Transport complex of the Crimea. Crimea needs diversification of transport links

At the Third Crimean Transport Forum in June current year representatives of the federal and regional transport departments noted significant results in the development of the transport complex of the Crimean federal district(KFO) as a whole. At the same time, a significant increase in the volume of traffic by all modes of transport was achieved due to an increase in the capacity of the Kerch ferry crossing. Since the beginning of the year, the increase in passenger traffic through Kerch Strait amounted to 30%, the number of transported cars increased by 34%, trucks - by 65%.

According to the Federal Target Program "Social and Economic Development of the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol until 2020" (FTP), the development of the transport complex is focused primarily on establishing a reliable transport connection between the peninsula and the mainland of the Russian Federation by reformatting existing transport corridors. The FTP notes that the implementation of program measures should ensure stable ties with settlements and the most important objects of the economy of the peninsula, as well as concentrate the direction of the external passenger and cargo flows of the peninsula mainly to the Russian Federation.

Completion of construction Kerch bridge will significantly increase the volume of traffic between the Crimea and the mainland of Russia due to non-reloading road and rail communications, but at the same time there will be questions about the prospects for using the freed capacity of the Crimean seaports (branches of the SUE RK "Crimean Seaports"), which are already used by only a quarter their possibilities. According to the Ministry of Transport of Russia, the seaports of Crimea in 2015 handled 9.6 million tons of cargo, of which 7.8 million tons accounted for the port of Kerch. At the same time, the share of ferry traffic exceeds 50% of the total cargo turnover of the seaports of the peninsula.

Now maritime transport (excluding ferries) is mainly used on domestic lines with ports Krasnodar Territory for the delivery of inert building materials to the peninsula, which are unprofitable to transport by road. High value-added goods, primarily consumer goods of daily demand, are imported mainly by road through the ferry crossing. Due to the difficult transport accessibility, the tariffs for road freight transportation to Crimea are significantly higher than the average for Russia. For example, the delivery of certain goods by van from Rostov to Moscow may cost less than from Rostov to Simferopol, which is much closer.

According to experts of the Crimean Chamber of Commerce and Industry, the high logistical costs of local businesses lead to a significant increase in the final cost of goods on the peninsula. According to the Crimean government, retail prices for certain goods from the consumer basket are more than a third higher than the prices for their counterparts in the Krasnodar Territory. At the same time, the allocation of state subsidies for road transportation to Crimea will not solve the problem of high costs for supplying the peninsula with necessary goods without organizing additional supply channels.

The mass nature of non-reloading trucking via ferry is associated with the lack of a modern logistics infrastructure on the peninsula that can ensure the concentration of commodity traffic for economical delivery in large quantities, including by sea. The opening of the bridge without creating a system of large terminal and distribution centers on the peninsula, which provide integrated management of regional logistics, will only increase the load and increase the wear and tear of Crimean roads, lead to a decrease in speed and traffic safety, and other negative consequences excess traffic. In this regard, it is necessary to ensure the advanced development of the terminal and logistics infrastructure, focused on the rational redistribution of regional and transit cargo flows between different modes of transport, taking into account the efficiency of existing and prospective international trade routes.

Ensuring the food security of the peninsula is to a certain extent connected with the development of foreign trade activities of enterprises of the KFD. According to the Crimean customs of the Federal Customs Service of the Russian Federation, the largest share (over 36%) in the commodity structure of exports and imports of the CFD falls on food products and agricultural raw materials. Moreover, since the beginning of this year, the share of these goods in the overall structure compared to the same period in 2015 has increased by almost 1.5 times, and the share of textiles, textiles and footwear has increased by almost 5 times and exceeded 10%. The main foreign trade partners of the enterprises of the region are the countries far abroad, which account for more than 60% of the total value of trade. At the same time, significant growth rates of foreign trade of the CFD fall on the countries South-East Asia, India, Iran and China. World practice shows that the transportation of foreign trade goods is carried out mainly using sea transport. The Crimean peninsula occupies an advantageous economic and geographical position, has access to the Black and Azov Seas. The presence of large commercial seaports in Kerch, Feodosiya, Yalta, Sevastopol, Yevpatoria makes it possible to provide foreign trade relations with many foreign countries. However, the infrastructure of these ports requires modernization.

It should be noted that the Crimean supply scheme is mainly through Taman Peninsula is not universal, not only because it does not ensure the delivery of goods along the shortest directions of transport links and does not contribute to the expansion of foreign trade contacts between the enterprises of the peninsula. It admits the risks of unforeseen disruptions in traffic through the Kerch Strait, as well as through the territory of the Krasnodar Territory, automobile and railroads which are already operating at the capacity limit.

Therefore, in order to diversify transport communications, it is expedient for the peninsula to develop maritime communications, and not only coastal ones. To date, the Crimean transport complex has been excluded from the system of international sea corridors, due to the restriction of transit through Ukraine. However, with the transformation of anti-Russian sentiments in the EU countries and the gradual settlement of the armed conflict in the east of Ukraine within the framework of the Minsk agreements, one should not exclude the resumption of land communications between the peninsula and the mainland and, as a result, an increase in transit traffic through the Crimean seaports to the eastern and central regions of Ukraine, Belarus and Baltic countries. Therefore, the strategic interests of the development of the Crimea should include the organization of maritime communications of the peninsula with all countries of the Black Sea basin.

