When is the best time to buy travel tickets? Search for tours from neighboring cities. Should I buy a ticket in advance?

Gone are the days when all information about travel packages was available only to employees of travel agencies with access to specialized booking systems. Now all information about tours can be found on the websites of tour operators, as well as on online services(new generation agencies) that aggregate all tours in one place and analyze offers from various tour operators, allowing you to find the best. Using these services, you can buy a tour online without leaving your home. While other tourists run after work through agencies, you can easily track and intercept a profitable offer at any time convenient for you.

2. Low price calendar from Travelata

Looks like a calendar from Level.travel. There are 27 destinations on the calendar, 4 of them are Russian: Crimea, Sochi, Krasnaya Polyana, Anapa. In our opinion, the Level.Travel calendar gives out more interesting options, but it happens that in the calendar from Travelata you can find an interesting cheap option. Drop by!

3. Tape of last-minute tours from Level.travel

It is a list of tours (so far only with a departure from Moscow) in the form of data cards. The feed is less visual than the calendar, it may contain the same tours, and clicking on the option will take you to the final page of the tour, skipping the step with choosing a room and food options. If you have a specific request, then use the filters in the panel on the left. Sort by price to find the cheapest options. The advantage of the feed over the calendar is that the calendar shows tours only for a certain number of nights - 3, 7, 11 and 14, while in the feed, not a single tour will fall out of attention just because it is for 6 nights, and not the standard 7.

4. Hot tours from Travelata

Arranged according to the principle of last-minute Level.Travel tours - there is a tape of tours in the selected direction (you can select up to 3 directions at the same time), there are filters by type of food, hotel star rating, etc. We set the parameters you need and go ahead. This cool feature is also in !

5. Hot tours from Onlinetours

Scroll down and under the map we find the burning tours widget. A very simple visual tool, 15 destinations, for each destination the cheapest prices for three resorts are indicated. Filters are not provided, the cheapest and nearest tours are displayed. But you can very quickly look through the options and maybe find something for yourself.

6. Advanced search

Now let's pay attention to the search form, which is on the main page on all three Level.Travel, Travelata and Onlinetours sites, namely the parameters "departure date" and "number of nights". Always make them more flexible, so you more chances find the best deal. Consider specific examples:

1. . You can tick the option plus / minus 2 days from the date of departure and plus / minus 2 nights from the specified number of nights.

2. . You can put plus / minus 3 days from a specific departure date and set a flexible number of nights in the run-up from 1 to 29.

3. . You can set the date of departure in the interval of 10 days and the number of nights in the interval of five.

And here's another tip for you to apply advanced search: when you find cheap tour in the calendar (see point 1 or 2), set a flexible number of nights for this date - sometimes this way you can find even more profitable options.

7. Price chart

In all three online agencies, and implemented a price chart widget. After starting the search, you can find it: Level.travel to the right of the hotel feed, Travelata and Onlinetours above the search results. In we press a special icon with a calendar. We look at this chart and, if we see that there are other dates with lower prices, click on them and check. We noticed that these graphs do not always show the actual values, but in general they help a lot.

8. Don't Forget the General Principles

Above, we have analyzed the technical aspects of finding cheap tours, but do not forget about general principles to which our article is devoted - a must-read!

9. Compare agency discounts

Everyone has long been accustomed to travel agencies may give discounts. The retail price for the tour is set by the tour operator, so in theory the prices for tours should be the same for all sellers. But travel agencies are willing to share with you their share of the percentage of the sale, so buying from an agent can be more profitable than directly from a tour operator.

Online agencies are no exception to this, and you can see these discounts both in the final price, which may be lower than that of the tour operator, and in the form of various promotional codes, bonuses for buying or inviting friends. We have an article where we painted,. If you find a tour at the same price in different online agencies, think: where in the end you will get a big discount, buy there.

So, every day, using the methods listed above, and sometimes even more sophisticated ways, we find tours for very favorable prices. We publish all our finds on the Tour Scanner page. In our searches, we always evaluate the offers of several agencies, we are independent of them, so we manage to collect in one place maximum amount most best offers.

