Crimean bridge: all about the construction of the XXI century in the Crimea. How will the overpass work? About the highway

Crimean Bridge - a major infrastructure project Russian Federation.

The bridge passes through Kerch Strait, and connects the Crimean peninsula with mainland Russia, with the Krasnodar Territory.

Putting the bridge into explantation is truly sacred for our country. It marks the unity of Russia and Crimea. Every inhabitant of our country has dreamed of this road since the events of 2014.

Why was the Crimean Bridge built?

Crimean bridge built to simplify and build new logistics links between the regions of Russia and the republic. The operation of the bridge solves the problems of logistics and gives a powerful impetus economic development Crimea. The issues of supplying the region with the necessary goods, equipment, marketing of finished products from the region have been resolved. Commodity prices in the region will fall as supply chains become cheaper.

The work of the bridge will also significantly boost the economy of Taman, which is practically becoming a suburb of the city of Kerch. For sure, new production, housing and logistics centers will appear near the bridge. After the bridge is put into operation, one should expect rapid growth of the Crimean economy in agriculture, ship repair and shipbuilding, and the chemical industry.

Crimean bridge photo

Separately, it is worth highlighting the tourism sector. Logistical accessibility and lower prices for goods and services can spur domestic tourism to growth.

The length of the Crimean bridge

The length of the Crimean bridge is 19 kilometers.

The cost of the Crimean bridge

The total cost of the Crimean bridge amounted to 227.92 billion rubles.

Opening of the Crimean bridge

The Crimean bridge was opened ahead of schedule. It was planned that the first cars will drive over the bridge on December 18, 2018. But the opening took place on May 15, 2018. The object was solemnly opened by the President of Russia Vladimir Vladimirovich Putin himself, driving across the bridge in a KAMAZ truck. The opening ceremony of the bridge was broadcast on Channel One and Rossiya 24. The railway bridge is scheduled to open on December 1, 2019.

Crimean bridge characteristics

The bridge is unique not only for Russia, but also for the whole world. The bridge consists of two parallel roads - automobile and railway. The length of the bridge is 19 kilometers. Part of the route runs along the existing dam and the island of Tuzla.

The highway of the Crimean bridge consists of four lanes. The permitted speed is 120 kilometers per hour. The capacity of the highway is forty thousand cars per day. The railway is capable of passing forty-seven pairs of trains per day. Passenger trains move at a speed of 120 kilometers per hour, freight trains - 80. During the operation of the bridge, navigation in the Kerch Strait will not be affected. Arched spans reach a length of 227 meters and a height of 35 meters above the water.

Who is the customer of the project?

The customer of the bridge project is - "Federal Administration highways Taman"

Who is the project contractor

The project contractor is Stroygazmontazh

bridge designer

The design of the bridge was carried out by CJSC "Institute Gidrostroymost St. Petersburg".

Protection of the Crimean bridge

The Crimean bridge is a callus on the eyes of the Western public. Therefore, the Russian Federation pays Special attention safeguarding such an important infrastructure project. In October 2017, the Russian Guard formed a naval brigade, which is engaged in the protection of the territory. At the disposal of the detachment are anti-sabotage boats of project 21980 "Rook", combat swimmers.

The bridge supports are protected by hydraulic structures from rams of possible pests and saboteurs. The perimeter of the bridge, screening systems, video cameras, security posts with armored vehicles are also actively guarded.

Technical characteristics and features of the Crimean bridge

The bridge stands on 595 pillars. The supports themselves stand on pile foundations. During construction, more than seven thousand different piles were driven in. The piles are driven to a depth of 12 meters on land and up to 90 meters on water.

project of the Crimean bridge photo

Many metal structures of the bridge are in the water. Therefore, special protective structures were provided for during the projection. The builders used waterproof concrete, tried to eliminate all cracks and cracks where water penetrates and corrosion occurs.

