Romanian population, territory, climate, nature. Romantic chaos. Capital of Romania - Bucharest

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Romania is located in the south-east of Europe, washed by the Black Sea, borders on Ukraine, Moldova, Bulgaria, Serbia and Hungary. All Romania, with the exception of the Black Sea coast, is included in the Danube basin.

Romania covers an area of ​​238.391 km² and is the largest country in Southeast Europe and the 12th largest country in all of Europe.

Airports in Romania

Bucharest Baneasa - Aurel Vlaicu International Airport

Bucharest Henri Coanda International Airport

Cluj-Napoca International Airport

Timisoara Traian Vuia International Airport

Romania hotels 1 - 5 stars

Romania weather

The climate is continental, temperate. The coast in the spring, summer and autumn months is characterized by warm mild weather with a long swimming season from May to October. Snow in the Carpathians lies from December to April.

Average air temperature in Bucharest t°C

Language of Romania

Official language: Romanian

Hungarian and German are widely used. In the tourism industry, French and English are common.

Currency of Romania

International name: RON

The Romanian leu is equal to 100 bani. Banknotes of 1, 5, 10, 50, 100, 200, 500 lei are in circulation. Coins - 1, 5, 10, 50 bani.

Foreign currency can be exchanged at banks or at specialized exchange offices (casa de schimb) located in hotels, train stations, airports, some of the supermarkets and on the main streets of cities. Exchange receipts should be kept until leaving the country.

Most major hotels and restaurants accept American Express, MasterCard, Dinners Club and Visa credit cards. Traveler's checks can be cashed in major banks in the capital (cheques in euros are preferred). It is almost impossible to pay with non-cash funds in the province. The exceptions are coastal resorts and ski resorts. ATMs are becoming an increasingly common means of currency exchange, but they are found only in the capital and large resort areas.

Visa

Types of visas:
- Category B - transit visa. The visa is issued to persons whose purpose of visit is transit through the territory of Romania to third countries.
- Category C - short-term (up to 90 days) entry visa. This type of visa is issued to persons whose purpose of visit is tourism, medical treatment, visiting friends or relatives, business meetings (if their purpose is not to generate income in Romania).
- Category D - long-term multiple entry visa (stay over 90 days). The purpose of the visit can be both business and private.

Customs restrictions

Officially, it is allowed to import currency up to $50,000 into the country, but amounts over $1,000 require declaration upon entry. It is allowed to export 5,000 lei in Romanian currency, and only banknotes of 1,000 lei or less. Gifts worth up to $100 can be imported duty-free. You can import duty-free: 4 l. wine, 1 l. strong liquor, 200 cigarettes, 200 gr. coffee and cocoa, (for personal use).

Tourists can take out of the country (with payment of customs duties) things and goods purchased for lei, obtained through legal currency exchange and on the basis of supporting documents. Valuable goods (jewelry, works of art, video and photographic equipment, etc.) must be declared upon entry into the country.

Mains voltage

Tips

Tipping is not accepted. You can leave 5-10% in a first-class restaurant or, if the cost of service is included in the bill, round the bill up. Tips are not required in taxis.

Office Hours

Banks are open on weekdays from 9 am to 12 pm, currency exchange offices - from 9 am to 12 pm and from 1 pm to 3 pm. In large resort areas, opening hours are usually extended until 4 pm.

Shops are open on weekdays from 9 am to 6 pm with a lunch break from 12 am to 3 pm in different stores. In large cities there are shops with a round-the-clock work schedule. Day off is usually Saturday and Sunday.

Photo and video shooting

Photographing military installations, bridges and ports is prohibited. In some places (mainly most of the palaces and some churches) you will need to pay about 2 thousand lei for permission to take pictures.

Traditions

Smoking is prohibited in public transport and public places.

Safety

Petty theft, currency fraud and credit cards, sometimes scammers dress up in the uniform of a policeman or a taxi driver. Drug use is prosecuted with particular severity - even a foreigner can be convicted of drug-related offenses for up to 7 years.

Code of the country: +40

First level geographic domain name:.ro

Medicine

From time to time, outbreaks of anthrax in the Danube Delta, viral meningitis in the northern and eastern regions, typhus, hepatitis and rabies - in rural areas. International health insurance is required. Medical care is rather poor.

Emergency Phones

Ambulance - 961
Emergency Hospital - 962
Police - 955
Fire assistance - 981

Romania(rum. România) - a state in. Population - more than 19,426,550 people. (2015), the area of ​​​​the territory is 238,391 km², for both of these indicators it is largest country region. It ranks 59th in the world in terms of population and 78th in terms of territory.

It has significant ethnic and cultural diversity. Most of the believers (about 87% of the population) profess Orthodoxy.

An industrial country with a dynamically developing economy. The GDP for 2017 amounted to 470 billion US dollars (about $23,957 per capita). The monetary unit is the Romanian leu (the average exchange rate for 2017 is 3.89 lei per 1 US dollar).

Romania arose in 1859 as a result of the unification of two principalities - Moldavia and Wallachia. The independence of the United Principality, which was succeeded by the new state of Romania, was proclaimed on May 21, 1877.

Name etymology

The name of the country comes from lat. romanus - "Roman".

Story

Ancient history and antiquity

On the territory of modern Romania, one of the oldest remains of the Cro-Magnon man (Peshtera-cu-Oase), dating back to about 42 thousand years ago, was discovered.

About 4 thousand years ago, the Neolithic culture arose. During the Bronze Age in 1800-1000 BC, the Thracian-Phrygian tribes of the Dacians arose. In the 7th century BC, Greek colonies arose on the territory of the modern Black Sea coast of Romania (Scythia Minor). The emergence of the Dacian states dates back to the 3rd century BC.

At the end of the 1st - beginning of the 2nd century AD, Dacia was conquered by the Romans, where gold was mined and the colonists were resettled. The beginning of intensive Romanization and the birth of Balkan Latin belong to this time.

In the 270s, after the uprisings, the Romans were forced to retreat across the Danube.

During the period of the "great migration of peoples" Dacia was devastated by migrating tribes of Goths, Vandals, Huns and a number of others. In the 6th century, the Slavs began to settle on the territory of modern Romania.

Middle Ages

Vlad III the Impaler, also known as Vlad Dracula

In the Middle Ages, the ancestors of the Romanians lived on the territory of 3 principalities: Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania.

