History of Hamburg in the Middle Ages. Hamburg (Germany) - a city of rich cultural traditions - interesting information for travelers

Hamburg (officially Free and Hanseatic city Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany and one of the major ports Europe.

The history of Hamburg begins with the Hammaburg fortress, built at the mouth of the Alster River by order of Emperor Charlemagne at the beginning of the 9th century. For my centuries of history the city was repeatedly attacked by various conquerors (Vikings, Poles, Danes, French, etc.), was thoroughly destroyed several times, experienced severe fires and outbreaks of plague that claimed thousands of lives, but in spite of everything, it grew and developed.

Middle Ages

In 1189, Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa granted the city a special status and endowed it with a number of trade and tax privileges, which in fact served as a powerful impetus for further development Hamburg as one of the largest ports in Europe. The rapid economic growth was largely facilitated by the trade alliance concluded in 1241 with Lübeck and the subsequent entry of Hamburg into the Hanseatic League. In 1410, the first constitution of Hamburg was adopted. By the beginning of the 16th century, Hamburg significantly expanded its borders, and already in 1510 it officially received the status of a Free Imperial City and, accordingly, the right to self-government. By the middle of the 16th century, Hamburg became one of the largest trading platforms in Europe.

It did not pass by Hamburg and covered the Western and Central Europe Reformation. In 1529, the city officially adopted Lutheranism. The ensuing massive influx of Protestant refugees from the Netherlands and France, and then Sephardic Jews from Portugal, significantly affected the increase in the population of Hamburg and the cultural development of the city.

new time

In 1806, after the collapse of the Holy Roman Empire, Hamburg retained its privileges and actually became a city-state, but already in 1810 it was occupied by Napoleon's troops. True, the rule of the French, which had a very negative impact on economic development city, was short-lived. In 1814, Russian troops liberated Hamburg, and the city regained its independence, the guarantees of which were officially declared in 1815 at the Congress of Vienna. From 1814 to 1866, Hamburg was a member of the so-called German Confederation, from 1866 to 1871 - a member of the North German Confederation, and from 1871 to 1918 - part of the German Empire and its main " sea ​​gate". Mine offline status the city managed to save and during the Weimar Republic (1919-1933).

During the Second World War, Hamburg was repeatedly bombed, as a result of which a significant part of the city was destroyed. From 1945 to 1949, Hamburg was occupied by British troops, after which it became part of the Federal Republic of Germany. The Iron Curtain, which took place just 50 km east of Hamburg, certainly had big influence to reduce the commercial attractiveness of the city and its role in world trade. A significant rise in the economic development of the city began after the reunification of Germany in 1990.

Today Hamburg is an important financial and industrial center Germany, as well as a major transport hub.

Useful information for tourists about Hamburg in Germany - geographical position, tourism infrastructure, map, architectural features and attractions.

Hamburg is the second largest city in Germany, located in the north of the country, at the confluence of the Elbe River into the North Sea. The settlement, which later gave rise to the city of Hamburg itself, arose on this site in the 8th century. Around 950, the fortress of Hammaburg was built by Emperor Charlemagne. May 7, 1189 Emperor Frederick I Barbarossa grants significant trade privileges to Hamburg. This circumstance played a big role in the development of the port of Hamburg, and now this day is celebrated in Hamburg as the “birthday of the port”.

One of the first Hamburg entered the established in the Middle Ages in Northern Europe The Hanseatic League became the most important port on the North Sea. In 1510 Hamburg received the status of a "free imperial city". The further growth of Hamburg is associated with the discovery of America and sea ​​routes to Asia. Since 1550, it has become one of the most important ports for the delivery of goods to European countries. During the Second World War, the city was repeatedly bombed by Anglo-American aircraft and was badly damaged.

Half of Hamburg consists of parks, squares, nature reserves, rivers, canals and lakes. largest lake Alster, formed back in the 13th century, is located right in the center of Hamburg and covers an area larger than the Principality of Monaco. The city has 2,400 bridges, more than Venice, Amsterdam and London combined.

