What is Crimea. What is the autonomous status of Crimea and since when has the republic been defending it

(RK) - a subject of the Russian Federation (since March 18, 2014), a former autonomous republic within Ukraine.

The Republic of Crimea occupies special place among the regions of Russia.Perhaps there is not a single region in Russia with such an ancient history, in which many peoples, both living today and those who have gone into the mists of time, have left their mark. But since ancient times, people living in the Crimea have come to understand that this blessed land is a common home for everyone, and it was created for peaceful life, therefore Christianity and Islam, Slavic, European and Eastern cultures coexist here. And a natural step in creating a common Crimean home was the re-establishment of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea in 1991.

Since the beginning of the last century, Crimea has been actively used and developed as a resort, which was facilitated by its climatic conditions and natural resources.
Crimea has every opportunity to become one of the most famous resorts in the world. An excellent medical base, which is not found in ordinary resorts, a combination of active recreation in the mountains with a traditional holiday by the sea. Crimea is one of the most popular tourist centers countries. About 3,000 monuments of history, archeology, and art are located on its territory under state protection.

The special wealth of the autonomy is natural monuments. Widely known Nikitsky Botanical Garden, Chersonesos Museum-Reserve, Kachinsky Canyon, Mount Demerdzhi with the Valley of Ghosts and others.
All modern resorts provide an opportunity to combine leisure and cultural activities. And the historical and cultural richness of Crimea can hardly be compared with anything, since in a small area there are many monuments of different eras and different peoples: this is reflected in the monuments of Chersonesos and Bakhchisaray, Yalta and Evpatoria.

Crimea has always attracted people of art: writers, artists, musicians. Suffice it to recall the names of Ivan Aivazovsky, Maximilian Voloshin, Anton Chekhov, Lesia Ukrainka, Alexander Spendiarov, Ismail Gasprinsky. The cultural palette of Crimea is no less diverse today: pop singer Sofia Rotaru, outstanding composer Alemdar Karamanov, artists Ramiz Netovkin and Mamut Churlu, whose unique originality of paintings is appreciated all over the world.

History, economy, culture, nature of the Republic of Crimea

Story
The first tribes that inhabited the Crimea were the Cimmerians (7th century BC). In the 1st millennium BC. Taurians lived in the foothills and mountainous Crimea, as well as on the southern coast of the peninsula. From here come the first names of the Crimea - Cimmeria (Maximilian Voloshin), and Taurida, Tavria, Taurica. The Scythians also lived in the Crimea (the capital of the Scythian state was in the Crimea - now the archaeological reserve of Naples-Scythian) Goths, Huns, Ugrians.
Numerous city-states were formed on the peninsula by immigrants from Greece, the most famous of which are Chersonesus and Panticapaeum. The Crimean "ethnic melting pot" led to the formation of several indigenous peoples - Krymchaks, Karaites, Crimean Tatars.

At the time of the Golden Horde, the peninsula was part of it in the form of the Crimean ulus with the capital in the city of Solkhat (now Stary Krym).
During the period of the XIV-XVIII centuries. on the peninsula there was a Crimean Khanate with a capital in.
In the history of Crimea, other state formations are also known - the Principality of Theodoro, the medieval colonies-principalities of immigrants from the Iberian Peninsula - the Genoese - the most famous of which are Kaffa, Soldaya, Kalamita, Cembalo.
In the 17th century, Crimea became the scene of a series of Russian-Turkish wars. 1853-1856 - the period of the Crimean (Eastern) War, which led to numerous waves of emigration of the indigenous population, mainly to Turkey.

In April 1783 Crimea was annexed to the Russian Empire. The construction of new cities began on the peninsula - Simferopol and Sevastopol. The base of the Black Sea Navy was created.
After the October Revolution of 1917 Crimea became part of the RSFSR. In October 1921, the Crimean ASSR was created.

In 1941 the Crimea was occupied by Nazi troops. On April 13, 1944, the peninsula was liberated by Soviet troops.
In the period from May 18 to June 24, 1944, on the peninsula, by decision of the State Defense Committee, the deportations of Crimean Tatars, Greeks, Armenians, Bulgarians, and the repeated deportation of Germans were carried out. In 1945, the autonomy was abolished, and the Crimean region was formed instead.

By decision of the Supreme Soviets of the RSFSR and the Ukrainian SSR, in 1954 Crimea was transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR. In 1963, the construction of the North Crimean Irrigation Canal was completed, which transferred the waters of the Dnieper to the Crimea, which made it possible to supply water to many cities of the Crimea, provide irrigation for more than 400 thousand hectares of crops, and double the production of agricultural products. The Crimean industrial complex was created on the peninsula, consisting of a number of unique industrial enterprises.

By decision of the referendum of January 20, 1991, the Crimean ASSR was restored as part of independent Ukraine. Subsequently, when the Constitution of 1992 was adopted, it was transformed into the Republic of Crimea, and later - into the Autonomous Republic of Crimea.

In the 80-90s of the last century, mass resettlement of previously deported peoples, primarily Crimean Tatars, took place in Crimea. The largest ethnic groups modern Crimea are Russians (approximately 58-60%), Ukrainians (approximately 25%) and Crimean Tatars (approximately 13-14%).

More than half a century ago, Crimea became part of the Ukrainian SSR, and then - independent Ukraine. Over the years, he has gone through a dramatic path full of successes, anxieties and hopes, decline and revival.

On March 16, 2014, according to the results of the all-Crimean referendum, the Republic of Crimea became part of the Russian Federation.

Administrative-territorial division
The territory of the Republic of Crimea is divided into 14 districts:,, and 16 cities, including 11 of republican significance:,, 3 intra-urban districts of the city of Simferopol, 243 village councils, 1021 settlements, of which 72 are urban and 949 are rural.

Power
The Republic of Crimea is inalienable integral part Russian Federation.

The representative body of the Republic of Crimea is the State Council of the Republic of Crimea.

The executive body of the Republic of Crimea is the Government of the Republic of Crimea.

Borders

Located in the south of Russia. The total area of ​​the Republic of Crimea (without) is 26.1 thousand square meters. km. From north to south (from the Isthmus of Perekop to Cape Sarych, the southernmost point of Ukraine), the peninsula stretches for 207 km, and from west to east (between the capes Kara-Mrun and Lantern) - 324 km.

The territory of the peninsula is washed by the Black and Azov seas.
The largest bays on the Black Sea coast are Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia. On the coast of the Sea of ​​Azov: Sivash, Kazantip and Arabat. In the east of Crimea is the Kerch Peninsula, in the west is the Tarkhankut Peninsula.

Shore length Crimean peninsula more than 1.5 thousand km. Time zone: MSK (UTC+4).
Population

1907.1 thousand people live in the Republic of Crimea, including more than 1.2 million people in cities, more than 730 thousand people in rural areas. Men - more than 900 thousand people (45.8%), women - more than 1 million people (51.2%). Population under working age - 15%, working age - 60.8%, over working age - 24.2%

Economic potential
The Republic of Crimea is one of the most promising regions of the Russian Federation in economic terms, due to the favorable geographic location, the richest natural resource and intellectual potential, developed infrastructure.

The main directions of production in the agricultural sector: growing grain, oilseeds and fodder crops; cultivation of perennial plantings (horticulture and viticulture); raising dairy cattle; poultry farming; sheep breeding.

In the transport complex: the operating length of railway lines is 629.2 km, trolleybus lines (in two-wire terms) - 368 km, public roads - more than 6.2 thousand km, tram lines (in single-track terms) - 20 km. In Crimea, there are about 10 sea ports, several airports, a network of complexes for servicing the yachtsmen of the world is being built.

In the sanatorium complex of the Republic of Kazakhstan there are 656 resort and recreational institutions of all forms of ownership, of which 245 are intended for year-round use. The availability of tourism resources and the necessary infrastructure make it possible to develop various types of tourism in Crimea, including winter tourism and sports.

Culture and traditions
In Crimea, there are several thousand monuments of nature, history and culture, many of which are of world importance. No wonder Crimea is called an open-air museum. Among the natural phenomena, the Marble Cave (the most visited in Europe) occupies an exceptional place.

