriculture. He was the founder of the Imperial Moscow Society of Agriculture, from 1823 he was its vice-president, and from 1844 - president. On his estate, he set up a model garden and fruit farm, bred fine-fleeced sheep here. The house was surrounded by thickets of lilacs, which also grew along the ponds, descending in picturesque terraces along the slope. The memories of eyewitnesses have been preserved about the estate of that time: “Perhaps, every Russian estate is associated in memory with one or another flower. Here thickets of lilacs surround in an impenetrable thicket ponds that fall in terraces, ponds bearing fragrant petals of falling flowers on their mirror surface. the trees, as if ready to fall apart under the weight of their branches and crowns, form regular alleys, diverging with geometric patterns, typically French in their park layout. so captivating after the passage of more than a century of their life.

Gagarin founded large greenhouses and fields in Yasenev, where he conducted various agricultural experiments. At that time, there were sixty households and five hundred inhabitants in Yasenevo, who satisfied the need of the local economy for labor.

After the death of Sergei Ivanovich, Yasenevo was inherited by his son Ivan. In 1843 he left Russia. In Paris, Ivan Sergeevich Gagarin served as the secretary of the embassy. There he converted to Catholicism and joined the Jesuit order. Thus, Gagarin lost the right to inherit, and in 1862 Yasenevo passed to his sister Maria, after her husband Buturlina. Maria Sergeevna streamlined the family art gallery, composing detailed description some portraits. Subsequently, Yasenev's paintings were lost. But the new owner was not interested in agriculture, and all the achievements of her father soon came to naught.

In the future, the village developed independently of the estate. The village of Yasenevo grew rapidly. By the end of the 19th century, there were 639 inhabitants, there were men's and women's zemstvo schools, six shops and a small brick factory. From the once vast estate, only a small piece of land remained, which was called the dacha.

For the first time after the revolution of 1917, the house manor house in Yasenevo stood abandoned and devastated. All valuables and furnishings were taken out, leaving only empty rooms with peeled wallpaper. The paintings and the estate archive were taken to Moscow, but later they got lost and were lost.

The manor house existed unchanged until 1924, and then burned down in a fire along with all the furnishings. In the early 1930s, the ruins of the estate began to be dismantled, leaving only the basement. It was planned to build a holiday home on this site, but it was never built. Outbuildings that were used as living quarters also survived. By 1975, when Yasenevo turned around research work, outbuildings completely dilapidated. The local church was also closed in the 1930s. The temple building was used as a state farm warehouse. The murals of the early 19th century have not been preserved.

During the restoration work, which began in the second half of the 1970s, according to the project of architects G.K. Ignatiev and L.A. Shitova, on the basis of the old foundation, they began to erect a remake imitating appearance building as it was at the time of construction in the middle of the 18th century. The baroque estates have practically not been preserved, and the restorers, apparently, decided to recreate another one, rejecting the second project. According to which they wanted to restore the estate the way it looked in the 19th-20th centuries.

Residents were evicted from the outbuildings, and in the course of clearing under the floor in the western outbuilding, a treasure was found. According to this plan, the mezzanine porticos in the Empire style, which decorated the outbuildings, were destroyed. The white-stone decor was imitated from concrete. In 1995, the reconstructed building was plastered. Due to the fact that not enough materials were preserved that testify to the appearance of the second floor of the building, specialists used similar buildings as an example (master's houses in Glinka, Lopasna, etc.). Some designs and decor elements were borrowed from St. Petersburg buildings.

Due to the fact that the restorers did not take into account the town-planning situation of the estate at the current moment, it was surrounded by new panel houses and an overgrown park. By that time, the local landscape had completely changed: the ravines were filled up, the tops of the hills were cut off, orchards and lilac plantations were destroyed. The new building cannot be seen because of the disorderly growth of the park, while the belvedere that existed here earlier indicated the place of the master's house.

In the late 1970s, the Peter and Paul Church was restored in Yasenevo and water tower with a flute. In 1989, the church and the house of the clergy were returned to the church, and in 1997 the church received the status of the Moscow Compound of the St. Vvedensky Stauropegial Monastery of Optina Pustyn.

Unfortunately, the restoration in Yasenevo has not been completed even now, and the manor house is still used as a warehouse for building materials of the state restoration association "RESMA".