The grandiose Neo-Renaissance Town Hall, located in the very center of the city, is one of the symbols of Hamburg. Another symbol of the city is the church of St. Michael with a 132-meter tower "Mikhel". The preserved islands of the Old Town in a modern, high-rise, neon space - the neo-Gothic church of St. Peter's with a magnificent sculpture of the Virgin Mary from 1470, the Gothic church of St. Jacob with the largest Baroque organ in Northern Germany, the Church of St. Catherine of the 13th century and the Church of St. Nicholas with the tower, the third tallest in Germany, were lovingly restored by the townspeople after a terrible fire in 1842 and even more terrible bombings of World War II.

Numerous in Hamburg various museums: the famous Kunsthalle with a collection of works of art from the 15th-20th centuries, historical and Ethnographic museums, the Museum of Contemporary Art Deichtorhallen, and the Museum of Erotica.

A tourist who finds himself in Hamburg on Sunday will certainly be taken to the Fischmarkt, fish market. Historians believe that it has existed since 1703. The market is open only from 6 am to 10 am, as in the old days the elders allowed trading only before the start of the church service.

It is believed that Hamburg is a seaside city. Meanwhile, before North Sea from it another 100 km along the Elbe. Approximately 12,000 people travel this route every year. sea ​​vessels. The Hamburg harbor is home to the world's largest warehouse complex, which stretches over a kilometer in length and is a stunning grandiose museum under open sky.

The world-famous Hamburg Reeperbahn is the red-light district, where the art of selling love has become a major tourist attraction. This "nest of vice" gives a powerful energy impulse nightlife city ​​and its entertainment industry in general.

Hamburg, the second largest city in Germany, is diverse architectural styles in urban areas and openness to the whole world, which makes it attractive to tourists. And Hamburg is the most green City Northern Germany. It has 120 magnificent parks. Numerous canals and two large lakes add charm to the city.

Hamburg was founded by Charlemagne to defend against Slavic and Danish raids. At the end of the XII century. the city achieved self-government, which it retained in the future. Hamburg has never been ruled by kings or princes. For many years Hamburg was independent trading city and a leader in the Hanseatic League, and in 1945 became a city-land of Germany. The territory is currently federal state- 755 km ?, 1.686 million people live in the city (2003). Hamburg is the city of the richest cultural traditions. There are many museums and theaters, art studios, concert halls. World famous for its theatrical and artistic experiments won the theater "Kampnagel Fabrik", located in the converted premises of the former factory.

Gallery Kunsthalle in Hamburg

The Hamburg Kunsthalle is the most significant art Gallery in Northern Germany. Its history began in 1817, when the Society of Lovers was founded. fine arts(Kunstverein). Since 1869 the museum has been open to the public. All European styles are represented in his collection, but the most valuable is the collection of works by German romantic artists of the 19th century - Caspar David Friedrich and Philipp Otto Runge.

Old city

The old town extends south of the town hall, but due to the “great fire” of 1842 and bombing during World War II, very few old buildings have survived here.

The construction of the church of St. Catherine with a characteristic tower was started in the 13th century and completed in the 17th century. The church was damaged during the last war, but was restored. From the nearby Neo-Gothic Church of St. Nicholas in 1945, only the Nikolaiturm tower remained - the third tallest in Germany.

Deichstraße is one of the few surviving streets in the old part of the city with original facades of buildings that are visible both from the road and from the canal. In house number 25 along this street, the “great fire” began, destroying most cities.

Deichstraße at night.

The main symbol of Hamburg is the massive Baroque St. Michael's Church with the 132-meter-high "Michael". The interior of the church is well preserved in white, gray and gold tones. Some details are made of tropical wood. The observation deck offers stunning views of the harbor.

Near the church of St. Michael is a miraculously surviving quarter of the old town of Krameramtsvonungen. His wooden-brick houses with an inner courtyard were built at the expense of the merchant guild for the widows of merchants. Now they house shops for tourists, cafes, restaurants.

