What bird is found on the Kerzhenets River. Kerzhenets - a river in the Nizhny Novgorod region: description, fishing, recreation. Literature about the Kerzhenets River

In the north Nizhny Novgorod region there was the village of Neveyka, long uninhabited, which was officially abolished in 2007. In a dense forest not far from Neveyka, a small transparent stream breaks out of the ground, giving rise to the Kerzhenets River, which, having traveled about 300 km, flows into the Volga.

Several streams are attributed to the sources of Kerzhents, at one of which the expedition "House and Ship" in 2000 installed a cross, fixing its coordinates.

Since this place is of natural and geographical interest, and this meets the requirements of the Geocaching game, on 09/01/2007, the cache "Source of the Kerzhenets River" was laid nearby.

The impassable wilderness around Kerzhenets makes these places fabulous and mysterious.

Due to its inaccessibility, the untouched ancient pine and spruce forest in these places it has not been exposed to human influence, and therefore is a unique monument of nature, a kind of standard of European pine forest and taiga forest.

Just three centuries ago, these lands were wild, and therefore the Old Believers, who were also called "Kerzhaks" by the name of the river, hid from the authorities here, creating sketes and settlements. The legend says that Stenka Razin hid his treasures in these places, which is why they attract treasure hunters so much.

Kerzhenets got its name from the Mordovian word "kerzh", which means "left".

This is understandable - after all, it flows into the Volga from the left side.

Kerzhenets is a shallow river with a sandy bottom. Not wide in the upper reaches - only 20-30 m, the river expands as it approaches the mouth, sometimes its width increases to 100 m. The flow rate is, on average, 3 km / h. The water is dark brown in color a large number organic substances.

The river bed is distinguished by sinuosity, often divided into two channels, replete with oxbow lakes, backwaters and numerous alternating stretches and turns. On the shallows, the depth of which is 20-40 cm, the river spills up to 60 meters. In places of sharp turns of the channel, the coast is intensively eroded, which significantly increases the width and depth of the channel.

Until the 80s of the last century, Kerzhenets was used for mole rafting - without a bunch in rafts. This led to the fact that a lot of driftwood and wood waste accumulated at the bottom of the river, which began to be cleared in last years. In addition, in the Rustai region, the waterway was blocked with logs so that the river was forced to wash away the left bank and change its course.

On the left bank of the Kerzhents, 50 km from the mouth, between the tributaries of the Makarikha and Pugay, there is a reserve. The distance between the mouths of these tributaries in a straight line is 20 km, but the length of the channel of this section is 34 km. This is a very scenic area. sand dunes, ridges, from where, as it is believed, the taiga begins. However, it is very easy to get lost here, moving away from the shore very close.

Kerzhenets River - Tourism object

From March to November, Kerzhenets becomes a popular object of water tourism.

The routes are varied: from two-day, “day off”, in the upper reaches of the river, to multi-day ones, more than 150 km long, which end at the village of Makaryevo, where Kerzhenets flows into the Volga.

Multi-day routes can start from the village of Dorofeevka, the bridge near the village of Bydreevka, the Ozero and Kerzhenets stops, or the village of Khakhaly.

The section up to Khakhala is inhabited, and downstream there are almost no villages, the river winds heavily, and wild nature begins.

Even further downstream is the legendary Rustai, which, according to legend, got its name from the Russian taiga. It is from these places that the taiga begins.

Below Rustai, there is again forest and wilderness along the banks.

Below the village of Crivel on the river there is a large pool, and in order to swim in it, you need reliable insurance.

When only a dozen and a half kilometers are left to the mouth, pine forests give way to oak forests, which are replaced by floodplain meadows.

In addition to the river, which is surprisingly picturesque and interesting in itself, there are very curious historical sights on the banks of the Kerzhenets.

Behind Gavrilovka, the famous schismatic places begin, where there is something to see. Below the village of Merinovo, an old schismatic cemetery has been preserved. In the village of Bolshoe Olenevo, there is an amazing arrangement of houses - in a circle, and on the tombstones that have survived from those times, there are inscriptions in Slavic script.

In the village of Lykovo, founded in the 17th century, houses of the 19th century, decorated with wood carvings, and the skeleton of the church, which burned down due to a lightning strike, have been preserved.

The route can be completed a few kilometers before the mouth, moreover, it is very difficult to determine exactly where Kerzhenets ends and the Volga begins. However, the view that opens from the river to the Makaryevsky Monastery - the main attraction of these places - is so impressive that it is worth seeing.

The expressive image of the Makaryevsky Monastery strikes with the harmony and integrity of the perception of the building itself and the landscape surrounding it. This allows it to be classified as cultural landscape- the result of joint creativity of nature and man.

The beginning of the monastery was laid in 1435, when the monk of the Pechersk Monastery Macarius founded the monastery on the shore of the Yellow Lake, after which it was named Zheltovodsky. The monastery "moved" to the Volga coast due to the fact that the Volga swallowed the lake, changing its course.

Just a few years later, the monastery was destroyed and burned by the Mongols, Macarius himself was taken prisoner, and the monks were killed. The monastery was abandoned for 200 years.

The monastery was restored by 1626 by the monk Avramius, who had a vision in a dream instructing him to restore the monastery.

The favorable position of the monastery - near its walls there were ships going along the Volga in various directions - was the reason for the emergence of the largest Makarievskaya fair here.

The transfer of the fair to Nizhny Novgorod and the fire in 1817 caused the decline of the monastery, until its abolition. It was restored as a convent in 1883.

