What is the name of the oldest building? Famous buildings and buildings of antiquity. Ancient world

Looking at the well-preserved picturesque ruins, one can only wonder how people created these masterpieces, having neither modern technology, nor machines, nor tools. Below is a list of the ten most ancient buildings in the world, the approximate dates of which have been determined through radiocarbon dating. So…

La Hougue Bie

La Hoog Bee is a historical monument located in Grouville County, on the island of Jersey. It is a corridor tomb 20 meters long, built around 3500 BC. e.

Sechin Bajo

Sechin Bajo is an ancient stone site located at the foothills of the Andes, 330 kilometers from the city of Lima, the capital of the Republic of Peru. A find dated to around 3500 BC. e., was discovered by archaeologists from Germany and Peru in 2008. It is the oldest surviving man-made building ever discovered in Northern and South America.

Listoghil is the large central monument at the prehistoric sanctuary of Carrowmore, which is located in County Sligo in the north of Ireland. Dated to around 3500 BC. e.

Mound West Kennet (West Kennet Long Barrow)

West Kennet is a Neolithic tomb located 2.5 kilometers east of the Avebury Megalithic Tombs and Sanctuaries in Wiltshire, England. Mound West Kennet, dating from about 3600 BC. e., was discovered in the seventeenth century by John Aubrey.

Ggantija

Fifth place in the list of the oldest buildings in the world is Ggantija - a temple complex located on the island of Gozo off the coast of Malta. It consists of two walled temples, the oldest of which, the southern one, dates back to about 3600 BC. e.

Knap of Howar

Knap of Howar is a well-preserved Neolithic structure located on the island of Papa Westray in the Orkney archipelago in northern Scotland. Radiocarbon analysis has shown that these are some of the best preserved ancient stone houses in northern Europe. Used around 3700-3100 BC. e.

Wayland's Smithy

Wayland Smithy is an ancient Neolithic mound and tomb discovered in 1920. Located next to the Uffington White Horse and Uffington Castle in the village of Ashbury, English county Oxfordshire. The building dates back to around 3590 BC. e.

Mound Saint-Michel (Saint-Michel tumulus)

Mound Saint-Michel is the largest ancient burial mound in continental Europe, located near the east of the commune of Carnac in the region of Brittany, France. It consists of a mound of earth and stones 125 meters long, 50 meters wide and 10 meters high. According to radiocarbon analysis, it was built approximately between 5000 and 3400 years. BC e. and served as a grave for those of the ruling class.

Bugon Necropolis (Tumulus of Bougon)

Bugonsky necropolis - a group of five burial mounds located near French city La Mothe-Saint-Héré in the department of Poitou-Charentes. Their discovery in 1840 aroused great interest among historians. The oldest structures of this prehistoric monument date back to 4800 BC. e.

Barnenes

Barnenes is an ancient monument located near the city of Plouezoc on the Kernelin Peninsula, France. The monument belongs to the early Neolithic and dates back to 4800 BC. e. Barnenes is considered one of the earliest structures in Europe built from huge blocks of stone, as well as the oldest building in the world. It reaches 72 meters in length, 25 meters in width and 8 meters in height.

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Thursday, September 1, 2011

Moscow is an ancient city, and sometimes, walking along the old streets, examining the ancient churches and chambers of the 17th century, we ask ourselves: “Which house is the oldest in Moscow? Well, that is, absolutely the oldest? It is not so easy to answer this question, because many ancient houses have been rebuilt for centuries, and it is not always easy even for restorers to establish the exact time of construction. But, nevertheless, we will try to systematize the selection of the oldest buildings in Moscow according to various parameters. The list can be divided into two parts: the first is the ancient buildings (the oldest chambers, the oldest church, etc.), and the second is the oldest buildings in terms of other parameters, for example, the first gas station, railway station, etc. They are something on their own already relatively modern buildings. Also, let's not deprive the attention of the lost buildings. So, the oldest houses and buildings in Moscow —>

The oldest building in Moscow (and the oldest temple) is the Spassky Cathedral of the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery. Years of construction: 1420-1425.