Crimea has an ancient and primordial connection with the Mediterranean civilization. The fruits of this civilization are many cities of the peninsula. On the territory of present-day Kerch, the remains of Panticapaeum, the capital of the powerful Bosporan kingdom, have been preserved. The Royal Mound, the crypt of Demeter (as scientists believe, the Greek goddess of fertility), and many other archaeological sites have been preserved here. The eastern and western coasts of Crimea are still adorned with the majestic ruins of the medieval Genoese fortified towns of Soldaya (Sudak). Kalamita (Inkerman), Cembalo (Balaklava), and many others.

The modern lighthouse on Cape Ai-Todor recalls that in ancient times it was a sentinel place where the fortress of Kharaks, an outpost of the Roman Empire in Taurica, stood. The Crimean shrines are also unique - the Assumption, Toplovsky and Kosmodamianovsky monasteries, as well as Orthodox cathedrals and Muslim mosques. Cave towns (Mangup, Chufut-Kale, Eski-Kermen) are also original monuments of the Middle Ages, the mysterious stories of which have haunted researchers for two hundred years.

The destinies of the Crimean ethnic groups and ethnic groups are diverse, each of them has its own perception of Crimea as a historical or ethnic homeland. It is not the first year that Crimea becomes the venue for International festivals: the theater festival "Crimean Ark"; chamber music festival "Crimean Autumn"; Festival "THEATRE. CHEKHOV. YALTA"; "Koktebel spring"; "Voloshinsky September", the festival of ancient art "Bosporan Agons", etc. Each region of Crimea is known for holidays and festivals of folk art and national cultures"Chumatsky Way", "Vardavar", the Holiday of Slavic Literature and Culture, "Genoese Helmet", "Salkhat Minarets", "Oriental Bazaar".

Nature and ecology
The landscape diversity of the Crimea is a consequence of the unique location of the peninsula - at the junction of the temperate and subtropical zones, on the border of the ranges of many floras and faunas. Northern Crimea- a low plain, in the south rise the Crimean mountains.

The climate of Crimea is determined by its geographical position, relief and the influence of the surrounding seas: from temperate continental in the north to subtropical climate on the southern coast.

1657 rivers, streams and currents flow through the territory of the Crimean peninsula with a total length of more than 5.99 thousand km. The longest river is the Salgir, 232 km long. Almost all rivers flow out of the mountains and are lost in the steppe; nevertheless, they are full-flowing in the winter-spring period during floods.

The slopes of the Crimean mountains are covered with oak, beech, hornbeam and pine forests. Relic juniper forests and evergreen shrubs grow on the South Shore. 40% of Crimean vegetation species and 60% of Crimean fauna species are listed in the Red Book of Ukraine. The flora of the Crimea is very diverse and includes over 2.4 thousand species of higher plants. The fauna of the Crimean peninsula also has a large number of representatives: about 12 thousand species of insects, 6 species of amphibians, 14 species of reptiles, over 300 species of birds and 61 species of mammals.

Of particular value is the natural reserve fund of the Crimea, which plays a significant role in protecting nature and stabilizing the ecological state of the region. 5.4% of the area of ​​the peninsula (excluding the city of Sevastopol) falls on the territory of the fund's facilities.

Heraldry

The coat of arms of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is a silver griffin facing to the right in a scarlet Varangian shield, holding an open silver shell with a blue pearl in its right paw. The shield is surmounted by the rising sun and surrounded by two white columns connected by a blue-white-red ribbon with the motto: "Prosperity in Unity".

The flag of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is a panel consisting of three horizontally arranged colored stripes: the upper one is blue, making up one sixth of the width of the Flag; middle - white, making up four sixths of the width of the Flag; the lower one is red, making up one sixth of the width of the Flag. Aspect ratio 1:2.

Crimea

Crimea is the unity of the sea, steppes and mountains. Man-made landscapes are scattered among the natural massifs of Crimea in a bizarre mosaic: intertwining architectural styles of many centuries and peoples, majestic parks, well-groomed fields, lush gardens, fragrant plantations of roses and lavender, unique vineyards.

Autonomous Republic Crimea is located in the south of Ukraine. In the north, the peninsula is connected to the mainland by a narrow (not more than 8 km wide) Perekop Isthmus. Extreme points: in the north - with. Perekop, in the south - Cape Sarych, in the east - Cape Lantern, in the west - Cape Kara-Mrun.

From the west and south, Crimea is washed by the waters of the Black Sea (the area is 421,000 sq. km). The largest bays are Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky and Feodosia. From the east and northeast, the peninsula is surrounded by Kerch Strait(width - 4-5 km, length - 41 km) and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov (area - 38 thousand square kilometers), which forms the Kazantip, Arabat and Sivash bays. The total length of the borders of Crimea is more than 2500 km. Area - 25 thousand square meters. km.

Administratively, the republic includes 14 administrative districts. 11 territories subordinated to the city councils of cities of republican subordination (with a predominantly urban population). The largest cities are Simferopol, Yalta, Alushta, Evpatoria, Kerch, Feodosia, Sudak, Bakhchisaray, Dzhankoy, Saki).

The territory subordinated to the city council of Sevastopol, as well as the northern part of the Arabat Spit belonging to the Kherson region, are located on the Crimean peninsula, but are not part of the autonomous republic.

A feature of the national composition of the population of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea is its multinationality. According to the data of the All-Ukrainian population census, representatives of over 125 nationalities and nationalities lived on the territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea. The most numerous of them are Russians (65-70%), Crimean Tatars (18%), Ukrainians (10-15%). The share of other ethnic groups is insignificant.

The administrative center is the city of Simferopol, the first mention dates back to the 16th century, it has been a city since 1784. The population of the city is 338.9 thousand people.

The city is located almost in the center of the peninsula, from Simferopol there is a path to all resorts.

The Crimean Mountains stretch in three ridges from Sevastopol to Feodosia with a length of 150 kilometers. The southern slopes that make up the Main Range separate the subtropical South Coast from the rest of the peninsula. The lower ridges form foothills, divided into separate sections by picturesque river valleys, and the Main ridge resembles a continuous barrier, the height of which almost everywhere exceeds a kilometer. The highest point of the Crimean mountains is Roman-Kosh - 1545 meters. All northern, western and eastern Crimea is a plain interspersed with low hills.

The southern coast of Crimea from Cape Aya in the west to Mount Kara-Dag in the east is called the sub-Mediterranean for the proximity of the main features of its climate (sunshine, air temperature, precipitation), flora and fauna to the coast mediterranean sea, subtropics. The northern, flat part of Crimea has a temperate continental climate.

Summer in Crimea is hot and sunny everywhere, dry - only sometimes with short refreshing rains. Its borders can be considered the middle of May and the end of September.

The most common religions are Orthodoxy, Catholicism, Islam.

The most ancient inhabitants of the Crimea, known to us from Assyrian and ancient sources, were the Cimmerians. Their stay in the Crimea is confirmed by ancient and medieval historians, as well as information that has come down to us about the toponyms of the eastern part of Crimea: “Cimmerian crossings”, “Kimmerik”.

In the middle of the 7th century BC. part of the Cimmerians was driven back by the Scythians from the steppe belt to the foothills and mountains of the Crimea, where they formed compact settlements.

Here, in the foothills and mountainous Crimea, as well as on the southern coast, Taurians lived. From the Taurians comes the ancient name of the mountainous and coastal part of the Crimea - Tavrika, Tavria, Taurida. The remains of fortified shelters and residential buildings of the Tauris, their cromlechs - ring-shaped fences of vertically placed stones, and Taurus tombs - "stone boxes" have been preserved and explored to this day.

A new period in the history of Taurica begins with the capture of the Crimea by the Scythians. This period is characterized by qualitative changes in the composition of the population itself. Archaeological data show that after that the basis of the population of the North-Western Crimea was the population that came from the Dnieper region.