During the years of Soviet power, the monastery was used in any way - an orphanage, a hospital, etc., but not for its intended purpose.

In 1990, the Makaryevsky Monastery was transferred to the Nizhny Novgorod diocese. By decision of the Holy Synod in 1991, a convent was opened here.

Despite all the ups and downs, the complex has been well preserved, and after a full-scale restoration of almost all buildings, it returned its historical appearance.

Since 1995 architectural complex Makaryevsky Monastery has the status of "Monument of history and culture of federal significance."

On this page, the site is pleased to present readers with information, materials and literature about the Kerzhenets River.

Information and literature about the Kerzhenets River

Kerzhenets River - encyclopedic reference

Kerzhenets - a river in Russia, flows in the Nizhny Novgorod region. Falls into the Volga.
The length is 290 km, the basin area is 6140 sq km. The source is located in the Koverninsky district near the non-residential village of Neveyki, flows through the territory of the urban districts of Semyonovsky and the city of Bor and the Lyskovsky district and flows into the Volga, on its left side, near the village of Makaryevo. Kerzhenets is a timber-rafting river. On the left bank, near its confluence with the Volga, is the Makaryevsky Monastery.
The river belongs to the Upper Volga basin district.

Literature about the Kerzhenets River

Kerzhenets River - POEMS

Kerzhenets
Ivan Esaulkov

Go through Kerzhenets
In a kayak or in a kayak!
He squirms like a snake
And disappears into the distance.

On the banks of the forest flicker
Clouds overhead
They are drawn along
There is a fast river to the Trans-Volga.

Here is the sandy beach on the right,
Behind him rises a pine forest,
And to his left is an oak forest
It will catch your eye for a while.

You look at the shore with interest:
Here there is a meadow on it, and there overgrown
Alder, willow, small forest,
And then a grove of birches.

In some places - a leisurely move,
In some places - do not open your mouth
On twists and turns
And get away from the trees!

You are here on a kayaking trip
Find places to rest
Spend a little time in nature
Have a bite and - again on the road! ..

Magnificent scenery!
The water is clear and pure!
You will say to your friends about Kerzhenets:
"Blessed places!"

Flooding on the Kerzhenets River
Sergei Sukhonin

This is not Kerzhenets, but the sea! -
The result of unexpected rains.
And kayaks are floating in the open
Mowed and harvested fields

Among the haystacks that have become islands,
Among the farms - they are the continents,
And we can't find ourselves
The bed of a suddenly lost river.

And the water runs between the hills,
And in the forest there is no way for us,
The oars here fencing with trunks,
Branches hit painfully on the heads.

Jamb fly into the eyes and ears
Brazenly kamikaze - mosquitoes,
And nowhere is sushi in sight yet,
And then we come from the heat,

And our hands are filled with lead,
And we have no way back
Vipers swim near us,
And they strive to dive into a kayak.

We tear through the bushes like animals,
Breaking blades, ahead ...
Here it is - the desired right bank
Kerzhents. Now let's not get lost!

Stay with me, my forest Kerzhenets
Romanova Nina Ivanovna

Pine forest, sandy clean beach.
We are still young. In the soul - courage.
Stay with me, my forest Kerzhenets.
Handsome. But it cannot be compared with Chusova.

The scope is not the same, and yours is not the same.
Ural. Not domesticated, pure
the beauty river Chusovaya rushes us,
and wildness, and captivating tenderness.

Swimmer, do not be proud in the Ural waters:
dive once - you will remember for the rest of your life.
And Kerzhenets is a domestic brown dog,
but still not mature enough to be a wolf.

Bleak, bream, but no grayling...
If you are a fisherman, then you know the subject.
But if you are an artist and a poet,
Zimyonki - better rest you don't.

Makaryevsky we pass the monastery -
trading Nizhny Novgorod power and breadth.
Sushnyak along the banks, it would be collected,
but they all go not to give, but to take ...

Kerzhenets
Viktor Vladimirovich Silin

Visited Nastya
was at the affectionate.
About fishing gear
thought quickly.
To the fishing game
I am a follower
And already at dawn
went to Kerzhenets.
With this wonderful river
free-handed
I've known for a long time
according to Pechersk.
Isn't that why I'm sweet
here side,
That "In the woods" blossomed
miracle Flenushka,
What a schismatic skete
steadfast
Everything burns invisibly
fiery faith.
And that I found the truth
here folk
Korolenko with soul
noble.
And I'm going through the temple
Like a follower
Through oak forests
above Kerzhenets.
And the oak grove sings
me lyrically
About the river, about the people
historical.

Idyll!
Sergey Lyutov

O world! Fire of the universe...
The only saint, incorruptible...
Your not to forget the drawing is unforgettable,
Over my dear river,
When you said goodbye
With a grown pine ...

Thunder rolled into a song,
A warm summer rain has fallen.
Birches with pines seemed to be kissing,
And Kerzhenets was both a friend and a leader...

Watered them gently with pure water,
He sang songs to them, barely murmuring.
And I couldn't help myself
Gaining strength - dragging your feet a little ...

N. M. Romadin Kerzhenets. 1946
Ivan Esaulkov

We finally met
River, river Kerzhenets!
You're running, swollen with a dashing wind -
Nothing is arranged for you!

You are very unfriendly -
Scattered around hermitages,
And the forests around them are not trodden,
And the paths among them are not paved.

Overgrown your shores
On both sides of them - the taiga,
And the paths are not traveled here,
Though inevitably we met!

Primordial beauty!
And your water is so pure! -
Springs in you, apparently, beat from the bottom ...
And the silence in my ears is ringing...

