How to create the perfect itinerary for your trip. Prerequisites for the emergence and stages of the formation of travel publications

The process of emergence and development of printed publications about travel and the stages of their formation are considered, the definitions of the literary genre "travel" are given, the activities of the classics of Russian literature and journalism in creating travel notes are analyzed. The first stage in the emergence and development of the tourist press in Russia should be considered the 19th century, when the first travel and geography magazines appeared: Journal of the Newest Travels, News of the Russian Geographical Society, Around the World, World Traveler, Russian Tourist ”and others. The second stage, covering the first third of the twentieth century. and the pre-war years, is interesting in that publications on tourism and sports topics account for just over 1% of all periodicals and at the same time are propaganda and educational, raising topics not only of travel, but also of a healthy lifestyle. The third stage (1946-1990) is the time of the ideological and thematic development of the tourist press. The promotion of sports, sports tourism, physical culture, which are an integral part of the life of a Soviet person, becomes the main task of almost all publications, and a special role here, of course, is assigned to the tourist media. After 1990, the fourth stage in the development of travel journalism conditionally begins - “travel journalism” (from the English travel journalism). During this period, the tourist press is undergoing transformation, commercialization, differentiation, globalization and, as a result, a typological renewal of the entire class.

Keywords: travel journalism, travel journalism, tourist press, travelogue, travel literature.

In modern journalism, tourism topics are widely represented in all types of mass communication - in newspapers, magazines, television programs, Internet resources. The growing popularity of publications on tourism topics is due to the significant interest of the audience in traveling, in gaining new knowledge about the history and traditions of countries and peoples, natural and architectural monuments around the world.

The beginning of travel journalism or travel journalism was laid by the development and transformation of the literary genre "travel", which laid the foundations of a new journalistic direction. The study of the "journey" genre as a literary phenomenon was carried out by N.G. Chernyshevsky, V.M. Guminsky, V.A. Mikhailov , N.M. Maslova , Yu.M. Lotman, V.A. Shachkova, Yu.V. Rostovskaya and others.

N.G. Chernyshevsky focused on the diverse essence of the "journey", the critic described this genre as follows: "Combining elements of history, statistics, state sciences, natural sciences and approaching the so-called light literature in its form, as a story about the personal adventures, feelings and thoughts of an individual in his collisions with other people - people whose lives are all the more curious for us because they live in a different environment than the public for which the book is intended - the journey combines in the easiest form the richest and most enticing content. Travel is part romance, part anecdote, part history, part politics, part science. It gives each reader everything that he wants to find” [Chernyshevsky, 1986, p.368-394]. However, this definition does not yet give a clear understanding of the belonging of the genre to one or another type of literary and journalistic activity.

V.M. Guminsky believes that travel is a genre based on “the description by the traveler (eyewitness) of reliable information about any, first of all, unfamiliar to the reader or little-known countries, lands, peoples in the form of notes, notes, diaries, journals, essays , memoirs". Here we are talking more about a documentary than an artistic narrative, based on specific facts and reliable data collected during the journey. The author takes the position of an observer and researcher of a foreign world, contrasting it with his usual one, compares and offers the reader an artistic description, using the figurative and expressive means of the language, gives an assessment, but from the point of view of the bearer and for the bearers of their national cultural tradition.

However, V.M. Guminsky does not rule out another twist, saying that “in addition to the actual educational ones, the journey can pose additional - aesthetic, political, journalistic, philosophical and other tasks; a special kind of literary journeys - stories about fictional, imaginary journeys with a dominant ideological and artistic element, to one degree or another following the descriptive principles of constructing a documentary journey. Such a literary principle of "travel notes" at the initial stage of the development of "travel" is its formative feature, at the same time, the formation of the genre took place over several centuries.

The prototypes of printed travel publications can be considered historical and geographical works of philosophers of ancient times. The first descriptions of Ionian logographs and pericles of the 6th century BC. AD were further developed in the historical and geographical works of Herodotus, Strabo ("Geography"), Tacitus ("Germany" - around the 1st century AD), as well as Julius Caesar ("Notes on the Gallic War" - 58-50 years. BC.).

The modern French scholar Roland Le Hunin dedicated his work “What is a travel diary? Types of travel stories" historical research, covering the period from antiquity to the 15th century. In particular, he concludes that “travel notes are a very old genre, based on the story of Herodotus’ journey (about 484 BC - about 425 BC) to Persia, Egypt and Babylon in the 5th century BC. and "Anabasis" by Xenophon (not later than 444 BC - not earlier than 356 BC) [Le Hunin, 1990]. The book of Marco Polo (1254-1324) contributed to the exaltation of the wealth and wonders of India and China, the first journey around the world of Ferdinand Magellan (1519-1522) was successfully described by Antonio Francesco Pigafetta (from 1480 - after 1534), etc .d.

Another researcher A.A. Mayga, continuing the theme raised by Roland Le Hunin, believes that the development trade routes, including through Europe and Asia, contributes to the spread and expansion of the desired genre. The main milestones in the field of “tourist notes” are Marco Polo’s Book of the Diversity of the World (1299), Petrarch’s story about the campaign to Mont Ventoux (1336), travel stories of pilgrims, in particular, the notes of the famous Moroccan traveler Ibn Battuta (1304-1377), which are considered as guides for pilgrims and Arab and European merchants describing routes, currencies, culinary and other traditions of various countries [Maiga, 2014, p.254].

Thus, we observe how the functions of travel notes and essays are expanding, and they are no longer only tools for the transfer of geographical knowledge, but also popularizers of the culture of countries and places of travel and pilgrimage, reflect local traditions and ethnographic realities.

The spread of paper, which overtook printing in Europe by almost a hundred years, and the invention of the printing press lead to an explosion of travel literature during the Renaissance.

“It was at that time ... that the travelogue appeared in the form of reports of a missionary, a diplomat or a scholar's diary. And by the end of the XVI century. more developed essays by merchants such as François Bernier, who visited India (1605-1688) and became the first European in Kashmir; or Jean-Baptiste Tavernier (1605-1689), who made five journeys in forty years through Turkey, Syria, Iraq and Iran, overcoming more than 240,000 km on his way to Persia” [Maiga, 2014, p.254 ].

The features of the literary genre, according to the researcher Normand Doiron, travel notes acquire only at the end of the first half of the 17th century. He believes that “starting from 1632 the term “récit devoyage”, i.e. “travel story” (or “travelog”. - A.R.), appeared in literature as an independent genre. This is the time when the “travel story” is recognized by both modern readers and travelers as a well-formed literary genre with its own style, poetics and rhetoric…” [Doiron, 1988].

Thus, if for the XV-XVII centuries. characteristic of travel notes containing geographical and ethnographic information, then in the XVIII century. (the time of scientific geographical expeditions) travel essays begin to take on a literary form. Already in the XIX century. the travel diary becomes not the result of the trip, but its purpose. Travelers create their own materials for educational periodicals.