In the VI-V centuries. BC, when the Scythians ruled the steppes, immigrants from Hellas founded their trading colonies on the Crimean coast. As a memory of themselves, they left the name of the most important cities of antiquity. So, Panticapaeum, or Bosporus (modern Kerch) and Kafa (Feodosia) were built by colonists from ancient Greek city Miletus, and Chersonese, located within the boundaries of present-day Sevastopol, was erected by the Greeks from Heraclea Pontica.
  In the first half of the 5th century BC. on the shores of the Black Sea, two independent Greek states arise. One of them is a democratic slave-owning republic - Chersonese (peninsula) Tauride, which included the lands of the western Crimea (Kerkinitida - Evpatoria, Kalos-Limeny - Black Sea). Chersonese is hidden behind powerful stone walls. It was founded on the site of a Taurian settlement by Greeks from Heraclea Pontica. Another is the autocratic state of the Bosporus, whose capital was Panticapaeum (“the way of the fish”). The acropolis of this city was located on Mount Mithridates, and nearby archaeologists unearthed the famous mounds of Melek-Chesmensky and Tsarsky. Inside these mounds, stone crypts, unique monuments of Bosporan architecture, were found. Greek colonists brought to the shores of Cimmeria-Taurica their art of building ships, growing grapes, olive trees and other crops, erecting beautiful temples, theaters, stadiums. Hundreds of Greek settlements - policies - appear in the Crimea. The ancient Greeks create great historical and literary monuments about the Crimea. Euripides wrote the drama "Iphigenia in Tauris" on the Crimean material. The Greeks who lived in Chersonese Tauride and in the Cimmerian Bosporus know the Iliad and the Odyssey, in which Cimmeria is unreasonably characterized as "a sad region covered with eternally damp fog and haze of clouds." Herodotus in the 5th century BC spoke about the religious beliefs of the Scythians, about the Tauri.

By the end of the III century BC. The power of the Scythians was significantly reduced under the onslaught of the Sarmatians. The Scythians were forced to move their capital to the Salgir River (near Simferopol), where the Scythian Naples, aka Neapolis (Greek name), arose.

The Scythian state in the Crimea lasted until the second half of the 3rd century AD and was destroyed by the Goths, who appeared here (according to legend, from Scandinavia) around the beginning of the 3rd century.
  Staying in the Crimean steppes of the Goths did not last long. Under the powerful onslaught of the Huns in the 4th century AD, they were forced to leave for the mountainous places of the Crimea, where they gradually mixed with the descendants of the Taurus-Scythians. The historical monuments of that period include the so-called "cave cities" located in the Bakhchisarai region and in the Sevastopol zone.

Thus, the population of the Crimea was a complex ethnic composition, which included the descendants of the Cimmerians, Taurians, Scythians, Greeks, Sarmatians, Alans, Goths.

In the second half of the IV century, as already mentioned, the invasion of Asian barbarians - the Huns began. Around 370, the Huns defeated the cities of the Bosporan state and, having crossed the Kerch Strait on the ice, attacked Panticapaeum. Starting from the 4th century, Turkic-speaking tribes occupied a predominant position in the steppe zone of Crimea. The mixing of the Turks and Ugric peoples with the former population of the peninsula led to the formation of new peoples and new ethnic associations. A new ethnographic map of the Crimea appeared.

After the collapse of the Roman Empire (VI century), Crimea fell into the sphere of influence of Byzantium. The Byzantine emperor Justinian I (527-565), in an effort to strengthen his position in Tauris and protect the Byzantine possessions on the coast from the nomadic steppe dwellers, turns Chersonese into a powerful fortress, builds new fortresses on the southern coast of Crimea - Alusta (Alushta) and Gorzuvity (Gurzuf) . On the approaches to Chersonese through the mountainous Crimea, he erects powerful fortifications: Syuren, Eski-Kermen, Mangup, Inkerman, Chufut-Kale and others.

It is known that in 774 Jews fled to the shores of the Black Sea from Jerusalem. Then the Khazars owned Tavria, and they accepted the Jews friendly. Apparently, the Krymchaks as a nationality were formed on the basis of precisely those Jewish settlers in the VIII century. However, Jewish settlements appeared in the Crimea much earlier - in the 1st century. The Jews lived in Panticapaeum and had significant property. In the IV century in Panticapaeum there was a Jewish temple - the Synagogue. Jews also lived in Chersonese. In the year 300, they, together with the Greeks, rose up in an armed struggle against the Christianity implanted by Rome. About 18,000 Jews currently live in Crimea.

Ilya Ehrenburg, Osip Mandelstam, Samuil Marshak, who studied at the Yalta gymnasium, dedicated their poems and prose to Crimea. In the Crimea worked: Peretz Markish, Mikhail Svetlov, Eduard Bagritsky, Marc Chagall, Emil Kazakevich, Mikhail Golbshtein. The creativity of Boris Pasternak, Mark Lisnyansky, Mikhail Matusovsky, Margarita Aliger, Yevgeny Dolmatovsky, Boris Serman, who often visited the Crimea, could not do without the Crimean theme.

In the second half of the 9th century, after the weakening of the Khazar Khaganate, the Ugrians - the Magyars - penetrated the Crimea.

At the end of the VIII-beginning of the IX centuries, after the emergence of the state of Kievan Rus, the Kiev princes, pursuing political goals that were associated with trade, organized trips to the Crimea, to the southern coast. Slavic colonization reaches the Kerch Strait.

Christianity is known in the Crimea immediately after its emergence in Kievan Rus. In 988 (according to other sources in 989), the prince of Kievan Rus Vladimir, having occupied Korsun, received official baptism (announcement) here and from now on began to forcibly introduce Christianity in Rus'. However, the Kyiv princes, directing forces and energy to unite the Slavic lands of the Dnieper region and fight against the nomads, gradually lost their positions in Taurica. If, under Vladimir the Red Sun, Crimea, according to Karl Marx, belonged to Rus', then in the XII century, most of the peninsula became Polovtsian (Kipchak). The name of the Kipchaks in the 19th century was borne by 23 Crimean villages. The name of the mountain Ayu-Dag (Bear Mountain) is attributed by many researchers to the Polovtsians. From there - the famous Artek (on behalf of Artyk or Artuk - the son of the Polovtsian Khan).

For the first time, the Mongol-Tatars penetrated the Crimea in 1223. They destroyed Sudak, which at that time was the richest of the Crimean shopping centers. The situation of the conquered peoples of the peninsula became extremely difficult. The Golden Horde conquerors imposed on them an exorbitantly heavy tribute - yasak, took out slaves and sold them to other countries. After the conquest of Tavria by the Mongols in the first half of the 13th century, in a number of places they became an insignificant layer in the ruling feudal elite of Crimea. A mosque was built in the brilliant and multilingual Solkhat (Old Crimea), and by the middle of the century Solkhat had become the political center and center of Eastern culture on the peninsula. Here was the headquarters of the governor of the Golden Horde Khan, from here came the spread of Islam among the Tatars in the Crimea. After the collapse of the Golden Horde, the remnants of the Tatar-Mongols in the Crimea were influenced by Turkic speech and were Turkified. Then Mangup was the capital of the largest state of medieval Taurica - the Principality of Theodoro. The earliest information about the principality dates back to the first half of the 14th century. Mangup was one of the largest fortresses of the medieval Crimea (90 hectares) and, if necessary, took under the protection of significant masses of the population. In July 1475, Mangup was besieged by the Ottoman Turks. Bursting into the city, the Turks exterminated almost all the inhabitants, looted and burned Mangup. On the lands of the principality, a Turkish kadylyk (district) was formed. Mangup was located on the top of the mountain of the same name in the Bakhchisarai region. In addition to the citadel, the cave battle casemates, the remains of powerful defensive walls and towers, the prince's palace, residential estates, big temple. This is a grandiose monument.

Having captured Taurica in the 15th century, the Turks, with the help of Italian specialists, created a powerful Or-Kapu fortress on Perekop. Since that time, the Perekop shaft had a second name - Turkish. Since the end of the 15th century, the Turks and Tatars in the Crimea are gradually moving from nomadic forms of economy to settled agriculture.