Since the 11th century, Transylvania had autonomy as part of the Kingdom of Hungary, in the 16th century it became an independent principality and remained so until 1711.

In 1526, during the Battle of Mohacs, the Hungarian troops were defeated, and Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania fell under the vassalage of the Ottoman Empire, while maintaining internal autonomy until the middle of the 19th century. This period is characterized by the gradual withering away of the feudal system. Among the rulers of the territories at this time, Stephen III the Great, Vasily Lupu and Dmitry Cantemir in Moldavia stand out; Matei Basarab, Vlad III Tepes (Dracula) and Konstantin Brankoveanu in Wallachia; Janos Hunyadi and Gabor Bethlen in Transylvania.

In 1600, Wallachia, Moldavia and Transylvania were united under the rule of Michael the Brave, but in 1601 Michael was killed, and the pro-Ottoman boyars seized real power in Wallachia and Moldavia. The entire 17th century was characterized by boyar fragmentation and civil strife.

Principality of Transylvania, 1818

At the beginning of the 18th century, in alliance with Russia, the rulers of Wallachia and Moldavia tried to get rid of Ottoman domination, but the Prut campaign of Peter I ended in failure due to the betrayal of the Wallachian ruler Konstantin Brynkovyan, and the enslavement of the territories by the Ottoman Empire intensified.

Romanian state

Romanian War of Independence, 1877-1878

The historical process of creating the state of Romania began on the lands of the United Principality of Wallachia and Moldavia, vassal of the Ottoman Empire in 1859, as a result of the unification of two principalities - Moldavia and Wallachia, by electing Alexander Cuza as the ruler of both principalities, who declared himself the prince of the united country. The emancipation of the peasants and other reform projects aroused strong opposition to the prince's policies among the ultra-conservative party. As a result of the conspiracy, which, in turn, led to a palace coup by the pro-Prussian and pro-Ottoman boyars against their ruler, Cuza was overthrown, and the throne passed to the Prussian henchman from the Swabian branch of the Hohenzollerns - Carol I (Karl Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen). Another region of the modern Romanian state - Transylvania - was then part of Austria-Hungary.

For the first time, the independence of the United Principality of Moldavia and Wallachia was proclaimed on May 21 (May 9), 1877, with the announcement of these lands as the "Principality of Romania" in connection with the outbreak of the Russian-Turkish war; Having taken part in this war, Romania, following the results of the Berlin Treaty, received the northern Dobruja with the southern regions of Bessarabia (Budjak) newly occupied by Russia in return. As an independent state recognized in the San Stefano and Berlin treaties. The period from 1878 to 1914 is characterized by relative stability. In 1881, on the basis of the United Principality, the Kingdom of Romania was formed, headed by Carol I.

World War I

During the First World War, Romania at first adhered to neutrality, then entered on August 28, 1916 on the side of the Entente under the influence of the victories of the Russian army. On August 15 (28), 1916, Romanian troops entered Transylvania. At first, the offensive was successful for Romania, but problems with logistical support quickly affected, and after the transfer of German troops from the Western Front, the situation deteriorated sharply. The troops of the Central Powers rather quickly defeated the relatively weak Romanian army and by the end of 1916 occupied Dobruja and all of Wallachia, including the capital -. The royal family, government and parliament moved to. The army and a significant part of the civilian population retreated to Moldova.

Romania was saved from liquidation by the Russian Empire, which allocated an army to support it, thereby expanding the Eastern Front to the Black Sea. But active hostilities in its Romanian sector were resumed only in the summer of 1917, when the Romanian army managed to recapture a small territory in southwestern Moldova from the enemy. However, the revolutionary events of 1917 in Russia led to the fact that Russian units increasingly refused to fight. The territories occupied by the troops of the Central Powers almost completely surrounded the territory of Moldova under the jurisdiction of the Romanian government, threatening Romania with complete liquidation in the future.

Administrative map of the Romanian Kingdom in 1930

The successes of the Entente on the Western Front and in the Balkans in the autumn of 1918 led to a change in the balance of power, which allowed Romania to re-enter the war.

As a result of the war, Romania acquired Transylvania and annexed Bessarabia, which had previously been the Bessarabia Governorate of Russia. In 1917, Sfatul Tarii (rum. Sfatul Ţării - Council of the Territory, Council of the Country) - a pro-Romanian state authority in Bessarabia (formerly part of the Moldavian Principality) - proclaimed the Moldavian People's Republic, from March 27, 1918 - the Moldavian Democratic Republic(not recognized by any state in the world) and recognized the accession of Bessarabia to Romania.

Between the two world wars

After World War I, parliamentary democracy was proclaimed in the country.

Stamp depicting King Mihai of Romania l

In April 1938, Parliament was dissolved and a royal dictatorship was established.

In late June-early July 1940, Soviet troops, in accordance with the Molotov-Ribbentrop Pact, occupied Bessarabia and Northern Bukovina.

By decision of the second Vienna arbitration, held by Germany and Italy on August 30, 1940, Romania transferred Northern Transylvania. Southern Transylvania remained in Romanian hands.

On September 7, 1940, Romania ceded the Southern Dobruja region to Bulgaria, and both parties to the agreement agreed to carry out an exchange of population (minorities) in the territories adjacent to the new border. This happened as a result of the Craiova peace treaty.

The Second World War

Romania in 1941

During World War II Romania was allied with the Nazis. Romanian troops participated in the war against the USSR. From the Soviet territories occupied by Romania, three new provinces were created: Bessarabia, which included the right-bank part of the Moldavian SSR, the Izmail region, Transnistria, which included the left-bank part of the MSSR and parts of the Vinnitsa region of the Ukrainian SSR, and Bukovina, formed by the Romanian authorities on the territory of the occupied Ukrainian SSR of the USSR.

Until 1944, there was a limited military contingent of the Wehrmacht in the country. The German air defense units created a strong air defense system to protect the oil fields of the region from an air attack by the anti-Hitler coalition aircraft.

Throughout the war, the Ploiesti region was the main supplier of oil for the economy of the Third German Reich and was repeatedly subjected to air bombardments by the allies of the anti-Hitler coalition and shelling from the sea by warships of the Soviet Navy.

In August 1944, King Mihai I, allied with the anti-fascist opposition, ordered the arrest of Antonescu and the pro-German generals and declared war on Germany. After that, Soviet troops were introduced, and the allied Romanian army, together with the Soviet one, fought against the Nazi coalition on the territory, and then in.