It is considered the most ancient temple in Moscow, although not completely preserved. And, accordingly, the oldest building in Moscow, because at that time almost no stone civil buildings were built, at least nothing has survived to our time since the beginning of the 15th century. And the oldest fortifications are the Kremlin wall, already at the end of the 15th century. According to chronicles, the monastery itself was founded in 1357. After the fire of 1368, in which the original wooden cathedral of the Andronikov Monastery burned down, the stone Spassky Cathedral was built from the plinth, from which white stone reliefs with fragments of zoomorphic and plant compositions, archaic in their style and execution, have been preserved. Between 1420 and 1425 the Cathedral of the Savior was rebuilt again, and the white-stone temple of that time has survived to this day. It is a single-dome, four-pillar, three-apse temple. Andrei Rublev and Daniil Cherny took part in the painting of the cathedral (only fragments of floral ornaments on the slopes of the windows have survived from the original frescoes). In the 19th century, the cathedral underwent significant changes, which began with a partial restoration of the destruction that occurred in 1812. In 1846-1850, according to the project of the architect P. Gerasimov, the porches were rebuilt, two chapels were built from the north and south of the cathedral, a tent top was built above it, and significant alterations were made inside the building. And, the twentieth century the temple met in this form:

In 1934, in connection with the proposed demolition of the entire Spaso-Andronikov Monastery, the monument was measured and examined by the architect P.N. Maksimov and drafted a restoration project. The work on this monument, published in 1940 by the Academy of Architecture, finally gave everyone a clear idea of ​​the architectural value of the Spassky Cathedral. In 1959-1960. the building of the cathedral was reconstructed in its original forms according to the project of L.A. David and S.S. Podyapolsky. However, the reconstruction of the lost upper part of the temple (the number of kokoshniks at the base of the drum, the shape of the dome, the proportions of the drum) and pre-portal stairs remain controversial. Compared old photo with a view after the reconstruction, you can judge what is left of the original temple of the XV century:

In conclusion, it should be said that the Spaso-Andronikov Monastery itself is by no means the oldest in Moscow. The most ancient is considered Svyato-Danilov, founded by the Moscow prince Daniil Alexandrovich (Daniel of Moscow), the youngest son of Prince Alexander Nevsky at the end of the 13th century. But, such ancient buildings were not preserved there.

The oldest civil building in Moscow is the faceted chamber in the Kremlin. Years of construction: 1487 - 1491.


Photo taken from here: http://ru.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chamber of Facets

Built in 1487 - 1491 by decree of Ivan III by Italian architects Marco Ruffo and Pietro Antonio Solari. The name is taken from the eastern facade, finished with faceted stone rust (diamond rust), characteristic of Italian Renaissance architecture. Sometimes it is mistakenly considered that the name comes from the main hall of the chamber, located on the second floor. The hall is covered with cross vaults resting on the central pillar, which give the ceiling a kind of “cutting”. It was originally called the Grand Chamber. It was built on the site of an ancient gridni (dining room). The Great Chamber was the front waiting room of the palace. Next to the Grand Chamber, the Middle Chamber was built. In front of the Middle Chamber, the Upper Porch (Front Passages) was built. Between the staircase at the Great Chamber and the middle staircase was the Red Gate, which led from the inner courtyard of the palace to the square. middle stairs led to the vestibule of the Middle Chamber. The Middle Chamber has been called the Middle Golden Chamber since 1517, or simply the Golden Chamber. Behind the middle chamber was the Dining Hut. Behind the Dining Hut there were towers. In 1681, the Dining Hut and the Middle Golden Chamber were dismantled. In the 16th century, the walls and vaults in the interior of the chamber were painted with frescoes. In 1668, the painting was resumed by Simon Ushakov, having compiled a detailed inventory of the plots. Contemporary painting was made by Palekh icon painters in 1881 in accordance with the inventory of Ushakov. The Faceted Chamber was redesigned in 1684 by the architect Osip Startsev. The double lancet windows were hewn and decorated with ornate white stone architraves with columns entwined with vines. During the construction of the Grand Kremlin Palace in 1838-1849, the building was integrated into the complex with the Terem Palace and the Grand Kremlin Palace. Through the Holy vestibule it connected with the Vladimir Hall. The Faceted Chamber is the main ceremonial reception hall of the Grand Duke's Palace. It hosted meetings of the Boyar Duma, meetings of the Zemsky Sobors, festivities in honor of the conquest of Kazan (1552), the victory at Poltava (1709), the conclusion of the Nystadt peace with Sweden (1721). Here, at the Zemsky Sobor in 1653, a decision was made to reunite Ukraine with Russia. For the queen and the children of the king, a secret viewing tent was set up in the Faceted Chamber. The viewing tent was located on the western side of the chamber, above the Holy Entrance, opposite royal seat(throne). A viewing grill was inserted into the window. The lattice was hung with a curtain. In the observation tent, the queen and children watched various magnificent ceremonies, including the receptions of ambassadors. On south side facade is a staircase, which is now called the "Red Porch". Russian tsars and emperors passed along it to be crowned in the Assumption Cathedral. The last procession took place during the coronation of Nicholas II in 1896. In 1930, the staircase was removed by order of I. V. Stalin and in 1994 restored again. The area in front of the entrance to the Faceted Chamber was called the Red Porch. All petitioners who brought petitions addressed to the tsar were to stand at the Red Porch. Petitions collected duma clerks. At the Red Porch and in the cellars of the Faceted Chamber there was a guard of archers. Currently, the Faceted Chamber is one of the representative halls at the Residence of the President of the Russian Federation.