The main occupation of the Crimean Tatars (as they began to be called much later) in the south was horticulture, viticulture, and tobacco growing. IN steppe regions In the Crimea, they had especially developed animal husbandry, especially the breeding of sheep and horses, leather production.

In the Middle Ages, located at the crossroads of the most important trade routes, Crimea played a prominent role in international trade. Goods went to Ukraine, Russia, Poland, Constantinople, Syria, Iran, the Caucasus, Khorezm.

Before the annexation of Crimea to Russia, all commercial and other economic life of the peninsula was concentrated on the east coast around the first Genoese, and after the capture of the Crimea by the Turks - the Ottoman Kafa, which was the center of Turkish possessions on the northern coast of the Black Sea.
  From 1575 to 1637 Zaporozhye and Don Cossacks made about 20 campaigns in the Black and Azov Seas. In 1628, a 4,000-strong Cossack army under the leadership of Hetman Doroshenko broke into the Crimea. In 1630, the Cossacks defeated Karasubazar (Belogorsk), and in 1637, the Don Cossacks, with the participation of the Cossacks, captured the Turkish fortress of Azov.

After Catherine II annexed the Crimea to Russia (in April 1783), it became not only a great port for international trade, but also the main vacation spot for the highest Russian nobility. The construction of new cities began on the peninsula - Simferopol and Sevastopol. People came to Crimea to rest and the highest ranks and titles of the Russian state lived here: Potemkin, Vorontsov, Yusupov, Alexander III and many others. We all know the splendor of Livadia, Alupka, Massandra and dozens of other palaces and temples built by them. The annexation of Crimea to Russia in 1783 does not mean that Russian culture appeared here only from that time. Since the reign of the Desht-i-Kypchakov (Great) Horde (XII century), Russian merchants and artisans have lived in Tauris. In Moscow in the XII-XIII centuries. they traded goods brought from the Crimea and through the Crimea from other lands in the markets in the so-called "Surozh Rows". Returning through the Crimea to Russia and staying with fellow countrymen in the Cafe in 1472, the Tver merchant Afanasy Nikitin, the author of the story "Journey Beyond the Three Seas." For a number of centuries, the Black Sea has been referred to by Arab historians and geographers as the “Russian Sea”, and the Kerch Strait as the “Mouth of the Russian River”.

In the 20th century, after the Red Army took the Turkish Wall with stubborn battles and “squeezed” out of the Crimea last stronghold White Guard - Baron Wrangel with his army, after the formation of the USSR and before its collapse, the Crimea became the so-called "party reserve". All the general secretaries and ministers of the USSR rested in Crimea, major political international symposiums, conferences, congresses and summits were held here.

Today Crimea is the pearl of the Black Sea. It is also the site of major international conferences and summits. Crimea is one of the largest resort and tourist recreations of the entire Black Sea coast.

In connection with recent events, there are probably no people who have not heard about Crimea. Autonomy was transferred from Ukraine as a fact. This fact is proclaimed in the constitutional law adopted by the State Duma in March 2014. The population of Crimea has been on the path of gaining its own statehood for almost 100 years, having experienced ups and downs. Let's make a short digression into history in order to trace the steps of state building on the territory of ancient Tavria.

As part of the Russian Empire

At the beginning of the last century, the Crimean Peninsula was part of the Russian Empire, which it joined back in 1783. Initially, the status of Crimea was defined as a region, and since 1802 - a province with a specially allocated city of Sevastopol, directly under imperial subordination. From that time to the present day, Sevastopol has always had a special position. Most of the population was made up of Tatars, equated to the state peasants, but received greater rights in comparison with the latter. By 1917, the composition of the population on the peninsula had changed, the majority were now Little Russians and Russians, and only 25% were Tatars. A quarter of the population are foreign colonists: Greeks, Germans, Armenians, Bulgarians.

Formation of the first autonomy in the Crimea

In the fiery events of the civil war, there was all sorts of power in Tavria: both the Reds, and the German interventionists, and the White Guards of Wrangel, and the Greens. After the victory of the Bolsheviks in the newly created Russian state, the legal status of Crimea changed. Political platform Social Democrats was built on the right of nations to self-determination, the ability to create their own state formations. Since Crimean Tatars historically lived on the peninsula, Crimea also received state status. Autonomy had fairly broad rights within the framework of the RSFSR. When promoted to leadership positions, preference was given to the Tatars. The Constitution of 1936 confirmed this provision. But according to the 1939 census, the ethnic composition of the Crimean autonomy was still determined by the predominance of the Russian population over representatives of other nations and peoples (almost 50%), while the Crimean Tatars were only about 20%. Ukrainians were approaching the mark of 14%, there were only 5.8% of Jews, and 4.5% of Germans. Before the war, the deportation of Greeks, Bulgarians, Germans began in Crimea, so their number decreased significantly.

A little about terms

Speaking of Crimean statehood, we must understand what autonomy means in general? Translated from Greek, this term means independence, independence. Simply put, within the framework of a single state, there may be areas that have a certain freedom in resolving a number of issues, their own constitution and laws that do not contradict the fundamental law of the state as a whole, legislative and executive authorities. In the Soviet state, autonomous republics were created on a national basis. So, Crimea is an autonomy that appeared thanks to the Tatar population of the peninsula. IN modern world autonomy is considered as a territorial-administrative unit, which can be based on various features. Many states, even those that have declared themselves unitary, have autonomous regions and republics in their composition.

Attempts to create Jewish autonomy

Jewish autonomy in Crimea is more of a rosy dream of the Jewish people's ascetics than a reality. The first attempts to put into practice the ideas of creating Jewish statehood date back to the 1920s. In the northern regions of the peninsula, there were sparsely populated lands where Jews began to be resettled in order to create a network of communes that would form the basis national republic. Attempts to implement the project ran into a number of problems. Firstly, it was completely unprofitable for the local Tatar population, which itself was in dire need of land. The interests of the titular nation at that time were actively defended by Veli Ibraimov, chairman of the Crimean Central Executive Committee. And, although the activists of the Jewish initiative were able to eliminate him with the hands of the OGPU, it was much more difficult to cope with another problem. It lay in the very essence of the Jewish nationality. Very few of them could and wanted to engage in agricultural activities. Most of the settlers settled in the cities (about 40,000 people), and about 10,000 of those who settled on the land experienced great difficulties with food in the uninhabited territories. Clashes continued with the local Tatar population, whose discontent intensified in connection with the dispossession policy. The map of the Crimea of ​​that time shows two large areas of Jewish settlers: Larindorf and Freidorf. But by 1938, the resettlement of Jews in the Crimea had ceased. The project was forgotten for a while, especially since a republic with Birobidzhan as its capital was created in the Far East.

Liquidation of the first Crimean autonomy

After the liberation of Crimea in 1944, leaders of the Jewish Anti-Fascist Committee again raised the issue of Jewish autonomy. But the position of the Soviet leadership this time was more clear and precise. She denied the possibility of creating a Jewish state. Moreover, after the end of the war, a mass deportation of Tatars and other peoples from the peninsula was carried out, it was essentially “closed”. The status of Crimea has also changed. On June 25, 1946, amendments were made to the Constitution of the RSFSR, which affected the territorial and administrative structure of the state. They fixed the transfer of the Crimean autonomy to the status of a region. Two years later, Sevastopol received a special position, essentially equivalent to that of the Crimean region.

The reasons for the transfer of Crimea to Ukraine are still not entirely clear. Some blame the voluntarism of Nikita Khrushchev, who simply committed an ill-conceived act on emotions. In addition, there are other actions of his that confirm the obviousness of such a reason. Others say that this step is quite rational and pragmatic. First, from the point of view common border. Secondly, due to economic problems in the supply of electricity and water from the territory of Ukraine. Thirdly, all the same, this is one state - the Soviet Union, the collapse of which no one foresaw and could not even imagine. Be that as it may, the status of Crimea changed again in 1954. In addition, the decree on the transfer of the Crimea did not cover the issue of Sevastopol, which has always had a special position as a Russian naval base.