After the Second World War, Romania fell into the sphere of influence of the USSR, a Soviet system legislature, but allowed controlled democracy in elections in local authorities authorities.

post-war period

Peace treaties with Romania were signed in 1947 by the USSR, Great Britain, the USA, Australia, the BSSR, Czechoslovakia, India, New Zealand, the Ukrainian SSR, the Union of South Africa, and Canada. The treaties established the borders of Romania as of January 1, 1938 (the decisions of the Vienna arbitrations of 1938 and 1940 were declared non-existent); The borders of Romania were established as of January 1, 1941, with the exception of the Romanian-Hungarian border, which was restored as of January 1, 1938 (this border changed in accordance with the decisions of the Vienna Arbitration of 1940).

The political provisions of the treaties basically coincide with the corresponding provisions of the peace treaty of 1947 with Italy (the dissolution of the fascist organizations, the restoration of freedoms, democracy, etc.). The military provisions of the treaties regulate the composition of the armed forces of these states. The treaties established the amount of reparations paid by Romania. Romania pledged to pay reparations to the Soviet Union. The right of the countries subjected to aggression to the restitution of property removed from their territory was recognized, as well as the right of the Soviet Union to all German assets in Romania (later Soviet Union, contributing economic development Romania, refused a significant part of the compensation for the damage caused to him).

In 1947, Mihai I abdicated, Romania was proclaimed a people's republic. In 1948, socialist reforms were launched, the nationalization of private firms and the collectivization of agriculture were carried out.

Nicolae Ceausescu at a rally against the entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia.

In 1965, Nicolae Ceausescu came to power, who pursued a more independent policy. In particular, he condemned the entry of Soviet troops into Czechoslovakia in 1968, continued diplomatic relations with after the six-day war in 1967, established diplomatic and economic relations with. In 1974, Bucharest was granted the most favored nation trade with. But between 1977 and 1981, Romania's external debt increased from $3 billion to $10 billion, which increased the influence of international organizations such as the International Monetary Fund and the World Bank. The policy of austerity, as well as the beginning of perestroika in the USSR, led to an increase in dissatisfaction with the policies of Ceausescu.

Post-socialist Romania

In December 1989, the Romanian Revolution took place, as a result of which Ceausescu was overthrown and executed, and power passed into the hands of the National Salvation Front, an interim parliament was created - the Council of National Unity.

In May 1990, the first free presidential and parliamentary elections were held. Since 1990, the presidency for three terms (with a break in 1996-2000) was held by Ion Iliescu, who resigned in 2004. During this time, the country managed to overcome the consequences of the crisis of the mid-1990s, and the government proclaimed its accession to the EU in 2007 along with the main goal of its policy.

Physical and geographical characteristics

Geographical position

Romania map

Romania covers an area of ​​238,391 km² and is the largest country in Southeast Europe by area and the 12th largest country in all of Europe. It is located between 43° and 49° north latitude, and 20° and 30° east longitude. The territory of Romania is characterized by an approximately equal combination of mountainous, hilly and flat areas. Through the entire territory of the country, from the border with Ukraine to the border with Serbia, pass the Carpathians, which prevail in the center of Romania, from 14 mountain ranges. The most high point Romania - Mount Moldovyanu (2544 m). Oil and polymetallic ores stand out among the minerals.

The southeast of the country is washed by the waters of the Black Sea, where large trading ports and naval bases of the navy are located. Ports are connected with the interior of the country by roads and railways.

The presence of access to the sea makes international maritime trade with European countries profitable, and. Through the Strait of Gibraltar, access to the Atlantic Ocean is carried out, through the Suez Canal - to the Indian and Pacific Oceans.

Climate

Romania is located in the continental climate zone, characterized by cold winters and warm summers. Average annual temperature varies from 11°C in the south to 8°C in the north.

The regions of Romania bordering Bulgaria and Hungary are some of the most fertile in the world, but all of them are experiencing significant declines in living standards and populations. There is an unconfirmed opinion that in Romania, as in all of Eastern Europe, the rural population is growing faster than the urban one, and in this regard, it seems that the semi-nomadic population of the Balkans, which can hide the official population decline in the countries of Eastern Europe, is underestimated.

Spring is characterized by cool nights and warm days. Summers are usually warm, average Maximum temperature in summer in Bucharest is 28 °C, the average minimum is 16 °C. Winters are cold, with average maximum temperatures ranging from 2°C in the plains to -15°C in the mountains. The absolute maximum is 44.5°С and was registered in 1951, the absolute minimum -38.5°С - in 1942.

On average, 750 mm of precipitation falls annually, most of the precipitation falls in the summer. At the same time, there are significant differences between different regions - up to 1500 mm of precipitation per year falls in the mountains, about 600 mm in the south and in the center in the Bucharest region, and about 370 mm in the Danube Delta.

Environment

Forests occupy 19% of the country's territory, while Romania is one of the largest areas of undisturbed forests in Europe. A large number of wild animals live in the forests, including wolves and others; on the plains - foxes, hares, squirrels and badgers. 400 species of unique mammals (among which the Carpathian chamois), birds and reptiles have been identified on the territory of the country. The fauna of Romania consists of 33,792 animal species, including 33,085 invertebrates and 707 vertebrates.

Political system

Klaus Johannis

The current Romanian Constitution was adopted in November 1991 and approved by popular referendum in December of that year. According to the Constitution, Romania is a unitary state with a republican form of government.

The head of state is the president, who is elected by the population for a term of 4 years. Klaus Iohannis has been President of Romania since 2014.

Legislature

The bicameral parliament consists of the Senate ( Senate, 176 seats) and the Chamber of Deputies ( Camera Deputy, 412 seats).

Senators are elected by proportional representation.

The 412 members of the Chamber of Deputies are elected by proportional representation with a 5% threshold for political parties and an 8% threshold for blocs, with the remaining seats reserved for representatives of national minorities.

The term of office of MPs is 4 years.

The elections in 2012 were won by a coalition of centre-right parties called the Social-Liberal Union, which received 60.1% in the Senate and 58.63% in the Chamber of Deputies. The coalition consisted of the Social Democratic Party, the Centre-Right Alliance, the National Liberal Party and the Conservative Party.