• The idea to build a bridge connecting the Crimea and Taman appeared in the 11th century. Prince Gleb in 1064 walked here on the ice. His journey was about 30 kilometers. At that time, it was not possible to build such a bridge, there were many technical problems.
• In the 19th century, Great Britain dreamed of a direct railway line to India. So in 1870, the British seriously considered the possibility of building a bridge. But the high cost of the project and the technical aspects did not allow the plans to be realized.
• also the dream of a bridge across the Kerch project, but the plans of the emperor were destroyed.
• DURING THE GREAT Patriotic War Crimea was under occupation. The Germans decided to build a bridge for the supply of provisions and weapons to the Caucasus. But soon Crimea was liberated. The bridge was completed by Soviet engineers.
• The first Crimean bridge stood for half a year. There is a legend that Stalin himself rode on it. The bridge was destroyed by ice in the spring of the victorious 1945
• ferry service between Tamanya and Kerch was launched in 1954.
• The new bridge is the longest in Russia.
• Before the start of construction, the area was surveyed by sappers and archaeologists. In the years there were bloody battles, sappers found more than 700 unexploded shells. Archaeologists have discovered many objects from antiquity, bronze age and the Middle Ages.
• The Crimean bridge passes through a seismically active area. But the engineers bypassed all the joints tectonic plates, securing the object. In addition, the engineering structure was seriously strengthened, and no landslides and earthquakes are terrible for the bridge.
• It took 400 tons of metal structures to make one support of the bridge. Of all the supports, 32 Eiffel Towers could be built.
• The construction of the bridge was carried out by 3,500 thousand workers and engineers from different regions Russia

Results

Krymsky bridge, a unique building that marks a new milestone in the history of Russia. Despite all the difficulties, sanctions, international pressure, the country is on the right course. The course is aimed at comprehensive development, progress, independence from external conjuncture.

The Crimean or Kerch Bridge is a project that was planned to be implemented for a little over 100 years. Crimea has always been one of the most important elements of the self-consciousness of Russians. The construction of the largest and longest structure in the Russian Federation is considered a symbol of patriotism, movement towards a new world. The construction of the Crimean bridge has become one of the most significant events in history modern Russia. Its opening marked a new era in the socio-economic segment of the life of the peninsula and the whole country.

Top view of the Crimean bridge across the Kerch Strait

The idea of ​​\u200b\u200bbuilding the Crimean bridge

The largest and most labor-intensive construction in the Russian Federation is almost completed. But the project is not a new trend. It was planned to build the Crimean bridge in the distant times of the reign of Tsar Nicholas II. In 1910 Russian Empire there was already a plan that planned to connect the peninsula to the main continent. But the project was not destined to take place due to the outbreak of the First World War.

At the end of hostilities and the post-war reconstruction of the country, the idea to build the Kerch bridge did not disappear. In the 1930s, Joseph Vissarionovich Stalin again thought about the need to build a road across the strait. The plans were to lay railroad tracks. But this time too, the unstable situation in the world prevented the implementation of large-scale construction.

In 1944, the railway bridge to the Crimea still managed to be built. Construction lasted 150 days, and its length reached 4.5 kilometers. The work was carried out by order of Hitler by German specialists. During the siege of the Crimea, this route was necessary for the transport of goods to the Kuban. After the German army was forced out, the structure was badly damaged, but Soviet engineers were able to restore and improve the routes through the Kerch Strait.

Crimean bridge on the map

But the winter of 1945 turned out to be too harsh for the construction, the authorities did not have the opportunity to devote time to the maintenance and timely strengthening of the crossing. By February, more of the supports had been destroyed by ice, causing a major accident. Ideas to restore the building arose in 1946, but the project was considered too costly. The bridge across the Kerch Strait was never built.

Negotiations with Ukraine in 2010-2013 became the final stage in planning communication between the peninsula and the Russian Federation. An agreement was made to create a path through the water. But the final and successful construction began after the Crimea became part of the Russian Federation.