The boat will float on you
I'll meet the sunrise here...
Near thickets of willow and alder
So they ask for a song or a verse! ..

Favorite place on the river
Nadezhda Shaferova

Autumn crept up like a cunning fox,
I'm in a hurry to the shore of Kerzhenets.
I will bring him my weariness,
I ask for life advice.

Here it is, my cherished, dear coast
And a place near the old lindens ...
I have already checked it many times,
Not once heard my sob.

Again I hasten to Kerzhents with sadness,
I want to gain strength in life.
I love the endless distance
Tell him how nice he is to me...

Dear shore in golden decoration,
A quiet wind whispers a verse to the leaves,
Sounds of waves with stubborn persistence
Repeat the sensual motif.

Joyfully carry the sun on the crests
In golden crowns of sheets,
And in the soul to the very bottom
Happiness floats out of the shackles.

Sorrow-longing disappears little by little,
Breathed in relief,
And already the way back
I do not notice: the path is easy.

Beautiful Kerzhenets at night
Ivan Volkov 4

Beautiful Kerzhenets at night,
When the yars sleep peacefully.
Behind the burden of the day
The burs stand like a solid wall.

The fire is burning, glare is playing
On the dark Kerzhenskaya wave,
Yes, birds of the night mysterious cries
Disturbing thoughts and the river and me.

Kerzhenets River - SONGS

Kerzhenskaya
Stanislav Afonsky

Here are the streams of fresh water,
Right-left coast
And all this, as you know,
It is called r e a.

We can't wait to pass through it to passion -

Here is an eccentric walking along the river,
Taking your cruise
This strange man
It's called a tourist.

We are from the life of the bored refugees -
There is no other river in the world better than Kerzhenets!

Here is his three-seater ship,
There may be two places.
The ship is known to
It's called b a y d a.

We are adherents of kayak trips -
There is no other river in the world better than Kerzhants!

From a tourist figure
Like delicious nectar
Drinks blood, in kind,
Insect mosquito.

The blood of a tourist by a mosquito is very much appreciated -
There is no other river in the world better than Kerzhenets!

The rain pours mercilessly in the summer,
But against him
There is a hearth of warmth and light
Under the name of k o s t e r.

He will share his cheerful warmth -
There is no other river in the world better than Kerzhenets!

Forgive our sins
That we will sin along the way,
Anyway, we will come to the monastery
Under the name of the monastery.

We hope to reach Macarius -
There is no other river in the world better than Kerzhenets!

Measures the earth with feet
The one who does not row water
Well, we are going hand in hand,
So to say, on the contrary.

We don’t mumble on a campaign, and we don’t calve -
There is no other river in the world better than Kerzhenets!

Traveling along the route
You cannot swim alone.
We, at the beginning, just a group,
And finally friends!

We will remember when we go apart,
that there is no river in the world
better than Kerzhenz.

Song. People's suffering. About tourism
Denis Morev

To sing with grief, with overdrinking, with characteristic howls.

I'll pack my backpack.
I'll sit on the path.
Forgive me for not being so.
I'm leaving for the hike.

Friends are waiting, friends are waiting.
The path is far away.
You can't go, no way...
Waiting, go, the river.

Oh you, Kerzhenets River,
_____Oh you, black water,
_____Oh you, tea from a kettle,
_____Oh you, a song by the fire.

Oh yes, faithful Baida,
_____ Oh yes, a series of parking lots,
_____ Yes, pour a little
_____For the tourist month of May.

Winter-winter-winter-y
Sat in the house.
Didn't raft down the river
Don't roll on the sand.

Didn't carry backpacks,
They didn't trample on their boots,
Didn't feed mosquitoes, oh
Sit up, oh my.

ETC:
___________

I'll pack my backpack.
I'll sit on the path.
Forgive me for not being so.
I'm going on a hike...

Kerzhenets
Demidov Igor Petrovich

Blue sky and pine trees around.
Kerzhenets is an old trusted friend.
Gather your canoe quickly -
oars creak,
oars creak,
oars creak.

Kerzhenets is not just a river.
This is a test for the hydrobag.
It's a test of soaked pops -
oar spank,
oar spank,
spank with oars.

Kerzhenets is a river for those who are not cowards.
Let the cargo hang over the sides.
And not food that is tired and weak -
oars chap,
oars chap,
oars chap.

Kerzhenets is a place where it is not easy for everyone,
and the parking lot is far away.
Whatever you think, say it out loud
splash with oars,
splash with oars,
splash with oars.

Kerzhenets loves cheerful people.
Around the corner - another turn.
The channel was laid by a drunken man -
whack with oars,
whack with oars,
whack with oars.

spring wind and sunlight.
Kerzhenets - hello to our youth.
You will appreciate it later, but now -
oars once,
oars once,
oars at once ...

See information

Places of beginning and end of tourist rafting
along the river Kerzhenets

Conventions

Lilac labels tourist attractions

6 - Makaryevsky monastery. Founded in the 15th century. The stone temples were built in the 17th-18th centuries and restored in the late 20th-early 21st centuries. From the middle of the 16th century to 1816, the largest fair was held within the walls of the monastery. Now here is a stopover for tourist boats. The monastery looks especially beautiful from the Volga, along which you can kayak from the mouth of Kerzhents to the village of Makaryevo, where you will finish sports alloy. An excursion to the monastery will be a good end to it. The monastery is female, acting. Rules of conduct and dress code must be observed. 7 - Kerzhensky Reserve. Created to protect and restore typical pine forests of the southern taiga. Rustai village has environmental center with a museum, small but interesting. The author especially liked the dioramas with dummies of birds. Stops on the left bank of the Kerzhenets in the reserve are prohibited. In secret only between us - on the right bank there are enough places for recreation and a tent camp. Enough for everyone. On the left, everything is the same, only the stop "pulls on a rotten market" with forest guards, which work well in the Kerzhensky Reserve. The tent camp on the territory of the reserve is for lovers of specific entertainment before going to bed. It may have to be postponed indefinitely.