The President of the Senate is Calin Popescu-Tariceanu (PNL).

Chairman of the Chamber of Deputies - Liviu Dragnea.

Judiciary

Body of constitutional supervision - the Constitutional Court ( Curtea Constituțională), the highest judicial instance - the High Court of Cassation of Justice ( Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție), Courts of Appeal - Courts of Appeal ( Curțile de apel din Romania), courts of first instance - tribunals ( Tribunal), the lowest level of the judicial system - judicators ( Judecatorie), supreme body prosecutor's supervision - the Prosecutor's Office of the Supreme Court of Cassation of Justice ( Parchetul de pe lângă Înalta Curte de Casație și Justiție), consisting of the Attorney General of the High Court of Cassation of Justice, First Assistant ( prim adjunct), helper ( adjunct) and three advisors ( consilieri), an anti-corruption body - the National Anti-Corruption Directorate ( Direcția Națională Anticoruptie) at the Prosecutor's Office and the General Anti-Corruption Directorate ( Direccia Generala Anticoruptie) under the Ministry of the Interior and administrative reform.

Political parties and public organizations

Rights

• Greater Romania ( Partidul Romania Mare listen)) - nationalist party
• National Peasant Party - Christian Democrats ( Partidul Național Țărănesc Creștin Democrat listen)) - Christian Democratic Party
• Democratic Liberal Party ( Partidul Democrat-Liberal listen)) - Liberal Democratic Party
• New Republic ( Noua Republica listen)) is a liberal-conservative party
• Conservative Party ( Partidul Conservator listen)) - social conservative party

centrist

• National Liberal Party ( Partidul National Liberal listen)) - liberal party
• Green Party of Romania Partidul Verde) - ecological party
• Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania Romaniai Magyar Demokrata Szovetseg listen)) - party for the defense of the Hungarian population

Left

• Social Democratic Party of Romania ( Partidul Social Democrat listen)) - Social Democratic Party
• National Union for the Progress of Romania ( Uniunea Națională pentru Progresul României listen)) - a center-left party of former members of the SDP and the NLP
• People's Party - Dan Diaconescu ( Partidul Poporului - Dan Diaconescu listen)) is a left-wing nationalist party
• Socialist Alternative Party ( Partidul Alternativa Socialistă listen)) - communist party

Trade unions

The largest trade union center - National Confederation of Trade Unions of Romania - Brotherhood

Political situation

Protests in Romania (2017)

On December 6, 2009, the second round of presidential elections took place in Romania, in which Traian Basescu won with a minimal advantage (50.33% of the vote). His rival, one of the leaders of the Social Democratic Party of Romania, Mircea Geoana, challenged the election results in the Constitutional Court.

Băsescu, backed by the centre-right Justice and Truth Alliance, became president in 2004 with 51.23% of the vote. His opponent was the chairman of the ruling Social Democratic Party, 54-year-old Adrian Năstase.

The presidential elections were considered the most violent since the fall of the communist regime in 1989.

Justice and Truth Democratic Alliance candidate Traian Basescu, 53, mayor of Bucharest, former captain long-distance navigation, who also served as Minister of Transport in several governments, criticized the government for being too slow in implementing liberal reforms.

Romania has tensions with, these countries do not have a border treaty with each other. In May 2009, Romanian President Basescu announced that he does not recognize the borders with the Republic of Moldova, which means de jure non-recognition of the Paris Treaty of 1947, the Helsinki Final Act on Security in Europe of 1975, the decisions of the Yalta and Potsdam conferences. In November 2013, Traian Basescu announced his desire to create a single state with Moldova, but the Prime Minister of Moldova, Iurie Leanca, in response to this, stated that Moldova was not ready to unite with Romania.

Administrative division

Romania map

Romania is divided into 8 development regions, which are not directly administrative units, but serve to coordinate regional development. The development regions are divided into 41 counties and 1 municipality. The counties are divided into 2686 communes (in rural areas) and 256 municipalities. Communes and municipalities are the smallest administrative divisions in Romania. The communes are divided into villages that do not have their own administration and are not administrative units. In total there are 13092 villages in Romania.

An exception in the administrative structure of Romania is , which, unlike other municipalities, is a second-level administrative unit. Bucharest is divided into 6 sectors, each with its own administration.

The administrative divisions of Romania follow the NUTS standard as follows:

• NUTS Level 1: Romania
• NUTS level 2: 8 development regions (each with about 2.8 million people)

• NUTS level 3: 41 counties and 1 municipality (Bucharest)

• NUTS level 4: not used
• NUTS level 5: 256 cities and 2686 communes

Economy

General condition, main indicators

Bucharest

Advantages: oil reserves, potential for tourism, declining inflation. Strong recovery since 2000 thanks to export growth.

Romania is a relatively fast growing country with a mediocre economy.

Weak sides: strong corruption, high inflation (8.1% in 2008). The protracted transition from a planned to a market economy. Slowly advancing market reform. Small volume of foreign investments.

One of the largest sectors of the economy is oil production, Rompetrol occupies a significant market share, but oil reserves are insignificant and its production is constantly decreasing.
One of the largest manufacturers of oil and gas equipment (80% of the production of all oil and gas equipment) - "Plant Upetrom - May 1" in (city); in 2008 the plant celebrated its 100th anniversary since its founding.

Since the mid-2000s, Romania's oil consumption has been roughly double its own production, and this ratio also applies to oil imports and exports.

Romania has reserves and is producing natural gas, but last years the country is forced to import gas to meet its needs.

The leading branch of agriculture is plant growing, grain farming. Developed viticulture. In animal husbandry - breeding of sheep and cattle.

Tourism is developing. The largest resort region of the country - Black Sea coast Romania.

The main articles of Romanian exports are products of mechanical engineering and the metallurgical industry. Imports are dominated by engineering products, raw materials, including oil and gas, textiles and textile products. The distribution of labor is about 30% in agriculture, 23% in industry, 47% in the service sector (2006).

The main partners in foreign trade are Germany, Italy, France (2006).

Transport

Romanian Railways is a railway company that performs a significant part of the freight and passenger transportation within the country. Length railways- over 11 thousand km.

A feature of the Romanian railways is single-track, which greatly slows down the movement of transport and goods.

1075 km of the transport network runs along the Danube. The importance of Romanian ports increases with the creation of the trans-European Rhine-Danube highway.