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In 2013, passenger traffic in Crimea exceeded 390 million people, including 21.9 million people. transported by rail, about 200 million people. transported by trolleybus routes (the longest in the world operates in the Crimea trolleybus route Yalta-Simferopol), as well as about 147 million people. by car.

The accession of Crimea to Russia and the possible introduction by the Ukrainian government of restrictions on the supply of goods to the peninsula will require a complete reformatting of the Crimean transport system. Now Crimea annually receives about 3.5-4 million tons of cargo from Ukraine, among them a significant part of non-food consumer goods, machinery and equipment, etc. The introduction by the Ukrainian government of restrictions on trade with Crimea may lead to a sharp reduction in supplies, the center of transport activity will shift from the north of the peninsula (the main flow fell on the Dnieper railway and highways) to seaports and the Kerch-Caucasus ferry crossing (and in the future - to Kerch bridge).

The ferry crossing, established back in 1954, now plays an important role in ensuring the transport accessibility of the peninsula; is already working with a load significantly exceeding the design one. In 2013, the crossing served 815 thousand people, 133 thousand cars and 47 thousand trucks.

At the same time, the passport capacity of the Russian port of the Caucasus is only 262 thousand people. per year and 10 vessel calls per day (10 vessel calls during the peak load period). The current Federal Target Program “State Border of the Russian Federation” provides for the reconstruction of the Kavkaz checkpoint, but even in the event of reconstruction, its capacity is unlikely to exceed 1.2 million people. and 0.5 million tons of cargo per year.

It is likely that in the coming years, the main burden of supplying the Crimea will fall on the ports of the peninsula. They, in the event of the suspension of the railway communication of Crimea with, will have to accept a significant part Crimean tourists. Now there are 5 trading ports in Crimea, the Kerch fishing port, as well as the Avlita sea terminal in Sevastopol (it transships mainly metal products and grain). Crimean ports potentially have sufficient capacity to ensure the import of goods from Russia, but the question of their loading in the coming years is open. In 2013, about 15.6 million tons of cargo were handled through the ports of Crimea, including 4.1 million tons of transit cargo (transshipment mainly in the ports of Kerch and Feodosiya) and more than 11 million tons of export cargo of Ukrainian companies (mainly metals and products from them, grain, as well as products of the chemical industry). Thus, in 2013, Avlita, the Sevastopol sea terminal controlled by R. Akhmetov's SCM Group, the largest in terms of cargo turnover, handled 4.3 million tons, of which 2.9 million tons accounted for the metal products of SCM Group enterprises.

The loading of the Kerch Commercial Sea Port, which handled 2.8 million tons of cargo in 2013 (a 2-fold decrease compared to 2012 levels), was ensured mainly due to the transshipment of transit cargo - oil products (1.9 million tons) and coal (0 .4 million tons). The volumes of transshipment of export cargoes (oil products, metal products) are relatively small (0.3 million tons).

The volumes of cargo transshipment in the port of Evpatoria in 2013 slightly increased (+7.6% yoy). The port's capacity is 2 million tons, the port has a ferry complex that accepts RO-RO vessels and handles about 10 thousand heavy trucks per year. The advantages of the complex are year-round navigation, but the port's capacities are badly worn out, the passenger complex has an extremely low load (annual transportation is 40-60 thousand people against 2.8 million people in Soviet times).

Yalta Marine Trading port in 2013 was loaded at less than 10% of the design capacity (2.0 million tons per year), one of the reasons for the low load is the remoteness from railway infrastructure, which reduces the competitive position of the port. The port was controlled by the structures of A. Yanukovych (the eldest son of the President of Ukraine V. Yanukovych). The largest in terms of capacity is the state commercial sea port of Feodosia (nationalized by the Republic of Crimea in March 2014) - 11 million tons per year, but in fact the port's capacity is used by less than 20%. The main cargo flow is provided by oil and bulk cargoes.

In the event of a blockade by Ukraine, Crimean ports may lose up to 75% of all cargo handling, and a deep restructuring of the industry will be required. The situation can be improved by railway bridge Kavkaz-Crimea (redirection of part of the cargo flow from the ports of the Novorossiysk hub to Crimea), but this, in all likelihood, will not happen before 2017-2018. Therefore, large-scale investments in the expansion of port facilities in the coming years can hardly be considered appropriate. As an exception, we can mention the arrangement of a yacht marina in Yalta (now there are no yacht marinas in Crimea that correspond to international standards), estimated at 5 billion rubles. The modernization of the commercial ports of the peninsula in the coming years will require 3-5 billion rubles annually.

Major investment in development transport infrastructure peninsulas should be directed to the construction of the Kerch bridge, the reconstruction of roads and the Simferopol airport.

The Russian government has already announced that the design and construction of the Kerch bridge will be accelerated, although even in this case, construction will take at least 3-4 years (the bridge will be put into operation no earlier than 2018). In Russia, some experience has recently been gained in designing the construction of large bridge crossings, in particular, in 2013 a bridge was introduced on about. Russian in Vladivostok, now at various stages of implementation are projects for the construction of bridges across the Volga (a comparable water barrier) in Nizhny Novgorod, Tolyatti, Saratov. However, one can only take these projects as a starting point with great caution - the new bridge will provide both road and rail links, and its spans will be 60 meters high (to ensure the passage of ships through the Kerch Strait). Now the cost of the bridge is estimated in the range of 50-100 billion rubles, however, given the complexity of the project and the need for accelerated construction, it can be expected that the final cost of construction will be closer to the upper limit.