Chronology of the construction of the Crimean bridge

After the annexation of the peninsula to Russia, the ministers were asked about transport communication with the peninsula. official building Kerch bridge began in February 2016, when the builders drove the first piles. After that, the work unfolded in several directions - the sea and land routes.

Initially, there were 4 options for connecting the earth, taking into account various factors. Three ideas originated from a spit called Chushka, but they turned out to be less successful, so it was decided to choose a less dangerous project. The choice of where the Crimean bridge begins and ends, fell on the interval from Taman Peninsula, going through the Tuzla Spit and directly to the island of Tuzla.

The decision was due to the fact that in other parts there was a high risk of building a building due to tectonic faults. In addition, within the limits it was necessary to place facilities for servicing the facility, construction sites.

The beginning of the construction of the Crimean bridge was launched at the beginning of 2016 under the leadership of the Stroygazmontazh company. By spring, the supporting structures were erected. At the beginning of summer, the construction company installed the first superstructures. The work was carried out immediately from eight points of the future bridge.

Already on April 26, 2018, evaluation tests of the automobile part of the bridge were carried out. Finished project was handed over by the contractor ahead of schedule - May 16, 2018. The completion of work on the creation of the railway part will last until 2019.

Video: Special report on the construction of the Crimean bridge

The main characteristics of the Crimean bridge

The length of the Crimean bridge is considered the largest among other elevated bridges. transport routes countries. At the same time, it has two parts located above the water, as well as a section providing supports on the island of Tuzla.

The team working on the design of the structure paid special attention building features. It was extremely important not to create obstacles for navigable transport, as well as to provide a reliable crossing that would withstand natural conditions.

The length of the Crimean bridge across the Kerch Strait from the peninsula to the island of Tuzla is 5.5 kilometers. On this segment there is a navigable corridor, which allows maritime traffic. The wave-like arrangement of the structure nodes is due to the need to bypass seismically active and volcanic areas. Therefore, the length of the Kerch bridge is considered colossal in comparison with the modern buildings of the country.

The works of 2017 turned out to be the most difficult, when the builders had to lay the sea spans of the building. Scrupulous and well-planned actions made it possible to pave a significant path in a short time. Possible difficulties with unstable ground were taken into account, natural conditions. Crimean bridge length km - 19.

The structure is considered not only the longest, but also quite high, since the total vertical distance reaches 80 meters. The height of the Crimean bridge on the upper support (arch) is 35 meters.

Crimean bridge - infographic

The geographical location of the Crimean bridge

The construction originates from the mainland of Russia on the Taman Peninsula. It is from this section that you need to start the journey if you plan to travel to the Crimea on a new design. The end of the crossing is located in the area of ​​​​historical monuments. cultural heritage earth. You can find out where the Crimean bridge starts and where it ends by looking at a modern atlas.

A similar path can be made from the Kerch Peninsula to the mainland. At the end of the road, the driver will be in Taman. The Crimean bridge is already shown on the map with the necessary landmarks, so travelers will not have difficulty finding the way. During the trip, the Tuzlinskaya Spit is crossed.

At the time of the design, there were disputes about which points the Crimean bridge would connect. But after a thorough analysis, it was decided that it was the crossing from the side of Tuzla, and not Chushka, that would be the best option. This is due big amount difficulties associated with the construction of the structure across the Chushka Peninsula.

The Crimean bridge on the map of the Black Sea passes through the Kerch Strait, skirting dangerous volcanic territories. From the side of the Tuzla Spit, the distance to Tuzla Island reaches 7 km. The distance along the land part is 6.5 km, and the length of the offshore section near Kerch Peninsula equal to 5.5 km.

Before opening, they installed road signs on the Crimean bridge, indicating where and where to go. Therefore, those who do not live in the nearby territory will also find their way to the bridge. Also, lighting was provided along the route, which allows you to comfortably move around the grandiose structure.