Finding an interesting offer is sometimes not easy, but remember that buying these tours in time is also sometimes not an easy task. Look at the prices we find and imagine how many people might want to buy a tour for this price. Of course, the modern tourist who books online has a clear advantage over the tourist who wastes time running to a regular agency after work or at lunchtime. But you are not the only one who books online, and usually there are a limited number of cheap tours or even just one (the tour operator has last places for charter). As a result, there may be a situation that you are booking, the agent makes a request to the tour operator, and by this time the places for the charter have already been bought out or the room at the selected hotel has not been confirmed. Of course, in this case, the money for the reservation is instantly returned to the card, but you still wanted to fly away on vacation. So that it doesn't work out with you similar situation We have put together some practical tips for you:

1. Clearly imagine where you would like to fly to rest. Start navigating the cost this direction: This is easy to figure out by looking at the cheap price calendar.

2. Choose one of the tactics: early booking or last minute tour. If you have chosen a last-minute tour, be prepared to fly out the next day. If early booking, do not delay the purchase, the price of the option you like will gradually increase.

3. If there is “Fortune” in the search results of last minute hotels, choose it: Great chance that the tour will confirm. Also pay attention to the marks of the agencies: “instant confirmation” (after booking, the tour is automatically confirmed immediately, since the tour operator has a block of places under warranty in this hotel), “on request” tour (confirmation of such a tour can take from 1 to 3 days).

5. Subscribe to the Tour Scanner newsletter in Telegram and Viber or follow the publications in in social networks to be the first to know about new cheap tours.

6. If you see a suitable offer, act quickly, without wasting a second.

I, like any other traveler, understand that a competent approach to choosing a tour, hotel and air tickets directly affects the overall quality of the holiday and its final cost. To travel a lot, you should learn how to choose the right tour. And it's not as difficult as it might seem at first glance. You just need to know where to look for them and what to look for when choosing. About this and will be discussed below.

Criteria for choosing a cheap tour

Going on a trip again, I always try to consider several options, and independent tourism and purchasing tickets. There are a lot of nuances and features here. The travel option largely depends on your region of residence. For example, tours are more suitable for Siberians, since they are the easiest way to get to Right place. Yes, and much cheaper.

When buying a tour, I personally do not trust the agent to choose certain parameters. Namely: country, hotel and resort. I consider all options on my own, and this saves me from many unpleasant situations while traveling.

To save time on finding the right sites, I bookmarked them in advance. From some sites I periodically receive mailings with different offers. Moreover, even in mobile phone available special application. And as soon as a vacation trip appeared in the plans, I carefully begin to prepare for it. I look through absolutely all the resources, this helps to find the best option.

Services for choosing available tours

Travelata.ru (the best, first, in my rating)

One of my favorite resources. You can go to it via the link. An excellent portal that searches for the best deals from 120 operators. I've used it a few times and I'm happy. Information comes almost instantly. The Customer Advice Center is open 24/7. And vouchers can be chosen with a time interval of "plus" "minus" three days. Due to this, the most optimal prices are selected. Another unique feature of the portal is the presence of a separate page for travelers with children. Here you can choose the perfect option based on your preferences. For example, babysitting services, the availability and quality of entertainment for children, and so on.

Level.travel (great search engine, used more than once)

These two services can be successfully used as search engines, but not only. It is convenient to make an online order and payment (by card). For modern man enough important point, huge time savings, and ease of use make these portals quite popular. And I have them bookmarked. If you are still afraid to buy a tour on the site - just use it as a search resource.

popular, cheap destinations by Level.travel

Onlinetours (I use often)

A fairly popular portal for purchasing a tour online. Works exclusively with trusted travel operators. It's very convenient system search for a tour, On this portal you can even rent a go pro camera. And a special service department controls the quality of rest and guarantees a 100% result. By visiting the page "Ideas for a holiday" you can get a lot of useful information. Including the weather, entertainment on the beaches, visa-free countries and much more. In general, the portal is amazing - I definitely recommend bookmarking it.

TourBazaar (Great option to spend a cheap weekend)

This option is ideal for people who want to have a great time in Russia. Great resource to buy promotional tour in the form of an auction. What is most interesting is that the minimum price per lot is only 1 ruble. Therefore, you can practically relax for nothing. More than 40 regions of the Russian Federation are offered to the attention of travelers.