And again autonomy

In 1990, when national contradictions were growing in the USSR, resulting in the so-called "parade of sovereignties", the Crimean Regional Council of Deputies again began to discuss the status of Crimea. In accordance with the policy of publicity, the recognition of the mistakes of the Soviet government in connection with the deportation of peoples and the return of the Crimean Tatars to their historical homeland, it was decided to recognize the liquidation of the autonomy of Crimea as an unconstitutional action. So it was announced that Crimea is an autonomy within the USSR and therefore a full-fledged subject of the Union State. To legitimize this decision, a referendum was held on the territory of the peninsula. The overwhelming majority expressed support for the decision of the Crimean Council and for the formation of state independence within the framework of the Soviet Union.

Formation of autonomy within Ukraine

After the collapse of the Soviet Union, the Crimean peninsula, unexpectedly for the Crimeans themselves, ended up in Ukraine. In the constitution of Crimea, adopted in May 1992, it was written that the Republic of Crimea is a sovereign state within Ukraine. The next year, the post of President of Crimea was introduced. Yuri Meshkov won the democratic elections and became the first. But according to the laws of Ukraine, all these decisions were illegitimate; in 1995, he canceled the 1992 Crimean Constitution. Only after long negotiations, in 1998, the Constitution of the ARC (Autonomous Republic of Crimea) was approved. The main task was completed - to maintain the state status for the Crimea. The Russian language, along with the Crimean Tatar, received official status and was recognized. Nevertheless, the rights of Crimean autonomy remained not fully disclosed and caused controversy both in Ukraine itself and in Crimea. Until 1998, the Constitution was not harmonized with the laws of Ukraine, and later disagreements also arose.

Disputes over autonomy

For more than 20 years, disputes over the Crimean autonomy of Ukraine have not subsided in Ukraine. Many deputies of the Verkhovna Rada called for depriving the Republic of its status, turning it into a region following the example of 1946. Proposals were made to hold an All-Ukrainian plebiscite on this issue. It was noted that its existence violates the integrity and unity of the state. Thus, never felt calm, stable and safe. In addition, pro-Russian tendencies in this territory remained quite strong, and the Russian Black Sea Fleet continued to be based in Sevastopol.

Secession from Ukraine

In connection with the political and strengthening of the anti-Russian movement in late 2013 - early 2014, the Crimean authorities have repeatedly called for the restoration of order in the country. But the Kiev "Maidan" led to the removal of a democratically elected president and the transfer of power to right-wing radical political groups. In this regard, in the Crimea at the end of February, active and decisive actions of pro-Russian forces began, which considered it possible not to participate in the Ukrainian events, leaving the rebellious state. Despite the protests of Europe, Russia supported the Crimean initiative and even sent troops to the peninsula to repel a possible confrontation from the Kyiv authorities. After the referendum on March 16, 2014, it became possible to appeal to the government of the Russian Federation with a request to accept the Autonomy and the city of Sevastopol into the Federal Russian state. In the shortest possible time, all decisions were agreed between the branches of government. The map of Crimea has been repainted from yellow-blue to white-blue-red of Russia in most Internet search engines.

Crimea and Sevastopol are subjects of the Russian Federation

Thus, in March 2014, Sevastopol and Crimea were annexed to Russia as separate entities. Autonomy, for which the population of the peninsula fought for so long, ceased to exist, but the Republic of Crimea arose. Until January 1, 2015, a transitional period has been announced, during which the integration process must go through without loss to the population. The drafting of the Constitution and current legislation has begun, while the Constitution of 1998 of the ARC is still in force. The international community has not recognized the reunification of Crimea with Russia (although there are serious historical, economic and social prerequisites for this), but this does not bother either the Russian or the Crimean government. Kyiv also assesses what is happening as the Russian occupation of its territory. Ahead of the struggle for international recognition.

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Crimea(Ukrainian Krim, Crimean Tat. Qırım, Kyrym; also - Crimean peninsula, Ukrainian Crimean Pivostriv, Crimean Tat. Qırım yarımadası, Qırım yarımadası, previously - Tauris(gr. Ταυρίδα )) - a peninsula in the northern part of the Black Sea, from the northeast it is washed by the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bAzov.

Most of the peninsula is the object of territorial disputes between, which controls it since March 2014, and. Most UN member states continue to consider all of Crimea as part of Ukraine.

According to the federal structure of Russia, the subjects of the Russian Federation, the Republic of Crimea and a city of federal significance, are located on the disputed territory of Crimea. According to administrative division Ukraine, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea and the city with a special status of Sevastopol are located here. Northern part The Arabat Spit belongs to Ukraine and is not the subject of territorial disputes.

Name

Since ancient times, the name has been attached to the peninsula Taurica(gr. Ταυρικῆ ), which occurred on behalf of the most ancient tribes of the Tauris, who inhabited the southern part of the Crimea. Modern name"Crimea" began to be widely used only after the 13th century, presumably by the name of the city "Kyrym", which, after the capture of the Northern Black Sea region by the Mongols, was the residence of the governor of the Khan of the Golden Horde. It is also possible that the name "Crimea" came from the Perekop isthmus (the Russian word "perekop" is a translation of the Turkic word "qirim", which means "ditch"). During the existence of the Genoese colonies of the Crimea (1266-1475), due to the large number of Armenians, who by 1400 accounted for 2/3 of all the inhabitants of the possessions of the Genoese Republic in the Crimea, the peninsula in the sources of that time began to be called Maritime Armenia(Armenia Maritime) or Greater Armenia(Armenia Magna).

The etymology of the word "Kyrym" is unclear, and there are several versions of its origin:

• Distortion ancient name peninsula Cimmeria (lat. Cimmerium)
• From the ancient Turkic word *qurum("protection, defense")
• From Ancient Greek κρημνοί ( flinty, "rocks")

From the 15th century, the Crimean peninsula began to be called Tavria, and after its annexation to Russia in 1783 - Taurida. The entire Northern Black Sea region was also called - the northern coast of the Black and Azov Seas with the adjacent steppe territories.

Basic information

Geography

The peninsula protrudes deeply into the Black Sea, which is washed from the south and west; The Crimean peninsula is separated from the Black Sea of ​​Azov, which washes it from the east. The coastline of the Crimean peninsula exceeds 2,500 km; of which almost 50% are in the Sivash region, 750 km - in the Black Sea and about 500 - in the Sea of ​​Azov.

The peninsula is connected to the mainland by a narrow (up to 8 km) Perekop Isthmus, along which highways and railways are laid, as well as the channel of the North Crimean Canal and high-voltage power lines. To the east of the Perekop Isthmus, the Lithuanian Peninsula of Crimea and the mainland peninsula Vostochny Rog are connected by a dirt dam, along which an improved dirt road has been laid. To the east, through the Sivash water area, along the dam connecting the Crimean Cape Dzhangara and the continental Cape Kutara, an asphalt road and a high-voltage power line were laid; to the east, a dirt road passes through the Chongar Strait along the dam and dam, further to the east through the strait, along the dam and the bridge Railway, and in the eastern, narrowest part of the strait, an automobile bridge is thrown over it, along which the highway passes; in the east of the Sivash, an automobile bridge is thrown over the channel of the Big arm of the Genichsky Strait, connecting the northern tip of the Crimean spit Arabatskaya spit with the continent. In 2015, construction began on road and rail bridges across the Kerch Strait in order to connect Crimea with the Taman Peninsula.

The area is about 26,860 km², of which 72% are plains, 20% are mountains and 8% are lakes and other water bodies.

From a geological point of view, the Crimean Peninsula is the southern part of the Ukrainian crystalline shield of the East European Platform, within which the Scythian plate and the Crimean folded region stand out.

Crimean mountains

According to the nature of the relief, the peninsula is divided into three unequal parts: the North Crimean Plain with the Tarkhankut Upland (about 70% of the territory), the ridge-hilly plains of the Kerch Peninsula with the manifestation of mud volcanism and the mountainous Crimea, stretching in three ridges - the Main (southern), Inner and Outer (northern), separated by longitudinal plains.