Where the Crimean bridge begins from the side of the main part of Russia, there is a mark on the map - Taman. This peninsula is officially considered the place where the crossing to Kerch comes from. During construction, a camp was built in the village for shift workers erecting the structure.

Opening of the Crimean bridge

So far, the Crimean bridge has been opened only in the automotive part. The railway passage is still being finalized, final events are being carried out. In addition, while there is a restriction for freight transport. The launch of traffic on the railway line is planned for the winter of 2019.

Officially, the opening date of the Crimean Automobile Bridge is at 5.30 am on May 16. Russian President Vladimir Putin came to the grand event.

One of the first to pass through the structure, ready and open for driving, was the unofficial mascot of the construction site - a cat named Bridge, who accompanied the process of erecting a colossal project.

The mascot of the Crimean bridge is a cat named Mostik

The grand opening of the Crimean bridge was accompanied by driving on both sides of the Kerch Strait without stopping transport. This has become an important requirement for the operation of the building. The crossing must be carried out in accordance with the route map provided by the authorities. For trucks over 3.5 tons, the passage is not yet provided.

So since May 2018, traffic on the Crimean bridge has been officially opened for motorists and motorcyclists. Trucks will be able to cross the structure by autumn 2018, and the rail tracks will be fully operational by December 2019.

Will the Crimean bridge be paid?

The traffic pattern on the Crimean bridge is standard, but it is important to take into account that it is impossible to make stops along the way through the crossing. The representatives of the authorities did not announce the collection of finances for travel on the new construction. The movement is open and free, except for certain restrictions. The capacity of vehicles per day is 40,000. The total number of lanes for driving is 4 (2 on both sides of the road).

The scheme of the entrance to the Crimean bridge is posted on the resource of the Ministry of Roads of Crimea. From the side of the mainland, it is necessary to drive up to the structure from the side of Taman on the corresponding peninsula. For environmental reasons, the nearest connection of the route departing from the crossing with Kerch is 5 km from the city.

The speed limit for cars on the Crimean bridge is no more than 90 km/h. The design speed for freight trains is 80 km/h, and for passenger trains it is 120 km/h.

The construction of the Crimean bridge is rightfully considered the Construction of the Century for the Russian Federation. This building is the longest in the country, but it is also equal to the longest buildings in Europe. Connecting the peninsula to the mainland will bring economic policy to a new level, as well as regulate pricing in Crimea. This is an excellent event for tourism and other segments of the country's life.

Positive changes after the construction of the Crimean bridge - infographic

Before choosing a specific option and deciding on an estimate, the experts considered 74 options for a transport crossing, recalls Roman Starovoit, head of Rosavtodor. Among them was a two-tier bridge and an underwater tunnel along the bottom of the Kerch Strait at a depth of 100 m, but the choice fell on the bridge crossing in the Tuzla range. The bridge could have been much shorter if it had been built in the area of ​​the Chushka Spit, where the ferry is now located. But this option did not fit because of the tectonic fault and mud volcanoes located there. In addition, construction would completely stop work. ferry crossing, says Starovoit.

In February 2016, the project of the Crimean bridge received a positive conclusion from the Glavgosexpertiza. After that, construction began.

How the contractor was appointed

The cost of the bridge is 227.9 billion rubles, the contractor of the project received a contract for 222.4 billion rubles. The general contractor, Stroygazmontazh LLC, Arkady Rotenberg, was chosen without a competition due to the lack of competitors.

The structures of Gennady Timchenko were also interested in the project, but in the end they did not apply for it. “This is a very difficult project for us. I’m not sure that we can handle it,” Timchenko quoted TASS as saying. “I don’t want to take reputational risks.” Rotenberg, in an interview with Kommersant, called the Crimean bridge his "contribution to the development of the country."