Misto Travel (departure from Ukraine)

"Misto Travel" - a portal for the selection of tours in all travel companies with departure from Ukraine. Convenient online booking saves a lot of time. The tourist chooses right direction and the best deals. Departure from Kyiv to any selected country. Be it Turkey or Greece, Spain or Italy and many other countries. Thanks to the service, it is possible to choose a last-minute tour without visiting an agency. It is not only convenient, fast, but also the most profitable. Actual prices, maximum discounts.

Dreamlines (sea and river cruises)

This portal is most suitable for those tourists who prefer sea tours. There are a lot of them here. Russian-language site that provides the opportunity to book in online mode river or sea cruises. It is possible to choose the most suitable not only liner, but even the cabin number. Thanks to this resource, it is possible to independently choose an air ticket, a place of residence for the beginning and end of the cruise. And even excursion programs. And the most interesting thing is that you can buy not only the cruise itself, but also other travel services on credit. On the portal you can book a variety of cruises from popular resorts, for example, Sochi, Peter and so on. The cheapest tours can be found on a special page " Popular tours at affordable prices."

Tourdom

It's professional travel portal. I have it in my bookmarks, I even visited it several times. But to use, thoroughly did not use. Basically, data is collected here about last-minute offers, abandoned tours, tickets for charter flights. By the way, the last option has unique feature– tickets are bought directly on the site, without advance payment hotel.

triphunter.club (Instagram)

This resource is especially useful for Instagram users. There is a lot of useful information and interesting suggestions. As for me, this one resource is quite capable of replacing all of the above portals. Here you can find the cheapest tours and plane tickets. True, they are mainly for Moscow and St. Petersburg, but still ...

Instagram

This is a kind of blog run by avid travelers. Every day they view various offers on different resources and post them on their page. There are not many tours here, mostly air tickets. But, there are interesting offers on tours.

Sletat.ru application

Great option for people who are constantly on the go, search desired tour no reason to shelve. That is, wait until you get to the computer. Once I booked a luxury hotel in Rhodes on this site for a fairly reasonable price. The application is quite convenient. You can put filters on the number of stars in the hotel and operators, on the rating of the hotel, and so on. There are also reviews, people who have already visited a particular place and much more. It even happens that the price of a tour (already purchased) is reduced. The client in this case receives an SMS notification on the phone. By the way, our friends, thus, changed the hotel to a more expensive option. True, the operator had to be persuaded, but still. Site sletat.ru or download the application

Piratesru.com

The resource is very popular with independent travelers Almost all of them are subscribed to it. Information on this portal is updated not only daily, but several times during the day. For example, I am satisfied with their offers for flights from Moscow and St. Petersburg. Special attention should be paid to the "Tours" section. Here you can find very a good option. True, as a rule, proposals for Moscow are mainly laid out. But if you look here often, you can find options for other settlements.

Rules for choosing a good burning tour

Subscribe to all mailing lists, even if the exact date of departure is not yet known, the budget of the trip has not been planned and there is no idea, the duration of the rest.
Do not cling to one country. Believe me - there is an opportunity to have a great time anywhere. Please check all offers.
Consider different options for the length of stay in a particular state. Sometimes there are such offers where the cost of a tour for 13 - 15 days is much lower than for 10.
If from your locality there are no cheap tours for this period - look in neighboring regions. For example, you live in Omsk, but there is no suitable option, but it can be Novosibirsk and so on.
The rating of hotels is an important point and there are several features here. Not always enough good hotel has an excellent rating. But the whole point may be in his "youth". When the rating has not yet been developed, but you need to attract tourists. Such establishments will do everything possible and even more so that the client is satisfied and recommends this place to his friends. Hotel reviews are not always true. This also applies to negative reviews. So check them out on different sites. Believe me, purely on an intuitive level, you can understand how much truth is in a particular review.
looking for suitable option pay attention not only to All inclusive", consider and "FB" ( Three meals a day) and "HB" (i.e. breakfast and dinner). If the price difference is significant, the option may be just perfect. In addition, if you are going to Europe, you should know that not all hotels work on the All Inclusive system.
Do not discard the “Fortune” options, that is, when a tourist can be sent to any hotel with a certain number of stars. But it's not worth the risk, especially if the price difference is palpable. And one more thing - you should go on a trip on this offer only with a tour operator that has been on the market for a long time and has an excellent reputation. In my opinion, this option is ideal for people who do not plan most time to spend at the hotel.
In general, tourist operators are a rather serious issue. You should not contact operators that few people know in certain circles. Especially if they offer very attractive prices. Trust me, I know this for sure.
In some situations, you can do this - buy the cheapest tour, pick up a hotel yourself, but be sure to notify the travel company about your decision.
The travel season also greatly affects the cost of tours. As a rule, the most available options mid or late spring and autumn. At the height of the season, the cost naturally increases significantly.
Last minute deals are another great way to save money on tours. Take care of the Schengen visa in advance and keep an eye on the offers that appear on the relevant market. It also has its own subtleties. For example, if you are going on a Schengen trip for the first time, you only need to go to the country that issued the permit. And if you are interested in free and fast option visas - take advantage of the Cypriot multivisa, which gives you the opportunity to visit Bulgaria, Croatia and Romania.

