Complicated name for a volcano. Shutdown of flights in Europe
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Eyjafjallajökull volcano eruption(also "Eyyafjadlayok at dl"; isl. Eyjafjallajokull) in Iceland began on the night of March 20-21, 2010 and took place in several stages. The main consequence of the eruption was the release of a cloud of volcanic ash, which disrupted air traffic in Northern Europe.
First eruption.
Since the end of 2009, seismic activity has increased in Eyjafjallajökull. Until March 2010, there were about a thousand tremors with a force of 1-2 points at a depth of 7-10 km under the volcano.
At the end of February 2010, GPS measurements conducted by the Icelandic Meteorological Institute in the region of the glacier recorded a movement of the earth's crust by 3 cm in a southeasterly direction. Seismic activity continued to increase and reached a maximum on March 3-5 (three thousand tremors per day).
Temperature map
About 500 people were resettled from the area around the volcano. local residents(since the intense melting of the glacier, under which the volcano was located, could cause flooding of the area). Keflavik International Airport (city of Keflavik) was closed.
On March 19, shaking began east of the northern crater at a depth of 4-7 km. Then the activity began to spread to the east and rise to the surface.
The volcanic eruption began on March 20, 2010 between 22:30 and 23:30 GMT. At that time, a 0.5 km long fault formed in the eastern part of the glacier (at an altitude of about 1000 m above sea level, in the direction from northeast to southwest). During the eruption, large ash emissions were not recorded, the cloud rose to a height of about 1 km.
On March 25, due to the water of the melted glacier that got into the crater, a steam explosion occurred in the crater, after which the eruption moved into a more stable phase.
On March 31, at about 19:00 (Icelandic time), a new fissure (0.3 km long) opened, which is located about 200 m northeast of the first one.
Second eruption.
Second eruption, view from the north, April 2, 2010
On April 13, around 23:00, seismic activity was recorded under the central part of the volcano, to the west of the two erupting fissures. About an hour later, a new eruption began on the southern edge of the central caldera. The ash column rose 8 km. A new fissure was formed about 2 km long (in the direction from north to south). Water from the active melting of the glacier flowed both north and south into inhabited areas. About 700 people were evacuated. During the day, melt water was flooded highway, destruction occurred. Volcanic ash has been recorded in southern Iceland.
Trail of the volcanic eruption on April 15 in the area of high pressure over the Norwegian Sea. Aqua satellite image.
On April 15-16, the height of the ash column reached 13 km. When ash hits a height above 11 km above sea level, it enters the stratosphere with a possible transfer to considerable distances. Significant spread of the ash cloud in eastbound contributed to the anticyclone over the North Atlantic.
Trail of the volcanic eruption on April 15. Aqua satellite image.
On April 17-18, the eruption continued. The height of the ash column was estimated at 8-8.5 km, which means the cessation of the ingress of igneous material into the stratosphere.
Impact on air traffic in Europe.
On April 15, 2010, due to the high intensity of the eruption and ash emission, air traffic was suspended in northern Sweden, Denmark, Norway and northern regions Great Britain.
Due to the high concentration of volcanic ash in the air on April 15, 2010 (the ash cloud rose to a height of 6 km), all UK airports stopped their work from noon, and Danish airports were closed from 21:00 Moscow time. On April 15, 2010, between 5,000 and 6,000 flights were canceled across Europe.
Wherein air space Iceland itself and its airports remained open.
Flights to Europe from America and Asia (USA, China, Japan) were postponed indefinitely.
According to the International Association air transport airlines' daily losses from flight cancellations amounted to at least 200 million USD.
The Association of European Airlines on April 19 called for an "immediate review of restrictions and bans" on flights in the airspace of the European Union. According to the results of test flights conducted by some European airlines, the ash does not pose a danger to air traffic. The International Air Transport Association has criticized governments European states for the lack of thoughtfulness in the introduction of flight bans. " The European governments decided without consulting anyone and without adequately assessing the degree of risk,- said the head of ICAO Giovanni Bisignani. - It is based on theory, not facts.».
According to CEO EU transport organization Matthias Root's flight ban was prompted by a computer program of dubious scientific value that simulates the spread of volcanic ash. He urged EU leaders to consider adopting US-style safety rules. " On the other side of the Atlantic, airlines would be given one piece of advice: don't fly over a volcano. Otherwise, all the necessary precautions would be left to be determined by the carriers themselves.”, said Matthias Ruth.
The volcanic eruption prevented the leaders of many heads of state from flying to the funeral of Polish President Lech Kaczynski and those killed in a plane crash near Smolensk on April 10, 2010.
Distribution of volcanic ash in Russia.