Mountain structures of the Crimea are part of the Alpine folded geosynclinal region. Fold area Mountain Crimea- a large blocky uplift, the southern part of which is lowered under the level of the Black Sea. It is composed of intensely deformed Triassic-Jurassic flysch deposits and more quietly occurring Upper Jurassic carbonate and sandy-argillaceous Cretaceous, Paleogene and Neogene strata. Deposits of iron ores, various salts, flux limestones, etc. are associated with them.

Deliliman Bay

New World

The main ridge of the Crimean Mountains is the highest (1545 m, Mount Roman-Kosh), is a chain of separate flat-topped limestone massifs (yayl), separated deep canyons(see Grand Canyon (Crimea)). The southern slope of the Main Ridge stands out as the Crimean sub-Mediterranean. The Inner and Outer ridges form the Crimean foothills.

High mountain peaks:

• Roman-Kosh - 1545 m;
• Demir-Kapu - 1540 m;
• Zeytin-Kosh - 1534 m;
• Kemal-Egerek - 1529 m;
• Eklizi-Burun - 1527 m;
• Angara-Burun - 1453 m.

extreme north point Crimea is located on the Perekop Isthmus, the southernmost one is Cape Nikolai, the westernmost one is Priboyny (Kara-Mrun) Cape on Tarkhankut, the easternmost one is Lantern Cape on the Kerch Peninsula. The distance from west to east (between the Kara-Mrun and Lantern capes) is 326 km, from north to south (from the Isthmus of Perekop to Cape Nikolai) - 205 km. The length from west to east is 360 km, from north to south - 180 km. The center of the Crimean peninsula is located near the village of Azov.

The banks are accumulatively aligned. length coastline 980 km, of which 76% are abrasion shores (that is, where rocks were destroyed under the action of waves). Major bays on the Black Sea coast: Karkinitsky, Kalamitsky, Feodosia. On the coast of Azov: Sivash, Kazantip and Arabat. In the east of Crimea is the Kerch Peninsula, in the west - the Tarkhankutsky Peninsula, in the south - the Gerakleysky Peninsula, in the north - Tyup-Tarkhan.

The total length of land and maritime borders over 2500 km.

Climate

Crimea, despite its relatively small territory, has a diverse climate. The climate of Crimea is divided into three subzones:

• Steppe Crimea (most of Crimea, north, west and center of Crimea).
• Crimean mountains
• the south coast of Crimea

Alupka park

Palm trees on the embankment in Yalta

The climate of the northern part is temperate continental, on the southern coast - with features similar to subtropical. The average temperature in January is from -1 ... -3 ° C in the north of the steppe zone to +1 ... -1 ° C in the south of the steppe zone, on the southern coast of Crimea from +2 ... + 4 ° C. The average temperature in July of the South Coast and the eastern part of Crimea: Kerch and Feodosia is +23…+25 °C. Precipitation varies from 300-400 mm per year in the north to 1000-2000 mm in the mountains.

In summer (in the second half of July) in the steppe part of Crimea, the daytime air temperature reaches +35…+37 °C in the shade, at night it reaches +23…+25 °C. The climate is predominantly dry, seasonal dry winds prevail. The Black Sea warms up to +25 °С in summer. The Sea of ​​Azov warms up to + 27 ... + 28 ° С.

The steppe part of Crimea lies in the steppe zone of the temperate climate. This part of the Crimea is characterized by long dry and very hot summers and mild, little snowy winters with frequent thaws and very changeable weather. The Crimean Mountains are characterized by a mountain type of climate with pronounced zonality in height. Summers are also very hot and dry, while winters are wet and mild. For South Shore Crimea is characterized by a sub-Mediterranean climate. Snow cover is only temporary, it is established on average once every 7 years, frosts only during the passage of the Arctic anticyclone.

Hydrography

257 rivers flow through the territory of Crimea (the largest are Salgir, Kacha, Alma, Belbek), Indol, Biyuk-Karasu, Chernaya, Burulcha. The longest river in Crimea is Salgir (220 km), the most full-flowing is Belbek (water flow is 1500 liters per second). There are more than 50 salt lakes in Crimea, the largest of them is Lake Sasyk-Sivash - 205 km². Located Black Sea artesian basin. The steppe part is indented with canals for irrigation, the largest is the North Crimean Canal.

Canals of Crimea

The basis of the irrigation systems of Crimea, as well as the water supply of cities, Stary Krym, Shchelkino and rural settlements of Leninsky and Kirovsky districts, is the main North Crimean Canal (NCC) and large branches extending from it.

Main channels:

• North Crimean Canal (SKK)
• Razdolnensky Rice Canal (RRC)
• Azov Rice Canal (ARC)
• Krasnogvardeiskaya branch (KGV)
• Black Sea Canal Branch (PMC)
• Connecting channel
• Saki Canal
• Western Black Sea Line (ZCHV)
• channel RF-2

Natural resources

The natural reserve fund includes 158 objects and territories (including 46 of national importance, the area of ​​which is 5.8% of the area of ​​the Crimean peninsula). The basis of the reserve fund is made up of 6 nature reserves with total area 63.9 thousand hectares Crimean with a branch "Lebyazhy Islands", Yalta mountain and forest, Cape Martyan, Karadagsky, Kazantipsky, Opuksky.

According to the Minister of Natural Resources and Ecology of the Russian Federation Sergey Donskoy, oil reserves in Crimea amount to only 47 million tons, gas - 165.3 billion m³, which is quite a significant indicator, and in addition, there are 18.2 million tons of gas condensate. According to him, there are 44 deposits of hydrocarbon raw materials on the territory of the peninsula, including 10 oil, 27 gas and 7 gas condensate. In addition, there are 5 gas fields and 3 gas condensate fields on the Black Sea shelf, and 6 gas fields on the Azov shelf.

Deposits of minerals: mineral salts, building materials, combustible gas, thermal waters, iron ore. Natural recreational resources are of the greatest importance: mild climate, warm sea, therapeutic mud, mineral waters, picturesque landscapes.

• Indolo-Kuban oil and gas region
• Black Sea-Crimean oil and gas region
• Kerch iron ore basin

earthquakes

• 63 BC e. (Pontic)
• 292 year
• 480 (in September-October)
• 1341
• 1471
• 1790
• 1793
• 1802 - 6 points
• 1838
• September 30, 1869 (near Foros)
• July 13, 1875 - 7-8 points
• 1902
• May 18, 1908
• October 24, 1908 - 5-6 points
• December 26, 1919
• 1927 (June 26 and on the night of September 11-12, 1927)
• 1980 (in the village of Muskatny)

Flora and fauna of Crimea

The fauna of the Crimea is a unique complex of species with a high level of isolation from other geographically adjacent faunas of the Caucasus, the Balkans and the mainland of Ukraine. It is characterized by a high level of endemism, a combination of mountain-forest (the largest connections with the Western Caucasus) and plain-steppe (connections with the mainland Azov) faunal complexes. In the fauna of the Crimea, a number of species have been identified, the distribution of which is limited only to the Crimea.

About 2400 species of plants grow in Crimea, of which 77 species are trees. There are a few more shrubs - 113 species. 118 species of Crimean plants are included in the Red Book or recognized as protected areas local authorities authorities.

Population

Ethnic composition of Crimea (including Sevastopol) according to censuses:

Cities

Sevastopol

The population of Crimea (within the territory controlled by Russia) for 2018, according to Rosstat, was 2,350,401 people. 1,380,764 people lived in cities, 969,637 people lived in rural areas. Largest cities:, and.

The largest city of the Crimean peninsula - - 436,670 inhabitants (2018), in 2nd place - 341,799 inhabitants (2018). Historically, Sevastopol and Simferopol are characterized by “competition” for the 1st place in terms of population, while the third place since the first All-Russian population census in 1897 has always belonged (as of 2018, 150,573 people).

Economy

View of the Crimean vineyards from a height of several kilometers

The main branches are industry (more than 530 large and medium-sized enterprises), construction, agriculture, trade, and healthcare.