Population

Number, resettlement

Romanian population dynamics

With a population of 19,511,000 people, Romania ranks ninth in Europe in terms of population. Like other countries in the Eastern European region, Romania is experiencing a decline in population. The birth rate is 10.5 per 1000 people, the death rate is 12.0 per 1000 people.

National composition

Ethnic map of Romania

The majority of the inhabitants of Romania are Romanians (90%, according to the 2002 census). Hungarians are the second largest percentage of the total population and make up the majority in the counties of Harghita and Covasna. Roma (535,140 people, 2.5%), Ukrainians (61,098 people, 0.3%), Germans (59,764 people, 0.3%), Russians - (35,795 people, 0.2%) also live in the country. %), Gagauz (45,000 people), Turks (32,098 people, 0.2%), Crimean Tatars (23,935 people, 0.2%), Serbs (22,561 people, 0.1%), Slovaks (17 226 people, 0.08%).

Languages ​​of Romania

The official language of Romania is Romanian, which is native to 90% of the population. The second most spoken language in the country is Hungarian, which is native to 6.8% of the population. In the 2007/2008 academic year, there were 1,003 Hungarian-teaching pre-school institutions, 41,000 children attended Hungarian-language kindergartens; 47.6 thousand children studied Hungarian in six primary education institutions, 44,697 students studied Hungarian in 531 gymnasiums and 398 gymnasium departments.

Religion

Romania does not have an official religion, however the vast majority of the population is Orthodox Christian.

• 86.8% - Romanian Orthodox Church
• 6.0% - Protestants
• 4.7% - Catholics
• 2.4% - others (mostly Muslims)

Sport

Romania has achieved and continues to achieve the greatest success in sports in gymnastics, rowing and athletics. The history of gymnastics knows such outstanding Romanians as Nadia Comaneci (the correct option would be “Nadia Comanech”), Simona Amanar, Yolanda Belas, Lavinia Milosevic, Daniela Silivas, Catalina Ponor.

Romania is also gradually developing in winter sports, in particular bobsleigh and biathlon. In football, her team reached the quarterfinals of the World Cup - 94, after 4 years - in the 1/8 finals. The most prominent football players: Gheorghe Hadji (retired), Dan Petrescu, Gheorghe Popescu (same status), Adrian Mutu, Ciprian Marika, Cristian Chivu, Razvan Rat.

The Romanian rugby team is one of the strongest teams in Europe: it won the European Cup of Nations four times, and it also participated in all seven World Cups.

The Romanian football club Steaua won the European Cup and the UEFA Super Cup in the 1985/86 season, and was also a finalist in the ECCH in the 1988/89 season.

Art

Painting

The largest Romanian artist and in fact the founder of modern Romanian painting was Nicolae Grigorescu.

Music

Singer Inna

The largest Romanian composers are Giorge Enescu, Horatio Radulescu, Jancu Dumitrescu, George Stefanescu. many other projects. In addition, now Romania is one of the trendsetters in pop music on the European continent. It all started with the fact that in 2004 a local group O-Zone arrived from neighboring Moldova and literally blew up the Romanian music market. Their hits became so popular that after them new musical groups and performers began to appear, known not only within their own country, but also in Europe. One of these groups was a group called Akcent, which included Marius Nedelcu, Adrian Syne, Mihai Gruja and Sorin Brotnei. Several hits were recorded. A little-known composer at that time, Marius Moga, who later created his musical group Morandi, collaborated with them. And he did not stay away from the European triumph after such singles as "Save me", "Rock the world", "Midnight train" and many others.

Some time later, the "second Romanian wave" covered Europe headlong for the second time. This time, along with the already mentioned Akcent and Morandi, such young performers as Inna, Edward Maya with Vika Zhigulina, Radu Sirbu with his ward DJ Layla, Deepcentral, Deepside deejays, Fly project, Alexandra Stan, the record company " Play & Win” and many others. There is also rap in Romania. It is considered one of the best in Europe. The brightest representatives are BUG Mafia, Parazitii, La Familia, Underman.

Mass media

radio stations available via FM in more than half of regional and district centers- Radio România Actualități, Radio România Cultural, Radio România Regional, Digi FM, Radio ZU, Kiss FM, Magic FM, Radio Europa FM, Virgin Radio, Radio Pro FM and Național FM. Radio stations available on medium wave are Radio România Actualități, Radio România Regional and Radio Antena Satelor. TV channels available via DVB-T (previously analog UHF) are TVR 1, TVR 2, TVR 3, Antena 1 and Pro TV.

Romania is one of the few countries in the world where all bands are used in radio broadcasting - FM, MW, LW, SW (analogue); DAB digital radio is also used ( European standard), HD Radio (US standard, formerly broadcast in Bucharest), DRM (Interradio Romania on shortwave).

Radio Antena Satelor broadcasts on 153 LW.

Available MW frequencies: 531, 558, 567, 603, 630, 711, 720, 756, 855, 909, 945, 1053, 1152, 1179, 1197, 1314, 1323, 1332, 1404, 1422, 1458, 1305 1584, 1593 kHz.

Short -wave frequencies: 5.94 (DRM), 6.03 (DRM), 6.18, 7.33, 7.335, 7.375, 9.50, 9.52, 9.61, 9.695, 9.79, 9.80, 9.88, 11.65, 11.70, 11.79, 11.83, 11.975, 11.985, 11.99, 13.722, 13.722 , 13.75, 13.79, 15.13, 15.20, 17.61, 17.75 MHz

DAB (Bucharest): 223.936 (12A)

HD Radio (Bucharest): broadcasting is minimized

Architecture

Maramures

From the 10th-11th centuries, during the formation of feudal estates, art began to emerge in Romania. In Wallachia and Moldova - under the influence of the culture of Byzantium, and; in Transylvania - the cultures of Germany, the Czech Republic and Poland.

dwelling

In the X-XIII centuries, the settlements consisted of rectangular dwellings built of thick logs and hewn beams. Less often there were huts that had a wooden frame, intertwined with branches and smeared with clay. The wooden rafters of high overhanging roofs were covered with straw or shingles.

Stone construction was carried out mainly by feudal lords. The houses of the nobility were modest. Stone estates consisted mainly of 3-4 rooms with a gallery on one of the facades (the estate in Curtea de Arges, XIII-XIV centuries).