Mostotrest became the main subcontractor of Stroygazmontazh - it received a contract for 96.9 billion rubles. At the time of receipt of the contract, this company also belonged to Rotenberg. Shortly before the construction of the bridge began, he sold the stake. But in April 2018, the businessman bought it back. The representative of the businessman explained this by the growth of Mostotrest's competencies during the construction of the bridge. For example, the climax was the construction, and then the installation within 72 hours of the railway and automobile arches of both bridges. The length of the spans is 227 m, and the arches themselves weigh 7000 tons for the railway part and 6000 tons for the road part. A wide corridor is provided for the passage of ships passing through the Kerch Strait: arched spans rise 35 m above the water.

The Crimean bridge is almost completed. What does he look like right now?

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

Dmitry Simakov / Vedomosti

How they built

The main construction and installation work began in 2016, they unfolded simultaneously along the entire length of the bridge - in eight sea and land sections - and not from coast to coast, as in traditional bridge construction. The main problems were related to weather conditions: in the Kerch Strait, complex geology, high seismicity (up to 9 points) and difficult meteorological conditions. “The Crimean bridge is being built in a seismically hazardous zone and in the condition of weak soils - instead of solid rocks at the bottom of the Kerch Strait, there are multi-meter layers of silt and sand. Therefore, the design of the bridge must have increased strength. To do this, the piles were sunk into the ground to a depth of 105 m,” comments Vladimir Tsoi, chief specialist in artificial structures at DSK Avtoban. In addition, to ensure seismic resistance, piles are driven both vertically and at an angle; inclined much better withstand the load floating ice during the ice drift, Tsoi continues. There are more than 6,500 piles at the base of the Crimean bridge, 595 supports above them, and the weight of one span over the water reaches 580 tons.

How money was spent

According to the project 170 billion rubles. provided for the creation of the main structures of road and railway bridges and adjacent sections, 9 billion rubles. - for design and survey work, another 4.8 billion rubles. go to buy land and unforeseen expenses, the rest of the costs (about 44 billion rubles) are the preparation of the territory, temporary buildings and structures, energy facilities, says Starovoit. They also tried to save money, for example, choosing the optimal solution for the cost and manufacturability of the span length - an average of 55 and 63 m, Ilya Rutman, general director of the Giprostroymost - St. Petersburg Institute, conveyed through a representative.

Despite this, the burden on the budget was more than significant. Due to the construction of the Crimean bridge, it was decided to refuse to finance the construction of another important geopolitical transport facility - a bridge across the Lena River in Yakutia, regional and federal officials told Vedomosti. The project was not abandoned, the construction of the bridge will begin after 2020, says a representative of the Russian Ministry of Transport.

Bridge to Vacation

Thanks to the bridge, getting to the Crimea will be much easier. The authorities of the peninsula expect an influx of tourists. Last year, 5.39 million people came to Crimea. The tourist flow after the commissioning of the bridge may increase by 1.5-2 times - up to 8-10 million tourists a year, the head of the region Sergey Aksenov wrote on his Facebook page.

But the convenience of using the bridge will directly depend on when the adjacent roads are completed, in particular federal highway"Tavrida," says Chistyakov. "Tavrida" will connect Kerch with Simferopol and Sevastopol. The cost of the project will be 163 billion rubles, the contractor is VAD. The first stage of construction (two lanes) is planned to be completed by the end of 2018, the second (two more lanes) - by the end of 2020. If the bridge opens earlier than the Tavrida, then traffic jams in Crimea cannot be avoided, Minister of Transport Maxim Sokolov warned in the spring . Difficulties in traffic on the territory of the peninsula are also expected by the chairman of the State Committee for Road Facilities of Crimea, Sergey Karpov.