Significant investment is required in car roads Crimea (especially considering the reshaping of incoming flows from the north to the east of the peninsula). IN last years the volume of road construction was more than modest - in 2013, the budget of the Republic of Crimea provided 2.4 billion rubles for the reconstruction, repair and maintenance of roads, but actual funding amounted to only 1.0 billion rubles. At the expense of these funds, a major overhaul of 5.6 km was carried out. and current repairs 43.9 km. public roads. In 2014, it was planned to reduce the cost of maintaining and repairing roads to 0.4 billion rubles. After Crimea became part of Russia, Rosavtodor announced the allocation of 1.2 billion rubles. for the repair and maintenance of the highways of the peninsula. According to the Government of Crimea, in 2013 potholes were completely eliminated on the roads of the peninsula, by 1.0 thousand km. pavement was applied. However, given the insignificant amount of major repairs of roads, it is likely that in the coming years it will be necessary to increase funding for this item to 3-4 billion rubles. In addition, changing traffic flows (increasing the role of the Kerch junction and Sevastopol) will require the construction of the Kerch-Simferopol-Sevastopol high-speed road. The length of the road will be 290 km. (Kerch-Simferopol -211 km., Simferopol-Sevastopol - 78 km.). According to Rosavtodor, the average cost of 1 sq. m. of the Don highway on the section km 933 - km 1024 ( Rostov region) is 4.55 thousand rubles. Thus, the cost of the Kerch-Simferopol-Sevastopol road may amount to 20 billion rubles. (4 lanes, lane width is 3.75 m.).

The development of the Simferopol airport is also a separate issue. In 2013, the airport's passenger turnover amounted to 1.2 million people, of which 72% were international flights (mainly to Russia). In 2013, investments in the renewal of fixed assets amounted to only 75 million rubles. In the coming years, the load on the airport may increase significantly due to the reorientation of a significant part of the tourist flow (in 2013, 68% of tourists who arrived in Crimea used rail transport, but there is a possibility of blocking the railway communication between Crimea and Ukraine), which will require increased investment in its development .

As a rough guideline in assessing the cost of the reconstruction of the Simferopol airport, you can use the data of "Basel-Aero" on the volume of capital investments in the reconstruction of the Sochi airport - about 14 billion rubles.

This estimate is also correct for the Simferopol airport, because now it is planned to significantly increase air transportation. The total investment, depending on the scale of the reconstruction of the airport complex, may amount to 12-16 billion rubles. Thus, the total investment in road construction in the period up to 2020 will amount to 130-140 billion rubles, the peak of investments will be in 2015-2017, when annual capital investments will reach 40 billion rubles.

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Vershitsky A.V. 1 , Salabutin A.V. 2

1 ORCID: 0000-0002-9628-070X, Associate Professor, Candidate of Economic Sciences, 2 ORCID: 0000-0003-1830-2958, Student of the Department of State and Municipal Administration, Institute of Economics and Management (structural division) of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "Crimean Federal University named after V. I. Vernadsky"

DIRECTIONS OF MODERNIZATION OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

annotation

The article deals with topical issues related to transport provision and tourist information environment in the Republic of Crimea. As a result of the analysis and study of the factors of tourism development, the main methods for solving problems have been developed, and the main advantages of the innovation are also reflected. The necessity of modernization of the transport system, the use of information and communication technologies that contribute to the development of internal and inbound tourism, which affects the economy of the state and the development of the region.

Keywords: tourism, transport support, Republic of Crimea, tourist region, intelligent transport system, information and communication technologies.

Vershitskiy A.V. 1, Salabutin A.V. 2

1 ORCID: 0000-0002-9628-070X, Associate professor, PhD in Economics, 2 ORCID: 0000-0003-1830-2958, Student of department of the public and municipal administration, Institute of Economics and Management of the Federal State Autonomous Educational Institution of Higher Education "V.I. Vernadsky Сrimean Federal University"

MODERNIZATION DIRECTIONS OF TRANSPORT SYSTEM IN THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

Abstract

The article considers urgent issues related to the transport service and tourist information environment in the Republic of Crimea. As a result of analysis and studying the tourism development factors the basic methods of problem solving are worked out, as well as reflects the main advantages of the innovation are presented. The necessity to modernize the transport system as well as the use of information and communication technology to promote the development of domestic tourism, which affects the economy of the state and development of the region are justified.

keywords: tourism, transportation services, Republic of Crimea, tourist region, intellectual transport systems, information and communication technologies.

Tourism has a direct impact on the economy of states and the development of regions, is an important source of cash receipts, increases employment, improves infrastructure, affects business activity, increases income and improves the welfare of citizens. The development of tourism and transport is a mutually dependent process in which transport provision is the most important element of the tourist infrastructure and is included in the main range of services, including tourist transportation, transfer, maintenance of program events.

The Russian Federation has a high tourism potential which includes the uniqueness of original natural complexes, a rich cultural and historical past, a variety of natural, climatic, tourist and resort areas. According to the data of the Russian border service, there is a positive trend in the increase in the number of foreign tourists in the first half of 2016 by 10% compared to the same period in 2015. However, the share of tourism in the structure of Russian GDP is still low: 1.5%, with an average global value of 10%.

As a result, there is a need to modernize domestic tourism. Special attention it is worth paying attention to the problems of tourism development in a new, promising subject of the Russian Federation - the Republic of Crimea, which became part of Russia in 2014 and is one of the five most popular tourist regions of the country. According to the Federal Target Program "Social and Economic Development of the Republic of Crimea and the City of Sevastopol until 2020", there are urgent problems in Crimea that need practical solutions, which include an insufficiently comfortable tourist information environment, as well as the lack of modern motor transport.