Two more wonderful architectural monuments reminiscent of the historical past of Hamburg. In the church of St. Peter, which was badly damaged in 1842 and was reconstructed in neo gothic style, you can admire the Gothic sculpture of the Madonna, created in 1470. The Church of St. James was damaged during the Second World War and was rebuilt in the original style. Its delightful interior includes Arp Schnitger's largest baroque organ in Northern Germany. The triptych in the altar part of the south nave, depicting St. Luke, is a magnificent example of late Gothic art. It was created in 1499 for the Hamburg cathedral demolished in 1804

Seaport

Hamburg, located on the Elbe, 104 km from the sea, is the second largest after Rotterdam European port. The port largely determines the appearance of the city. Every year, 12 thousand ships from 90 countries come here. Exhibit ships are moored here: the cargo ship Cape San Diego and the sailboat Rickmer Rickmers. The building with a copper dome houses the entrance to the Old Tunnel under the Elbe, where people and cars are released in a giant elevator. Next to the port is the Speicherstadt district.

Hamburg - customs district Speicherstadt

All sorts of goods come here immediately after customs clearance. This is the most large complex warehouses in the world. The nearby German Customs Museum tells a fascinating story of customs and excise taxes over the past 100 years.

The famous Hamburg fishmarkt (fish market) is also located on the banks of the Elbe. The market is open every day from 5 am. Once this colorful spectacle ended with the beginning of the morning mass at 10 am, the modern public lingers longer, and then goes not to church, but to bed.

Spruce quarter

After the First World War, a business district called the Office Quarter appeared in Hamburg. Here in 1922-1924. Fritz Geger built the Hillehaus, an experimental brick building in the spirit of modernism. It is a ten-story building with a gabled east façade of Expressionist architecture.

Nearby are the huge Deichtorhallen, commercial premises port, built in 1911-1912. In 1997 they were transformed into spectacular showrooms.

Photographs of Hamburg

Hamburg — Hamburg

In this article you will learn:

Hamburg is one of the most ancient cities in Europe and Germany in particular.

The fortress (namely, with this the construction of cities began in those distant times) was intended to deter possible attacks by the Slavic and Scandinavian peoples. Its construction was carried out under the direction of Charlemagne and was completed at the beginning of the 9th century AD. e. In the Middle Ages, the city received the status of a state and for several centuries the German monarchs practically did not influence the course of its development.

Description

Today Hamburg itself is one of the 16 states of Germany. In terms of its size in Germany, it is second only to, and in European Union is in seventh place.

The population of the city is just over 1.7 million inhabitants.

The city is located in the north of the country, in the place where the Alster and Bille tributaries flow into the Elbe. The route along the Elbe from Hamburg to the North Sea is 110 km, which created good conditions for the development of shipping and the construction of river and sea ports. In terms of the development of logistics, the railway and road connections with the city do not lag behind, since the ports are visited annually by about 12 thousand ships, a significant part of which are commercial.

Since the city is literally cut by water arteries, the number of bridges is amazing - more than 2000 pieces. As they say, Venice in this regard, remains far behind. In addition to bridges, two tunnels have also been built under the river, which greatly simplifies the movement of vehicles.

Significant development in the city was received by the light, machine-building and printing industries. Many wealthy entrepreneurs from all over the world consider it an honor to have their business here, or at least a representative office.

Historical heritage

During its history, the city was twice subjected to significant destruction.

In 1842, a great fire raged in the city, which destroyed many historical buildings.

The second time "Armageddon" swept through the streets of Hamburg at the end of World War II, when Allied planes generously bombarded the city. Despite this, after the war, many destroyed ancient buildings were repaired or even completely rebuilt. The work of the architects who carried out the reconstruction is now appreciated by tourists. In this regard, Hamburg is not inferior to many other European cities.

Attractions

Among the sights worth special attention tourists, there are many churches and temples, the bell tower of the Church of St. Michael (height 132 m), which is considered a symbol of the city, the warehouse complex Speicherstadt, Town Hall Square with the town hall, merchants' mansions and many other historical buildings.