The oldest civil building outside the Kremlin is the English Court in Zaryadye. Years of construction: late XV - early XVI century.

These white-stone residential chambers appeared in the 15th century and belonged to the bed-keeper Ivan Bobrischev, also known by the nickname "Yushka". Since the latter, apparently, left no heirs, in the next century the building became state-owned and was somewhat rebuilt. In 1553, Sir Richard Chancellor discovered the northern sea ​​route connecting England with Russia. In 1556, Tsar Ivan the Terrible, who was interested in establishing trade relations with Europe, “welcomed the British in Moscow by court”, giving them the right to free and duty-free trade in all Russian cities, serious customs benefits, and a number of other trade privileges. This state of affairs served as the basis for the creation in London in 1555 of the trading Moscow company. The British supplied Russia with weapons, gunpowder, saltpeter, lead, pewter, and cloth. In return, they exported wood, hemp, ropes, wax, leather, blubber, and furs. As premises for the Moscow office, the British merchants were given a house in Zaryadye. Like many merchant houses of that era, the building combined front rooms with extensive storage and utility rooms (goods were lifted along the wall to the warehouse window using a simple block). For its maintenance, the English embassy daily received a quarter of an ox, 4 rams, 12 chickens, 2 geese, one hare or black grouse, 62 loaves of bread, 50 eggs, a quarter of a bucket of Mediterranean wine, 3/4 buckets of beer, half a bucket of vodka and 2 buckets of honey. Trade relations with England were severed in 1649, when the execution of King Charles I in Great Britain provoked a deep diplomatic crisis between Russia and England. By decree of Tsar Alexei Mikhailovich, British trade and diplomatic representatives were expelled from the country, and the property of the Moscow Company was confiscated. After the British, the chambers were owned by a relative of the tsar, boyar I.A., for 20 years. Miloslavsky. After the death of Miloslavsky, the chambers again became the property of the state and were assigned to the Posolsky order, and at the end of the 17th century they were allocated under the metochion of the Metropolitan of Nizhny Novgorod. At the beginning of the 18th century, Tsar Peter I organized here one of the first Arithmetic Schools in Russia. In the middle of the 18th century, the chambers passed into private ownership, and during the 18th-20th centuries, representatives of various merchant families (Solodovnikovs, Milas, etc.) owned the building. Various owners constantly rebuilt the building, and by the middle of the 20th century, the chambers of the Old English Court on Varvarka had completely lost their original appearance and were considered irretrievably lost. In Soviet times, the house was used for residential apartments and various institutions. From 1949 to 1966 it housed the Foreign Literature Library. This is how the rebuilt and built-on English Court looked before the restoration of the 1960s:

In the mid-1960s, when Zaryadye had already been demolished, the restorer Pyotr Baranovsky discovered this monument of history and culture behind later layers. Baranovsky insisted on preserving the monument, since a car ramp was supposed to be built in its place. In the course of his research in 1968-1969, the historical basis of the monument, hidden by the structures of later additions, was revealed, and a comprehensive study was carried out. Then, based on the information collected in 1970-1972, the chambers were returned (with a certain degree of approximation) to the appearance that they had at the end of the 16th century. According to the data preserved in the masonry itself, window and door openings, hewn at a later time, as well as lost decorative elements, were restored. Where evidence of the most ancient forms did not survive at all, later reconstructions were left. For example, wide window openings of the end of the 18th century were left on the eastern facade of the building.

The oldest civil building outside the Earthen City - travel palace Basil III. Years of construction: end of the 16th century.