One of these was the National Geographic magazine, founded in 1888 (the official publication of the Geographical Society). They published their materials famous travelers and writers - Frederic de Stendhal, Victor Hugo, George Sand, Gustave Flaubert, Guy de Maupassant, and many others.

The advent of photography, the telegraph and the telephone gave the next impetus to the development and popularization of genres related to travel, such as travel reporting. A prime example serves as a "journalistic trick" of the owner of the newspaper "The New York World ”by Joseph Pulitzer, who in 1889 paid for the journalist Nellie Bly (real name Elizabeth Cochrane) to travel around the world. The advertisement read: "Nellie Bly, with her travel bag, sets off on a journey never seen before by mankind." Moving on various types transport along the route of the hero of Jules Verne's novel "Around the World in 80 Days", Nellie Bly from the stops sent short reports to Pulitzer by telegraph, which the publication published on the front pages. So, in Amiens, Bly interviewed Jules Verne himself. The circulation of the newspaper increased many times over, the sensation was a success, Nellie Bly traveled 24,899 miles in 72 days, 6 hours, 11 minutes and 14 seconds and returned to New York, breaking the record of the fictional character Vern and laying the foundations of a travel report and essay. Crowds of enthusiastic readers greeted the New York newspaper reporter at every station along the way. The entire English-speaking world followed the movements of the most famous traveler and read travel notes, and later the book Around the World in 72 Days, where Bly described her adventures. Travel reports and the book aroused great interest not only in travel, but also in the genre we are studying.

The first signs of the emergence of the travel genre in Russia can be traced back to the 18th century. Famous writers created travel notes, essays, diaries and from time to time published them in periodicals. DI. Fonvizin, A.N. Radishchev, A.S. Pushkin, A.I. Herzen, A.N. Ostrovsky, I.A. Goncharov, I.S. Turgenev, N.E. Saltykov-Shchedrin, as well as other classics of Russian literature and journalism, contributed to the formation of the genre.

Undoubtedly, one of the significant phenomena of Russian literature in the XVIII century. is the novel "Journey from to". Following the English writer Lawrence Sterne, who published Sentimental Journey in 1767, A.N. Radishchev chooses a new genre for himself and for literature in general - "journey", and even designates it in the title of his work. He is one of the first, as researchers note, who “combines fiction with journalism” [Rostovskaya, Viktovskaya, 2015]. And it is difficult to argue with this, but most important is the fact that the writer, in the best Russian literary traditions, lays the foundation for the genre - an educational journey, thereby enriching it and expanding the artistic and ideological possibilities of the idea. At the beginning of the novel, in "Dedication" to his friend Alexei Kutuzov, the author writes: "I looked around me - my soul became wounded by the suffering of mankind" [Radishchev, 2015]. Therefore, the form of presentation of the material in the novel does not fully correspond to the definition of the literary genre "journey". “The through plot of the Journey is the story of a man who has come to know his political delusions, discovered the truth of life, new ideals and “rules” for which it was worth living and working, the story of the ideological and moral renewal of the traveler” [Lebedeva, 2000, p.347].

A.N. Radishchev pays considerable attention to acute socio-political issues: serfdom, the inevitability of the violent overthrow of the autocracy and revolution, cites in the text conversations with fellow travelers and other people about the future of Russia, his thoughts about what a nobleman and peasant should be like. “The new genre of “travelling” in Russian literature opened up great opportunities for literature to depict the life of the people, to reveal the moral character of a person “sensitive to the peasant condition”, who hates slavery and is looking for ways to social activity” [Makogonenko, 1971, p.10].

But the genre of educational travel gave great creative opportunities not only to writers, but also to publicists. Characteristic materials can also be found in the press of the 18th century. For example, in 1772 in the journal N.I. Novikov’s “The Painter”, the essay “Fragment of the Journey B *** I *** T ***” was published, the most powerful and significant speech on the peasant issue, about which N. A. Dobrolyubov wrote: “This tirade is very sharp, and, It seems that the deanery of that time generally strictly looked at this article. Some places from it could not even be printed. In the "Excerpt ..." the author tells about an incident that happened to him in a village with the speaking name "Ruined", appeals to the conscience of a "hard-hearted tyrant", meaning the master, and maybe the sovereign himself, who force to endure hardships and the unfair cruel attitude of "babies - serfs. This travel essay undoubtedly has an educational character, and “the creation of the image of the Traveler, a man who openly accuses the noble corps, who wants to serve the truth, who embarks on the dangerous path of public educational activity, is Novikov’s great success, an important artistic victory for the writer. “Get away from me, caress and addiction, low properties of vile souls: the truth guides my pen!” - exclaims the Traveler" [Makogonenko, 1971, p.10].

DI. Fonvizin also tried his hand at the genre of educational travel, he explored the life of the Russian provinces in "The Narrative of the Imaginary Deaf and Dumb", first published in the monthly magazine of the Academy of Sciences "Interlocutor of Lovers of the Russian Word" in 1783.

But the work was banned by Catherine II because of the sharp satire directed against the autocracy, so only the first few chapters published in the magazine have come down to us. The idea and experience of the writer, the new forms and means of expression he used laid the foundation for the genre of enlightenment travel in general, opened up new satirical facets in particular.

Thus, the travel genre, which became widespread in Russia in the late 18th - early 19th centuries, along with a description of the features of everyday life, nature, places, etc., is a retelling of the events that happened to the author on the way, and conversations on topical issues. topics, made it possible to raise the most acute social and political issues. Some authors wrote works using the form of travel, without even leaving the table, drawing information and inspiration only in their own imagination, but this gave them the opportunity to touch upon acute problems. tsarist Russia. Obviously, some of them, like the hero of Radishchev, believed that if “to reveal the truth to the monarch” about the disasters, slavery and humiliation of the Russian people, then everything would be immediately corrected.

However, this approach was unacceptable for N.M. Karamzin, "Letters of a Russian Traveler", published in 1791 in the Moscow Journal, served as an excellent educational and enlightening material for readers of the late 18th century. In his essays, he reported a lot of information about the culture, life, art, national characteristics of the people of the West, gave descriptions of museums, architectural monuments. In the preface to the letters, the author points out that they were created not in the office, but on the way - “he described his impressions not at his leisure, not in the silence of the office, but where and how it happened, on the road, on scraps, in pencil”, and warns the reader : “And whoever is looking for some statistical and geographical information in the description of travels, instead of these “Letters”, I advise you to read Bishing’s “Geography”” [Karamzin, 1980].

In the work of N.M. Karamzin, along with the ideas about the abolition of serfdom and incidents, there are descriptions of the places he saw, nature, traditions, features of life, and so on. The travel genre, presented in the form of a travel essay, is beginning to undergo a transformation.