In the old park, part of the alleys and individual old trees, including pedunculate oaks, surrounding the wooden "cottage Kollontai", which is located away from the main buildings of the estate, have been preserved. A long linden alley leading towards the forest has also been preserved. Once she rested on the gazebo. Of the chain of ponds that served as the border of Yasenev in the western part, only one remained in a more or less satisfactory form, although there are now three of them (Upper, Middle and Lower). There used to be a mill between the ponds. Now the ponds are almost stagnant, although they are equipped with collector overflows. There is a fountain in the middle of the upper pond, and on the banks of the Middle pond in 1998 the Memorial to military sailors was opened.

In 2007, when celebrations were held in honor of the 30th anniversary of the Yasenevo district, a park was opened here.

Historical reference:

13th c. - the village of Yasenevo existed in the Moscow region
1338 - the first mention of this village is found in the spiritual charter of the Grand Duke of Moscow Ivan Danilovich Kalita
1461 - all Moscow lands that once belonged to the family of Vladimir the Brave, according to spiritual literacy, went to Prince Vasily the Dark
1674 - by order of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, a new large two-story Church of the Sign began to be built in the village
1690 - Yasenevo was granted to the boyar Fedor (Illarion) Abramovich Lopukhin
1733 - a petition was filed for the construction of a new stone church of Peter and Paul in his estate
1751-1753 – the construction of the church in Yasenevo was going on
1924 - the manor house burned down during a fire, along with all the furnishings
1930 - the ruins of the estate began to be dismantled, leaving only the basement
1975 - research and restoration work began in Yasenev
1995 - the reconstructed building was plastered
1989 - the church and the clergy house were returned to the church
1997 - the church received the status of the Moscow Compound of the Holy Vvedensky stauropegal monastery of Optina Pustyn
1998 - the Memorial to military sailors was opened
2007 - the park was opened

Address: Russia, Moscow, Yugo-Zapadny administrative District, Novoyasenevsky prospect, Bitsevsky park (Novoyasenevskaya metro station)
Main attractions: Main house, east wing, west wing, Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul
Coordinates: 55°35"52.9"N 37°32"53.7"E

Yasenevo has been part of Moscow since the 60s of the last century. old manor It has interesting story- since the 14th century, it has been a grand ducal and royal patrimony and passed by inheritance from monarch to monarch. Nowadays, the estate has been restored only partially, but getting to know it and walking near the beautiful baroque temple will give lovers of Moscow antiquity many pleasant minutes.

The main gate of the estate

The history of Yasenevo - how it all began

Yasenevo belongs to the ancient estates. In the XIV century, these lands were owned by Moscow Prince John I Danilovich Kalita. For the first time, the village is mentioned in a spiritual charter compiled by Kalita in 1331. Khan summoned the Moscow prince to the Horde, and he was not sure that he would survive and be able to return. Therefore, Kalita made a will in advance and distributed the inheritance among relatives. He wrote the village of Yasenevo to his youngest son Andrei. However, the trip to the ruler of the Horde, contrary to expectations, was successful. The prince returned home safely and ruled for another 10 years.

After his death, Yasenev was owned by the children and grandchildren of Kalita's youngest son, Andrei, who reigned in Serpukhov. They were brave warriors, took part in the Battle of Kulikovo and other military campaigns. At the end of the 15th century, Yasenevo was taken over by Grand Duke John III. The village often changed owners, but the owners almost never lived in it. Therefore, until the 17th century there was no manor here.

The lands of Yasenevo were located south of Moscow on the Teplostan Upland and were well warmed by the sun. From historical documents it is known that locals grown a lot of strawberries, currants and other berries. But Yasenevo was especially famous for its magnificent orchards in which apple and cherry trees grew.

Manor main house

In the 17th century, Prince Alexei Mikhailovich Lvov became the new owner of the estate. He built a new bell tower in the village and reconstructed a single-domed wooden church. Under Lvov, Yasenevo grew. The prince built for himself a two-story wooden house, as well as cattle and stable yards. The estate was surrounded by spacious arable lands, mowings, wastelands and forest lands.

When in 1656 A.M. Lvov died, the sovereign Alexei Mikhailovich returned Yasenevo to the royal treasury. He even wanted to equip one of his country residences in the village and built a new Church of the Sign. However, due to the death of the sovereign, these plans were not destined to come true.

In 1689, seventeen-year-old Peter I, at the insistence of his mother Natalya Kirillovna, married Evdokia, who was the daughter of Illarion Avraamovich Lopukhin, a lawyer at the royal court. As a gift, the young tsar wrote off the village of Yasenevo to his father-in-law, but made a significant reservation: if the male lineage of the Lopukhins is interrupted, return Yasenevo to the tsar's treasury.