P.S. Well, that's basically all I wanted to tell you today. Of course, everyone has their own taste, this or that resource that I like, you may not like it. And at the same time, every person has the right to choose. Look, decide, choose the perfect option for yourself.

For those who like to travel during their holidays, there is often such a dilemma: it is better to buy a ticket in advance or still wait and buy a last-minute ticket almost before departure. After all, then you can save a lot. As a person who has worked in tourism for more than one year, I dare to give advice in this matter.

To begin with, we will define what a tour package is and what its cost consists of. And why this cost can be subject to a discount.

So, the cost of a tour package is formed from the following components: accommodation in a hotel of the selected category, meals, air tickets, insurance, transfer on certain dates, in some cases visa support and excursions (if included in the tour program).

The cost of a standard room in the same hotel may vary on different dates depending on the season: rise in high season and go low. The same situation occurs in the air ticket market.

Tours to popular foreign destinations (Turkey, Egypt, Greece, Cyprus), as a rule, are sold in ready-made packages. Well-known tour operators for foreign destinations are Anex Tour, Pegas Tourism Coral Travel. As a rule, their offers differ in the proposed hotels, airlines, departure cities and a little cost.

Therefore, as soon as the possibility of booking tours to popular destinations opens up, the most economical tours are bought up first, and then all the rest. In this regard, of course, it is better to book a ticket in advance. So there is a chance that you can still buy a place in your chosen hotel on the desired dates.

In addition, just during this period, the notorious early booking promotions begin to operate. Many consider this a trick on the part of travel companies. And the meaning of such actions is very easy to explain. Everyone knows that tourism is seasonal business. And in order for travel agencies not to be at a loss during the off-season, an early booking campaign was created. Its meaning lies in the fact that sales open a few months before the start of the season of the direction being sold. Late winter / early spring summer destinations and at the end of summer / beginning of autumn - for winter.

According to the terms of the promotion, tour operators offer discounts up to 45%. The only negative is that after the expiration of the promotion, any changes in the purchased tour are impossible. The positive moment for the traveler is that at this time the booking of tours in the direction is just beginning. Therefore, all places are available and it is still possible to choose any option and with a good discount. Such a booking is suitable for those who are sure in advance about the planned vacation.

If you have doubts about compliance with the conditions of the "early booking" promotion, you can purchase a ticket on a general basis. In any case, it is better to do it in advance, at least 1.5 months before the expected date of departure. Since the closer to departure, the less opportunity choose the right hotel.

Imagine, for example, that Turkey becomes popular destination for the summer period just when the holiday season begins in Russia. And from almost every big city countries 2-3 times a week planes fly to Turkey. And in some cities - every day by several airlines. All planes are usually full. And the offers of tour operators are the same for all residents of Russia. And that's not counting tourists from other countries. So think about the speed with which hotel rooms are sold out.

There are situations when there are places in the hotel, and plane tickets for the selected dates are already sold out. Or vice versa: there are seats on the plane, but the hotel is at the STOP. So you will either have to shift the dates of the holiday, or change the hotel. And this is not always convenient.

What about hot tours? A hot tour is a tour whose sale period is already expiring, so the tour operator reduces the price for it, sometimes below the cost price, so as not to lose the entire cost of the tour. But in Lately almost all places are sold out in advance, so sometimes last-minute tours are not offered in some areas during the high season. Such tours, as a rule, are not booked, but are redeemed immediately. Not returned and not transferred by date. In addition, it may be a departure the next day and not on the most convenient dates for you. This must be taken into account.