The travel palace of the Grand Duke of Moscow Vasily III (father of Ivan the Terrible) was discovered on Staraya Basmannaya Street (house 15). The find was a real scientific discovery, because it was previously believed that this beautiful legend and nothing remains of the former palace. The modest-looking mansion turned out to be a double monument. As it turned out during the restoration, the building served as the basis for the construction of the Golitsyn estate. Now the house of the Golitsyn estate of the 18th century is located on top. Inside is a travel palace, as historians suggest, the father of Ivan the Terrible Vasily III. The white-stone masonry of the end of the 16th century was discovered when the restoration of the later part, the Golitsyn part, began. The layout of the palace has been preserved almost completely. Historians found out that they built this kind of royal hotel on special place. Here they met the famous icon of Vladimir Mother of God in 1395, which, according to legend, saved Rus' from the invasion of Tamerlane. Unfortunately, historical monuments suffered from the invasion of unprofessional restorers. At first, time worked on the appearance of the house on Staraya Basmannaya, and then plasterers and painters from neighboring countries. This is how the building looked before the recent unsuccessful restoration:

It is impossible to get inside the building: the new tenants of the royal chambers prefer to keep the doors locked. So far, the priceless white stone vaults have been sealed with drywall. Restorers do not lose optimism: the owners change, but the building remains. It is hoped that in the future it will be possible to carry out some more work.

The oldest residential building today is the Golitsyn Chamber. Years of construction - the second half of the XVII century.

Chambers Golitsyn (Krivokolenny pereulok, 10) - the oldest of the buildings that are still residential. Three stone buildings (the main building and two long side wings) with fragments of buildings of the late 17th - early 18th centuries constituted a city estate, from the 1760s. owned by P.F. Golitsyn and already then had a symmetrical layout, which makes it an early example of building according to an ordered planning scheme. The outbuildings are placed on the red line with their ends, the main building is moved deep into the yard. Previously, it was believed that the 17th century chamber was preserved only on the first floor of the main house, but a few years ago, restorers discovered that the second, and even the third floors were also built at the same time, in the 17th century! Vaulted chambers with 2-sided lighting, fragments of profiled brick cornices were found in the outbuildings. In 1859 the buildings were expanded with extensions and received their own modern look. The house is still inhabited to this day. From the side of the courtyard, a very picturesque front garden with a hammock and tables adjoins the house:

Competitor to this building, until recently, were the built-on chambers of the Guryevs, who stood in the neighboring Potapovsky Lane. Also a residential building, but due to a fire in 2009, it was evicted.

The oldest five-story building is the malting house in the Simonov Monastery. Years of construction: XVI - second half of the XVII centuries.


Photo taken from here: http://fotki.yandex.ru/users/alex-raduga/view/33947/?page=0

The height of this building is really impressive - we see a five-story building of the 16th-17th centuries! Four floors, and a high attic, which is essentially the fifth floor. According to surviving documents, this building was intended to store the monastery's food supplies. For all the modesty of its architecture, the hand of an experienced architect is also visible here, skillfully using the arrangement of window openings for the rhythmic articulation of the facade and building a spectacular gallery that once existed on pillars with a wide staircase. From the east, to the end wall of the building, at one time richly decorated with a figured pediment, a second staircase rose, leading to the third floor, which was due to the unwritten rule to have external rather than internal stairs. The first floor of the dryer, which consisted of two chambers on the sides of the vestibule, testifies to the influence of the layout of residential buildings. The hall rooms of the second and third floors (the vaults of the second are now broken), striking with an abundance of light, speak of the impact of the new planning forms of public and industrial buildings of that time. The competitor to this building is the Terem Palace in the Kremlin, which, in fact, is also 5-storey, but everything is not so obvious there, the upper floors were built in the 17th century on earlier chambers, and its volume turned out to be stepped, not as vertical as the malt shop.

Part 2.
The second part is represented by relatively new buildings, but nevertheless, according to certain parameters, they are the oldest - this is the very first train station, the oldest mosque and Catholic church, the oldest gas station that has survived today.

The oldest railway station is Leningradsky (Nikolaevsky). Years of construction - 1844-1849.

The station building was built in 1844-1849 according to a single project of architects K. A. Ton and R. A. Zhelyazevich. The construction was carried out by the Board of the IV District of Communications and Public Buildings, the sole contractor was the merchant of the 1st guild A. L. Torletsky. It was built for the Petersburg (later Nikolaevsky) station in Moscow and the Moscow station in St. Petersburg of the Petersburg-Moscow railway, the movement of which began in 1851. In 1934, the Oktyabrsky railway station was refurbished: ticket offices expanded, inquiry Office, post office, telegraph, savings bank, room for transit passengers. In the former royal chambers, a room for mother and child was organized. In the years 1948-1950 were updated interior spaces station, refurbished interiors. The next major restructuring took place in 1977 - the station was reconstructed, new buildings were built. Near the station from the side of the Yaroslavsky station there is a ground pavilion of the Komsomolskaya metro station.

This is how the Nikolayevsky railway station looked like in the middle of the 19th century. Leningradsky railway station has 10 tracks, 5 of which are served by trains long distance, 5 - suburban trains. Initially, the station had a landing stage where trains entered. However, in the mid-70s, the landing stage was liquidated, and in 1977 a Big hall Leningradsky railway station.