View of the east facade of the main house

In the 18th century, Fedor Avraamovich Lopukhin launched a large construction project on his lands. Instead of a wooden one, a manor made of stone appeared here, built in the traditions of the late Baroque. The next owner of the estate, Sergei Ivanovich Gagarin, continued the good traditions. He was known as a great lover of agriculture, so under him a farm appeared on the estate, where fine-fleeced sheep were bred. In addition, Gagarin was actively engaged in the Yasenevsky orchards, and their productivity increased significantly.

The history of the estate in the XIX-XX centuries

After S.I. Gagarin's estate was inherited by his daughter, Maria, who in marriage bore the surname Buturlina. By the end of the 19th century, about 700 people lived in the village adjacent to the estate. A large brick factory worked in it and there were two zemstvo schools. Since Yasenevo was relatively far from Moscow, it was not developed as a summer cottage.

The Buturlins owned the estate until the revolutionary events of 1917, and then the estate was nationalized. The art treasures that the owners of Yasenevo have been collecting for centuries have disappeared. It is believed that they were partially transferred to state museums, and some works of art were taken abroad. The fate of the large Yasenevskaya library was no less dramatic. As a result of their barbaric use, the books were simply destroyed.

View of the left wing

The main manor house stood empty with peeled wallpaper on the walls, and in 1924 it burned down. In the 1970s, the state found money, architects G.K. Ignatiev and L.A. Shitov prepared a project and the baroque building was restored on the old foundation. The restorers tried to give it the look that the house had in the 18th century.

Moscow expanded. In 1960, the territory of Yasenevo became part of the city. After 14 years, mass building began to be carried out around the estate. At that time, in the village adjacent to the estate there were 151 households, in which more than 760 people lived. All residents were relocated to new buildings, and dilapidated rural houses were completely demolished. Several years passed, and the old estate was surrounded by typical high-rise buildings.

Yasenevsky temple

The church in honor of the apostles Peter and Paul appeared in the estate during the time of Fyodor Lopukhin, in the middle of the 18th century. It was built in the traditions of the late (Elizabethian) Baroque. The ancient temple is notable for the fact that in 1822 the wedding ceremony of Maria Nikolaevna Volkonskaya and Lieutenant Colonel Nikolai Ilyich Tolstoy, the parents of Leo Tolstoy, took place in it.

Church of the Apostles Peter and Paul

This church was closed in the 1930s. At first, the temple premises were used as a warehouse, and then it stood in desolation. The wall paintings inside have not been preserved. Church services were resumed here in the late 1980s. Currently, the church has been restored and is the courtyard of the Vvedensky monastery Optina Pustyn.

Yasenevo today

Today the area of ​​the estate is 27.6 hectares. The city approaches the estate from three sides, and a green massif stretches from the southeast of it. natural park"Bitsevsky forest".

Since the 30s of the 18th century, main house, two large outbuildings, stables and a parable house, designed by architect Ivan Fedorovich Michurin. In the western part of the estate there are two ponds, which were marked on the plan of Yasenevo back in 1766. Today they are neglected and heavily polluted. The regular linden park that surrounded the manor buildings has survived only in fragments.

Pond on the estate

Unfortunately, most of buildings

Owners: Princely, royal possession (XIV-XVI), Protopopov A.M. (early XVII), Lvov A.M. (1646-1655), palace department (1656-1690), Lopukhins (1690-1790), Beloselskaya A.G. (late XVIII), treasury or Paul I (1799-1800), Gagarins (1801-1862), Buturlins (1862-1917)

History of formation
The existing architectural and park complex was created under Prince F.A. Lopukhin in the middle of the 18th century. In the first third of the 19th century, under the princes Gagarins, residential buildings were rebuilt in accordance with the norms of classicism, the regular park was supplemented with landscape compositions. The church was rebuilt in the middle of the 19th century.
In 1924 the main house was on fire, its top floor was demolished. Before that, the Museum fine arts books were taken out, the volost council of deputies took over the furnishings, the living room of the Karelian birch was taken over by the Moscow Extraordinary Commission. In the 1970s the house was recreated in the forms of the middle of the 18th century; appropriate forms are given to the outbuildings.