According to the Met Office, UK, as of 18:36 April 18, 2010, volcanic ash in Russia was recorded in the area Kola Peninsula, in the south of the Central Federal District, parts of the Volga, Southern and North Caucasian Federal Districts, as well as in the northeast of the Northwestern Federal District. St. Petersburg was on the border of the expected spread of ash, according to forecasts, the ash was supposed to reach the city on the night of April 18-19. Volcanic ash was not registered on the territory of Moscow, and its distribution was not expected in the next day (April 19).
According to other information, the first particles of volcanic ash reached Moscow on April 16, 2010. On the night of April 16-17, small particles of ash could be collected on a sheet of paper placed on the windowsill. The study of particles under a microscope showed the presence of fragments of plagioclase crystals and foamed volcanic glass.
Marina Petrova, director general of the meteorological agency Roshydromet, said on April 19 that Russian experts do not observe volcanic ash over the territory of Russia. Director of the Federal Information and Analytical Center of Roshydromet Valery Kosykh said that the data on ash over Russia is based on information from the London Volcanic Ash Tracking Center. “The main problem is that no one in Russia can measure the concentration of this ash,” he said.
Volcanic ash distribution patterns.
Ash cloud spread by April 17, 2010 18:00 UTC.
Ash cloud spread by April 19, 2010 18:00 UTC.
Ash cloud spread by April 21, 2010 18:00 UTC.
Ash cloud spread by April 22, 2010 18:00 UTC.
Impact on the environment.
When volcanoes erupt, huge volumes of aerosols and suspended particles are ejected, which are carried by tropospheric and stratospheric winds and absorb part of the solar radiation. The 1991 eruption of Mount Pinatubo in the Philippines threw so much ash to a height of 35 km that the average level of solar radiation decreased by 2.5 W / m 2, which corresponds to a global cooling of at least 0.5-0.7 ° C, but, according to IGRAN Deputy Director for Science Arkady Tishkov, “ something that took to the air in Iceland, until it even reached the volume of one cubic kilometer. These emissions are not as large as, for example, those that were noted as a result of recent eruptions in Kamchatka or Mexico.". He believes that the " this is a completely normal event.”, which may affect the weather, but will not cause climate change.
In the spring of 2010, after more than 200 years of dormancy, a volcano under the Eyjafjallajokull glacier became more active in Iceland. The first time the volcano made itself felt on March 20, but the "trial" eruption did not lead to any serious consequences. On April 14, it began to erupt again and threw a huge amount of ash into the air, due to which it was necessary to almost completely stop air traffic over Europe.
The volcano under the Eyjafjallajokull glacier (Eyjafjallajokull, you can listen to the correct pronunciation of this word) does not have its own name, therefore in the media it is customary to call it by the name of the glacier. He wakes up on average once every two hundred years. Over the last millennium, it entered the active phase 4 times, the last one between 1821 and 1823. The eruptions did not result in any particularly serious destruction, despite the fact that the volcano is located 200 kilometers from the capital of Iceland, Reykjavik. In the 19th century, eruptions were limited to ash emissions, which, however, were quite toxic due to the high fluorine content.
The fact that the Icelandic volcano will wake up this spring became known back in 2009, when seismologists recorded in the vicinity of the glacier a large number of weak, magnitude up to 3, earthquakes. In early March, more than three thousand earthquakes were recorded on the Eyyafyatlayokudl glacier, which clearly indicated an impending eruption. On March 20, the volcano finally woke up, the first eruption began.
The power of eruptions was relatively low: local travel companies even began to organize helicopter rides to Eyyafyatlayokudl. However, about 500 farmers were evacuated from the vicinity of the glacier, and local and international flights in Iceland were suspended. By the evening of the next day, when it became known that the awakened volcano did not yet pose any danger, all emergency measures were canceled, and the evacuated citizens were allowed to return home a few more days later.
Scientists have established observation of the volcano. Magma continued to flow from faults in the glacier almost until the second major eruption, which occurred on April 14.
If the first signs of volcanic activity in 200 years near Reykjavik went almost unnoticed, then the second eruption affected the life of the whole of Europe. First, it turned out to be about twenty times more powerful than the first. Secondly, magma began to erupt not from several faults in different parts of the glacier, but from one crater. The red-hot rock began to melt the glacier and provoked a small flood in local areas, from where the authorities hastily evacuated about a thousand farmers.
Well main reason concern was the huge amount of ash thrown out by the eruption into the atmosphere. The ash cloud rose to a height of about 6-10 kilometers and spread to the territory of Great Britain, Denmark and the Scandinavian countries and the countries of the Baltic region. The appearance of ash was not long in coming in Russia - in the vicinity of St. Petersburg, Murmansk and a number of other cities. On the evening of April 15, it looked something like this.