It is very difficult for a client to catch such tours. Only if he constantly monitors the special offers of companies and is able to instantly pay for the tour and bring Required documents. Such offers will be relevant for unpopular destinations that are not sold out at the beginning of the season.

Here, another factor plays a role - the exchange rate of the euro or the dollar. You pay for the tour at today's rate, and after a month, for example, it falls, and then it turns out that you overpaid. But such cases are difficult to predict, especially when you consider that it often happens the other way around - the exchange rate is only growing.

All of the above applies to individual tourism services. For example, if you only need to buy an air ticket, train ticket or book a hotel room. Closer to the high holiday season, there may no longer be places in hotels. So, for example, in the season of white nights in St. Petersburg there is no place to stay. But if you book in advance, for example, in April, you can still take the desired seats. In this case, "in advance" will not mean "cheaper", but will guarantee availability.

It's the same with air tickets. Very often, airlines hold various promotions during the off-season. To keep track of them, it is better to subscribe to the news of the leading airlines and then you will certainly find out about such sales. So, for example, in February you can buy an air ticket for flights in the summer months at reasonable price under certain conditions. And closer to departure, if there are places left, then their cost will already jump several times. Two passengers can fly on an airplane in adjacent seats, but the cost of their tickets will be noticeably different. And all because in tourism there is a principle: “The sleigh is ready in the summer, and the cart in the winter”

Attitudes towards burning tours are different. Someone only flies like that, and someone bypasses, overshadowing with an Orthodox cross. We tried to tell why tour operators carry out such generosity attractions, and what the desire to save money on vacation can result in.

Where do hot tours come from?

What do sellers do when the "doctoral" expiration date comes to an end? That's right - they write "promotion" and reduce prices. It's the same with hot tickets. The tour operator buys seats on planes and hotels in advance, and when there are free rooms at the beginning of the tour, it sells them cheaper. The company gets rid of unclaimed vouchers at cost and does not incur losses.

Hot tours are a fair deal. The price drops approximately 10 days before departure. If suitcases are always ready, and you agree to break away on vacation at any time, this option is for you. Good way save a few thousand rubles and visit the country of your dreams.

But there are nuances.

What is the catch of burning tours?

As with many good proposals, there are "buts" here. You may not know the truth about why the tour costs so little. Cases that the tour operator is happy to report:

tourists refused at the last moment;
sale of seats before the start of the season;
the tour operator miscalculated the demand by buying extra seats.

But when the offer is really good, there will always be buyers for it. Sometimes places sharply become cheaper for other reasons.

What to look out for

Season. The main reason low prices for vouchers - lack of demand. This happens when at the resort bad weather, rainy season, hurricanes and earthquakes. Before paying, try to find out more about the country you are flying to. Read the news, weather reports, and just in case, check if there are military actions nearby - this can also happen.

Departure city. Most of the last minute tours are tours from Moscow. Before you buy, calculate how much it will cost you to get to the capital and back. Add to this the risks that long road: you can miss the plane, you have to book a hotel in Moscow, there is little time to get ready. Even if you save money, you can spend a lot more nerves.

Amount of days. Sometimes last minute deals are unclaimed tours. This short trips for 3 days / 4 nights or 7 days, of which one will go for a flight, and two more for acclimatization. Good rest you won't call it. In addition, a short tour will not cost much less than a week or 10-day package - and good deals in season with such terms are hard to find. It happens that short rest decreases by 3-4 days due to unforeseen circumstances - when you buy last-minute tours, everything can be.

The reputation of the travel agency and tour operator. Avoid fortune systems and lotteries with similar names. Especially during the season and without a specific hotel. Often a good hotel with a high rating is announced on the tour, but with the possibility of replacing it with another, of the same star rating. Make sure there is no such clause in your contract. Otherwise, upon arrival, you may be placed in a hotel with poor food, dirty linen and insects in the rooms. An irresponsible travel agent may fail to warn the traveler of these risks, so the holiday could be ruined.

Lack of choice. A hot ticket can be a real adventure. If you buy a tour "for luck", then it's time to get acquainted with the features of the hotel, its suitability for family vacation simply no. The decision to buy must be made quickly, otherwise someone else will outbid a chic offer.

Where is it better to fly on a burning tour

Despite some risk, last minute deals remain the most popular way to travel cheaply. To be fair, bad reviews about tours is much less than the enthusiastic recommendations of tourists.