The literary and political journal "Russian Thought" for a year and a half (1893-1994) published 19 travel notes by A.P. Chekhov, which later included in the book "Sakhalin Island", as well as those that were banned by censorship. "Dangerous" from the point of view of the censors, the essays were devoted to describing the difficult situation in which the population was, the author paid much attention to medical care, punishments, escapes, and so on.

19th century marked by a number of events that laid the foundation for the emergence of the first travel magazines - "Journal of the latest travel" (1809, former "Genius of the Times"), "Proceedings of the Russian Geographical Society" (1865), "Around the World" (1861 .), "The World Traveler" (1867), "The Russian Tourist" (1899), etc. The prerequisites for their appearance include a wave of geographical discoveries, a growing interest in the natural sciences, including geography, Cook's invention "" organized “tourism as a commercial product” [Rostovskaya, Viktovskaya, 2015], the creation of geographical societies, some political events, etc.

"Journal of the latest travels", published by Fyodor Schroeder and Nikolai Grech, was published in St. Petersburg from October 1809 to September 1810, monthly. Due to the fact that the journal was created according to the model of the German geographical publication "Allgemeine geographische Ephemeriden", Grech selected materials from it for the Russian version, they were translated and published. The "Journal of Recent Travels" contained memoirs and reports on travels, geographical discoveries, for example, "Travel for discoveries in Australia from 1800 to 1804, published by Perron", "Olivier's journey to Persia and Asia Minor in 1796", chapters from books, including a chapter from Kruzenshtern's book "Description of the inhabitants of Nukagiva Island", literary descriptions expeditions - "History of geographical discoveries" by A. Gaspari and others. Most of the materials were accompanied by geographical maps.

After the closure of the magazine, N. Grech continued the theme of travel in the famous magazine "Son of the Fatherland", creating a special section "Travel" in it. The publications were highly scientific, since they were mainly devoted to serious geographical expeditions and the discoveries made during them, or they were diary entries containing a fixation of what happened.

The writers also continued their work on the creation of travel essays, but published them in the press, which had no geographical focus. For example, M.P. Pogodin throughout 1843 published his "Road Diary" in "Moskvityaniny". The growing interest of the audience in travel essays is explained by the fact that trips somewhere in the 19th century. required significant financial investments, which means they were not available to everyone. Those who couldn't afford to travel would buy a magazine and read about them, and this would give the author an opportunity to earn an income or recoup the travel they made. A.I. Herzen, in the essay “Mr. Vedrin's Travel Notes,” notes that the travel essays were published by the authors both to “cover the costs that are inevitable when traveling, and partly for the benefit and satisfaction of readers” .

In 1821, the world's first geographical society was established in France. “This happened in an era when genuine interest in other territories was growing in Europe, which was largely due to the expansion of the colonial expansion of the states of the continent” [Rostovskaya, Viktovskaya, 2015]. The Russian Geographical Society was established by the Decree of Emperor Nicholas I in 1845 in St. Petersburg. In 1865, the journal Izvestia of the Imperial Russian Geographical Society began to appear. It exists to this day, although its name has changed six times during this time. Now the journal is known as Izvestia of the Russian Geographical Society.

In 1867, A. Ilyin and S. Zykov began publishing in St. Petersburg the weekly magazine The World Traveler (after 1871, the monthly magazine was The World Traveler, an illustrated journal of travel and geographical discoveries). Publications traditionally for the publication of such subjects were devoted to travel, geography, news from the provinces of Russia, reports of the Russian Geographical Society and foreign geographical communities. In 1878, The World Traveler ceased to exist as a separate publication, transforming into a department of the journal Nature and People.

The tourist press was created and developed in the wake of the growing interest in travel and the desire for knowledge about the world of the widest sections of the population. The result of this interest was the publication in 1861 of the long-lived popular science magazine Vokrug Sveta. It had the subtitle "Journal of Earth Science, Natural Sciences, Latest Discoveries, Inventions and Observations", which, being only a formality, helped the editor M.O. Wolf to circumvent censorship restrictions. Starting from the first issues, the publication published essays about the Asian part of Russia and the peoples inhabiting it, about St. Petersburg, the Pomeranian village of Kholmogory, etc., considerable attention was paid to ethnography, geography, travel, natural science, discoveries, sports, etc. But in 1868, due to financial difficulties, Wolf was forced to stop publishing the magazine.

Vokrug sveta resumed its activities only in 1885 as a journal of "travels and adventures on land and at sea." After 1908, essays were published about travels made specifically on the instructions of the editors, which immediately became feature publications and brought it to a completely different, higher level. If in 1897 the circulation of the magazine was 12,000 copies, then in 1908 it reached 48,000 copies. It was during this period of successful functioning of "Around the World" that journalistic features and principles, characteristic of modern publications on tourism topics, began to take shape. Unfortunately, in 1917 the magazine, like many other publications, suspended its publication.

In the post-revolutionary years, newspapers and magazines in Russia begin to develop slowly. In 1918-1919. there are 23 periodicals that talk about physical culture, sports and tourism, which is 1.1% in relation to the total mass of journal periodicals [Rostovskaya, 2012, p.206-213]. During this period, tourism is perceived as one of the components of physical culture and sports. This trend has been reflected in the content of travel magazines, which focus on sports rather than travel. In addition to sports topics, the tourist press published adventure, geographical and scientific materials. Examples of such publications were the magazine Vokrug Sveta, which again began its publication in 1927, and The World Pathfinder, published from 1925 to 1931.

In the 20s. 20th century the Soviet tourist movement begins to develop, within the framework of which trade unions and the People's Commissariat of Education organize trips for students and workers, but tourism itself does not acquire a mass character during this period. However, the growing circulation of tourist publications confirms the significant interest of the readership in the subject of travel and tourism. For example, if the circulation of the Soviet magazine The World Pathfinder in 1925 was only 15,000 copies, then in 1929 it already numbered 100,000. Nevertheless, articles about tourism on the pages of such leading publications as “Around the World” and “World Pathfinder” could not fully cover this topic, in connection with this, in 1928, an appendix to the World Pathfinder began to appear - tourist".

In the 1930s The All-Union Voluntary Society for Proletarian Tourism and Excursions (OPTE) carried out active work to involve the population in tourist excursions, hikes, and to develop a network of tourist routes and bases. The organization's press organ was the World Tourist magazine, which later became known as On Land and Sea. The pages of the publication published essays, travel notes of reputable travelers, scientists, geologists, and so on.

With the onset of the war, the number of periodicals was significantly reduced, many ceased to exist or were suspended. These include Around the World and On Land and Sea.

In the post-war years, the situation with publications about physical culture, sports and tourism changed in better side. There was a structural restructuring of the tourism industry as a whole, its geography expanded, the material and technical base was restored, travel within the country began to be more popular, rallies and competitions were organized, new tourist clubs and sections, tourist training schools were created, tourism federations, route qualification commissions appeared . This strategy for the development of tourism in the post-war Soviet state had a positive impact on the strengthening of the positions and functioning of publications on tourism topics, which helped to meet the information needs of readers, published materials about tourism and travel.