Volcanic ash settles for a very long time (the cloud after the eruption of the Krakatoa volcano settled only after it circled the Earth twice), and is a great danger to aircraft. The Central Aerohydrodynamic Institute named after Zhukovsky notes that ash particles, when they enter the engines, form so-called glassy “shirts” on the rotor blades and can lead to their stop. Also, ash impairs visibility, adversely affects the stability of radio communications and can damage on-board electronics. For safety reasons, flights in places where it accumulates are prohibited.
The decision to restrict the movement of aircraft in Europe was made immediately after the scale of the eruption on the Eyjafjallajokull glacier became apparent. Already on the afternoon of April 15, all flights were canceled at London Heathrow, except for emergency ones. This was followed by cancellations and rescheduling of flights at other airports across Europe. France closed 24 airports, by Thursday evening, airports in Berlin and Hamburg were closed, and then in others German cities. As the cloud moved across Europe, more and more flight cancellations followed, including flights across the Atlantic Ocean and even to Australia and New Zealand.
Limited air traffic in Minsk, the Russian Aeroflot canceled about 20 flights to European cities. The Khrabrovo airport in Kaliningrad is completely closed for the reception and departure of aircraft, the same measures have been taken at airports bordering on Kaliningrad region Lithuania. In total, about 4,000 flights were canceled on Thursday, on Friday this number could rise to 11,000.
Among those affected by flight delays are thousands of tourists stranded at airports and many businessmen whose plans and business negotiations were disrupted. Exceptions were not made even for the first persons of states - Russian Prime Minister Vladimir Putin had to cancel his working trip to Murmansk and stay in Moscow.
Also, the visit of the heads of many states to Poland for President Lech Kaczynski, which is scheduled for April 18, remains under threat. The airspace of Poland has been blocked almost completely since early Friday morning, only the Krakow airport is functioning (the Polish president will be buried in the Krakow castle), however, most flights have been canceled or postponed indefinitely. However, there is no talk of postponing the date of the funeral of Kaczynski, who died in a plane crash near Smolensk.
The last time Europe and the whole world as a whole faced such a mass cancellation of flights was only in 2001, when planes hijacked by terrorists destroyed the twin towers in New York. Panic then, for obvious reasons, was much more, as well as fears for the lives of passengers.
When everything will return to normal in this case, it is not clear. On the one hand, airport representatives are trying not to escalate panic and promise to resume flights by the end of Friday or at least by Saturday, on the other hand, scientists warn that the ash will affect air traffic for several more weeks, or even months. According to preliminary data, the eruption will cost airlines about a billion dollars.
In the spring of 2010, a volcano erupted in Iceland. A huge cloud of ash was thrown into the atmosphere, as a result of which the airspace of most of the continent was closed, and many flights were canceled. Photos of the grandiose spectacle circulated in large numbers on the Internet, and the name of the volcano - Eyjafjallajokull (Eyjafjallajokull, translated - "Island of mountain glaciers") gave rise to many anecdotes (though, mostly in printed form, it's not so easy to pronounce this word).
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Photo spectacle
People all over the world admire the extraordinary spectacle - some live, some in the photo.
1. Lava erupts from the Eyjafjallajokull volcano against the backdrop of lightning on April 17th. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
2. A volcano near the southern Eyjafjallajokull glacier sends ash into the air at sunset on April 16. Thick puffs of volcanic ash enveloped parts of the Icelandic countryside, and an invisible plume of sand and dust covered Europe, clearing the skies of planes and forcing hundreds of thousands of people to rush to search for hotel rooms, train tickets and hire a taxi. (AP Photo/Brynjar Gauti)
3. A car drives along a volcanic ash-strewn road near Kirkjubaeyarklaustur. (AP Photo/Omar Oskarsson)
4. Chunks of ice from a glacier lie against the backdrop of an erupting volcano near Eyjafjallajoku on April 17. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
5. An airplane flies past a pillar of smoke and ash from the Eyyafyatlayokudl volcano on April 17. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
6. Eyyafyatlayokudl volcano in all its splendor. (AP Photo/Brynjar Gauti)
8. Ashes and a column of dust and dirt erupt from the crater of the Eyyafyatlayokudl volcano. (AP Photo/Arnar Thorisson/Helicopter.is)
9. An ash plume stretches south from the Eyjafjallajokull volcano over the North Atlantic Ocean. The picture was taken from a satellite on April 17. A volcano in Iceland erupted another portion of ash and smoke on April 19, but the ash cloud that plunged airlines and tour operators across Europe into chaos fell to a height of 2 km. (REUTERS/NERC Satellite Receiving Station, Dundee University, Scotland)