Religious buildings

Early churches had a rectangular plan and an apse in the eastern part. They were built from rough stone blocks and bricks.

The Church of St. Nicholas in Curtea de Arges (1310-1352) is cross-domed, built of alternating rows of stone and brick, with a dome on pillars, which indicates the influence of Byzantine culture. Also widely known is the Kokosh Monastery in Isaccea.

Armed Forces of Romania

Consist of ground forces, naval and air forces.

see also

Romania

Notes

1. World Atlas: Maximum detailed information/ Project leaders: A. N. Bushnev, A. P. Pritvorov. - Moscow: AST, 2017. - S. 22. - 96 p. - ISBN 978-5-17-10261-4.
2. IMF World Economic Outlook Database, April 2017
3. [\http://hdr.undp.org/sites/all/themes/hdr_theme/country-notes/ROU.pdf Human Development Report 2015] . United Nations Development Program (2016).
4. Nikonov V. A. Brief toponymic dictionary. - M.: Thought, 1966. - S. 360.
5. Pospelov E. M. place names world: toponymic dictionary. - M.: Russian dictionaries: Astrel, AST, 2002. - S. 358.
6. N. N. Morozov. Hohenzollerns in Romania // New and recent history. - 1995. - № 1 .
7. Essays political history Romania 1859-1944. - Chisinau, 1985. - S. 30-35.
8. Stoica, Vasile. The Roumanian Question: The Roumanians and their Lands. - Pittsburgh: Pittsburgh Printing Company, 1919. - P. 70.
9. http://www.ieras.ru/pub/monografii/uve.pdf
10. The 2004 Yearbook (Romanian) (PDF). Romanian National Institute of Statistics. Retrieved August 31, 2008. Archived from the original August 21, 2011.
11. EarthTrends:Biodiversity and Protected Areas-Romania (PDF). Retrieved January 10, 2008. Archived from the original on August 21, 2011.
12. Rival of the President of Romania filed a request to cancel the election results // RIA Novosti, 08.12.09.
13. Publication: Peace treaty with Romania, [M.], 1947
14. Romanian President Basescu
15. DNI.RU INTERNET NEWSPAPER VERSION 5.0 / Romania wants to unite with Moldova.
16. Prime Minister of Moldova: the republic is not ready to unite with Romania | RIA News.
17. Romania Demographics Profile 2012
18. Populaţia după etnie la recensămintele din perioada 1930-2002, pe judeţe
19. http://static.iea.ras.ru/books/Pravovoy_status_FU_narodov.pdf P. 33

Links

• Head of State and Ministers
• Government of Romania
• Presidency of Romania (Rom.)
• Parliament of Romania
• Constitutional Court of Romania

• Country profile on the BBC News website
• Romania at the US Department of State website (English)

State in southeastern Europe. In the north it borders with Ukraine, in the east - with Moldova, in the south - with Bulgaria, in the southwest - with Serbia, in the west - with Hungary. In the southeast it is washed by the Black Sea. The area of ​​Romania is about 237,500 km2. central part the country is occupied by the Transylvanian basin, almost completely surrounded by mountains: in the north and east - by the Carpathians; in the south - the Transylvanian Alps, where the highest point of the country is located - Mount Moldoveanul (2544 m), in the west - the small mountains Vikhor. The rest of the territory of Romania is mostly flat. The most extensive plains are located on the border with Serbia - the Tisha valley; between the Transylvanian Alps and Bulgaria - Wallachia; to the east of the Carpathians - Moldova and on the Black Sea coast - Dobruzha. Romania's main river is the Danube, which forms part of the border with Serbia and almost entirely with Bulgaria. River Mures. The Prut, Olt and Siresh are part of the Danube system and are its tributaries. There are many small freshwater lakes in Romania, but the largest are the salt lakes-lagoons of the Black Sea, the largest of them is Lake Razelm.

The population of the country (estimated for 1998) is about 22395800 people, the average population density is about 94 people per km2. Ethnic groups: Romanians - 89.1%, Hungarians - 8.9%, Germans - 0.4%, Ukrainians, Jews, Russians, Serbs, Gypsies, Croats, Turks, Bulgarians, Tatars, Slovaks. Language: Romanian (state), German, Hungarian, Turkish, Serbo-Croatian, Yiddish. Religion: Romanian Orthodox Church - 70%, Catholic Church- 6%, Protestants - 6%, Jews, Muslims. Capital - Bucharest. Largest cities: Bucharest (2,090,000 people), Constanta (350,500 people), Iasi (343,000 people), Timisoara (334,000 people), Cluj-Napoca (328,000 people), Galati (326,000 people), Brasov (324,000 people), Craiova (303,500 people), Ploiesti (252,000 people). State structure- republic. The head of state is President Basescu Traian (in office since December 21, 2004). The head of government is Prime Minister Bok Emil (in office since December 2008). Monetary unit - lei. Average life expectancy (for 1998): 67 years - men, 73 years - women. The birth rate (per 1,000 people) is 9.3. Mortality rate (per 1000 people) - 11.6.

The territory of modern Romania in 106 was conquered by the Roman emperor Trajan and annexed to the Roman Empire as the province of Denmark. Starting from the 3rd century, the territory of Dacia was subjected to constant raids by neighboring tribes of Goths, Huns and Bulgars. In the 9th century, Romania was under the rule of Bulgaria and at that time was baptized into Orthodoxy. In the XIII century, two Romanian principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia were formed, which were in vassal dependence on the Hungarian and Polish kings. In 1526, Hungary was defeated by the Ottoman Turks and Wallachia and Moldavia came under the rule of the Ottoman Empire. After an unsuccessful attempt to free themselves from the power of the Ottoman Empires, at the end of the 16th century, the system of government of the Phanariots was established in Wallachia and Moldavia, where the Greek rulers appointed by the Turks ruled. At that time Greek became the official language of Romania. In the middle of the 18th century, as a result of the Russian-Turkish wars, the influence of the Ottoman Empire was significantly weakened and the Phanariot system was abolished, Moldavia and Wallachia received greater autonomy, and Russia became the de facto overlord of these states. After the defeat of Russia in the Crimean War, its influence on Wallachia and Moldavia weakened. In 1859, both states crowned a common prince, and in 1861 they united and were recognized by the Turkish Sultan as an autonomous principality of Romania. In 1878 Romania declared independence, and in 1881 the Kingdom of Romania was proclaimed. In the 30s of the 20th century, a pro-fascist regime was established in Romania, led by Corneliu Gelea-Codreanu, the leader of the Iron Guard, and later by Antonescu. In 1947, a republic was proclaimed in Romania, and on April 13, 1948, a new constitution was adopted based on the constitution of the USSR. The communist regime of Ceausescu was in power in the country until December 1989. On December 22, 1989, power in the country passed to the National Salvation Council; on December 25, 1989, Ceausescu and his wife Elena were executed. In 1993, Romania received an official invitation to join the EU, but the formal entry of Romania into this organization is not expected before 2000. Romania is a member of the UN, World Bank, IMF, GATT.