Thus, the popular science magazine Vokrug Sveta resumed its activity in 1946, positioning itself as a "scientific and artistic monthly travel, adventure and fantasy magazine of the Komsomol Central Committee." He published travel essays, reports from expeditions, information of an entertaining and educational nature, including about foreign countries, fantasy stories and adventure stories and chapters of novels. The combination of travel themes and literary texts provided the publication with high circulation and unprecedented popularity among the population. In addition, any information about foreign countries aroused increased interest among readers in connection with the "Iron Curtain", which ensures reliable isolation of citizens of the USSR from almost the whole world.

In 1966, another tourist magazine of the pre-war period, On Land and Sea, resumed publication, but under a different name, Tourist. The All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions (AUCCTU), which led the activities of trade unions in the USSR until 1990, formulated the tasks of the journal as follows: “To promote the further development of tourism in our country, as an important means of organizing active rest and education of millions of working people. Especially to young people... In telling about the successes of the Soviet people in communist construction, widely acquainting readers with the monuments of material and spiritual culture, natural resources and sights of their native country, with the heroic past of our people and its revolutionary traditions, the journal should actively contribute to the education of convinced fighters for communism, fiery patriots of the Soviet Motherland.

"Tourist" created an extensive network of correspondents throughout the country, covered hikes, excursions, sports trips and events, local history issues, talked about the work of tourist organizations, bases, rallies, and so on. The magazine "Tourist", in contrast to "Around the World" with its artistic, journalistic and literary texts, had a more informational and propaganda focus, focused on the development of active tourism within the country. In general, it met the requirements of the time, the All-Union Central Council of Trade Unions and, undoubtedly, the needs of readers. In 2014 "Tourist" celebrated its 85th anniversary and continues to exist.

In addition to “Around the World” and “Tourist”, in the post-war period, a specialized magazine “Tourist Reviews” was published for tourism workers (published as needed) and the magazine “Journey to the USSR” (later “Journey to the Soviet Union”) for foreign tourists , which came out once a quarter and had a certain ideological load.

Up until the 90s. 20th century publications on tourism topics were mostly devoted to issues, problems, routes and events of domestic tourism, "Around the World" in its segment remained a monopoly in covering foreign life. However, the interest of the population in the events that took place abroad, the culture and peculiarities of life of people from other countries and nationalities increased every year, but could only be satisfied as a result of the transformation of the media system associated with a change in the political course of the country.

The adoption of the USSR law "On the press and other mass media" in 1990 gave rise to the development of new Russian periodicals and a change in the appearance of the old, including tourist ones. A significant reduction in the circulation of publications occurred at the expense of the central press, however, in the conditions of free competition and the developing mass media market, the number of new newspapers and magazines continued to grow. In a competitive struggle, publishers of periodical media about travel and tourism have realized the need for targeted access to their potential and target audience. In order to keep the reader, to satisfy his interests, a deeper differentiation of publications by subject was carried out within the niche - scientific, professional, entertaining, sports, etc.

The stabilization of the economic situation after 1993 and the final collapse of the Iron Curtain led to the development of mass international tourism and tourist organizations. Now readers needed information not only cognitive, but also informational and auxiliary in nature. Thus, publications devoted to traveling abroad are published - "Voyage" (1994), "Voyage and Rest" (1995), etc. The need for specialized information also appears among professionals in the tourism industry, so there are publications for industry specialists - the newspaper "Tourinfo" (1993), the magazine "Tourbusiness" (1998), etc.

The end of the XX - the beginning of the XXI century. marked by the appearance on the Russian media market of foreign competitors in the field of tourist press - "GEO" (1998), "National Geographic" (2003) and "Discovery" (2009). The arrival of transnational media holdings on the Russian market is characterized, first of all, by the expansion of glossy publications with a high level of printing, the redistribution of income in the field of tourism media in particular and the increase in the share of advertising in the publishing segment as a whole, the transition "quantity to quality", i.e. small publications are closed , and the rest noticeably increase the figures for circulation, volume, profitability and quality.

The main trend in the structural and thematic development of the tourist press of this period is the combination of cognitive and practical aspects. Popular science magazines publish, in addition to educational, literary, artistic, theoretical and scientific materials, information of an applied nature, while entertaining information and advertising publications on tourism topics place basic information, historical and geographical information, etc. on their pages.

New types of tourist press for the Russian media landscape appeared in the 2000s: children's (Pashka, GEOlenok) and inflights (on-board publications).

The active development of the tourist press, which began several centuries ago, continues at the present time. Its main historical feature is the desire for a reliable depiction of the world known by the traveler.

The literary genre "travel", realized with the help of travel notes, essays and diaries, published both in separate books and in periodicals, a wave of geographical discoveries, interest in the natural sciences, including geography, led to the emergence of such a class of press as "tourist ”, the main specific feature of which is the theme.

First step The emergence and development of the tourist press in Russia should be considered the 19th century, when travel and geography magazines appeared: Journal of the Newest Travels, News of the Russian Geographical Society, Around the World, World Traveler, Russian Tourist, etc. .

Second phase covering the first third of the twentieth century. and the pre-war years, is interesting in that publications on tourism and sports topics account for just over 1% of all periodicals and at the same time are propaganda and educational, raising topics not only of travel, but also of a healthy lifestyle.

Third stage(1946-1990) - this is the time of the ideological and thematic development of the tourist press. The promotion of sports, sports tourism, physical culture, which are an integral part of the life of a Soviet person, becomes the main task of almost all publications, and a special role here, of course, is assigned to the tourist media. The professions of geologists, geographers and polar explorers are popular and fanned with romantic glory, tourism is still perceived as a hike with a backpack and a tent across the vast expanses of our country. The experience of promoting domestic tourism, which is dealt with by the media during this period, will be in demand at subsequent stages of the development of the phenomenon under study.

After 1990 conditionally begins fourth stage of development of travel journalism - "travel journalism" (from the English. travel journalism), which is understood as "a special, modern trend in the mass media today, focused on the presentation of information about travel in the context of developing topics such as geography, history, culture, tourism, etc." [Shulyak, 2013, p.89].

The growing interest in travel and tourism, increasing the solvency of citizens, expanding the geography of tourist routes and destinations, and technological progress contribute to the development of not only printed publications on this subject, but also. During this period, the tourist press is undergoing transformation, commercialization, differentiation, globalization and, as a result, a typological renewal of the entire class.

Tourism media can and should play an important, if not dominant, role in the development of domestic tourism. This is precisely the reason for a new qualitative step in the activity and development of domestic tourism journalism, which is closely connected with the turn public policy towards the popularization of the country's cultural heritage, the formation of a highly developed and patriotic civil society that knows the national history, multinational culture, cultural and historical traditions, natural and geographical opportunities and the potential of the regions of Russia.