10. Lava and lightning illuminate the crater of the Eyyafyatlayokudl volcano. (REUTERS/Lucas Jackson)
11. The first of three photographs taken by Olivier Vandeginste 25 km from the crater of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano on April 18. The picture was taken with a 15 second exposure. (Olivier Vandeginste)
12. The second photo of Olivier Vandeginste, taken 25 km from the Eyjafjallajokull volcano. In this 168-second exposure, the pillars of ash are illuminated from within by numerous lightning bolts. (Olivier Vandeginste)
13. Third photograph by Olivier Vandeguinste. Lightning and hot lava illuminate parts of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano. The picture was taken with a 30 second exposure. (Olivier Vandeginste)
14. Lava fountains and flows, a volcanic plume and steam from evaporating snow are visible in this natural-color satellite image. The picture was taken on March 24 by the ALI instrument aboard the Earth Observing-1 satellite. Lava fountains (orange-red) are practically invisible through the lens of the device with a resolution of 10 meters. The cinder cone surrounding the fissure is black, as is the lava flow flowing to the northeast. White volcanic gases and lava rise from the fissure, and where lava meets snow, steam rises into the air. (The bright green stripe along the edge of the lava flow is sensor distortion.) (NASA's Earth Observatory/Robert Simmon)
15. Tourists gathered to watch the Eyyafyatlayokudl volcano spewing lava on March 27. On the morning of April 14, more than 800 people were evacuated in the area of the awakened volcano. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
16. People gathered to look at the lava flow of the Eyjafyatlayokudl volcano on March 27. (HALLDOR KOLBEINS/AFP/Getty Images)
18. Steam and hot gases rise above the lava from the Eyjafjallajokull volcano on April 3. (Ulrich Latzenhofer / CC BY-SA)
19. A farmer photographed the volcano shortly after it erupted. (Zuma Press).
20. Since many volcanoes in Iceland are covered with glaciers, they often flood them from below. The tongues of the glaciers break away from their places, releasing millions of tons of water and ice, which demolish everything in its path.
21. A picture of the volcano Eyyafyatlayokudl from space. It has three craters, ranging in size from 200 to 500 meters in diameter.
A few more photos.
Jokes and anecdotes
Written in a mixture of Icelandic and Norwegian. “Put 30 billion Euros in a dumpster outside the Icelandic embassy tonight, then we will turn off the volcano! Don't call the police."
Mystery of the name
In response to the actions of Iceland, Greenland begins to push into the ocean
icebergs.
New expletive: "Eyafjallajokull to you all over Europe!"
“Did you hear that Eyjafjallajokull came to life?
“Are you sure it’s not Hvannadalsnukur?”
- Of course, Hvannadalsnukur is near Kaulvafellsstadur itself, and Eyjafjallajokull is closer to Vestmannaeyjar if you go towards Snaefellsjokull.
- Thank God, otherwise I have relatives in Brunholskirkja!
If you read this dialogue aloud without hesitation, then you are an Icelander.
Patter: "Eyafyadlaekudl ejaculated, ejaculated, but did not ejaculate."
According to Mayan predictions, until all Europeans learn the word "Eyyafyaldaeküll", the volcano will not stop erupting. If it's hard for you to pronounce it, I suggest remembering the phrase: "Hey, I'm drunk, and forge with him."
We sat with you by the window, eating apple strudel. Both of us can't sleep anymore because Eyafjadlajokull.
"Eyyafyatlayokudl" - whatever you call a boat, that's how it will float.
News anchors are in quiet horror: according to rumors,
the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in the near future may be added and
pyroclastic flows from the Mexican mountain Popocatepetl.
RUBRIC: MATRIX
Iceland lies on the Mid-Atlantic Ridge. Almost every type of volcano found on Earth is represented in Iceland. Actually, the country is one big "Vulkanland". Icelandic volcanoes, filled with magma, can eject much more volume than their mainland cone-shaped brothers. Ice caps and other glaciers cover an area of 11,900 square kilometers.
Eyjafjallajokull Volcano (Eyjafjallajokull), in translation - "Island of mountain glaciers", is located 200 kilometers east of Reykjavik. The volcano is crowned by a conical glacier, the fifth largest in Iceland. Its height is 1666 meters. The diameter of the crater is 3-4 kilometers, the glacial cover is about 100 square kilometers.
The last eruption in the area occurred in 1821-1823, and before that - in 1612.
ERUPTION - WRATH OF THE EARTH!
The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull woke up after a 200-year hibernation on March 21 this year. A violent eruption of a huge cloud of volcanic ash, which rose to a height of 6 km, thanks to sunny weather, began on the night of April 14.
On Saturday, the 15th, a column of ash became visible over the volcano - a thick dark gray cloud 8.5 kilometers high. The wind improved visibility in the area of the ongoing eruption, and experts were able to assess the situation from the air for the first time in the past few days.