After viewing the quaint architecture, you can relax in the park, of which there are a lot in Hamburg. By the way, in terms of landscaping, the city boldly competes with other European cities for the title of the “green capital” of Europe.

For those who like to relax by the water, there is a great opportunity to spend free time on the Alster lake, which is located north of the city. Many athletes and just lovers of a healthy lifestyle conduct their training here.

After studying the history of the city and outdoor recreation, you can return to modern life.

For young people, it will be interesting to visit the St. Pauli area, which was built around the church of St. Paul. Despite the name of the district, all the sinful delights are located here, for example, the "vicious mile" - a street in the windows of which, "live goods" for entertainment are displayed. Many modern night discos and cabarets attract advanced youth here. The sex industry is in full swing here. Due to the characteristic nighttime status of the area, housing prices are much lower here.

The Eppendorf area will be interesting for more serious people. Only wealthy people can afford real estate, accommodation, visiting restaurants and boutiques here, therefore Eppendorf is considered the most respectable area of ​​the city.

For lovers of museums, theaters, galleries, Hamburg will seem like a cultural treasure trove. For example, there are 4 state and more than forty private theaters in the city. The number of musicals staged is slightly less than in New York and London.

Flight to Hamburg

Flight from Moscow to Hamburg lasts no more than 3 hours (without transfers). The distance in a straight line between these cities is 1764 km. Flights to Hamburg can be made from three Moscow airports: Sheremetyevo, Vnukovo and Domodedovo. The latter is the most popular in this direction. Fuhlsbüttel and Lübeck Blanckensee airports serve Hamburg.

The flight is operated by many airlines. The average cost of a one-way flight is about 7,500 rubles, and there and back - about 14,000 rubles. The cost of a flight is significantly affected by the pricing policy of a particular airline and the time of year. The best deals can be found by comparing the prices of competitors.

Special Jasper buses run from the airport to the center of Hamburg. The fare in such a bus is 5 euros, and the duration of the trip is about 25 minutes.

History and modernity, vice, culture and spirituality, a developed economy and vibrant green spaces - all these seemingly contradictory concepts are perfectly combined in Hamburg - a city that will not leave anyone indifferent.

Where to stay

In the city center there are many hotels where you can stay.

In the center of Hamburg, you can see a beautiful old building with a massive spire and a green roof. This is one of the survivors of the war. ancient buildings city ​​center - city hall.

The Town Hall in Hamburg is the symbol and pride of Hamburg. The political bodies of the city also sit here. The Town Hall has 647 rooms. The outside of the building is decorated huge statues emperors. In addition, a huge Golden Book is kept in one of the halls of the Town Hall, where such celebrities as Bismarck, Charles de Gaulle, Princess Diana and Queen Elizabeth left their autographs.

Hamburg airport

Hamburg HAM Airport is the fifth busiest airport in Germany. The runway and two passenger terminals are located 9 kilometers from Hamburg. Up to 14 million people use the airport services annually.

Hamburg Airport is the oldest airport in Germany and air gate her North. The first flights took place here in 1911, since then runway and the terminals have been reconstructed and rebuilt more than once. Today Hamburg Airport is an important center in the system air transportation. Airplanes fly here most of the time. Lufthansa airlines and British Airways.

On the territory of the second terminal there is a hotel and conference rooms designed for business meetings right at the airport.

You can get to the airport by bus from Hamburg, the trip will take no more than half an hour. In addition, in the seventies of the XX century, a railway line was laid to the first terminal.

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Church of St. Nicholas

Church of St. Nicholas, located in German city Hamburg is the second tallest building in the city. The height of the tower, the only thing left of the church built in the Gothic style in the 19th century, is 147 meters. The church was destroyed during the bombing of the city in 1943. Her turret was a good guide for aircraft.

First wooden building was erected on this site in the 12th century and served as a beacon for sailors. Over the course of 7 centuries, the building was rebuilt several times; the surviving today belongs to XIX century. The building, after being destroyed during the Second World War, was not rebuilt, but only in 1990 was the framework of the church strengthened and the tower made safe for visiting. In 1993, a carillon with 51 bells was installed on the tower, which is just a decoration. At the top of the tower, which can be accessed by a special elevator opened in 2005, is Observation deck, which opens beautiful view to Hamburg.