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15. Rostovskaya Yu.V., Viktovskaya N.G. Tourist press: stages of formation // Vestn. Volzh. un-ta im. V.N. Tatishchev. - 2015. - No. 2(18) [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: .
16. Chernyshevsky N.G. Letters about Spain B.P. Botkin. St. Petersburg, 1857 // N.G. Chernyshevsky. Works: In 2 volumes - M .: Thought, 1986. - V.1. - C.368-394.
17. Shachkova V.A. "Journey" as a Genre of Fiction: Questions of Theory // Vestn. Nizhny Novgorod. un-ta im. N.I. Lobachevsky. - 2008. - No. 3. - P.277-281. [Electronic resource]. - Access mode: .
18. Shulyak Yu.Yu. "Around the World": the influence of time on the compositional and graphic model of the publication // Modern media environment: functional, thematic, professional aspects. View of young researchers: Interuniversity. Sat. scientific works of students and graduate students. - St. Petersburg: St. Petersburg. state un-t, Higher. school magazine and wt. communications, 2013. - Issue 13.

Revenko A.A. Background Origin and Stages of Publications about Travels

In modern journalism tourist themes are well represented in all forms of mass media - newspapers, magazines, television broadcasts, Internet - resources. The rise in popularity of tourist publications subjects due to the significant interest of the audience to travel, to gain new knowledge about the history and traditions of the countries and peoples, monuments of nature and architecture around the world. There are considered the emergence process and development process of prints about travels and stages of their becoming in the article, definitions of the literary genre "travels" listed, analysis of activities of the classics of Russian literature and journalism, who created travel notes made. The first stage of becoming in travel press in Russia was in the 19th century, when the first magazines about travels and geography appeared: “Latest travel magazine”, “News of Russian Geographical Society”, “Around the world”, “World traveler”, “ Russian tourist» and etc. The second stage, which was in the first third of 20 century and pre-war years, is interesting that part of travel and sport press is up just over 1% of periodicals, and at the same time they were not only agitators and educators of travels, but agitators and educators of a healthy lifestyle. The third stage (1946-1990 years) is a time of ideological and thematic development of the tourism press. The main goal of mostly all press is promotion of sport, sport travel, physical culture, and special role in here plays travel media. After 1990 the fourth stage starts, which names travel journalism. Tourism press in this period experiencing transformation, commercialization, differentiation, globalization and, as a result, typological update the entire class.

The beginning of journalism travel or travel-journalism was supposed to develop and transform the literary genre of "journey", which laid the foundations for a new journalistic direction. Over time, the functions of travel notes and sketches are expanding, and they are not only instruments of transmission of geographical knowledge, but also the culture of the countries and popularizers of travel destinations and pilgrimages to refect local traditions and ethnographic realities.

The growing interest in travel and tourism, improving the solvency of the citizens, expanding the geography of tourist routes and trends, technological advances contribute to the development not only of publications on this topic, but also the tourist internet resources.

Tourist media can and should play an important role in the development of domestic tourism. It is with this and related new qualitative step in the operation and development of domestic tourism journalism, which, in turn, is an important turning state policy towards the promotion of the cultural heritage of the country, the formation of a highly patriotic and civil society , knowing the national history, multinational culture, cultural historical traditions, natural and geographical features and potential of the Russian regions.

keywords: travel journalism, travel-journalism, travel press, travelogue, travel literature.

First, let's define terminology. The travel itinerary in this article implies a basic travel plan - the places we want to visit and the logistics of the trip (i.e. the order of visiting places and the way to travel), as well as the number of days in each of the places.

Travel route. Stage One: Travel Framework

The frame of the future journey is the first major decisions of the traveler, which determine the further efforts to prepare the trip. First of all, this is the choice of a country (or countries), the choice of a travel format, determining the number of days on a trip and determining the budget. Moreover, all these solutions are closely related.

Choosing a country and travel format

Where to go is a rhetorical question) Your own tastes and preferences, as well as blogs, photos, travel videos and social networks will help you decide on the direction and format of your future trip.

Tastes and preferences largely determine the format of the future trip - some people want to spend their next vacation blissfully on the beach, the second ones rave about wild safaris and conquering mountain peaks, and the third ones just want to put a backpack on their shoulders and spend a couple of weeks - months wandering around the remote corners of the world.

Stage two: route development

So, you have found the time, money, fellow travelers and proceed, in fact, to planning the route. At the output, you should get a list of places in a certain order, as well as a scheduled number of days for each of the places and a route map. The easiest way is not to reinvent the wheel and choose for yourself.

If you don't like it, proceed in the following order.

Travel destinations

First of all, read reviews of regions and destinations in and decide on the destinations you want to visit (fix the desired destinations in a list in random order). Make an online folder on Pinterest along the current route and save all useful links. It's also a good idea to do the first draft of a card (use google maps) and also save it in your bookmarks.

Number of days and overall travel logistics

Learn more about each of the destinations in the created list. What to do and how to get there are the main questions, the answers to which will help you draft your first route draft. At this stage, you may have to give up some directions.

Determine the number of days for each direction. Build the overall logistics of the trip (from where-to-how long-for how much money). At the same time, understanding that it is possible to get from point A to point B by bus in so many hours is absolutely enough to plan a travel route.

Don't waste time and energy on detailed planning of each day and stay in each place. You do not need to search the Internet in search of exact information on which corner the bus you need stops, in which direction you need to turn from the hotel to get to the attraction you need and where is the restaurant that someone once liked.

The main thing is to orient yourself with the duration of your stay at the place and find out what is important "not to miss" in a particular place (ours will definitely help you with this). The rest - you will see and learn on the spot. Pick up a map from the hotel with the sights marked on it. Walking on foot, you will find a place where you (and not someone else) have a tasty and pleasant meal. On the spot, you can also always buy a tour, find the right markets, shops, salons, massages, etc., etc.

Housing and budget

The next step is to decide on the format of housing, as well as the budget for each direction from the list.

Choose accommodation focusing not only and not so much on your budget, but on the specifics of the place. Very often, the right accommodation makes staying in one place or another brighter. And also, importantly, it allows you to feel the “right” atmosphere. Conversely, improperly selected housing can easily spoil the impression of the place. Please note that this is not about the price, but about the successful choice of the location of the hotel / guest house and the format of housing in “its” price category.

In each of the places you will find reviews of “where to live”, for cities - orientation in the city and reviews of areas, for resort destinations- reviews of beaches, for national parks - reviews of nearby villages and campsites. Each of the reviews highlights different housing formats. This is done so that readers have the opportunity to decide on their desired format.

— If you want to plan everything first, book later, read the reviews, choose the area/beach/place, follow the relevant links, turn on the price filters and select housing already focussed, without wasting time on “shooting sparrows from a cannon”. Save the housing options you like right away in your online bookmarks, so that when the time comes, you don’t have to waste time searching again.