The red-hot magma changed course and began to flow underground right in the area of the glacier, volcanologist Sigurun Hansdottir, who, along with her colleagues from the University of Iceland, has been monitoring the activity of the volcano over the past three months, told reporters. The mixture of magma and ice is explosive, so there are incessant explosions at the bottom of the crater. The ashfall layer is up to 3 cm. Volcanic ash is solid particles ranging in size from 1 to 1000 microns. The volcano releases poisonous gases, the evaporation of which people may not even notice. Now the volcano emits sulfur, fluorine, carbon dioxide and carbon monoxide. The last of these is odorless and is a deadly gas.
Thousand hectares of land to the east of the crater are covered with a thick layer of ash.
So far, it is impossible to study what is happening with Eyyafyatlayokudl in the immediate vicinity. Scientific equipment cannot be delivered to the site, as the ash cloud prevents them from approaching the crater. It is not known exactly how much of the emitted substances enter the atmosphere. During the day, according to experts, about four million tons of volcanic substances are released.
Nevertheless, brave volcanologists were able to approach the crater at a distance of several meters and film the eruption on camera. They saw that the crack from which the lava comes out has a length of about 500 meters.
On the 15th, Magnus Tumi Gudmundson, professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland, noted that the volcano had stepped up its activity.
Scientists will try to fly around the crater to find out how much ice has melted on it. It depends on how long the volcano will spew ash. This data is provided by the Republican Center radiation monitoring and environmental monitoring from the London Clearing House. Information is updated every six hours.
Stormy correspondence began on the Internet - the Earth is angry with people and sends them a warning - come to your senses, live peacefully, destroy weapons, stop destroying nature, get rid of the unforgivable sins of murder, greed and pride!
PLANES - THREATS
Once in the combustion chamber of the engine, they melt, solidify again in cold parts, which can disrupt the operation of the turbine.
Ash, which is a mixture of glass particles, sand and rocks, is extremely dangerous for aircraft engines, especially jet ones.
Volcanic ash consists of glass particles less than 2 millimeters in size, explains aviation engineer Igor Vasenkov. - The particles are very hard. They act on parts like an abrasive. First, the compressor elements are damaged. They melt in the combustion chambers, clogging them. And stick further on the turbine blades. The engines may eventually stop. Peroclastic, so-called glassy substances, which are present in the ashes, are dangerous for working mechanisms.
In addition, a large amount of ash is deposited on the wings and fuselage of the aircraft. Third great danger is that the Icelandic volcano is basalt, during its eruption a significant amount of sulfur and chlorine is released. Sulfur, as a low-melting element, when in contact with hot parts of the aircraft, mixed with ash, forms a mass that can even disrupt the movement of turbine blades.
The trajectory of the movement of the volcanic eruptive cloud coincides with the trajectory of the air corridors of aircraft movement. Therefore, the airports were obliged to stop flights, as the situation could lead to malfunctions. aircraft to plane crashes.
If the wind direction were north, then in general, by and large, no one except specialists would have noticed this eruption.
“This fine dust is a very nasty thing,” Stuart John, a professor at the Royal Academy of Engineering and former chairman of the Royal Society of Aeronautics, told the BBC. “It clogs the vents through which air is supplied for cooling, and the engines stall.”
PLANES - COLLAPSE
There was a transcontinental transport collapse.
On April 15, due to emissions, a number of countries in northern Europe were forced to close their airports. And not by chance. Finnish Air Force F-18 Hornet fighters were put out of action after flying through a cloud of volcanic ash and dust just before Europe closed airspace.
The aviation crisis, in the first days, according to the European Commission, affected over 10 million passengers; in the future, this number can grow exponentially.
Later, the airports of Russia, Belarus, Ukraine, the Baltic countries and China were closed.
PERSPECTIVES
"The eruption may stop tomorrow, but it may continue and disrupt the normal operation of air transport for several more weeks or even months, or even years," said Magnus Tumi Gudmundson, professor of geophysics at the University of Iceland.
A volcano can paralyze half of the Earth.
In the Russian World Fund wildlife(WWF) warn that the spread of the ash cloud could lead to a cooling of the earth for two to three years, after which there will be a sharp warming in temperature.
In addition, airborne ash particles interfere with the passage of sunlight to the surface of the earth, which can greatly affect future crops by slowing down plant growth. But volcanic ash is an excellent fertilizer for the soil.
70 thousand years ago in Indonesia, the eruption of the super-volcano Toba almost killed the then wild humanity. The ash thrown into the air enveloped the entire planet and launched the process of global cooling. According to scientists, no more than 15 thousand ancestors survived. modern man which laid the foundation for our entire civilization.