When looking for tours, it is better to bet on visa-free countries or those where a visa is issued upon arrival - Turkey, Turkey, Thailand, Vietnam, UAE. Holidays in Europe on a last-minute tour are suitable for those who have a long-term visa in their passport. The rest may simply not have time to do the paperwork and are at great risk of rest.

Choose for vacation safe countries where there is no risk of getting sick. For example, if you are planning to go to India for the first time, experienced travelers recommend up to 10 vaccinations: against typhoid, diphtheria, tetanus, hepatitis A and B, meningitis. This applies to adults and children. In the case of a burning ticket, you may not have time to get vaccinated. Of course, the risk of getting infected is not too high, but "Shiva saves the safe."

The farther and more exotic the country, the more difficult and longer the preparations for the flight. When traveling for African exotics, you need to study local eating habits, learn about the poisonous inhabitants of the seas, rivers, oceans, and buy essential medicines in advance. Medical insurance does not protect in all cases, and being treated on the other side of the planet for a foreigner will be fabulously expensive.

Important advice: If you found good offer which suits you, do not hesitate. Already in a couple of hours advantageous voucher someone else will definitely buy it.

Alternative - early booking

Like it or not, last-minute trips are to some extent a roulette for the lucky ones. Tours at reduced prices go to those who are ready to break away abroad at any time, are not tied to the deadlines for submitting reports and do not wait for permission from their superiors to take a vacation. When you are used to planning everything, then for sure such a vacation will disappoint. If not a hotel and a flight, then the inability to plan everything.

If you are not one of those who are going on a week-long trip abroad in five minutes, it is better to book tours in advance. By doing this, you save up to 30% of the cost of the tour, which is comparable to discounts on last-minute tours. Do not wait until the last minute - no one guarantees that last-minute tours will appear. Tourists will redeem all their reservations, there will be no force majeure in the country, no one will refuse a trip at the last moment - and that's it, there are no normal last-minute trips.

The first screen is the prices for tours to India for the next week. The second screen is the same "early booking" tour 40 days before departure. All dates are high season, the price difference is about 24,000 for two.

Choose a tour 3-4 months before holidays, make an advance payment of 50%, and the rest - a couple of weeks before departure. So you are guaranteed to get comfortable rest at the chosen hotel, at the right time and with a convenient departure.

When is the best time to buy tickets to Turkey? What is an early booking of tours to Turkey, how does it differ from buying last-minute tours, when to order tours. What is the cheapest way to fly to Turkey?

It is profitable to buy tickets to Turkey for the summer in two ways:

resort to early booking;
wait for last minute tickets.

Tours to Turkey are best taken in May - June. European schoolchildren are still studying, so there are fewer tourists and prices are lower. The most inexpensive, but comfortable in terms of weather and sea temperature months: May and September. In July and August, tours to Turkey become more expensive.

Price statistics for tours to Turkey by months

When is the best time to book trips to Turkey?

In January - March, travel agencies really make tangible discounts when buying a tour for the summer, but in most cases this is a “discount on a cape”. Those. the tour operator artificially inflates the price and makes a "discount" on it. Closer to May-June, prices begin to fall to adequate values.

It makes sense to book early if:

you know exactly the vacation dates for summer or autumn 2018, and you will not be able to move them;
you want to check into a certain hotel and are afraid that closer to the season all the rooms will be sold out. This is how it usually happens. And prices for a particular popular hotel, as a rule, grow in season.

As a result, early booking is always a lottery. You don't know if you can go on vacation in six months. Will tour prices really go up? And they can become 1.5 times cheaper for your hotel, and it will be a shame.

Usually, early booking starts in January and ends in April, with some tour operators at the end of February or in March.

Last minute tours are for you if:

you are not tied to a strict schedule - it does not make much difference to you when to fly to rest;
you are not going to spend a lot of time on the territory of the hotel and will return to the room only to spend the night;
Price is the deciding factor for you.

Conclusion: when is it more profitable to buy tours to Turkey?

If you are going on vacation with your family and young children, it is important for you to get into a good hotel with a proven service, then catch discounts on tours to Turkey with early booking in January - April.

If the hotel is not important to you, then wait for the moment when last-minute tours appear. The closer to the day of departure, the more prices fall.