– If you are used to combining search and booking, bookmark our Where to Live reviews so that when you are ready to book everything is at hand, and then follow the above scheme. This approach will simplify and speed up the process.

At this point, it's important to get a budget that looks more or less like the final draft. Although it is possible that you still have to adjust the number of days in a particular place, or change the logistics of movement or the directions themselves (depending on financial capabilities and priorities).

Stage three: route finalization

The main work has already been done at the second stage. You have a route, it remains to buy air tickets and then finalize the travel route. After purchasing air tickets, you may have to make final adjustments to your travel itinerary. Often, the scheduled number of days can change by plus or minus 2-3 days, depending on the air tickets).

It remains to finalize the route by date. There are two approaches.

Finalization and booking along the route

The first is the so-called hard finalization. Schedule your itinerary and make all necessary reservations, including local transportation and lodging. First of all, book domestic flights and trains, as you may have to shift the schedule when booking, depending on the availability and cost of tickets.

After that, book all the accommodation along the route, focusing on your indicative budget (see recommendations above). At the exit, you are all set to travel. All vouchers in hand. Minor issues (a la local buses, boats and tours can be easily resolved locally). It remains to go and have fun without thinking about anything and without worrying.

Floating travel itinerary

The second approach is floating finalization. This approach works best. If you are going on a long trip (a month or two), as well as traveling in the off-season. You have on hand the same itinerary, scheduled by date. adjust the schedule if necessary. Book accommodation upon arrival / arrival on known, non-floating dates.

And then you orient yourself on the spot - somewhere you will want to stay longer, somewhere to leave early. Do not bother with a specific choice of accommodation before the trip. Take with you our Where to Live reviews for each destination. Book accommodation at the next point along the route on the spot, when you know the exact date of departure / arrival. Often you will have to book "today for tomorrow", so this approach does not work in high season. Housing will either be “best of the worst” or expensive. In the off-season, on the contrary, you can book excellent accommodation with good discounts.

Please note that you will have to spend time searching and booking accommodation on the spot. And therefore, if you are going on a trip for no more than three weeks, it is better to do a tough finalization of the route.

So we are in Turkey. Turkey is an independent republic, partly in Europe and partly in Asia, which has played an important role in world history as a bridge connecting East and West. It attracts tourists from all over the world due to its wonderful weather and climate, warm sea and endless beaches. Tours to Turkey are popular due to the abundance of historical sites. Rest in Turkey is a warm and clear sea, wonderful beaches, as well as a large selection of entertainment. In addition to relaxing on the beaches and outdoor activities, tours offer a variety of excursions where you can get acquainted with the unique culture, traditions, customs and history of the country. Turkey is an unusually interesting and beautiful country. Therefore, one moment is not limited here.

Istanbul Istanbul is a city of rich history, with a unique location - shared by the Bosphorus, it is located both in Europe and in Asia. Istanbul The main attraction of the city is the Hagia Sophia. This grandiose temple was built in the years. The sights of Hagia Sophia include the "weeping column" covered with copper (they say that if you put your hand in its hole and make a wish, it will surely come true). Another attraction is the Ahmediye Mosque (gg., "blue mosque"). The walls of Ahmediye are covered with light blue tiles that reflect the sun's rays, which gives it a special charm. It is from here that pilgrims leave for Mecca. The Sultan's Topkapi Palace is one of the biggest attractions in Istanbul. Built in 1466 by order of Sultan Mehmed the Conqueror. The bridge across the Bosphorus, which connected the European and Asian coasts of Turkey, has become another symbol of this country. It is the fourth bridge in the world in length. Not far from Istanbul is the Turkish Disneyland - the largest in Europe and the fourth largest amusement park in the world Tatilla

Ankara Ankara is the capital and second largest city of the country. Now it is a city of ministries and embassies, universities and medical centers, as well as a wine-making center and a major transport hub of the country. Ankara historical center The tower of Ak Kale ("White Castle"), surrounded by a double wall, is considered to be the city's tower, along which one can trace the turbulent history of Ankara. Another symbol of the city is the Haji Bayram Mosque (XV century), built next to the ruins of the famous temple of Augustine and Roma, on the walls of which essays from Roman history and a list of the acts of Augustus are carved. The real place of pilgrimage for local residents is the majestic building of the Ataturk mausoleum (1953). The sarcophagus of the founder of the Turkish Republic, Mustafa Kemal, the first ruler of the country, is kept here.

The tourist capital of the Turkish Mediterranean is Antalya, which attracts rich tourists. historical heritage and unique nature. According to UNESCO, this area is recognized as one of the most ecologically clean places on the planet.Antalya One of the symbols of the city - Hadrian's Gate, erected in honor of the visit of the city by the Roman emperor Hadrian in 130 BC. e. There are many ancient monuments in Antalya, of which the "symbol of Antalya" is especially good - the Yivli minaret built by the Seljuk Turks, as well as the Eski Jami mosque, built on the model of the Byzantine church in 1373, the tombstones of the wife of Sultan Bayazed II and Mehmet Bey, the former the monastery of "dancing dervishes" Mevlevikhane with an exhibition of contemporary art, and the Cut Minaret, destroyed by lightning at one time. At the exit from Antalya to Kemer, there is a wonderful water park "Aqualand" - the oldest of Antalya's water parks, designed for 1500 people and built according to world standards on an area of ​​40 thousand square meters. m.

Belek, located between Antalya and Side, is considered the recognized golf center of the region. Located in close proximity to the ruins of the ancient cities of Perge, Aspendos and Side, and has a number of first-class hotel complexes surrounded by pine, cedar and eucalyptus forests. Belek You should visit the magnificent cypress-eucalyptus national park-reserve "Koprulu Canyon" with an area of ​​​​500 hectares. In the reserve there is an opportunity for mountain climbing, horseback riding and all kinds of water activities, but rafting on the Kupruchay mountain river is the most popular.

Welcome to Egypt! Egypt is one of the few Islamic States open for tourism. This beautiful country of pharaohs and pyramids, ancient monuments and interesting museums, excellent beaches and the Red Sea, rich in corals and outlandish fish, never ceases to attract tourists from all over the world. Every year traveling to Egypt is becoming more and more popular. More than 5 million people visit it every year. Let's get acquainted with the features of this country.

Cairo Here you will see the openwork minarets of the Mohammed Ali Mosque and the Mosque of Sultan Kalan. In the Egyptian Museum you will find a national collection ten times richer and more complete than in the British Museum. You can make unforgettable excursions to the papyrus and jewelry factories, as well as to the Perfume Museum. You will see a giant aqueduct from the Nile to the Citadel, the Beit Al Sennar tower and the building of the oldest Arab university, Al-Azhar.