Problems can also arise on the other side of the bridge: roads Krasnodar Territory on the approaches to the bridge are not yet ready for loading, says Chistyakov. A 40 km long road was built from the M25 Novorossiysk - Kerch Strait to the bridge. But some of the interchanges are still being built, says a person close to Rosavtodor. Almost along its entire length, it will be expanded from 2-3 lanes to four, said a spokesman for the Ministry of Transport. You can also get to the bridge along the Krasnodar-Slavyansk-on-Kuban-Temryuk highway (P251) or via Krymsk (A146), says Chistyakov, but both roads are not motorways and pass through settlements. Rosavtodor has a project for the reconstruction of the road through the city of Slavyansk-on-Kuban. It is considered distant approaches to the bridge and was recently transferred to federal ownership, its reconstruction is estimated at about 70 billion rubles, it is planned to be completed by 2023, said a person close to Rosavtodor. The only repaired road - through Krymsk - has been brought to the normative state, but it is actively used freight transport, says the interlocutor of Vedomosti. Plans for the development of the road network around the Crimean bridge in the Krasnodar Territory will be implemented in full almost simultaneously with the completion of the construction of the Tavrida highway to the Crimea, a representative of the Ministry of Transport promises.

Bridges record holders

Luo Chunxiao / Imagine China / AP

The longest bridge
Danyang-Kunshan viaduct (railway bridge, part of the Beijing-Shanghai high-speed railway)
Country: China
Length: 164.8 km
Opening - June 2011
Cost: $8.5 billion
The construction of the bridge began in 2008. The viaduct is located in Eastern China, between the cities of Nanjing and Shanghai. About 9 km of the bridge is laid over the water. The largest body of water that the bridge crosses is Yangcheng Lake in Suzhou.

ERIC CABANIS/AFP

highest bridge
Viaduct Millau (vehicle bridge)
Length: 2.5 km
Country: France
Opening: December 2004
Cost: 394 million euros (according to Thomson Reuters - $523 million)
The construction of the bridge began in 2001. It is the last link of the route providing high-speed traffic from Paris to the city of Beziers. Max Height(support) is 343 m, which is 19 meters higher than the Eiffel Tower.

The longest combined road and railway bridge in Europe
Øresund bridge (bridge-tunnel)
Country: Sweden, Denmark
Length: 7.8 km
Opening: July 2000
Cost: $3.8 billion
Combined bridge-tunnel, including a double-track railway and a four-lane motorway across the Øresund Strait. It is the longest combined road and railway bridge in Europe, connecting the Danish capital Copenhagen and Swedish city Malmo. The bridge connects to the Drogden Tunnel at bulk island Peberholm. The 4-kilometer tunnel is a connection of 5 pipes: two for trains, two for cars and one for emergencies.

The most expensive bridge in terms of 1 km
Third bridge across the Bosphorus
Country: Turkey
Length: 2.2 km
Opening: August 2016
Cost: $3 billion
The bridge became part of the Northern Marmari ring road under construction with a total length of 257 km. The peculiarity of the bridge is a combined design: part of the canvas is supported by shrouds, part - by shrouds and cables, the middle of the main span is suspended on cables. The bridge is the widest suspension bridge in the world. Car lanes - 4 in each direction (8 in total); in addition, there are two railway tracks.

Alex Brandon / AP

The oldest and longest bridge across the lake
Dam Bridge over Lake Pontchartrain (vehicle bridge)
Country: USA
Length: 38.4 km
Opening: August 1956, May 1969
Cost: $76 million
Considered one of oldest bridges in the world - the idea of ​​its construction arose in the 19th century, but construction began in 1948 and completed in 1956. Before the construction of the Hong Kong-Zhuhai-Macau bridge, it was considered the most long bridge over water in the world. Connects the cities of Mandeville and Metairie in Louisiana. The structure consists of two parallel bridges, the first of which was opened in 1956, the second one was opened in 1969. The bridge is toll-free, since 1956 its price is $2. Annual traffic has increased from 50,000 vehicles in 1956 to 12 million today.