The Tambora eruptions in Indonesia in 1815 led to a decrease in the average global temperature by 3 degrees Celsius. The following year, both in Europe and in North America there was no summer, notes the head of the climate program world fund Wildlife (WWF) Russia Alexey Kokorin.
A cloud of ash from the volcano Krakatau, which exploded in 1883, circled the Earth twice. And for several years, the average temperature on the entire planet dropped by several degrees.
The mechanism of "volcanic winter" is this: when the concentration of ash particles in the atmosphere is high, they become a screen - they reflect the sun's rays and prevent them from heating the air.
In this case, another negative factor that can affect not only Iceland is the appearance of the so-called ash fall, as a result of which large areas can be covered with a layer of ash. Forecasters predict that the ash can spread not only to European part Russia, including Moscow and St. Petersburg, but beyond.
Icelandic geophysicist Einar Kjartansson says: “It is quite possible that ash emissions will continue at a similar intensity for several days, or even several weeks. However, the question of whether this will interfere with transportation will depend on the weather, on which direction the wind blows ash"…
Aleksey Kokorin is sure that the volcanic eruption in Iceland will slow down the rise in temperature in the world, moreover, for several years at once, but then a sharp warming will begin. After all, it will not reduce the anthropogenic increase in the concentration of CO2 in the atmosphere.
WILL HECL VOLCANO RUN?
Icelandic volcanologists have proposed an even more frightening scenario: the activity of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano can wake up a larger volcano located in the neighborhood. If Eyyafyatlayokudl erupts for at least another month, it is very likely that its magma will fall into the craters of its "big neighbor" Katla (Katla), which is located somewhat to the east. “Katla volcano has been unusually quiet in recent decades. Therefore, we will not be surprised if in the near future time will happen the eruption is much more powerful than we are seeing now. This will lead to real chaos,” said volcanologist Hansdottir.
SAVE YOUR HEALTH!
The UK Department of Health advises citizens not to leave their homes - particles of volcanic mud have already begun to fall on the country.
WHO officials said they do not know for sure whether the ash threatens people's health. However, WHO spokesman David Epstein suggested that the microscopic particles of volcanic ash are potentially dangerous, as they can cause problems in people with lung diseases.
Deputy Director for Scientific Affairs of the Institute of Geography of the Russian Academy of Sciences Arkady Tishkov believes that there is nothing terrible in the eruption for Russia. Yes, volcanic emissions entered the atmosphere, and they will affect the climate, and if they fall on the ground in the form of precipitation, they will slightly oxidize the rains and cause problems for people with diseases of the respiratory system and digestion. Tishkov says: "Locally, acid rain can fall, but in the capital there are rains with higher acidity." According to Tishkov, if Moscow falls into the zone of volcanic emissions, then it is necessary to use masks and carry out wet cleaning.
Scientists also fear that a cloud of volcanic ash, which has already covered Europe and paralyzed air traffic in a significant part of it, may pose a danger to wildlife. As experts from the Institute of Geosciences at the University of Iceland explained, the cloud contains large concentrations of fluorite, a mineral that is used, in particular, in metallurgy and the chemical industry, as well as in ceramic production. For animals, this substance can be extremely dangerous.
VOLCANOPSYCHOSIS
"It's just that the cloud went to the densely populated territories of Europe, so there is so much attention to this active volcano. We have had more powerful eruptions volcanoes in Kamchatka, but there was no such discussion, no excitement - cloud emissions occurred in sparsely populated areas or in the oceans," Tishkov said.
According to Tishkov, what is happening now in Europe cannot be called a panic in the full sense of the word, but one can already speak of a "certain psychosis".
According to Tishkov, although the volcano, in addition to ash, also emits toxic gases - chlorine-containing, sulfurous, ammonia gases, however, they can only affect the immediate surroundings.
“There should not be any apocalyptic moods, this is an absolutely ordinary event,” Tishkov said. “This is not the most powerful volcano, and emissions were in relatively low layers of the atmosphere".
NUDE WOMEN PROVOKING VOLCANO ERUPTIONS?
One of the leaders of the Islamic Republic of Iran, Ayatollah Kazem Sediki, said during the traditional Friday prayer in Tehran that "lechery, vicious robes give rise to earthquakes, eruptions and other natural disasters."
According to the opposition newspaper Aftab-e Yazd, Sediqi said: "Many women dress to show off their virtues. This causes young people to deviate from the true path, soil their chastity, initiate extramarital sex in society, which leads to an increase in the frequency of earthquakes. Cataclysms are the result of human actions, we have no other choice but to turn to Islam for protection from all these misfortunes
NORWEGIAN PILOT THINKS IT'S PARANOIA
This is stated in an interview with the Norwegian Daglbladet with an experienced Norwegian aviation pilot Per-Gunnar Stensvog from the Arctic Tromso. A pilot with 35 years of experience believes that organizations that have closed air traffic over Europe, paranoid and flying is not in danger.