Giza "Business card" of Egypt - the pyramids. There are about a hundred pyramids here - large and small, stepped and with smooth sides, which have come down to us almost unchanged and look more like a shapeless pile of stones. They are located along the left West Bank Nile in small groups. The most famous of the pyramids are on the outskirts of Cairo, on the edge of the desert plateau of Giza, hanging over the green valley of the Nile. Here, in Giza, there are three great pyramids - Cheops, Khafre and Mykerin. At the foot of the Giza plateau are the funerary temples and the Great Sphinx.

Port Said is a very young city by Egyptian standards. Located 200 km northeast of the country's capital, it was built in the middle of the last century along with the Suez Canal, at its northern entrance. Port Said is a kind of sea gate of Egypt. The National Museum in Port Said displays specimens material culture Egyptians from pre-pharaonic times to the present day.

Greece is a country of heroes and gods, unprecedented architectural monuments and simple friendly people. As the popular saying goes - "Greece has everything!". Let's turn to its attractions.

Athens The capital of the Greek state bears the name of the ancient Greek goddess of wisdom and knowledge - Athens. It is a city of surprises and contrasts, beautiful and diverse, always smiling. In architecture and art, styles of different eras and directions are harmoniously intertwined. In whatever part of the city you are, the majestic Acropolis is visible from everywhere, with its magnificent temples and a museum that houses the original masterpieces of ancient Greek sculpture. The Parthenon Temple - a stunning masterpiece of architecture, built according to the drawings of Phidias, is famous for its perfect and flawless contours. The Theater of Herodes Atticus is located to the west of the Theater of Dionysus. The semi-circular stage is characteristic of the Roman era, since the stages in Greek theaters are round. Olympeion (temple of the gods of Olympus) - the ruins of the majestic temple of Zeus, from which fifteen columns remained. Argolis is the northeastern region of the Peloponnese peninsula. Your path along the national road leads to the Corinth Canal, where you can admire this grandiose building of the late last century.

Austria is a fairly compact country, but it has a variety of landscapes and a variety of cultural heritage. Majestic cities, charming villages, soaring mountains, rolling plains, royal spas, alpine lakes- all this creates a picturesque picture. Let's get acquainted with its capital.

A tourist who first came to Vienna, first of all rushes to Stephansplatz - St. Stephen's Square with famous cathedral after which it is named. St. Stephen's Cathedral is the symbol of Vienna, and St. Stephen is the patron saint of the Austrian capital. The cathedral is over 800 years old. The majestic complex of the Hofburg Imperial Palace (XIII XIX centuries) houses a number of government organizations of the country and the OSCE. The Spanish Riding School is located in the palace. Belvedere built by Lucas von Hildebrandt as summer residence for one of the greatest commanders of his time, Prince Eugene of Savoy, was once outside the city walls. Schönbrunn Schönbrunn - the summer residence of the Habsburgs - is also among the must-sees.

The tradition of keeping diaries while traveling has quite deep roots and developed long before the birth of moleskins with their convenient formats, sharpened for collecting recipes, wine lists, creating sketches and collecting pleasant little things on the road.

The Germans have a wonderful saying: "Reisen - bildet", which can be loosely translated as "Travel helps to become educated." Many people are familiar with the stories of artists, poets, or simply idle young people who set off on a journey several centuries ago to strengthen their knowledge of foreign languages, dispel love anguish, or simply see the world - see others, show themselves.

The French painter and graphic artist Eugene Delacroix had a number of sketchbooks, which he sketched with watercolor sketches of costumes for his future canvases, traveling through Greece, Morocco and other countries.

With the artists of the past, it is more or less clear why they needed live sketches. Going on a trip was almost the only way to collect plausible information about the customs and customs of some country, whose expanses were then born on canvases in the artist's studio, far from the original. What role do modern travel diaries play for a creative person? Are they needed at all and what is the use of them?

As in the days when you had to go to the library for books, and for pictures you had to go on a tiresome journey, for example, on horseback, today's diaries serve, first of all, as a very good support for one's own memory.

Drawing everything around you, even just to pass the time of waiting for a flight, departure, a meal in a restaurant, you begin to notice some things, small details that you would never spend even a second on, just running past. Namely, such trifles become real finds, and also tell about the country and its people much more than pompous castles, squares and sculptures.

Such notebooks, sketched along the way, convey our mood, the spirit of the place where we were, and sometimes tell stories that we will simply forget a few days later.

While traveling, you can draw plenty of people from nature, practice anatomy.

Paste invoices or some finds that remind you of the place you visited.

With me on the road, I try to take some kind of compact notebook that fits in a hiking bag. A notebook in which one could make sketches, write down the events of the day or unexpectedly noticed details during breaks for food or waiting for the bus.

I first make my sketches with a pencil or felt-tip pen, and in the evening, in the hotel room, I take out the brought paints and brushes.

I also try to take with me on the road materials that may be useful to me - maps of the city, photographs of sights that I would like to see or some information about them. After all, all the same, going on the road, very often you make a plan for yourself, where you would like to go, what to see.

Then I either paste what I brought with me, or draw already on the spot from life, supplement with finds, and less often, when I come home, I supplement the notebook with my own photographs from the trip.

A few months later, such a notebook is very pleasant to open, flip through and remember the pleasant moments that were not lost thanks to such a travel diary.

This article is written for those tourists who only plan to travel the world on their own. What you should not be afraid of, what to pay attention to, what is the algorithm for booking a trip - all this and much more will be discussed below.

The advantage of self-booking flights

Organizing your own trip is beneficial for several reasons:

1. Economy without loss of comfort. When you buy air tickets through the cash desk, you have to pay additional fees. In addition, most airlines do not have their own ticket offices outside major cities, and in any case, it will be more profitable to buy a plane ticket via the Internet than to waste time looking for the right ticket offices. On search services, you can find great deals in just a few minutes and immediately make a purchase.
2. Complete freedom of movement and route planning. You can also change departure dates or cancel a flight outside your home, as long as you have the Internet at hand.
3. Participation in various promotions. Constant monitoring of the sites of air carriers makes it possible to find promotional offers. The same applies to hotel search engines.
4. Reliability and safety. Buying tickets on your own allows you to once again double-check the reliability of the air carrier.
5. Easy change of dates and refund. Having bought a plane ticket and received it by e-mail, you can always return the money for it if the flight did not take place for some reason beyond your control. Change dates tourist vouchers most often impossible, and independent organization travel this moment is solved quite simply.

Myths that prevent beginners from traveling

Having tried once to form your journey on your own, then it becomes easier and easier to do it. However, there are some myths among beginners:

1. Applying for a visa is difficult. This is usually said by those people who have never taken visas themselves. A whole series of articles on this site is devoted to this issue. They are all detailed. After reviewing these materials, you can easily apply for a visa without the help of third parties.
2. Alone is unreliable. It should be understood that most of these myths are spread on purpose - travel companies have to live somehow. If everyone starts to travel abroad on their own, then travel agencies will simply go bankrupt.