(Kerzhensky sketes), one of the main centers of the Old Believers in the con. XVII - ser. XIX century., located in the forest inaccessible areas of the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region, is named after the river flowing here. Kerzhenets (flows into the Volga near the town of Lyskovo). The sketes were located in the basins of the left tributaries of the Volga - the rivers Kerzhenets, Uzola, Linda, Vezlom, Vatom, Doroguch, as well as on the tributary of the Unzha - the river. Black Luch. According to the administrative-territorial division of the XVIII century. it was the territory of Balakhna (palace Dryukovskaya (Musatovskaya), Kerzhenskaya, Tolokontsevo and Khokhloma volosts), Nizhny Novgorod (Verkhokerzhenskaya patrimony of Makariyev Zheltovodsky monastery in the name of the Holy Trinity and Raznezhskaya patrimony of the Nizhny Novgorod monastery in honor of the Annunciation of the Blessed Virgin Mary monastery) and Yuryevets (palace Korelskaya , Rybnovskaya and Belbazhskaya volosts) counties; in 1778-1779 on these lands were formed Makaryevsky district. Kostroma viceroy (since 1796 Kostroma province) and Semyonovsky district. Nizhny Novgorod vicegerency (since 1796 Nizhny Novgorod province).

Old Believer sketes in K. appeared in the beginning. 60s Since the 17th century, since that time, among the opponents of the liturgical reform, an idea has been formed of K. as a place where "to live in peace and God's salvation." K. became one of the most important centers of the Old Believers largely due to its location: on the one hand - dense forests, on the other - the proximity of the Volga and trade routes, Nizhny Novgorod, Balakhna, Makarievskaya Fair. The boundaries of several counties converged on K.: Balakhna, Galich, Kozmodemyansk, Nizhny Novgorod, and Yuryevets. Multi-departmental subordination of the territory, weak control by the authorities in the 2nd half. XVII - beginning. 18th century contributed to the formation of an authoritative and populous center of the Old Believers.

One of the first sketes of Kerzhensky was founded by Mon. Ephraim (Potemkin) in 1662; the skete was “two hundred and more miles from the Lower Volga River in large forests between swamps, and those ... forests went to Vetluga, those forests will be three hundred and more miles, there are no villages and villages: all forests” (cited by: Yukhimenko New about Elder Ephraim Potemkin, 2010, p. 23). The elder was known in the region for his rejection of liturgical innovations and for his teaching about the coming of the Antichrist in the person of Patriarch Nikon. Ephraim's views became widespread among the population, and "beekeepers on skis and peasants from distant... villages used to go to his skete" (Ibid., p. 34). In March 1666, Ephraim was arrested during the expedition of Colonel A.N. Lopukhin "in the Suzdal, Vyaznikovsky, Murom, Nizhny Novgorod, Kostroma and Vologda limits" with the aim of capturing "church rebels", the monastery was burned. Ephraim was taken to Moscow for the Great Moscow Cathedral of 1666-1667. , he obeyed, compiled a "repentant letter", which had to be read out publicly in those places where he preached his doctrine - in Nizhny Novgorod, Balakhna, at the Makariev Fair. After that, the elder was sent to the Novospassky Moscow Monastery in honor of the Transfiguration of the Lord.

A feature of K. was the predominance of the Old Believers-priests (see in the article Beglopopovtsy). In the 60s. 17th century here appeared a fugitive priest from Shuya Dionysius, who had large stock peace and Holy Gifts, consecrated under Patriarch Joseph. This circumstance greatly contributed to the growth of K.'s authority; many followers of the "old faith" came to the Smolyana skete to Dionysius. Dionysius introduced to K. reception in the "existing rank" of priests of the post-Nikon setting. The successor of Dionysius became a priest. Theodosius (Vorypin), ordained by Patriarch Joseph. Theodosius appeared on K. approx. 1694 and enjoyed great authority: he "instructed the inhabitants of the sketes in the needs of baptism, confession and tonsure." Theodosius did not stay long on K., because of the persecution of the authorities, he fled to Vetka, where he remained until his death in 1710 as the recognized head of the priests.

In con. 70s 17th century a network of secret Old Believer settlements in K. was founded by monks who fled from Solovetsky in honor of the Assumption of the Blessed One. Monastery of the Mother of God after the suppression in 1676 of the Solovetsky uprising. According to legend, seven Solovetsky monks - Arseny, Nikanor, Onufry, Parthenius, Sofontiy, Trifilly and Adrian - came to the river valley. Sanokhty (the right tributary of the Kerzhents) and set up cells here, since then this place has become known as the “Semibratskaya Valley”. Former Solovetsky monks led the communities of priests on K. Arseny became the founder of the Arseniev skete near the village. Khvostikovo and Skete Sharpan (lat. St. Sharpan) on the river. Black Sanohta. After his death in 1682, the skete was headed by the elder Onufry (according to some sources, he had the nickname Eagle). Being an energetic person, with organizational skills, Onufry disposed of all the funds that came to K. from donors, and distributed them among the sketes. No less revered and authoritative leader was Sophontius, Bud. the founder and leader of the main Beglopopovsky consent of K., the Urals and Siberia - Sofontievsky. According to some reports, he came to the Volga region from Solovki c. 1677, according to others - was a runaway monk hiding in the Galich forests, where approx. In 1690, the "Kerzhensky fathers" found him and invited him to the Trans-Volga region. Sofonty organized a skete in K. in the name of the Holy Spirit near the village. Deyanovo. Valuable information about Sofontia was left by Dorofei, a resident of the Kerzhen sketes, who in 1745 testified that the elder served “vespers, matins in his cell, and on the day of the hour or mass ... he also sent schismatics living in those forests to hear of these services, they gathered in a cell to pray to him, Sophontiy ”(TsANO. F. 570. Op. 553. D. 43 (1745). L. 6).