Anastasia Korotkova participated in the preparation of the article

One of the largest construction projects in the history of post-Soviet Russia, the Crimean Bridge, which connected the Taman and Crimea peninsulas, is partially completed. In just over four years, we managed to design and build a building that is unique in many ways, which will become the main transport artery connecting mainland Russia with the Crimea. MIR 24 tells about what this “construction of the century” is in facts and figures.

Fact: The final project of the Crimean bridge was chosen from ten proposed

The route along which the Crimean bridge was laid is called Tuzla, since it passes through the island of Tuzla. He was chosen from ten proposed projects for two reasons. Firstly, there was enough free land on the island to accommodate many infrastructure facilities related to construction support with all conveniences: bases, warehouses, ready-made bridge elements, and so on. Secondly, the Tuzla project made it possible not to disrupt the operation of the ferry crossing between the ports of the Caucasus and the Crimea - and during the construction period it remained the only safe road to the Crimean peninsula.

Figure: the length of the Crimean bridge is 19 km

The bridge became the largest in Russia, overtaking the former leader - the Presidential Bridge in Ulyanovsk (12.97 km) - by almost 7 km.

Fact: The Crimean bridge can survive any earthquake

According to seismologists, serious earthquakes of magnitude over 6 occur in the Crimea once or twice a century. The last such incident on the peninsula was recorded in 1927. More serious earthquakes are also possible, but, as scientists have calculated, no more than once every 5,000 years. At the same time, their magnitude will not exceed 9, and the design of the Crimean bridge is designed to withstand shocks with a magnitude of 9.1.

Figure: 596 pillars hold the Crimean bridge

At the same time, one support is a metal structure weighing about 400 tons, which means that in total 32 eiffel towers! But there are also piles, the number of which is over 7000.

Fact: The first Crimean bridge was built in 1944

Indeed, after the Soviet troops liberated the peninsula, they began to build a bridge, taking as a basis the bridge crossing unfinished by the Germans, work on which was carried out in 1942-43 to supply the German troops in the Caucasus. German sappers managed to build only a functioning cable car, and the Soviets brought the matter to an end, connecting the Taman and Crimean coasts with a full-fledged bridge. It was built in one of the narrowest places in the Kerch Strait - from the Chushka spit on Taman to the village of Opasnaya north of Kerch. This bridge stood until February 20, 1945, when it was destroyed by attackers from the side. Sea of ​​Azov ice fields.

Figure: 123 icebreakers were supposed to protect the first Crimean bridge

In reality, much fewer ice cutters were built, and it was this circumstance that caused the destruction of the bridge.

Fact: The current Crimean bridge was built where the ice fields are thinner and rarer

At the entrance to the Kerch Strait, ice fields coming from the Sea of ​​Azov still retain serious density and thickness. That is why there, when faced with obstacles, they form real traffic jams that pose a serious danger. But far from all the ice reaches the exit from the strait, besides, it has time to crumble and weaken, and such rarefied ice fields no longer pose a danger to the current Crimean bridge.

Figure: 227.92 billion rubles - the total cost of the entire project

This amount was calculated at the beginning of July 2016 by the specialists of FKU Uprdor Taman, the state customer for the construction of the bridge. This amount is almost 380 million rubles less than the project's marginal cost approved before the start of its construction.

Photo: Official website of the Crimean bridge

Fact: The Crimean bridge allows a large bridge to pass under it. sea ​​vessels

This was done in order not to interrupt maritime communication with Russian and Ukrainian ports on the Sea of ​​Azov. It is noteworthy that a similar possibility of passing ships was also provided for by the design of the first Crimean bridge of the 1944 model. There they planned to build a two-span structure with a total length of 110 meters, each of the spans of which turned 90 degrees, passing ships simultaneously in two directions. The current Crimean bridge does not need such a construction: its central arches are of sufficient height and width.