Tourism is developed (see Tourism in Crimea)

Transport

Road part of the Crimean bridge

Each city in Crimea is connected to other settlements bus routes. There are intercity trolleybus routes(on the route Simferopol Airport - Simferopol - Alushta - Yalta, see Fig. Crimean trolleybus). There is a tram in Evpatoria.

Yalta, Feodosia, Kerch, Sevastopol, Chernomorskoe and Evpatoria are connected by sea routes. In Sevastopol from the North to the South side and in reverse direction there are boats that are urban transport. The railway lines Salt Lake - (with a branch to) and Armyansk - (with a branch to) connect Crimea with the continent.

The peninsula is washed by two seas. The ports of the Black Sea are, and. In Kerch there is a ferry across the Kerch Strait, connecting the Crimea with Russia (Port Kavkaz). The Azov coast has no transport significance.

In 2015, construction began on the Crimean Bridge - a transport crossing across the Kerch Strait connecting the island of Tuzla with Kerch and Taman peninsulas. The road part of the bridge was opened for cars on May 16, 2018, for freight transport the opening is expected in October 2018. The opening of the railway part is expected in 2019.

Story

Crimea in the 1st half. 1st century AD e. Scythians in Crimea Bosporan Kingdom Yazygi Roksolana Siraki Meota Taurus

Tauric Chersonese is an ancient city founded by the ancient Greeks.

Genoese fortress, Feodosia

Khan's Palace. Bakhchisaray

Churchill, Roosevelt, Stalin in Yalta. February 1945

• The oldest known population of the mountainous and southern coastal parts of the Crimea are the Taurians.
• From the XII century BC. e. the steppe Crimea was inhabited by peoples conventionally referred to as Cimmerians.
• VIII-IV centuries BC. e. - Greek colonists penetrated the Crimea, who founded Panticapaeum (VII century BC), Feodosia, Chersonese (V century BC), created the Bosporus kingdom; the steppe part of the peninsula was inhabited by the Scythians.
• III-II centuries BC. e. - the center of the Scythian state (Scythian Naples, located in the place of present-day Simferopol) moved to the Crimea from the Dnieper region under pressure from the Sarmatians who migrated from the east.
• 108 BC e. - Under Mithridates VI (132 - 63 BC), the Bosporus kingdom became part of the Pontic kingdom.
• 63 BC e. - The Pontic kingdom was conquered by the Roman Empire, Crimean cities came under the control of the Romans. The independence of the Bosporus state was returned. The beginning of the domination of the Roman Empire in the Crimea.
• 257 - Crimea was subjugated by the Goths, the Scythian state was destroyed.
• 370s - 380s - the invasion of the Huns, who passed by the Bosporus state and fell upon the "Gothic state" of Germanaric.
• IV-V centuries - the gradual restoration of the power of the Roman (Byzantine) Empire over mountain part Crimea. The Goths who survived the invasion of the Huns accepted the power of Byzantium. The Bosporus state existed until the beginning of the 6th century. During the second half of the 5th and the beginning of the 6th century, the "protectorate" of the Hunnic tribe of the Utigurs, who returned from Europe after the collapse of the Hunnic Union, spread to the Bosporus. In the 520s - 530s, Byzantium established direct power over the Bosporus.
• The end of the 7th century - almost all of Crimea was captured by the Khazars, except for Chersonesus, which remained under the rule of Byzantium.
• End of VIII - beginning. IX century Board in the Crimea of ​​the legendary Russian Prince Bravlin.
• X-XI centuries The southeast of the peninsula with the center in is part of the ancient Russian Tmutorokan principality.
• XIII century - the power of Byzantium weakened; part of its possessions passed to the Genoese, part became an independent principality of Gothia (Theodoro).
• XII-XV centuries - there was a settlement by Armenians of several regions of Crimea; formed an Armenian colony. At the same time, church sources mention the Alans in the Crimea.
• 1239 - Crimea was conquered by the Mongol army of Batu Khan. Steppe Crimea became an ulus of the Golden Horde.
• 1299 - the invasion of the Crimean troops of the Golden Horde beklyarbek Nogay, who ruined several large urban centers.
• XIV - mid-XV century - wars with the Principality of Theodoro for the lands of the southern coast of Crimea.
• XIV - the middle of the XV century - many Circassians settled in the eastern regions of Crimea in the Genoese period.
• 1441 - an independent Crimean Khanate was formed.
• 1475 - The Ottoman army under the command of Gedik Ahmed Pasha conquered the Genoese possessions and the Principality of Theodoro. The Crimean Khanate fell into vassalage from Ottoman Empire. (see also: Crimean-Nogai raids on Rus').
• 1774 - according to the Kyuchuk-Kainarji peace treaty, fortresses and Yenikale were ceded to Russia, the Crimean Khanate was declared an independent state and the former Ottoman possessions on the peninsula (Southern and South-Eastern Crimea) passed to it.
• 1778 - Suvorov resettled the Armenians and Greeks from the Crimea to the Azov province.
• April 19, 1783 - Russian Empress Catherine II signed the Manifesto on the annexation of Crimea to the Russian Empire.
• 1783 - Sevastopol was founded, the Black Sea Fleet of the Russian Empire was created.
• 1853-1856 - Crimean War (Eastern War).
• November 1905 - Sevastopol uprising led by Lieutenant Schmidt.
• Mass terror in the Crimea (1917-1918).
• 1917-1920 - Civil War. On the territory of Crimea, “white” and “red” governments replaced each other several times, including the Soviet Socialist Republic of Taurida, the Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic, the Crimean People's Republic and others.
• 1920-1921 - Red terror in the Crimea.
• October 18, 1921 - The Autonomous Crimean Soviet Socialist Republic was formed as part of the RSFSR.
• 1921-1923 - famine in the Crimea, which claimed more than 100 thousand lives (of which more than 75 thousand Crimean Tatars).
• On June 16, 1925, the pioneer camp Artek was established.
• 1941 In May-July, the 9th separate corps of the Odessa military district was stationed in the Crimea. Since September, in the Crimea, the troops of the 51st Separate Army took part in the hostilities against the German invaders. Among the troops of the army were the 9th Rifle Corps, the 3rd Crimean Motorized Rifle Division.
• September 12, 1941 - July 10, 1942 defense of Sevastopol.
• 1941-1944 - the occupation of the Crimea by Nazi Germany and.
• December 26, 1941 - May 15, 1942 Kerch-Feodosia landing operation, which ended in the defeat of the Soviet troops.
• May 16 - October 30, 1942 the defense of the Adzhimushkay quarries by the remnants of the Crimean Front of the Red Army.
• October 31 - December 11, 1943 Kerch-Eltigen landing operation to liberate the Kerch Peninsula.
• April 8 - May 12, 1944 Crimean offensive operation, which ended with the liberation of Crimea.
• 1944 - deportation of the Crimean Tatars (May 18), Armenians, Bulgarians and Greeks (June 26).
• On February 4-11, 1945, the Yalta Conference of Leaders took place. three great powers of the anti-Hitler coalition.
• June 30, 1945 - by decree of the Presidium of the USSR Armed Forces, the autonomy of Crimea was abolished; The Crimean ASSR was transformed into the Crimean Oblast. On June 25, 1946, the abolition of the autonomy was approved by the Supreme Soviet of the RSFSR, were also renamed settlements on the peninsula and adjacent areas.
• 1948 - by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Council of the RSFSR, the city of Sevastopol was separated into a separate administrative and economic center (a city of republican subordination).
• February 19, 1954 - The Crimean region was transferred from the RSFSR to the Ukrainian SSR.
• 1978 - the constitution of the Ukrainian SSR was adopted, in which the city was listed as a city of republican subordination of the Ukrainian SSR.
• 1987 - the mass return of the Crimean Tatar people to the Crimea from the places of deportation began.
• February 12, 1991 - according to the results of the all-Crimean referendum, which was boycotted by the Crimean Tatars returning to the peninsula from places of deportation (held on January 20, 1991), the Crimean region was transformed into the Crimean ASSR as part of the Ukrainian SSR.
• 2014 - the accession of Crimea to the Russian Federation (with the formation of two new subjects - the Republic of Crimea and the city of federal significance), which did not receive international recognition.