An important event in the spiritual life of K. at the turn of the XVII and XVIII centuries. disputes began over the "dogmatic letters" of Avvakum Petrov, created during disputes with deac. Fedor Ivanov on the main issues of Orthodox dogma (see Avvakumovshchina). The letters were brought to K. by Avvakum’s disciple Sergius (Krasheninnikov), who settled in the skete of Onufry, where these letters were received with reverence: “... they are lined with velvet and placed at the holy icons; and the others carry them with them, and think of those letters to get rid of misfortunes; and they rub those letters with incense” (MDIR, vol. 8, p. 260). Avvakum's reasoning sometimes diverged from the Orthodox. creed. Criticism of these constructions Fedor found her supporters in K., and on August 19. In 1693, a council was held in the repair of Zinoviev, at which the acceptance of Avvakum's letters by Onufry received the sharpest assessment. In 1702, 1704, 1706 and 1708 on this occasion, new councils were held in K., however, the Onufrievites not only did not refuse “dissenting letters”, but also “more likely to start loving and believing in them, and read them at the church service.” The position of Onufry was subjected to more and more strong criticism from the Sofontievites, and then from the representatives of the deacon's consent. A message arrived from Moscow to K. admonishing Onufry to renounce the teachings of Avvakum. May-Nov. In 1708, supporters of Sophontiy ensured that Onufry, together with Sergius (Krasheninnikov), confirmed in writing the rejection of Avvakum's letters. In 1717, another “conciliatory meeting” was held, at which a “world scroll” was compiled, signed by the elders Dositheus, Arseny, Macarius and Abraham and others from the side of the skete of Onufry, and others. all the sketes do not have those letters, and we do not philosophize and do not correct them. Despite this, the supporters of Sophontiy testified in 1719 that they were in a “dispute” with the “Anoufrians” (MDIR, vol. 8, pp. 240-242, 308).

Not only Avvakum's letters came to K., but also the original edition of his Life and a number of other manuscripts brought from Pustozersk by the widow of priest Lazar Domnica. This is evidenced by the Pryanishnikovsky copy of the Life of Archpriest Avvakum, which is a special edition of the text, and the Kerzhen collections of Avvakum's works, although not numerous, but containing exceptionally rare texts. The merit of K. is in the preservation and copying of the works of Archpriest Avvakum, and this was a special, different from the Pomeranian and Vygov, handwritten tradition.

Sofontievshchina and Onufrievshchina were the most numerous Old Believer agreements on K. Ok. In 1709, the deacon's consent ("Lysenovshchina", "new kadilniks"), created by Alexander the Deacon, who in 1710 headed the Kerzhen Lavrentiev Skete, stood out from the Sofontievshchina. Dr. Rev. Dimitri, and the main ideologist was a layman, Muscovite T. M. Lysenin, who settled in K. c. 1708 Lysenin was known as a polemicist and writer. One of the first he began to collect and systematize evidence in favor of the old rites, he took information from handwritten and early printed books, studied icons and objects of church art. Lysenin began this work in Moscow in 1706, continued and generalized to K. in 1713. According to P. S. Smirnov, Lysenin c. In 1710, he compiled in K. "A short story about the battle of Archpriest Avvakum with Fyodor the Deacon." In contrast to Sofontievism and Onufrievism, the deacon's consent was not numerous. In the censuses of 1718-1723. mentioned ca. 200 Dyakonovites who lived on K. Despite the small number, they were active, and, according to some data, in the beginning. 18th century “on Kerzhenets, priest Dimitry and deacon Alexander ruled the clergy” (Ioannov A. Full historical news. 1799. P. 213).

Disputes and divisions among the Kerzhensky priests in the 1st quarter. 18th century did not stop. The Sofontievites and the deaconists, who agreed to oppose the dogmatic constructions of Avvakum, disagreed among themselves on the question of the rank of admitting priests from the Orthodox Church to the Old Believers. Churches (“runaway priests”): the first were accepted through chrismation (2nd rank), the second - through renunciation of heresies (3rd rank). In 1708-1710. Several noisy cathedrals took place in the Kerzhensky sketes, at which the opinions of the deacons about the saving power of the 4-pointed cross and the method of incense were discussed. To resolve disputes, the Kerzhen elders sent several letters and a delegation to Vetka, where the views of the deacons were recognized as erroneous. In a message to K. from Vetka, Theodosius (Vorypin) recommended that the warring parties be more tolerant of each other and not inflate quarrels that cause “laughter and reproach” of opponents of the “old faith”. The Trans-Volga wanderers understood that “there is no good in K. - many strife, and quarrels, and divisions of those who live in the same faith” (Ioannov A. Full historical news. 1799. P. 272).