“Often we get “black snow” in eastern Norway from industrial emissions in Germany, but we continue to fly,” Siensvåg says. The pilot does not see anything terrible and threatening in air pollution by volcanic ash.
FINANCE SING ROMANCES
A volcano with a difficult name has caused conflicts in travel companies. Travelers are demanding a refund. However, most often they are refused - sorry, force majeure.
The same opinion is shared by Rospotrebnadzor of Russia: the head of the Consumer Rights Protection Department O. Prusakov confirmed that tourists whose flight was not possible due to the eruption of the Icelandic volcano cannot demand a refund from the tour operator for unused days in hotels, since the change the dates of the tour came due to the onset of force majeure.
Airlines have suffered losses worth billions of dollars.
IMPACT ON THE ECONOMY OF THE “GOLDEN BILLION”
First of all, the global corporations and cartels that transport especially valuable cargo for them, the security of which can be most firmly ensured by air transportation, will suffer. Weapons, drugs, precursors, raw materials and equipment for them, antiques, money, securities - contracts, shares, bills, etc., electronic media with secret information - the results of state and industrial espionage, secret mail , precious metals, radioactive materials and devices, listening equipment, classified chemical materials, including GMOs and bioadditives, various prestigious luxury items: crocodile skin, ostrich feathers, jewelry, gems, collections of fashionable clothes and shoes, furs, high-quality spices, anti-aging medicines, which are urgently needed by the elderly rulers of the world, exclusive sex toys, expensive prostitutes, an undercover network, members of the club of billionaires, top officials of states and the like.
The exploitative system of the world economy is threatened with total collapse.
The god of fire showed his face.
The Icelandic volcano is now erupting from three vents. They showed up in contrast in a picture taken in thermal rays, and formed a kind of nightmarish physiognomy - either the devil, or the god of fire. View from space.
Based on materials from the Internet media
Olga Olenich
In the spring of 2010, the whole world watched the strongest eruption Icelandic volcano with an unusual and fabulous name Eyyafyatlayokudl. It has become one of the most powerful modern history humanity, scientists are still discussing the consequences of this natural phenomenon.
Iceland
This Island state often call ice kingdom, it is located between Greenland and Norway in the immediate vicinity of the Arctic Circle. The main part of Iceland is located on a volcanic plateau, so earthquakes and eruptions are common here. Despite the geographical position, the climate in the region is by no means arctic, but moderately cool, with strong winds and high humidity.
Despite the harsh nature, very positive and friendly people live here. Icelandic hospitality is known all over the world. Every year in these harsh edges thousands of tourists come to see unique nature and, of course, to see the most famous volcano in Iceland - Eyjafjallajokull. After 2010, the flow of those wishing to observe this wonder of the world with their own eyes has increased markedly.
Historical reference
Iceland is located at the junction of two continental plates, the Eurasian and North American, and is considered the country with the most big amount geothermal springs, lava fields, ice and volcanoes. There are more than a hundred of them, and twenty-five are active. Tourists have the most popular volcanoes- Lucky and Hekla, they have almost a hundred craters and are a unique sight.
But in 2010, the whole world learned about another attraction of Iceland - the Eyjafjallajokull volcano. Photos of lava erupting from under the glacier spread all over the world's news feeds, perhaps this event would not have had such popularity in the media if it were not for the problems with air travel that arose in most of Europe.
Eyjafjallajokull is a stratovolcano whose cone is formed by layers of hardened lava and rock left there after numerous eruptions. Officially, this is not a volcano, but a glacier, the sixth largest on the island, it is located 125 kilometers from the capital of Iceland, Reykjavik. The height of the peak is 1666 m, the area of the volcanic crater is 3-4 km, until 2010 it was hidden under a thick layer of ice. The previous eruption of the Eyjafyatlayokudl volcano took place from 1821 to 1823, and for two hundred years it was considered dormant.
Preceding circumstances
Almost a year before the main events, the glacier was already showing signs of high activity. In 2009, at a depth of seven kilometers, scientists noticed seismological shocks of 1-2 points. They continued for several months, and even a shift of the cortex by 3 cm was recorded.
The activity of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano worried the authorities of the region, they took the necessary measures to resettle local residents, and the nearest airport was also closed. First of all, people were afraid of flooding, since the glacier could begin to melt under the influence of the earth's heat.
Scientists have long observed activity in this area, so the victims were avoided. In total, more than 800 people left the disaster area. After the research, the possibility of flooding was ruled out and some residents returned to their homes.
Chronicle of events
On March 20, 2010, the Eyyafyatlayokudl volcano erupted late in the evening. From the fault that appeared in the glacier, smoke and ash poured out, the first emissions were small and did not reach a height of more than one kilometer. After five days, the activity dropped significantly. The reason was that melted water poured into the vent and partially extinguished the hearth.