The Transylvanian basin, the Carpathians and the western valleys have warm summers and cold winters. The temperature in summer sometimes reaches 38°C, and in winter it drops to -32°C. In Wallachia, Moldavia and Dobruja, summers are warmer and winters are not so cold. Vegetation is sparse in the Moldavian and Wallachian steppes, only fruit trees grow on the slopes of the hills. At the foot of the mountains there are deciduous forests dominated by oak, birch and beech. Above are coniferous forests, mostly pine and spruce. Large wild animals - wild boar, wolf, lynx, fox, bear, chamois, mountain goat and deer - live mainly in the Carpathian mountains. Squirrel, hare, badger and ferret live in the valleys. There are many birds in the country, and in the Danube Valley, which is partly a nature reserve, they stop migratory birds. There are a lot of fish in the rivers: pike, sturgeon, salmon, perch, eel.

There are quite a few museums in Romania, the most interesting of which are the following: Art Museum Romania with an excellent collection of Romanian, Western and Eastern art; National Historical Museum - both in Bucharest. An ethnographic museum located in the house where the Hungarian king Matt Corvinus was born in the 15th century in the city of Cluj-Napoca. The oldest museum in Romania (opened in 1794) in the city of Alba Iulia. Historical Museum in a 15th century building in Brasov. Among the architectural historical sights in Bucharest are the Palace of Justice (1864), the Stirbey Palace (1835), the building of the National Bank (1885), the pre (1715); Patriarchal Church (1665). In Iasi - a cathedral and two churches of the XV century. In Oradea - the parish church in which the Hungarian king Laszlo I the Holy is buried. In Cluj-Napoca, the Church of St. Michael (1396-1432), Reformed Church of 1486, Batanui Palace - the former residence of the Transylvanian princes. In Tirgu-Mues - a Gothic church of the XV century, the Teleki Palace. In Alba Iulia, a citadel built by Holy Roman Emperor Charles VI in 1716-1735; cathedral of the 2nd century, rebuilt in the 15th century in the Gothic style. In Timi-Shoara - an 18th-century castle; Orthodox Cathedral; a pseudo-Gothic column in the center of the city, erected in 1851 by the Austrian emperor Franz Joseph I as a sign of the tenacity of the Timisoars who held out for 107 days against the army of the Hungarian revolutionaries in 1849. In Brasov - the remains of the citadel of 1553, the church of the XIV century in the Gothic style; church of st. Bartholomew (XIII century), the town hall of 1420.

Romania is located in southeastern Europe. Romania borders in the north and east with, in the east - with Moldova, in the south - with, in the west - with Serbia and.
In the southeast, Romania is washed by the Black Sea. The Carpathian mountain system passes through the entire territory of the country. It stretches from the Ukrainian border in the north to the border with Serbia in the southwest and includes the Eastern Carpathians and the Southern Carpathians (Transylvanian Alps). The mountains are covered with forest everywhere and reach a height of 2300 m in the Eastern Carpathians. The highest point of the Transylvanian Alps is Mount Moldoveanu (2544m). Transylvania - one of the most beautiful regions located inside the mountain arc of the Carpathians. This is a hilly and wooded area with a narrow lowland strip in the west. From the outside of the Carpathians, the historical regions of Moldavia (in the east) and Wallachia (in the south). These territories have fertile lands used in agriculture.
The climate of Romania is continental. It has cold winters and hot summers. most of the precipitation falls in summer. In Bucharest, the average January temperature is 3C, July + 25C. The plains of Moldavia are dry, metamy resemble the steppe, are subject to strong winds. On the sea coast, the climate is in many ways similar to the climate of the Crimea.
Due to the mild climate and fertile soils, the territory of present-day Romania was already inhabited in the 6th-3rd centuries. BC. In the 4th c. BC. the army of Alexander the Great reaches the lands between the Danube and the Carpathians, and after another 300 years - the all-consuming Rome. Under the rule of the Roman Empire, the Dacians - the first people who inhabited these lands, who left behind intelligible historical evidence - were 160 years old. The influence of Rome, however, was very strong: the modern Romanian language is derived from ancient Roman Latin. Romanians are proud of this heritage, which has been preserved over a long period of invasions by migrating peoples. In most of Dacia, Germanic tribes first dominated, in the 6th century the Slavs began to move here. In the 9th century territories were under the rule of Bulgaria, from where Orthodoxy came. The official language of the church and the first Romanian states was Church Slavonic. Romanian has been the language of church and state since the 17th century.

Bucharest, Bucuresti (Bucureşti), the capital of the Socialist Republic of Romania, the political, administrative, economic, scientific and cultural center of the country. Located in the central part of the Lower Danube lowland on the non-navigable river. Dymbovitsa. The climate is temperate continental (the average temperature in January is about 1°С, the absolute minimum is up to ≈10°С; the average temperature in July is 22°С, 23°С, the absolute maximum is up to 35°С). The area is 970 km2. The population is 1468 thousand people, with suburbs about 1.6 million people. (1969), which is 7.6% of the total population of the country and about 20% of the total urban population. The population of B. totaled: 80 thousand people. in 1781; 200,000 in 1881;

═ City government. B.≈ the administrative center of Ilfov County, separated into an independent administrative unit, has the status of a city-municipality with broad rights in the field of local government. Administratively subordinated directly to the republican authorities. The governing body in Byelorussia is the City People's Council, which is elected for four years by citizens who have reached the age of 18. The executive body of the Council is the Executive Committee, headed by the general mayor (mayor), elected by the city People's Council. B. is divided into city districts, in which district People's Councils are elected, which form their own executive committees headed by district mayors.

═ I. P. Ilyinsky.