On K., the Old Believers repeatedly convened councils. In 1703, a council of priests was held, which was attended by delegates "from various countries Siberian lands, and from the Black Sea, and the Don steppes, and from various cities. The Council approved a message to the Bespopovtsy in various regions of the country condemning their position. In 1710, another council was held in K., which condemned the activities of the Bespopovites and sent a message to them “to Pskov with counties, to Novgorod and abroad.” Disputes between Nizhny Novgorod priests and Bespopovtsy often developed into clashes, while in difficult times the Old Believers of K. united their efforts to resist the authorities. An example of such solidarity is the fact that the Bespopov-Vygovtsy helped the priests-Dyakonovtsy in compiling "Dyakonov's answers". There are cases when the Bespopovtsy sent their children "for learning" to the sketes of the priests. So, for example, did the Nizhny Novgorod Ober-Landrichter S. Nesterov, a secret bespriest, who sent his stepson to study at the skete of Onufriev priests, to whom he and his wife repeatedly “came to the cell” (Esipov. Raskolnichye deeds. T. 2. C 211). K. was also characterized by a mixed type of settlements of priests and bespopovtsy.

To the beginning 18th century in the Volga region there were 94 Old Believer sketes. From that time on, K. became a concentration area for runaway peasants. During the 1720 census, it turned out that many the volosts of this region were almost completely populated by fugitives, in particular, in the Kerzhenskaya and Khokhloma volosts, “all newcomers appeared” (Kozlova N.V. Escapes of peasants in Russia in the 1st third of the 18th century. M., 1983. P. 132). The mass exodus of peasants to K. was explained by the dissatisfaction of the population because of heavy taxes and reforms. In 1713, L. Batorov testified that many “people of every rank, descendants from Moscow and from various other cities” flee to K. “from barbering” (Reports and sentences held in the Governing Senate during the reign of Peter the Great. St. Petersburg, 1888. V. 3. Book 2. S. 605). During the census of the Old Believers in 1719-1720. in the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region, 3591 “cell residents” were recorded, among them 1500 Bespopovtsy, 1275 Sofontievtsy, 607 Onufrievtsy and 209 Dyakonovtsy.

Following. persecution of the Old Believers by Pitirim (Potemkin) (Bishop of Nizhny Novgorod in 1719-1738) in the 10s. 18th century most of the sketes on K. were ruined. In 1720, a deacon was executed. Alexander, Onufry c. In 1719 he went to the Beloye m., Iona Belbazhsky was imprisoned in a monastery, Sergius (Krasheninnikov) hid in Siberia. The Old Believers fled from K. to the North, the Urals, Vetka and Starodubye. As a result of the resettlement of the Old Believers from K. to the Urals and Siberia (under the protection of the privileges received in 1702 by the Demidovs for the development of metallurgy), the priestly direction was laid in the Old Believers of Siberia, which eventually turned into the largest chapel concord. The defeat of K. was preceded by a written controversy: at the request of the latter, the Kerzhen Old Believers, at the request of the latter, filed “Dyakonov’s answers” ​​to Pitirim’s questions (written in Vyga by the bespopovites S. and A. Denisovs). In response, Ep. Pitirim published in 1721 "Sling against schismatic questions."

In the 40s. 18th century part of the secret Old Believer settlements in K. was revived. Ep. Dimitry (Sechenov) in 1743 reported to the Synod about the presence in the Volga region of more than 50 sketes, in which 791 people lived. (RGIA. F. 796. Op. 24. D. 16a. L. 1-44). In 1755 total number skitniks in Balakhna and Yuryevets counties, recorded in payment, reached 1339 people. (251 men and 1088 women). In 1760, the authorities again recorded an increase in the number of skete inhabitants in K. (Ibid. Op. 42. D. 118. L. 1-1v.). Thanks to the liberalization of government policy towards the Old Believers under imp. Catherine II Alekseevna (1762-1796) in the Nizhny Novgorod Trans-Volga region, old sketes were renewed and new sketes appeared, by 1788 there were 54 sketes, in which 8 thousand people lived.

In 1777-1779. residents of K. took part in a debate about the method of admitting priests from the Orthodox Church into the Old Believers. Churches. The controversy began after chrism was brewed in 1777 at the Rogozhsky cemetery, where the practice of receiving fugitive priests through chrismation was established. Mikhail Kalmyk and the rector of the Assumption Monastery near the settlement of Zlynka (now the city of Bryansk region) Nikodim, who offered to accept priests through renunciation of heresies (3rd rank), became opponents of conjuration and the reception of priests of the 2nd rank. Correspondence began with the participation of the main Beglopop centers of the country. Their disagreement with Mikhail Kalmyk in the form of "Conversations, or Exhortations, on church disagreement" was expressed, including by the Kerzhensky and Gorodets monks and nuns with the surrounding residents (RSL. F. 247. No. 596. L. 49 ob. - 53) .

At the turn of the XVIII and XIX centuries. in Makaryevsky u. Kostroma province. there were 6 registered sketes, in which there were 35 people; in Semyonovsky Nizhny Novgorod province. 26 cell settlements were taken into account, in which 1362 people lived. (mostly women). The Komarovsky (331 people), Olenevsky (266 people), Bystrensky (101 people) and Voroshilovsky (99 people) sketes were distinguished by the large number of people. In the beginning. 19th century Priests still prevailed in K., although there were also adherents of priestlessness - Spasovites and Pomortsy. By 1826, 2839 people lived in 28 sketes, including 2320 priests, 337 Spasovites, 182 Pomeranians. Chapels and prayer rooms, according to the official. According to the data, there were 75, including 72 priests, 2 - Spasov consent and 1 - Pomeranian. Poor soil did not allow the Kerzhensky wanderers to actively engage in agriculture. They either lived on alms from their co-religionists, or “feeded on their work”: “beaten wool”, in the summer they collected and sold berries and mushrooms to the surrounding population, and with the proceeds they bought bread and other products, in winter “the men wove bast shoes, and the women spinning yarn."