The purpose of the study is to identify the main methods for solving urgent problems related to the provision and provision of tourist transport services.

The formation of a new subject of the Russian Federation and the change in the legal status of the Republic of Crimea directly affected the state of the tourism sector of the region, focused on the development of domestic and inbound tourism, which is facilitated by an increase in tourist flow: the number of tourists visiting the regions in 2016 amounted to 5.57 million tourists, which is 21, 2% above the level of 2015 . The youngest and most active developing species transport is air, demonstrating significant potential. An increase in the tourist flow is observed at the Simferopol airport, which will continue to demonstrate exclusively positive dynamics (Fig. 1).

After the reconstruction of the airport in Simferopol, it will be able to receive 6.5 million passengers a year, with the possibility of increasing this figure to 10 million people. The increase in the number of parking spaces and two-lane roads in front of the terminals, the purchase of new equipment, as well as special equipment for airport services, will significantly increase the level of comfort for tourists. In connection with the emerging trend towards an increase in the use of air transport, there are significant problems regarding the provision of cars transport services.

Rice. 1 - The number of tourists who arrived by air at the airport of Simferopol

Tourists arriving at the airport of Simferopol are provided with transport services for moving along off-road tracks in the form of temporary rental of a private vehicle, transfer, use public transport. The lack of proper modern regular transport - buses providing transportation specifically for tourists in the Republic of Crimea has a negative impact on the development of tourism. According to background information on the development of the tourism industry in the Republic of Crimea in 2016, among the reasons for choosing a holiday in Crimea, the quality of service is in last place, in which transport services also play a significant role.

2016 has been declared the year of ecology in the Russian Federation, and therefore the transition of the transport sector to new environmentally friendly technologies is also relevant, due to the fact that Crimea is currently a “gasoline region”. Up to 80% of sales at gas stations are accounted for by motor gasoline. Therefore, buses must comply with modern Euro-5 environmental standards that regulate the content of harmful substances in exhaust gases. It is possible to use hybrid vehicles that can reduce fuel consumption, as well as electric buses, such as LiAZ-5292 buses, which are the most environmentally friendly. safe buses in Russia.

Modern vehicles designed to transport tourists should be environmentally friendly, have increased comfort and safety, be equipped with innovative technologies, and use intelligent transport systems (ITS). Intelligent transport systems are a system integration of modern information and communication technologies and automation tools with transport infrastructure, vehicles and users, aimed at improving the safety and efficiency of the transport process, comfort for drivers and transport users. World experience demonstrates the targeted promotion of ITS as a method of implementing transport policy since the 80s in Europe and the USA.

The creation of intelligent vehicles is based on the modernization of existing transport systems, the formation of a unified information exchange system, the standardization of the means used, communication and management procedures. Vehicles equipped with innovative technologies contribute to increased safety, provide the ability to control and regulate traffic flows in real time. ITS are already being used in the regions of the Russian Federation (introduced in 60 regions, more than 240 cities of Russia) in order to improve the efficiency of the transport complex. The introduction of new ITS in Crimea will ensure the safety of tourist traffic, create a single tourist transport network.

In order to be able to distribute the tourist flow heading to the tourist cities of Crimea, it is necessary to indicate the city to which the tourist is heading upon arrival in Crimea when placing an order for the purchase of an air ticket. Analysis and synchronization of the received information minimizes financial losses due to the incompleteness of the vehicle, and will also help optimize the schedule of new buses.

The development of transport is one of the priority tasks in the Republic of Crimea, which cannot be solved without modern and high-quality equipment. And as practice shows, we have such equipment, and not only foreign, but domestic production. Buses should be environmentally friendly and modern, which will contribute to solving the problem associated with the lack of modern transport facilities intended for tourists.

Insufficiently comfortable tourist information environment is expressed in the lack and fragmentation of information resources about the region's tourism programs, as well as the impossibility of pre-booking and buying tickets via the Internet. The low level of information support hinders the development of inbound and domestic tourism in the Republic of Crimea. It is possible to inform tourists about tourist programs, sights, and resorts of Crimea within the framework of tourist transport support. Modern buses will meet tourist needs in the quality of the services provided and provide:

Showing films about picturesque places, legends, history of Crimea;
Showing videos or slide shows of tourist programs of the regions;
Announcement of the current and next stop;
Display of time, air temperature, running line, urgent information on the screen;
Sounding and provision of information is carried out in Russian and English.

The high activity of Internet users and the widespread use of the Internet demonstrates the need to provide the possibility of pre-booking and buying tickets via the Internet, by introducing this function in terminals, as well as on the websites of institutions and through a mobile application.

Due to the presence of the Russian GLONASS satellite system in modern buses, it will be possible to implement an additional tourist service by creating mobile application, which will allow monitoring of tourist transport going to the most common tourist cities and back, using a mobile device with Internet access. The application will allow you to track the movement, route, location and schedule of tourist transport in real time, provide the ability to plan time by building a travel schedule with notification of the arrival and departure time of the vehicle. The availability of complete, reliable and up-to-date information contributes to an increase in the pace of tourism development.

The resort tax, which is planned to be introduced in the Republic of Crimea, can become a source of financing and implementation of the project.