South, Tavria, an amazing combination of historical memories: the German war, Admiral Kolchak, the battles of 1917, nearby monuments of Greek and Roman times, Genoese monuments. You are always under the influence of the complex influences of history... The Sevastopol campaign, and right there in contrast is a modern sailor...

Vsevolod Vishnevsky

The events of 2014 are detailed in the articles:

• Autonomous Republic of Crimea
• Crimean crisis
• Referendum on the status of Crimea (2014)
• Republic of Crimea (independent state)
• Annexation of Crimea to the Russian Federation
• The Problem of Crimea's Ownership
• Republic of Crimea
• Transition period in Crimea
• Law of Ukraine "On Ensuring the Rights and Freedoms of Citizens and the Legal Regime in the Temporarily Occupied Territory of Ukraine"
• Sanctions in connection with the Ukrainian events of 2014

culture

Crimea is one of the few regions that have joined the culture ancient greece and Rome in their heyday. The Crimean culture of the Middle Ages is closely connected with Byzantium and the Mediterranean. The ruins of Chersonese, founded in ancient times, which have survived to this day, are a legacy of ancient Greek and early medieval Byzantine architecture. The medieval culture of the peninsula is imbued with the influence of Muslim culture, in particular Tatar and Ottoman architecture.

The peninsula has always been a place where representatives of various peoples settled, such as Scythians and Greeks, Romans and Byzantines, Bulgars, Khazars, Cumans, Pechenegs, Armenians and Goths. In Crimea, on the basis of local and alien elements, the Crimeans (who were later given the exoethnonym "Crimean Tatars" by the Russians), Urums, Krymchaks and Karaites were formed. After the annexation of Crimea by the Russian Empire, Russians, Ukrainians, Bulgarians, Germans and other peoples began to appear on the peninsula.

Church of the Resurrection of Christ in Foros

The names of the artist Ivan Aivazovsky, writers and poets Alexander Pushkin, Adam Mickiewicz, Alexei Apukhtin, Anton Chekhov, Maximilian Voloshin, Alexander Grin, Arkady Averchenko, Sergei Sergeev-Tsensky, Ivan Bunin, poetesses Lesya Ukrainka, Marina Tsvetaeva and Yulia Drunina are associated with Crimea, Crimean Tatar educator Ismail Gasprinsky.

Religion

Crimea in literature and art

• Alexander Pushkin. "The Fountain of Bakhchisarai".
• Lev Tolstoy. "Sevastopol stories".
• Evgeny Markov. "Essays of the Crimea".
• Vlas Doroshevich. "Crimean stories".
• Crimean legends.
• Sergei Sergeev-Tsensky. "Sevastopol suffering".
• Vasily Aksyonov. "Island of Crimea".

Crimea in painting

Crimea in astronomy

Minor planets (814) Tauris (lat. Tauris) and (1140) Crimea (lat. Crimea) (the first in honor of the ancient name, the second - the current), discovered by (Soviet) astronomer Grigory Neuimin at the Simeiz observatory on January 2, are named in honor of the Crimean peninsula 1916 and December 30, 1929, respectively.

The science

Large scientific centers are located in Crimea - oceanographic (in Sevastopol and Kerch), ecological and biological (Karadag biological station), historical and archaeological, balneological, general medical, agricultural and wine-making, military-space, aviation and naval profiles. Universities - V. I. Vernadsky Crimean Federal University, Sevastopol State University, Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University, which conduct research on a wide range of issues. The Crimean Astrophysical Observatory and its branch, the Simeiz Observatory, are located in the south of Crimea.

Social sphere

Projects for the creation of a university in Crimea date back to the 19th century, but only in 1918, thanks to the efforts of the Crimean scientific community, the Taurida University was opened. In 1922, the agrarian faculty of the university separated into the Crimean Agricultural Institute of Special Industries. In 1931, the Crimean Medical Institute was opened, leading its history from the medical faculty of the Taurida University that existed in 1918-1922. After the war, there was a shortage of qualified technical personnel, in order to fill it and contribute to the growth of the Crimean industry, the Sevastopol Instrument-Making Institute (later the Sevastopol National Technical University) was created on the basis of the Odessa Polytechnic Institute. In 1993, the Crimean Engineering and Pedagogical University was established in Simferopol in order to train specialists from the peoples who returned from the places of deportation, in 2001, with the support of the Moscow government, the Black Sea branch of Moscow State University was opened in Sevastopol.

The history of Crimean healthcare goes back to antiquity. After a long break associated with the barbarian invasions, Crimean medicine was revived at the end of the 13th century in the form of the St. John's Hospital in Feodosia. The true heyday of Crimean medicine came in the second half of the 19th century, when medicinal properties mud of Lake Saki, the climate of foothill forests and the southern coast, curing tuberculosis. With the growth of living standards, the frequency of epidemics decreased, the plague left the Crimean coast. In recent times, it has been possible to drastically limit the spread of malaria, the Crimea has become a comfortable and safe place to live, well-provided with medical and preventive and sanatorium-resort institutions.

Tourism and rest

Koktebel

The beginning of the development of Crimea as a resort dates back to the second half of the 19th century. With the improvement of transport links, it became easier for residents of the Central provinces of the Russian Empire to get to seaside resorts. Construction boom at the turn of the century summer residences: dachas, villas and palaces. Preserved to this day, they are one of the characteristic features of the Crimean cities.

A new, massive stage in the history of Crimean tourism is associated with Lenin's decrees; Crimea becomes the "All-Union health resort", receiving hundreds of thousands of tourists. After 1991, the resort specialization has changed dramatically, now beach and active holidays are preferred to sanatorium treatment. Unorganized tourists significantly outnumber vacationers in sanatoriums.

Famous resort areas:

• Southern coast of Crimea - Yalta and Alushta regions.
• West coast - - region.
• Southeast coast - Feodosia and Sudak regions.

The Crimean mountains and forest lands are under state protection. The following reserves and sanctuaries are organized on a part of the territory of the peninsula: the Crimean nature reserve, the Yalta mountain-forest nature reserve, the Cape Martyan nature reserve, the Karadag nature reserve, the Kazantip nature reserve, etc.

Sport

In the 19th century, mountain tourism began to develop in the Crimea. Earlier than in other parts of the Russian Empire, football became popular. In the 1920s southeastern Crimea became the birthplace of Soviet gliding. The traditions of Greco-Roman wrestling associated with the name of Ivan Poddubny and chess are strong in Crimea. At the beginning of the 19th century, sailing and diving were developed. Highway cycling is popular, the climate and relief of the peninsula are favorable for training and gathering of cycling teams. Kherson region of Ukraine.

Literature

• Yakobson A. L. Medieval Crimea: Essays on history and history material culture. - M.-L.: Nauka, 1964. - 232 p.
• Yakobson A. L. Crimea in the Middle Ages. - M. : Nauka, 1973. - 176 p. - (From the history of world culture).
• Ferentseva Y.V. Walk in Crimea: Guide. - Simferopol, 2003. - 244 p.
• Schauffler Hugo. Life and work in the Crimea: notes of an architect. - Simferopol, 2004. - 34 p.
• Crimea: The best places. Photo guide. - Simferopol: SVIT, 2011. - 48 p.

Links

• Crimean peninsula// Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron: in 86 volumes (82 volumes and 4 additional). - St. Petersburg. , 1890-1907.
• Crimea // Great Soviet Encyclopedia: [in 30 volumes] / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov. - 3rd ed. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1969-1978.
• Dictionary of modern geographical names / Rus. geogr. about. Moscow center; Under total ed. acad. V. M. Kotlyakova. Institute of Geography RAS. - Yekaterinburg: U-Factoria, 2006.
• Crimea- article from the Russian Humanitarian Encyclopedic Dictionary
• Photos of the nature of Crimea
• Interactive map of Crimea, with marked sights
• Photos of mountainous Crimea