After 1826, a number of government measures were taken to destroy Old Believer sketes: it was forbidden to build new ones and fix old prayer houses, arrange them in houses and have bells, in 1836 it was again forbidden to attribute Old Believers to sketes. In the same year, the Pokrovsky Edinoverie was founded. monastery near Semyonov, to which they moved several. wanderers. In 1847, the governor of Nizhny Novgorod entrusted the supervision of the Old Believer sketes to his officials for special assignments, one of them was P. I. Melnikov (A. Pechersky). In 1848, Melnikov sealed the Annunciation Skete, founded in 1814 by the monk Tarasius on the right bank of the Kerzhents, and persuaded Tarasius to move to the Tomb of Elder Sofontiy at the Deyanovsky cemetery. Photo by M.P. Dmitriev. Beginning 20th century (RSL)

By 1853, the number of Kerzhensky sketes decreased to 16, they had 976 inhabitants (mostly women), including 934 priests, 25 Spasovites and 17 Pomeranians. In the spring of 1853, the imp. decree on the closure of the Kerzhensky sketes, their inhabitants were assigned to the state. peasants of Khvostikovskaya and Khokhloma volosts of Semyonovsky u. Despite this order, in 1854, 8 cell settlements remained in K.. At the turn of the XIX and XX centuries. 4 small wives acted on K. sketes: Chernukhinsky (5 versts from Semenov), Olenevsky, Komarovsky (near Semenov), Ulangersky. They were dispersed in the con. 20s - early 30s XX century., The inhabitants moved to neighboring villages. The last abbess of the Komarov cells, mother Manefa, died in 1934, was buried in the cemetery in Komarov, her grave is revered by the Old Believers.

One of the factors that determined the authority of K. among the Old Believers was the presence here of the relics of the elders - the founders and leaders of the sketes. All R. 19th century Melnikov testified that Sofontiy “is still considered the most important saint of the Beglopopovshchina, they (Old Believers. - Auth.) Always remember him in their prayers and go to worship his relics” (Melnikov. Report. 1910. P. 109). In present time of the place of the former Olenevsky, Komarovsky, Sharpansky sketes, the graves of Sofontiy, Lotiy, Manefa and others are visited by Old Believers both from the surrounding villages and from various regions of Russia, including from Siberia, commemorative crosses were placed on the sites of cell settlements.

The Kerzhensky Old Believers had a strong influence on the work of Melnikov, M.V. Nesterov. In the dilogy of Melnikov (Pechersky) "In the Forests" (1871-1874) and "On the Mountains" (1875-1881), which describes mainly the life of the Kerzhensky sketes, for the first time in Russian. literature of the 19th century a positive image of the Old Believer was created. A deep understanding of the people of the “old faith” was reflected by Nesterov on his canvases: “On the mountains”, “Beyond the Volga”, “Great tonsure”, “On the Volga”, “Two sisters”, etc. Nizhny Novgorod photographer M.P. Dmitriev in the beginning. 20th century captured the views and shrines of K. and published a series of postcards (GANO. Collection of photographs by MP Dmitriev). Kerzhensky Old Believer types attracted the artist and photographer A. O. Karelin.

In 1922-1936. there was a fellow faith Kerzhensky vicariate of the Nizhny Novgorod diocese, named after s. Kerzhenets (now the village of Borsky district, Nizhny Novgorod region). Kerzhensky Bishop served in the village. Bor (now a city, district center of the Nizhny Novgorod region), located near the village. Kerzhenets.

In 1994, the Nizhny Novgorod Institute of Handwritten and Early Printed Books of the Russian Volga Region began work on the study of St. places of old believers. Research conducted by the institute formed the basis of the decision legislative assembly Nizhny Novgorod region 1995 "On the announcement memorable places associated with the history of the Old Believers, places of pilgrimage and worship of Old Believer shrines located in the Semyonovsky district, sights of the Nizhny Novgorod region and historical monuments of regional significance. By this resolution, B. Olenevo (former Olenevsky skete) was declared a historical settlement of the Nizhny Novgorod region, sketes Komarovsky, Smolyany, St. (Empty) Sharpan, Nov. Sharpan and the "Holy well with the graves of the burnt" near the village. Osinki - places of interest. Monuments of history are the graves of the ascetics of the "old faith" Sofontiy, Trifilliy, Joseph, Nikodim, Daniel "and with him two thousand sisters and brothers burned", schemes Agathia, Praskoveya, Thekla.

Source: Ioannov A. (Zhuravlev A.I.). Complete historical news about the ancient strigolniks and new schismatics. St. Petersburg, 1799. 4 hours; Alekseev I. The story of the fleeing priesthood // Chronicles of Tikhonravov. 1862. T. 4. S. 61-63; Esipov G.V. The schismatic cases of the 18th century, extracted from the cases of the Preobrazhensky Prikaz and the Secret Investigative Office of the Office. SPb., 1861. T. 1. S. 557; 1863. Vol. 2, pp. 6-14, 186, 211, 258-260; Filippov I. The history of the Vygovskaya Old Believer empty. M., 1862. S. 137; MDIR. 1887. V. 8: Historical and dogmatic-polemical writings of the first schism teachers. pp. 240-242, 246, 260, 308; Arkhangelov S. A. Among the schismatics and sectarians of the Volga region: Historical and household essays on the split and sectarianism in the Nizhny Novgorod region. SPb., 1899; Melnikov P. I. Report on state of the art split in the Nizhny Novgorod province. for 1854 // Sat. Nizhny Novgorod province. UAC. N. Novg., 1910. T. 9: In memory of P. I. Melnikov (A. Pechersky).