═ ═ Historical reference. The territory of Bulgaria has been inhabited since the Paleolithic. B. has been known under its modern name since the 14th century. In 1459, the fortress of B., founded by the ruler Vlad Tepes to protect Wallachia from Turkish invasions, was first mentioned. From 1659 B. was the capital of Wallachia. From the 20s. 19th century B. is the center of the national liberation and revolutionary democratic movement ( Wallachian uprising of 1821, Revolution of 1848). Since 1861 B. has been the capital of Rumania. During World War I, it was occupied by German troops (from December 6, 1916 to November 17, 1918). On December 13(26), 1918, a powerful demonstration of the proletariat took place in Byelorussia (see Vol. Bucharest demonstration 1918). The performances of the workers of Grivitsa (the railway workshops of B.) laid the foundation for February strikes 1933 in Romania. In June 1941, fascist German troops were brought into Byelorussia. The city was liberated from Nazi occupation as a result of a popular armed uprising on August 23, 1944. On December 30, 1947, the Romanian People's Republic was proclaimed in Byelorussia, and in July 1965, the SRR.

═ Economy. B. ≈ the intersection of the trans-European highways connecting the countries of the Danube basin and Central Europe with the Black Sea, with the USSR, the countries of the Middle East. Junction of 7 beam railways and numerous highways; major center domestic and international airlines (Benyasa airfield). In Bulgaria, more than the country's industrial output is produced; over 300 thousand people are employed in industry. Leading industries: machine building and metalworking (29.4% of industrial output of Belarus), food (19.3%), textile (13%), chemical (11%), clothing (7.2%), leather and footwear (4 .2%). B. in all Romanian industrial production accounts for 24% of machine-building products (transport and agricultural machines, electrical, radio-electronic industrial equipment), 26.5% - chemical industry (mainly plastics, tires, paint and varnish, pharmaceutical, household chemicals products), 31% - textile (especially cotton and silk fabrics), 31% - leather and footwear. The branches of the food industry are diverse (meat and meat-packing, oil-pressing, confectionery, brewing, tobacco). In B. there are enterprises of non-ferrous and ferrous metallurgy, building materials, glass and porcelain, woodworking, and pulp and paper industries. B. is closely connected with the country's gas and oil fields—Ploiesti and Central Transylvania.

═ Yu. A. Krukovsky.

═ Planning and architecture. B. built according to a radial-circular plan. The oldest part of the city is located on the left bank of the Dymbovitsa, in the area of ​​the former Flower Bazaar [narrow crooked streets with 2-3 storey buildings; churches of Kurtya-Veke (1559, portico ≈ 1715) and Stavropolis (1724≈30, with elegantly carved stone 4-column portico-loggia)]. Nearby, on the hilly right bank of the Dymbovica, are the churches of Mihai-Voda (1589-91) and the Patriarchal Church (1654-58), the Palace of the Great National Assembly (1907, architect D. Maimarolu). North of the old districts of the city in the 19≈20 centuries. a new center was formed with the main thoroughfares running from north to south—Prospect Pobedy (Kalya-Victoria), which passes into the Kiselev Highway, and Boulevards named after V.I. General Mageru, Balcescu, 1848, which are intersected by Republic Boulevard. The architectural appearance of the new part of Byelorussia is determined by the front buildings of the late 19th and first half of the 20th centuries. in the spirit of eclecticism, national romance, neoclassicism and functionalism, including the Ateneum (G. Enescu Philharmonic, 1886-88, architect A. Galleron), the Palace of Justice (now the Central Library; 1890-1895, architect A. Ballu), post office (1900, architect A. Sevulescu), National Museum. Doctor Minković (1914, architect K. Cerkez), University (1856≈69, architect A. Orescu; rebuilt in 1912≈26, architect N. Ghica-Budesti), Palace of the Republic (1930≈37, architect N. Nenciulescu) and etc. After the victory of the people's system, it was compiled general plan renovations in B. (1952), the building of the Skinteii House (1948–53, architect H. Maicu, N. Bedescu, and others) was built; 60, architect H. Maicu and others) with an adjoining square and an ensemble of residential buildings, a circus (1961, architect N. Porumbescu), a complex of buildings of the Exhibition of Achievements National economy(1964), House of Radio and Television (late 1960s), etc. On the outskirts in the 1950s ≈ 1950s. well-planned, well-appointed residential quarters grew up—Floriaska, Titan (Balta-Albe), Drumul-Taberei, Bucuresti-Noi (New Bucharest), Ferentari, and others. In B. ≈ the parks of Cismigiu, Svoboda, August 23; on the northern outskirts of the city there is a recreation area along a chain of lakes (Tei, Floryaska, Kherastrau, and others). In the vicinity of B. there are the Mogoshoai Palace (1700-02) in the national “Brynkovianu style”, and the Fundeni-Doamney Church (1699) with rich stucco decoration.

═ Educational institutions, scientific and cultural institutions. There are many higher educational institutions in Bulgaria, including a university (founded in 1864), polytechnic, construction, and economic institutes, and a conservatory. Research institutes; AN SRR (founded in 1879); several dozen museums [Museum of Arts of the SRR (in the Palace of the Republic; founded in 1950), the Museum folk art, the National Museum of Antiquities (founded in 1864), the Museum of the Village, the Historical Museum of B., and others]; theaters (Opera and ballet, National named after I. L. Caragiale).

═ ═Lit.: Georgescu F., Bucureşti, Buc., 1959; Jstoria orasului, v. 1, Buc., : Jonescu G., Bucureşti. Ghid historical si artistic, Buc., 1938.

• is the capital of Romania. Mentioned in 1459 as a village; name from the personal name Bukur with the suffix -eshti, indicating the belonging of the village ...

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• - Bucuresti, the capital of Romania. Known since the 14th century. The old part of the city is located on the banks of the river. Dymbovica, in the area of ​​the large Flower Bazaar...

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• - the capital of Romania, on the Dymbovitsa River, 45 km from the Danube. 2.0 million inhabitants. International Airport. Metropolitan...

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• - SAMOSH, a river in Romania and Hungary, a left tributary of the Tisza. 411 km, basin area 15.3 thousand km². The average water consumption is 114 m³/s. In the lower reaches it is navigable. Used for irrigation. On Samos - the cities of Cluj-Napoca, Satu Mare ...

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• - noun, number of synonyms: 3 party capital city ...

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