By implementing the above methods to solve problems, by modernizing transport support and creating a comfortable tourist information environment, it is possible to make the transition of the Crimea to a new level in the development of tourism. The positive dynamics of the tourist flow in the republic, in particular at the airport of Simferopol, contributes to an increase in the share of tourism in the structure of GRP, as well as the state's GDP, which proves the importance of the topic under study and the priority of solving socio-economic problems that hinder the development of the tourism industry.

The Republic of Crimea has all the necessary, as well as unique tourist resources, but the low level of transport provision hinders the realization of the region's potential. That is why the development of transport is an important task of the Republic of Crimea, which cannot be solved without modern and high-quality equipment. The introduction of innovative technologies makes it possible to use eco-friendly buses with increased comfort and safety.

Modern buses that organize transportation exclusively for tourists in cooperation with information and communication technologies can not only solve existing problems, but also become calling card Crimea, which will directly affect the development of tourism.

References / References

Dobrodomova T. N. Evaluation of the development of the tourist services market in Russia / T. N. Dobrodomova, Yu. V. Kelioglu // Actual problems of the economy in the conditions of reforming modern society. - 2016. - S. 423-427.
National tourist rating 2016 [Electronic resource] - URL: http://rustur.ru/nacionalnyj-turisticheskij-rejting (date of access: 17.02.17).
Reference information on the number of tourists who visited the Republic of Crimea in 2016 [Electronic resource] - URL: http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/file/spravochnaya_informatsiya_13012017.pdf (date of access: 17.02.17).
On the development of the tourism industry of the Republic of Crimea in 2016 [Electronic resource] - URL: http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/file/o_razvitii_turistskoy_otrasli_respubliki_krim_v_2016_godu_1.pdf (date of access: 17.02.17).
Kozlov LN On conceptual approaches to the formation and development of ITS in Russia / LN Kozlov, BE Tsiklis, Yu. M. Urlichich // T–Comm: Telecommunications and transport. - 2009. - No. 6. - P. 8–14.

References in English / References in English

Dobrodomova T. N. Ocenka razvitija rynka turistskih uslug v Rossii / T. N. Dobrodomova, Ju. V. Kelioglu // Aktual'nye problemy jekonomiki v uslovijah reformirovanija sovremennogo obshhestva. – 2016. P. 423–427.
Nacional'nyj turisticheskij rejting 2016 - URL: http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/file/spravochnaya_informatsiya_13012017.pdf (accessed: 17.02.17).
Spravochnaja informacija o kolichestve turistov, posetivshih Respubliku Krym za 2016 god – URL: http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/file/spravochnaya_informatsiya_13012017.pdf (accessed: 17.02.17).
O razvitii turistskoj otrasli Respubliki Krym v 2016 year – URL: http://mtur.rk.gov.ru/file/o_razvitii_turistskoy_otrasli_respubliki_krim_v_2016_godu_1.pdf (accessed: 17.02.17).
Kozlov L. N. O konceptual’nyh podhodah formirovanija i razvitija ITS v Rossii / L. N. Kozlov, B. E. Ciklis, Ju. M. Urlichich // T-Comm: Telekommunikacii i transport. - 2009. - No. 6. - P. 8–14.

The transport system, being the circulatory system of the peninsula, makes a significant contribution to the development of the peninsula. In Crimea, there are all types of transport except for river transport. The change in the legal status of Crimea had the greatest impact on the transport and logistics of the region. Previously, the vast majority of deliveries were made from the mainland of Ukraine. At the moment, deliveries from this direction are carried out, but their volume has fallen significantly. Given the current situation in the Crimea, it is necessary to form new ways of supplying materials and logistics centers. Given the different specifics of goods (perishable, bulky, explosive, etc.), a competent approach to the restructuring of the transport sector is needed. The issue of ensuring proper passenger flow to the Crimea during holiday season in Crimea.

PERSPECTIVE DIRECTIONS:

Automobile transport;
Sea transport;
Air transport;
Logistics;

PROBLEMS OF THE TRANSPORT SYSTEM:

Obsolete vehicles;
Difficulties with the availability of effective channels for cargo turnover and passenger traffic with the regions of the Russian Federation;
Complication of the export-import activities of the peninsula in connection with the partial recognition of the Crimea as a subject of Russia;

ADVANTAGES OF TRANSPORT DEVELOPMENT IN CRIMEA:

Departure of a number of large companies from the Crimea;
Decrease in fuel prices (gasoline, diesel fuel, gas, kerosene);
Preferential tax policy in Crimea;
development of the ferry service;
Development of air transport with preferential prices for passengers;
Development of cruise transport;
The need to organize new logistics channels for the supply of goods to and from Crimea;

ERA CRIMEA forms a working group for the development of the transport system and logistics in the Crimea.

About the industry:

Favorable geographical location, specificity territorial organization economy, natural conditions contributed to the development in the Crimea of sea, rail, road and pipeline modes of transport, which constitute a single interconnected and complementary system.

Transport and communication is the most important sector of the economy, which is of strategic and priority importance for the development of the region. This type of economic activity is one of the most important factors and integration processes leading to the activation international relations and meeting both external and internal economic interests of Ukraine.

Transport and communications in the Republic of Crimea take the second place after industry (15.7%) in the formation of the Gross Regional Product. In the activities of the transport complex of the Republic of Crimea in recent years, there have been positive changes, namely, an increase in the volume of cargo transportation, the development of passenger transportation, etc. A change in the legal status of Crimea will naturally entail the development of new traffic flows, as well as the development sea view transport.