But on March 31, a new crack formed, and for several days lava flowed abundantly from two holes at once. As it turned out, this was just the beginning. On April 13, the Icelandic volcano Eyjafyatlayokudl once again shook from tremors, as a result of which a new crack appeared at a distance of 2 km, and a column of smoke rose to a height of eight kilometers. On April 15 and 16, this figure was already 15 km, and volcanic ash reached the stratosphere, from where substances are already spreading over long distances.
Shutdown of flights in Europe
The Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull will go down in history in the 21st century thanks to the large-scale consequences of its eruption. Due to his activity, air traffic was suspended in dozens of countries. Companies suffered losses, thousands of passengers huddled in airport terminals and in the homes of caring people.
The events in Iceland had a major impact on the revision of some of the laws and regulations governing air travel in similar situations. Many companies have stated that computer program, which calculates the risks from flying in the ash spread zone, is doubtful, besides, they blamed the heads European countries in deliberately inflating the problem and helplessness in making important decisions.
Consequences
In addition to economic damage, Iceland's Eyjafjallajökull volcano caused serious damage environment. In the first three days, about 140 million cubic meters of dust were released into the atmosphere. During the eruption, together with particles of earth rocks, ash, a huge amount of suspended particles or aerosols are thrown into the air. The danger of such a substance is that it quickly spreads over a long distance and has a detrimental effect on the composition of the atmosphere, absorbing part of the solar radiation.
Although geophysicists and meteorologists did not support the general panic that flared up on the pages of some newspapers. According to scientists, the eruption of the Icelandic volcano Eyjafjallajokull was not so powerful that emissions could somehow cause climate change, at most - affect the weather. So, long and thick clouds were observed many thousands of kilometers from the island, even in Russia.
Ash spread
The course of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano eruption was recorded from space, and daily meteorological services made a forecast of the movement of the dust cloud. In mid-April 2010, ash covered more than half of Europe and some regions of Russia. Officially Rosgidromettsentr did not confirm the assumption that particles of dust and volcanic matter reached the territory of our country. True, eyewitnesses claim that the ashes could be easily detected using a sheet of paper placed on the windowsill.
The ejected dust was a fine-grained flying tephra, part of which settled near the vent and on the glacier, but the main mass rose into the air. However, experts assured the public that the gases released into the atmosphere do not pose a serious threat to humans.
Only almost a month after the start of the events, the media of all countries reported that the Eyyafyatlayokudl volcano had finally ceased its activity. The eruption of 2010 was remembered primarily not for its uniqueness, because this happens all the time on earth, but for the increased attention to this event in the news and newspapers.
The Eyjafjallajökull volcano in Iceland, whose photo appeared on the covers of many publications seven years ago, has a special history. Such a complex name comes from the combination of three words at once, denoting a mountain, a glacier and an island. And in fact, the name belongs to the glacier, under which there was a volcano for a long time. In connection with the events of 2010, linguists from different countries became interested in the origin and meaning of the toponym, trying to determine the exact meaning of the word.
After the hype around the eruption of the Eyjafjallajokull volcano in scientific world We started talking about another possible problem that could lead to much bigger consequences. We are talking about Mount Katla, which is located just 12 km from the epicenter of the underground explosion in 2010. Research by geophysicists confirms that each previous activity of Eyyafyatlayokudl preceded the eruption of the much more powerful and destructive Katla volcano. Therefore, scientists have suggested that the events of seven years ago may be the beginning of a more grandiose catastrophe in the future.
There are many more places in this region where nature can surprise you. So, a few hundred kilometers away is the only active volcano in Norway. Eyyafyatlayokudl and Berenberg (translated - “ Bear Mountain”) are similar in structure and physical data. Most northern volcano in the world, too, for a long time considered extinct, but in 1985 a strong eruption was recorded.
Reflection in culture
Today, the story of seven years ago on the distant island of Iceland is somewhat forgotten, but at the same time this event made a strong impression on many, because not every day in live you can see how a real volcano erupts. Society reacted differently to the event. Videos appeared on the Internet in which people tried to pronounce an unusual name, and the people composed jokes on this topic.
National Geographic Channel filmed documentary, which tells about the events of the spring of 2010, and the plots of some feature films are connected with Icelandic volcano, for example, the French film "Volcano of Passions" and some episodes of the film "The Walter Mitty Story" of American production.
Perhaps the sweetest note in the craze for the Icelandic natural phenomenon was made by a native of this country, singer Elisa Geirsdottir Newman. She composed a provocative song about Eyjafyatlayokudl, which helps to learn how to pronounce the exotic name correctly.