Let's say you bought a ticket through an intermediary. They give you a ticket and say that at the airport of arrival you will be met and accommodated in a hotel. If something happened to the company that provided such a service in the period before the scheduled date of departure, then the money will be returned to you. It is even worse if the firm goes bankrupt while you are on vacation. In such cases, tourists may be denied a return flight, because the tour operator did not pay for the tickets. In hotels - they are driven out into the street, because the rooms are not paid for. There are many such examples. The question arises: so which travel option is more unreliable? By paying directly to the hotel and the airline, you are sure that you will receive both in full. At the same time, in fact, no one will say that there is no place for your class or the desired number is occupied. Over 50% of Americans and over 60% of Europeans travel alone.

1. I'll get lost at the airport. This myth can be heard from every second newcomer tourist. If the first time some questions may still arise, then the second time will definitely be easier. In order not to get lost, you just need to first familiarize yourself with the airport map.
2. I don't know English - I can't do it myself... If you don't go to England or the USA, then English will be the same non-native language as it is for you. Locals may know him as badly as you do, and believe me, the conversation will develop. A Thai with his poor English will be much easier to understand than an Englishman. Do not be afraid to explain on your fingers - it works.

It is also good to learn a couple of simple words in the local language before the trip. Especially remember the names of the dishes that you want to try in a restaurant - this is the knowledge that is always useful.

1. If I do everything myself, it won't work anyway. It rather refers to the psychology of a person as a whole. Try it, and in case of a positive result, you will definitely become more confident in yourself.
2. Only a travel agency can take care of me. Travel agencies are also sometimes confused. For example, you are flying on vacation with transfers, the first flight was delayed and you were late for the second one. The travel agency will most likely tell you to buy new ticket at his own expense, and upon arrival home, this issue will somehow be resolved. If you buy tickets yourself, you can initially plan for more backlash between flights.

1. The hotels won't even want to talk to me. This is complete nonsense, because if you have any questions after booking, you can always contact the hotel by e-mail or phone and you will be happy to advise.

Simplified air ticket booking algorithm

In this case, you are the buyer. In order to purchase a ticket, you make a request to the search services. Naturally, you do not buy any tickets in search services, but only look for flight options to the place where you want to go. After contacting the search services, there are requests to various booking systems, which, in turn, “interrogate” different airlines. After that, you will receive information on the most advantageous offers for air travel in the direction of interest.

By choosing the flight that you liked the most, you give the search service a "go-ahead" for booking a ticket. Then the search service contacts either the airline or the booking system in which it found the tickets, and the latter once again confirm that there are currently tickets for the selected date and time. The last stage is a direct connection with the booking system or the airline and buying tickets from them.

If the airline confirms the availability of tickets at the prices that suit you, then the ticket is blocked from the search for 20 minutes. At the same time, during this time you must have time to fill out the authorization form and make payment through the bank. An automatic request for authorization to the bank confirms your creditworthiness. Money is withdrawn directly from the bank, because no airline or search service will know your card details. At the same time, it is important to see a secure http connection in the browser. Thus, when you contact the bank, and the latter confirms the availability of funds on your card, it blocks them there, and you buy a ticket. After 2-3 days, the money is debited from the account, and you receive the ticket within an hour after booking.

Airfare table (by region)

One of the most asked questions among beginners is what is low prices and what is high prices about a particular region? How to understand the price, in principle, is indicated as cheap or expensive. On the example of Moscow, prices for different directions will be presented below.

You need to understand that these are indicative figures. It is quite possible to find more profitable options or, on the contrary, expensive ones. For promotions, you can come across tickets to Europe for € 50 in two directions, and in the season to Thailand for $ 800 you can’t find it.

Travel planning

First, consider the case when the main criterion is time, that is, when your vacation is scheduled for specific dates. The period of the trip is determined, and now you need to decide where to go. Here is the sequence of your actions:

1. Determine the type of holiday (excursion, beach, winter).
2. Define a list of countries (by season/month) where you can go.
3. View the real prices for flights and accommodation in selected countries for the time you are interested in.
4. Install "Price Agent" for different countries. "Price Agent" is a subscription to a mailing list from search services, which allows you to receive information about profitable offers for a specific route.
5. Find great deals and take advantage of them.

The second criterion that can be key when planning a trip is the location. That is, you know exactly where you want to go, but there are no travel dates yet. Action plan:

1. Decide on the type of holiday you want to go to.
2. Select the holiday seasons (the site http://www.meteonovosti.ru/ will help you here).
3. Install "Price Agent" for several dates.
4. Expect special offers from air carriers in the direction you are interested in.
5. Buy tickets.

Trip planning algorithm

When you have decided where and when you eat, you should understand how best to buy air tickets. There are two options: a direct return route and a circular route. An example of a direct route: Moscow-Hong Kong-Singapore-Kuala Lumpur-Hong Kong-Moscow. In this case, you need to immediately take a Moscow-Hong Kong round-trip ticket, and then for all other flights in the region. An example of a circular route: Moscow-Berlin-Rome-Alicante-Moscow. That is, you fly in a circle without returning to any of the intermediate cities.

Algorithm for planning a trip along a route with a return:

1. Checking all components (availability of air connection between cities, etc.).
2. Buying long distance tickets. Depending on these tickets, you will already be adjusting the rest of the route.
3. Buying tickets for domestic flights. Having bought tickets for domestic flights first, you can then overpay for a long-haul flight, as a result of which the whole trip will turn out to be extremely expensive. Usually there are no problems with tickets for domestic flights.

1. Purchase of hotels of maximum duration. Often in these hotels you want to relax with maximum comfort and their choice should be treated more critically.
2. Purchase of other hotels.
3. Purchase or planning of other services (transfer, car rental, etc.).

Algorithm for planning a trip along a circular route:

1. Planning a route.
2. Checking all components.
3. Buying tickets sequentially, starting with the best offer. Let's say you want to fly on the following route: Moscow-Berlin-Rome-Alicante-Moscow. That is, it turns out 4 flights, or as they are also called 4 shoulders of the route. In this case, the first step is to consider the Moscow-Berlin and Alicante-Moscow tickets and analyze which one is more advantageous. Suppose the Moscow-Berlin flight turned out to be more profitable. In this case, you buy it, then Berlin-Rome, then Rome-Alicante and already at the end of Alicante-Moscow. The sequence must be observed, since it is important to take into account all possible inconsistencies.

Now consider the option when the most profitable flight from Alicante to Moscow. In this case, you are the second to buy a ticket from Rome to Alicante, the third - from Berlin to Rome, the fourth - from Moscow to Berlin. What is it for? Tickets may disappear (be sold out right at the time of booking), and this sequence will allow you to save maximum amount money in various unexpected situations. Please note that when you start booking, the ticket for 20 minutes is removed from the system. If you see that the ticket was there, but suddenly disappeared somewhere, then it may very well be that someone else will simply check the ticket for the same dates at the same time. Repeat the search after 20 minutes - the ticket may appear again.