Along with this, there are factors hindering the development of transport, which include: insufficient investment in the industry (12.1% of the total investment of the Republic of Crimea); significant depreciation of fixed assets for all types of transport, obsolete production base, in particular rolling stock (60% depreciation), non-compliance of their technical level with regulatory requirements. Of the 43 investment projects operating in the territories of priority development and the FEZ "Port-Crimea", 7 are aimed at the development of transport infrastructure (development of auxiliary transport services) with a planned investment of 14.2 million dollars. USA (including Alushta - 0.8 million, Kerch - 7.4 million, Sudak - 6.0 million), or 6.8% of the total investment in the TPR and SEZ of the republic.

In the existing transport system Republic of Crimea rail transport occupies one of the leading places. The basis of the railway network is Sevastopol-Simferopol, Sevastopol-Simferopol-Kyiv, Izmail-Odessa-Nikolaev-Kherson-Dzhankoy-Kerch. To date, the Krasnodar-Kerch-Simferopol-Dzhankoy branch has also begun to actively develop. The main railway junctions are Simferopol and Dzhankoy.

There are 70 line stations and sidings in the railway transport system. The total length of railway tracks, taking into account station, access and special tracks within the borders of the Republic of Crimea, is 1.35 thousand km, including the length of operational tracks 0.64 thousand km.

Railway transport, which accounts for more than 24% of the total volume of cargo transportation (second place after road transport), transported 6.8 million tons of cargo. The peculiarities of the natural resource potential of the peninsula determined the predominance of building materials (natural stone, gypsum, lime), soda, etc. in the transportation by rail, and in order to provide the population and the economic complex of the republic, the transportation of oil, oil products, ferrous metals, etc. is significant.

The republic has a passive transport balance of rail transportation, i.e. the arrival of goods exceeds their departure. In terms of the volume of passengers transported, rail transport is inferior to road and electric transport, and it accounts for 10.2% of the total number of passengers in the Republic of Crimea (about 23 million people).

The largest volume of passenger traffic is carried out by stations Simferopol - 37.3%, Dzhankoy - 15.4%, Evpatoria - 13.0%, Feodosia - 4.5%, etc.

Automobile transport. The length of the network of public roads in the republic is 6.2 thousand km; network density - 243 km/thous. km2, which is below the average for Ukraine (273 km/thousand km2). The highest density of roads is in the area of Yalta (950.4 km/thousand km2) and Alushta (402.2 km/thousand km2), the lowest in Belogorsky (180.5 km/thousand km2) and Leninsky (164 .9 km/thousand km2) areas.

Highways of national importance pass through the territory of Crimea: Simferopol-Feodosiya-Kerch, Simferopol-Yalta-Sevastopol, Kherson-Krasnoperekopsk-Sevastopol and others. 1 million tons), the first place among all modes of transport.

The largest number of cargoes was transported by auto enterprises of Simferopol (28%), Yalta (7%) and Saki region (12%). By number of passengers carried automobile transport occupies a leading position - 119 million passengers (or 53.7%), including the services of business entities (individuals and legal entities) used by about 70 million passengers. The main volume of transported passengers falls on the enterprises of the cities of Simferopol and Kerch - 64.0% (among them: VAT "Simferopol ATP-14329", ATP-39359, VAT "Kerch ATO 14364", etc.)

Electric transport. The only interurban trolleybus line in Ukraine, Simferopol-Yalta, operates in Crimea (the Krymtrolleybus electric transport enterprise. By the number of passengers transported, this type of transport ranks second after automobile (35.6%)

Pipeline transport- the only mode of transport for the transportation of significant volumes of gas in the Republic of Crimea (the main gas pipeline Center-Crimea). The operational length of the pipelines is 1174.5 km; the volume of transported gas in 2004 amounted to 1407.0 thousand tons (5.0% of the total volume of cargo transportation). The main enterprises of pipeline transport include the Feodosiya Linear Production Department of Main Gas Pipelines (Feodosia), the State Joint-Stock Company Chernomorneftegaz (Simferopol), and others.

Maritime transport plays a significant role in the formation of foreign economic relations of the Republic of Crimea and is a mode of transport that has a currency resource. There are four commercial seaports on the territory of the republic - Evpatoria, Kerch, Feodosia, Yalta.

Ports connect the region with the southern regions of Ukraine, the Krasnodar Territory of Russia, Georgia, through the Volga-Don shipping canal - with the Caspian, White, Baltic seas, with the countries of the Black Sea basin, and through the Bosporus, Dardanelles and Gibraltar straits - with almost all countries of the world. All ports have limited depths on transit and approach channels.

Feodosia commercial seaport ranks first in the Crimea in terms of transshipment of oil and oil products (up to 4-5 million tons per year). The territory of the port is 13.4 hectares. There are two cargo areas in the port: one is intended for transshipment of dry cargoes, the other – for oil and oil products. The port has extensive network railway lines, eleven berths, of which two carry out passenger transportation.

The design capacity of the port allows to process 6.5 million tons of cargo per year, of which dry - up to 1 million tons. Now the port handles 400,000 tons of cargo every month. The structure of port cargo is as follows: metal products, lumber, grain, fertilizers, cement, scrap metal.

Kerch Commercial Seaport The port's capacities allow handling 2.5 million tons of cargo per year. The port operates transshipment container complexes, eight covered warehouses with a capacity of up to 8.3 thousand tons of cargo, open warehouses with a total area of about 140 thousand m2, seven berths with a total length of 1224 m.