Estate complex
The front yard of the estate is open towards the Church of Peter and Paul. In a small regular park surrounded by a rampart and a moat, ponds and a dilapidated greenhouse have been preserved. Parterre behind the house and several alleys are readable. To the south of the park, the compositional axis of the estate is emphasized by a long alley, the former road to the mill.
The shapes of the small U-shaped main house and outbuildings correspond to the developed baroque, which is rarely found in the architecture of residential buildings in Moscow and the Moscow region. Their walls are rusticated, the windows with arched lintels are framed with elegant architraves. The monumental baroque Peter and Paul Church (1751) of the "octagon on a quadrangle" type has a refectory and a bell tower (1861-1863), which are made with the stylization of the original forms according to the project of the artist Kalugin. Nearby are the services and the house of the clergy of the 19th century.

The estate was owned only by representatives high society. Turns in her history are connected with women's destinies. She falls into the Lopukhin family thanks to the marriage of Peter I to Evdokia Lopukhina as a gift from the emperor to his father-in-law and brother. Later, Tsarina Evdokia was exiled to the Novodevichy Convent, and her brother Avraam Fedorovich was executed for his political views and connection with Tsarevich Alexei. Emperor Peter II (1715-1730) returned in 1727 from exile a crowned nun, who, having settled in Moscow, contributed to the exaltation of relatives. The nephew of the former tsarina, Privy Councilor Fyodor Abramovich Lopukhin, thanks to a brilliant match with the daughter of an associate of Peter I B.P. Sheremetev Vera Borisovna, was finally able in the 1730s-1750s. furnish the home with dignity.
The estate came to the Gagarin family as a gift from Paul I to his former favorite Anna Lopukhina, who became the wife of P.E. Gagarin. Of the Gagarins, the most famous is Sergei Ivanovich (1777-1862) - the president of the Moscow Society of Agriculture, who used the estate for his agronomic experiments. In honor of his heavenly patron, the throne of Sergius of Radonezh was consecrated in the manor church.

The master's house burned down along with all the remnants of the situation that remained in it in 1924. Information about his death did not reach Moscow immediately. So back in 1925, the Glavnauka of the People's Commissariat for Education proposed to the trade union of railway workers of the Moscow-Kursk railway use Yasenevo as a holiday home. Subsequently, the ruins of the Yasenevsky master's house were partially dismantled. Other buildings, incl. closed church, used by the state farm "Yasenevo".

The ruins of the main building began to be dismantled in the early 1930s. - because At that time, the building of a rest house was supposed to be built on this site. Perhaps the presence of a well-known sanatorium located in Uzkoy in the neighborhood played a certain role here. Soon this idea died, as later the construction of a zoo in the vicinity of Yasenev, but only the basement and the basement, which was used as a vegetable store, partially survived from the former master's house. The wing until the demolition of the village of Yasenevo were residential. The fence between them was restored only in the second half of the 1970s.
At the same time, according to the project of architects G.K. (plastered only in 1995). Since Baroque estates are quite rare, the restorers found it tempting to obtain, i.e. actually rebuild another one. In accordance with this plan, the original mezzanines and porticos of the outbuildings were demolished.
Since there were not enough materials to reliably recreate the second floor of the house, analogues were used: the manor houses in Glinka, Lopasna and other places. The white-stone decor was replaced by special concrete. Similar "extensions" were made when recreating other parts of the building: instead of vaults in the side wings, flat reinforced concrete ceilings were arranged, the shapes of the dormer windows, the parapet over the central risalit and the chimneys were borrowed from St. etc... Nevertheless, this example of a pseudo-restoration "cranberry", typical of our time, has the status of an architectural monument and is under state protection.
There was also a second project, more reliable: to restore the building as it was in the 19th - early 20th centuries, but it was rejected. As a result, the historical and cultural environment of Yasenev of that time was irretrievably lost.

The purpose of recreating the manor house of the Yasenev estate was only to use it as a warehouse for building materials, now owned by the state restoration association "RESMA".

For some time the estate was in the possession of the descendants of the Gagarins.
In the 19th century, Maria Buturlina, nee Gagarina, became the owner of the estate for a long time.
3.

In the first third of the XIX century. under the Gagarins, the estate was rebuilt: the outbuildings were supplemented with mezzanines and classicist porticoes with columns.
4.

A belvedere tower appeared on the master's house, etc.
Photo 19100-1910 View from west to east of the western wing and the main manor house with a gazebo on it. To the right of the male figure, a female figure is visible in the background.
5.