Lit .: The state of the schism in the Nizhny Novgorod diocese after the death of Reverend. Pitirim to the end. XVIII Art. // Nizhny Novgorod EV. 1867. No. 5. S. 117-128; Smirnov P.S. The history of the Russian split of the Old Believers. St. Petersburg, 18952; he is. From the history of the schism, 1st half. 18th century St. Petersburg, 1908; he is. Disputes and divisions in the Russian schism in the 1st quarter. 18th century St. Petersburg, 1909, pp. 39-41, 125-127, 141, 280-282, 316-328; Prilutsky Yu. In the outback. Semyonov, 1917; Demkova N. S. The Life of Archpriest Avvakum: (Creative History of the Work). L., 1974. S. 131-132; Belyaeva O.K. Polemic collections and writings of the Old Believers of the deacon's consent: (Some preliminary remarks) // Christianity and the Church in Russia of the feudal period. Novosib., 1979. S. 211-216; Yukhimenko E. M. New materials about the beginning of the Vygovskaya desert // TODRL. 1993. T. 47. S. 328-337; she is. New about Elder Ephraim Potemkin // Old Believers in Russia (XVII-XX centuries): Sat. scientific tr. M., 2010. Issue. 4. S. 21-56; Bakhareva N. N., Belyakova M. M. Study and state protection of places associated with the history of the Old Believers in the Nizhny Novgorod region. // World of Old Believers. M., 1998. Issue. 4: Living Traditions: Results and Prospects of Comprehensive Research: Proceedings of the Intern. scientific conf. pp. 132-139; Spiritual literature of the Old Believers of the East of Russia in the 18th-20th centuries. Novosib., 1999. S. 31, 625-626; Sirotkin S.V. Oral Kerzhensky synodic // Old Believers in Russia (XVII-XX centuries). M., 1999. S. 290-300; Morokhin A.V. Trans-Volga Old Believer sketes in the 40-50s. 18th century // Nizhny Novgorod research on local history and archeology. N. Novg., 2001. S. 144-151; he is. Kerzhenets as the center of "skete residence" in con. XVII-XVIII centuries: (According to the materials of the interrogation speeches of the Old Believers) // Language, book and traditional culture of late Russian. Middle Ages in the life of their time, in science, museum and library work of the 21st century: Tr. 2nd Intern. scientific conf. M., 2011. S. 399-411. (World of the Old Believers; Issue 8).

A. V. Morokhin, S. V. Sirotkin

Rafting on Kerzhenets

Kerzhenets is definitely one of the best rivers central Russia. Pure water, sandy beaches, endless pine and oak forests, monuments of antiquity and Old Believers, and finally, the Volga and Nizhny Novgorod attract travel enthusiasts from everywhere. Especially often here you can meet Nizhny Novgorod and Muscovites.

You can start your journey around Kerzhenets from the platforms "Ozero" and "Kerzhenets" where electric trains stop (here it is about 1 km to the water), or from the bridge near the village of Bydreevka, where you can take a bus from the station square of the city of Semenov, where they stop passenger trains long distance line Nizhny Novgorod - Kotelnich.

In the area of ​​Dorofeikha and Bydreevka Kerzhenets is a quiet clean river 15 - 20 m wide, winding in a sandy channel among copses and meadows. After the destroyed dam behind Gavrilovka, the famous schismatic places begin, described by P. I. Melnikov-Pechersky and V. G. Korolenko. The Old Believer cemetery above the Merinovsky reach and the village of Bolshoe Olenevo, located away from the river near Sanakhta, the right tributary of the Kerzhents, are some of the last evidence of a bygone schismatic way of life. The banks of the Kerzhenets here are high, wooded, on the bends of the beaches, in the channel of the driftwood. Located on the high left bank of the river, the village of Khakhaly is connected bus service with the city of Semyonov. Here at the bridge sandbanks in low water, wiring may be required.

Below Khakhal, settlements along the banks are rare, broad-leaved forests are interspersed pine forests. Rustai - in the past major center rafting - the left bank is open, several half-abandoned bridges, the channel is littered with the remains of rafting. After falling to the left major inflow Big Black coast lower, they are covered with dense stunted pine forests. With the approach of the Volga, pine forests on the banks of the Kerzhenets are replaced by oak forests, and they give way to floodplain meadows.

In the lower reaches of the Kerzhenets is wide, there is no current - the backwater of the Cheboksary hydroelectric power station on the Volga affects. On the left bank of the Kerzhenets, at its confluence with the Volga, stands the formerly famous Makaryevsky Monastery, near the walls of which All-Russian trade fairs were noisy. In order not to go through the spills, you can try to leave for Makaryevo from the bridge of the road from Ivanovsky.

From Makariev, you should take a ferry to the opposite bank of the Volga, to the Lyskovo pier, from where you can sail to Nizhny Novgorod (85 km) by Meteor or an ordinary boat. From Nizhny Novgorod river port before railway station several tram stops.

Literature

• Voronov Yu. B. "100 selected routes for traveling by kayak." M., Mir, 1993.