Access railway tracks allow handling cargo along the front and in the rear of the berths. The port's cargo structure is metal products, equipment, ferroalloys, cast iron, scrap metal, pellets, containers, wheeled vehicles, bulk grain. Along with the commercial seaport, the city of Kerch hosts the Sea Fishing Port and the state shipping company "Kerch Ferry", which carries out automobile and passenger transportation in the direction of Crimea-Kuban.

Evpatoria sea trade port

The territory of the Yevpatoriya Sea Trade Port is 6.6 hectares, and the cargo area, which is located in Donuzlav, is 1.9 hectares. The total length of the berthing line is about 939 m, passenger berths - 438 m. The cargo-passenger complex accepts auto-ferry and passenger ships. Currently, the demand for such transportation is low and amounts to about 70 thousand passengers per year.

In the cargo area of Donuzlav, sand is reloaded, which is mined in Donuzlovsky Lake. The port's capacities allow processing 800 thousand tons of cargo per year. The main cargo is sand (75%), which is mined in Donuzlav, as well as transportation of cars (23%) and others (2%). There is no railway line to the port, the nearest railroad station located 4 km from the port.

Yalta Sea Trade Port- this is the cruise gate of the Crimea.

The port is a member of the International Association of Cruise Ports mediterranean sea"Medcruise" and specializes in servicing foreign cruise ships. In addition, the port transports passengers between settlements on the southern coast of Crimea and transships cargo.

The Yalta Commercial Sea Port includes: a passenger area, which is located in the city center (with a berthing line - 1230 m); cargo area in Massandra (with a berthing line - 850m); port points and berths of the Yalta port, which serve to carry out sightseeing passenger transportation, mainly in summer season and are located in Foros, Simeiz, Alupka, Miskhor, Livadia, Gurzuf, Alushta, Malorechansky, Sudak, etc. The transshipment complex in the cargo area of the port in Massandra processed about 218 thousand tons of construction cargo. The port's fleet can carry up to 1.5 million passengers per year, but the actual annual volume of traffic has decreased to 0.4 million people. In 2004, out of the total volume of sea cargo transportation in Ukraine (9 million tons), the ports of the Republic of Crimea accounted for about 9% (excluding the Sevastopol ICC) or about 800 thousand tons of cargo.

Out of the total cargo turnover of the sea trade ports of Ukraine (111.5 million tons), the ports of the Republic of Crimea account for more than 13%, or about 9.5 million tons (of which: Feodosia Commercial Sea Port - 5.3 million tons, or 55 8% of the total cargo turnover of the ports of the Republic of Crimea Kerch - 2.6 million tons or 27.4% Evpatoria - 1.3 million tons or 13.7% Yalta - 0.3 million tons or 3.1 %).

The volume of passengers transported by sea is insignificant and amounted to 1.2 million passengers in 2004. (0.5% in the total number of passengers transported by transport of the Republic of Crimea).

The maximum indicator in terms of passenger traffic falls on the “peak” of the holiday season (about 86%)

Air transport represented by the state international airport Simferopol, which receives and departs passenger and cargo aircraft and helicopters, the utility company Kerch Airport, which performs international passenger and cargo air transportation, Veteran Airlines LLC (the Dzhankoy airfield performs cargo transportation), Crimean State Aviation Enterprise "Universal-Avia", serving local airlines.

Air transport does not significantly affect the total volume of cargo and passenger transportation in Crimea. For 2009 air transport 11.9 thousand tons were transported. cargo, respectively, 0.02% in the total volume of cargo transportation of the Republic of Crimea. At the moment Simferopol airport began to carry out a number of passenger flights with the regions of the Russian Federation (Moscow, St. Petersburg, Murmansk, Kaluga, Belgorod, etc. For the development of air transport, preferential prices for the use of air transport have been established.

In the future, it is planned to develop the Crimea as a transport and communication system, including the construction of new highways, railways, the expansion and construction of new ports with a developed port and storage facilities, the construction of oil terminals for pumping oil and oil pipelines.

Further development of the industry is associated with the need for significant investment in the development of innovative solutions, which will ensure the introduction of intensive and resource-saving technologies, the development of the base of informatics and information technologies, the modernization of rolling stock and infrastructure international transport, the creation of a new information infrastructure - a telecommunications network, the development of a communication network based on fiber-optic engineering communications.

Considering that communication is one of the industries favorable for investment and innovation processes, the conceptual basis for its development is the focus on attracting investors who own modern information technologies and investments.

A matter of technology

Events began to develop at an incredibly fast pace. The Avtodor Group of Companies created a subsidiary of OAO Transport Crossing the Kerch Strait for the construction of the bridge. In the shortest possible time, a competition was held, the results for the design and preparation of a feasibility study for construction. Applications were closed on March 25th. And two days later, the winner became known - JSC "Institute for Research and Design of Bridge Crossings" Giprotransmost ", the structure of the well-known businessman Arkady Rotenberg. The competition committee considered 39 technologies proposed by the institute to be innovative.

“Now all options should be analyzed: both a combined railway and road bridge, and separate bridges - all this should be worked out,” Dmitry Medvedev said at a government meeting. - We will decide on this issue in the very near future based on the results of survey work. At the same time, measures will be taken to form a project for the development of the Kerch port. It will become one of the key Black Sea ports of Russia.”

The cost of design and feasibility studies is 380 million rubles. The cost of the bridge is not yet known, since there is no exact design and survey. Previously, the amount was from 1.5 to 3 billion dollars. More expensive than the highest cable-stayed bridge in the world on Russky Island (less than $1 billion at current prices).