You can get a detailed idea of ​​the main manor building using the same insurance inventory of 1901. According to her "a stone house covered with iron on two floors with a mezzanine outside is plastered inside, the lower floor is with vaults, there are pantries and a kitchen with a Russian stove and hearth, Dutch tiled stoves on the second floor and mezzanine, the walls are glued with wallpaper, the floors are parquet oak and pine painted windows frames, doors and stairs to the mezzanine are pine and painted, appliances are copper and iron.A stone porch adjoins the house with a stone staircase for entering the second floor and on the second floor there are two balconies: one wooden, the other stone with six stone plastered columns and stone a ramp for going to the garden Busy [house] happens to be the mistress herself [M.S. Buturlina - M.K.] in the summer".
6.Terrace of the greenhouse.

A girl from the Buturlin family near the greenhouse. Only the foundation remains of this greenhouse.
7.

8. North facade greenhouses.

9. The southern facade of the manor house after the fire.

10. Ruins of the manor house.

11. Western and eastern wings. The hill on the right is the ruins of the manor house covered with earth.

In 1918, Yasenevo was registered with the museum department of the People's Commissariat for Education. Western and eastern wings, next to the eastern wing - a cellar. In the background is the Church of St. Peter and Paul.
12.

Until 1976, the estate was occupied by a state farm, then by the All-Union Research and Production Combine of the USSR Ministry of Culture.
The purpose of recreating the manor house of the Yasenev estate was only to use it as a warehouse for building materials, now owned by the state restoration association "RESMA".
13.

14.

Unfortunately, the restoration work in Yasenevo was never completed, so the estate is surrounded by construction fences and temporary structures, which made this rare example of a rather early period of estate construction unattractive.
15.

16. East wing before restoration, photo 1963.

17. View of the eastern wing at the present time.

On the territory of the estate there is the Church of Peter and Paul, built in the time of the Lopukhins - in the middle of the 18th century. The temple is known for the fact that the parents of the future great writer Leo Tolstoy, Count Nikolai Tolstoy and Princess Maria Volkonskaya, were married in it in 1822.
18.

19.

The fence that surrounds large area, allocated to the farmstead, was erected only in the 1990s. Its construction, in violation of the legislation on the protection of monuments, destroyed northern part access road to the estate from Novoyasenevsky Prospekt, which ran between the church and the clergy's house.
20.

The road to the north from the manor house, going past the church towards the current Novoyasenevsky Prospekt and the Novoyasenevskaya metro station, and the road to the south, along the current Inessa Armand Street to the side.
21.

So now the prospect of the estate from the side of the avenue is blocked. The road leading to the main manor buildings makes a big turn around the boundaries of the farmstead, and only then does its historical part begin. View from the manor house towards Novoyasenevsky prospect.
22.

At this turn, a one-story stable building has been preserved, which does not have an exact date, but its material, White stone testifies to the antiquity of the building. The stable appears on all plans of Yasenev, starting from the earliest -1766, and, therefore, is a building of the middle of the 18th century.
23.

24.

25.

26.

A small area next to it is fenced for riding.
27.

From the west, south and east, the main buildings of the estate are surrounded by a regular linden park, turning into a forest.
Back in the 1920s. it was an excellent example of French regular plantings, but by now it is heavily overgrown and neglected.
28.

The ramparts that define the boundaries of the park and belong to the estate have survived to this day.
29.

30.

The park has partially preserved alleys, groups and individual specimens of old trees, incl. oak, about which there is a legend that Peter I liked to sit under it.
31.

32.

Obviously, this oak is mentioned in the diary of M.P. Pogodin, who described a walk to Yasenevo from, arranged on August 7, 1822 by the Trubetskoy and their guests, where the entire "Znamenskoye society" "... rested on the "sad lawn" between three alleys in front of the Yasenevsky pond under an old branchy oak".
33.

The old larches have also been preserved.
34.
.
40.

View to the north, from the side of the estate "Yasenevo".
41.

Even in the 1st half of the twentieth century. the now overgrown Yasenev Park left a completely different impression. " Perhaps each Russian estate is associated in memory with certain colors. In Ershov, these are forget-me-nots, in Ostafyev and Belkin - catchment areas, in Yasenevo - lilac, - A.N. Grech recalled. - Here thickets of lilac impenetrable thicket surround ponds, falling terraces, ponds, bearing on the mirror surface of their fragrant petals of falling flowers. It is true, for an endless number of years, these lilac thickets grew, perhaps, basically modern to the ancient lindens of the park. Old, hollow trees, as if ready to fall apart under the weight of their branches and crowns, form regular alleys diverging with a geometric pattern, typically French in their park layout. But it is precisely in the free growth of these regular plantings that the peculiar charm of ancient Russian parks lies, that view unforeseen by their decorators, which so captivates after more than a century of their life. ".
42.