Figure: Length - 227 meters, height - 35 meters

These are the characteristics of the arched spans of the modern Crimean bridge, allowing even large ocean liners

Fact: The Crimean bridge actually consists of two bridges - road and rail

After the reunification of Crimea with Russia, the railway connection with the peninsula through the territory of Ukraine was interrupted for obvious reasons. One month a year they went to the Crimea passenger trains, whose wagons were transported on the Crimea-Caucasus railway ferry, but this was clearly not enough. Therefore, when designing the Crimean bridge, it was immediately provided for the organization of not only automobile, but also railway communication on it. This is implemented due to the fact that in fact the bridge consists of two parallel bridges, one of which has a four-lane freeway, and the other has a two-track one. Railway.

Figure: 38 thousand cars per day - the estimated capacity of the bridge

At the same time, the maximum allowed speed on the bridge will be 120 km / h, that is, it will be possible to pass it in just 10 minutes!

Fact: The road bridge opens a year and a half earlier than the railway

Such a spread in time was included in the plans for the construction of the Crimean bridge from the very beginning. There are several reasons for this, including the high labor intensity of construction railway bridge, and most importantly, access roads to it, as well as the fact that last years the bulk of vacationers arrived on the peninsula by car.

Figure: 24 trains in each direction per day will pass along the Crimean bridge

This number roughly corresponds to total number trains that came and went from the peninsula between 1991 and 2014. However, at that time these were trains coming not only from Russia, but also from Ukraine.

The crossing across the strait is already striking in its dimensions. This is especially true for arched automobile and railway structures. In order to install one or another arch of the Crimean bridge, the dimensions of which are very large, special mechanisms were used - crossings, cranes, sea vessels.

The dimensions of the arches of the Crimean bridge are the same, they differ in weight and width. Otherwise, the designs are identical, which is fully consistent with the project documentation.

Dimensions of the arch of the Kerch bridge: features

The crossing across the strait consists of railway and automobile spans, which will allow two types of transport to be put on the bridge. The width of the automobile arch of the Kerch bridge is 10 meters greater than that of the railway one, but it has less weight. Among technical parameters Both designs are worth noting such as:

• The weight of the automobile arch of the Kerch bridge is 5.5 thousand tons, and the weight of the railway arch is 5.8 thousand tons;
• The length of the arch of the Kerch bridge is 227 meters;
• The height of the arch of the Kerch bridge from the water at the highest point is 45 m;
• The railway arch is assembled from hundreds of elements - pendants, arched vaults, blocks, braces;
• The span of the railway bridge is made as a combination of a span structure with through trusses and arches. The trains will move along the trusses, which are connected to the arch by pendants;
• The width of the arch of the Kerch bridge along the axes is 20 meters (in tightening), and five meters at the highest point;
• The railway arch has special drainage systems, systems for cables, ship alarms, engineering communications monitoring, air navigation, as well as lightning protection and grounding. Additionally installed architectural lighting, blocking system, lighting. Because of this, the weight of the railway arch of the Kerch bridge is greater than that of the automobile one;
• Movement along the car arch will be carried out on a rigid tightening from below.

How much does the arch of the Crimean bridge weigh: materials

In order to raise one and the second arch to the desired height, a special technique was used. The weight of the arch of the Kerch bridge required a phased installation of structures on floating supports, and then a gradual lifting with jacks.

Of no small importance to the weight of these parts of the bridge was the width, the materials used for the manufacture of the span, the length of the arch of the Crimean bridge. The spans were assembled from metal structures, which were manufactured at the factories of Belarus and Russia. The final assembly took place already on the observation deck.

The height of the arch of the Kerch bridge in the bridge part reaches 35 m. Such dimensions of the gigantic structure required the use of a special system of ropes made of metal wire.

Given that the weight of the arch of the Crimean bridge is very large, it was necessary to build special floating supports, on board of which there were diesel-hydraulic stations. She supplied electricity to the ballast pumps to fill the ballast compartments.

The greatest difficulty was caused by the raising of the railway arch. Such a weight of the railway arch of the Crimean bridge required the use of special ships, boats, equipment and the involvement a large number specialists in various fields.