“Ever since Soviet times, there has been a discussion: what is more expedient - to build a bridge or lay a tunnel,” Mikhail Blinkin, director of the Institute for Transport Economics and Transport Policy at the National Research University Higher School of Economics, told Expert Online. – The tunnel is safer, but more expensive and longer. If we annex new regions of the Crimean peninsula to ourselves, then the construction of a crossing through the Kerch Strait in the shortest possible time is a non-alternative solution. Even if it turns out to be economically inexpedient at first, this is a matter of policy. In such matters, politics must always take precedence over economics. Is the bridge across Russky Island of great economic importance? What to carry there or from there? Same clean water policy".

Busy ferryman

Along with the construction of the bridge, the government decided to double the capacity of the existing ferry across the Kerch Strait.

Car ferries "Kerchinsky-1", "Kerchinsky-2" and "Yeisk" are owned by the state shipping company "Kerch Ferry" (Republic of Crimea). Annually GSK "Kerch Ferry" transports 330 thousand passengers, 42 thousand cars and 7 thousand tons of cargo.

In 2009, the line port "Caucasus" (Russia) - Varna (Bulgaria) was opened, on which a new ferry operates - the motor ship "Avangard", with a capacity of 45 conditional wagons. In the autumn of 2010, the second ferry, Slavyanin, entered this line (capacity - 50 conditional wagons).

Freight railway communication is carried out by the Russian Anship LLC and ANROSKRYM CJSC, a subsidiary of the AnRussTrans group of companies (Russia). On the line port "Crimea" - port "Caucasus" ferries "Annenkov" and "Petrovsk" operate. Liquefied gas, petroleum products, technical oil, glass and chemical products go from Russia to Bulgaria by rail ferry crossing. All this comes to the port by rail. Groupage cargo and consumer goods, such as sweets and sweets, come from Bulgaria.

Movement passenger trains across the strait was closed in the 1990s and has not been reopened since.

At the end of 2013, the Nikolai Aksenenko passenger ferry was built and launched at the expense of private investors.

“There has always been a need to increase the throughput of the crossing. In the summer, people waited up to a day and a half for a place on the ferry, - Vasily Annenkov, General Director of AnRussTrans, explained to Expert Online. - Now the season has not yet begun, and demand has already increased. But it's good that at the end of last year we added a new ferry, Nikolai Aksenenko, built with private investment. I do not rule out that the capacity will double due to the arrival of new investors and carriers at the crossing.”

“After the annexation of Crimea, the load on the crossing increased by about 50%. But for the railway ferry, we are not yet seeing an increase in traffic and there are no applications, ”says Sergey Petrichenko, acting. CEO ZAO AnrosKrym.

It is still difficult to assess the economic effect of the construction of the bridge, since it is not known at what pace the Crimean economy will develop.

“In fact, we didn’t have any tangible trade turnover with Crimea, except perhaps for Kassandra wine1. However, now food products will be added, but these are not the volumes to talk about a large load, - says Alexei Bezborodov. - As for consumer goods, they come mainly from Turkey directly. Will there be problems with transit cargo flows through Ukraine so that the trains will switch to the ferry? Haven't heard yet. Last year, Russian companies transported 800,000 tons of fertilizers and 400,000 tons of metal through Ukraine. And if complications arise, then any Russian Black Sea port can easily take on these volumes. Almost all of our terminals have 25-40% safety margins.”

But entrepreneurs have no doubt that Russia is waiting for an increase in trade with the Crimea. Moreover, the issue of creating a free economic zone in Crimea is being actively worked out now.

“Russian business has a great potential for increasing trade turnover with Crimea,” Andrei Nazarov, co-chairman of Delovaya Rossiya, explained to Expert Online. - Firstly, this is tourism: a program is being developed to subsidize the cost of trips to Crimea for pensioners and state employees1, which means that the flow of tourists will increase and there will be a need for additional service This is already an opportunity for reliable investment. Secondly, these are food products and other goods for retail chains. Ukrainian companies, of course, do not want to lose such a sales market as Crimea and Sevastopol, but with the establishment of the ruble zone and duties, it will become unprofitable for them to trade here and they will definitely be replaced by Russian goods. At the same time, many entrepreneurs say that they would prefer to bypass the passage through Ukraine to the Crimea in order to avoid various troubles.”

“We definitely expect an increase in cargo transportation,” says Vasily Annenkov. - From the side of the Crimea, the demand for Russian fuels and lubricants has clearly increased, which have fallen in price after joining and canceling customs duties, while Ukrainian ones, on the contrary, have risen in price. With the construction of a passage across the Kerch Strait, I do not think that the demand for ferry transportation will fall. They will complement each other, especially since by that time both trade turnover and the general movement of people will increase. In Soviet times, there were fewer cars, there were no foreign passports, there were more boats and ferries at the crossing, but there was still a queue. So I do not think that doubling the capacity of the crossing will not be economically justified after the construction of the passage across the strait.

But in order to intensify trade right now, the government will also have to speed up administrative work:

“The main thing that needs to be done to normalize trade is to urgently simplify the customs clearance of goods and the issuance of certificates,” Sergey Gabestro believes. - Formally, import-export duties still apply here, and Crimean companies have Ukrainian registration. So there is confusion. I think the easiest way out is to temporarily equate all Crimean companies with Russian companies without re-registration by a special order1. Then the turnover will quickly improve. This is also important for tourism: Crimean hotels cannot conclude a contract with Russian travel agencies because de jure they are considered foreign, and with them the procedure is more complicated.