The Spice Museum, located in the German city of Hamburg, is the only such museum in Europe. It was opened in 1993 in the well-known Hamburg town of Speicherstadt, an old port warehouse complex that now houses various museums and antique shops.

More than 900 exhibits have been collected on an area of ​​350 square meters, including 50 varieties of pepper, each of which lovers of this spicy seasoning can taste, various spices: rosemary, turmeric, nutmeg and much more. The museum also has a large collection of essential oils, all bottled in small bottles that you can open and smell the wonderful aromas lurking in them.

Port of Hamburg

The port of Hamburg occupies a tenth of the city's territory - 75 square meters. The port of Hamburg is considered the third largest in Europe (after Rotterdam and Antwerp).

The port is considered to be a sea port, although it is located on the banks of the Elbe River. The result of its activities is 7,000 flights to all countries of the world, which are made every year. The port has more than 300 berths for sea and ocean vessels. The length of the quay wall is 46 kilometers.

The history of the port dates back to the 9th century - from the time when the archbishop of the church gave the townspeople the right to trade. But the discovery took place in 1189, when Hamburg merchants were able to travel duty-free along the Elbe to the North Sea. A special department at the Museum of the History of Hamburg will tell about the history of the port.

The port is home to the world's largest carpet warehouse and the largest pharmaceutical yard.

Church of St. Michael

St. Michael's Church, located in the German city of Hamburg, is considered the main Protestant church in the city. The modern building of the church is the third in a row, but it was made according to the first drawings at the junction of two styles - baroque and classicism. The first building was built in the 17th century, but it was completely burned down by a lightning strike. At the beginning of the 20th century, the restored building burned down again, only the walls remained of the building. The reinforced concrete structure of the third church allowed it to withstand World War II.

The three-nave Church of St. Michael is symmetrical, 71 meters long and 51 meters wide. The cladding of the building is made of red burnt bricks. A bronze statue of the Archangel Michael, conquering the devil, after whom the church is named, is installed above the main portal of the temple.

On the 132-meter bell tower at a height of 106 meters is located observation platform with a beautiful view of the city. The bell clock is the largest in Germany. The main decoration of the interior of the Church of St. Michael is a font made of white Italian marble, left over from the second building. You can visit the current church only during free hours.

ship museum

The Ship Museum is a private museum, opened in 2008, in a small former warehouse building.

The museum is very rich in various ship models and completely different antiquities, the collection includes 40,000 items and about a million photographs.

The emergence of the museum is quite consistent with the city spirit, shipowners and merchants lived and live in the city not only to earn a lot of money, but for them sharing income with the public is a matter of honor. At the opening of the museum, Federal President Köhler said that the opening of this museum is a good example of responsibility.

A large number of museum exhibits was collected by the eighty-year-old Peter Tramm, who donated his entire rich collection to the maritime museum. The museum is located in the old port buildings which was built back in 1878.

Interestingly, this is the only international maritime museum, that is, it covers the history of the whole world. The museum displays the entire period of 3000 years. The International Maritime Museum is one of the most favorite places in Hamburg; thousands of tourists from all over the world visit it every day!

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Botanical Garden Hamburg

Botanical Garden Hamburg is not just a garden in Germany, but a whole journey around the world, including mountainous areas Europe.

The garden presents its own Carpathians, Alps, and even a small Japan, made in the form of a separate garden. Walking along the bridge from Europe to China, which has its own pond with flowers, stop in paradise. This is the place where the plants are collected, which are described in the Bible. Jerusalem botanists created a unique garden, albeit small in size, but no less important in its significance. Where else will you see flowers from holy scripture?

It is even hard to imagine that in the 19th century the Hamburg Botanical Garden was a private property, and only much later became available for public viewing. So, do not miss the opportunity and you, to visit this wonderful garden!

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