The oldest gas station. Years of construction - 1930s.

The oldest of the currently operating gas stations in Moscow, the only gas station within the Boulevard Ring, is located on Volkhonka, opposite the Cathedral of Christ the Savior, a stone's throw from the Kremlin. There is a version that her project was created by the famous architect Alexei Dushkin. A few years ago, almost antique speakers stood on it - like in old Soviet films. Now, instead of them, modern devices, but everything else - the roof, columns, booth with a cash register - remained untouched. The gas station is still in operation, but, as before, gasoline is dispensed only for cars from the Kremlin garage, so an ordinary person will not be able to refuel here. There is also the same gas station in the area of ​​Clock Street, but it is now standing in the yard and abandoned ...

The oldest Catholic church. Years of construction: 1833-1835.

This is the oldest surviving Catholic church. Located at the address: Malaya Lubyanka, 12/7S8. In 1789, the French living in Moscow filed a petition for permission to build a Catholic church. After receiving permission from the Moscow authorities and its approval by Empress Catherine II, a small wooden church was built on the site between Malaya Lubyanka and Milyutinsky Lane. The consecration of the church in the name of the French King Louis IX Saint took place on March 30, 1791. In the 19th century, the construction of a modern temple building was carried out on the site of the former one. Construction began in 1833 and completed two years later. The temple was built according to the project famous architect A. O. Gilardi. The consecration took place, however, only on June 17, 1849, as evidenced by the marble plaque in the altar of the church. At the church of St. Louis, there were two gymnasiums - the men's gymnasium of St. Philip Neri and St. Catherine; as well as the charitable shelter of St. Dorothea. It should be noted that the Church of St. Louis was not closed after the October Revolution, and the service in it (though with very significant interruptions) continued. In 1992, the entire complex of buildings that belonged to it until 1917, including the building of the lyceum, was transferred to the church. It is worth saying that the first Roman Catholic church in Moscow was the church (church) of Peter and Paul, opened in 1705 in the German settlement at the direction of Peter I. But this church lasted only until 1838.

The oldest mosque is "historical" in the Tatar settlement. Years of construction - 1823, rebuilt in the 1880s.

The Moscow Historical Mosque is the oldest mosque in Moscow, founded in 1823, although the mosque existed on this site before the fire of 1812, at least in the 18th century. Located at the address: Bolshaya Tatarskaya street, 28 (inside the block), in historical center Tatar community of Zamoskvorechye. The mosque that existed in Moscow at the turn of the 18th-19th centuries in the courtyard of the translator of the Foreign College, Prince Shulamit-Murza Siminei, after the plague, when most of the mosque's parishioners, including the prince himself, died, was sold by his heirs to the merchant Shchukin and destroyed by fire in 1812 of the year. In August 1816, Muslim merchants petitioned to allow the construction of a new mosque, but were refused. Only at the end of 1823 did the community receive permission to set up a prayer house in the possession of Nazarbay Khashalov, a merchant from outside Moscow, on the condition that it "would not be called a mosque ..." and "... being ordinary with other houses, it did not have the slightest sign of a mosque on the outside." The mosque operated under the guise of an ordinary one-story house until 1880, when permission was received to rebuild it with a minaret and a dome. Imam-hatib of the mosque were Rafik Ageev, Khayretdin Ageev and Abdulla Shamsutdinov. In 1939, the historical mosque was closed, the minaret was demolished, even earlier in 1936 the last imam of the mosque, Abdulla Shamsutdinov, was repressed and shot. The building of the mosque housed the military registration and enlistment office and workshops. The mosque has been operating again since 1993.

This is how the mosque looked at the beginning of the 20th century. View from Bolshaya Tatarskaya Street (now the mosque and the street are separated by a Soviet five-story building).

Part 3. Lost.
Many ancient buildings, both temples and chambers, as well as city walls, built in the XIV-XV centuries, have been lost, and have been lost for quite a long time. All of them in the XV-XVII centuries were replaced by new ones. But there is one example ancient church, which lasted until the 1930s ...

The oldest building in Moscow (destroyed) is the Cathedral of the Savior on Bor. Years of construction: 1328-30.

Cathedral of the Transfiguration on Bor - a monastery cathedral located in the Moscow Kremlin, in the courtyard of the Bolshoi Kremlin Palace. The name "on Bor" came from those surrounding the temple coniferous forests, which gave the name to the Borovitsky hill itself. According to some information, a wooden temple on Borovitsky hill ("on the Bor") was built in 1272, a small stone cathedral - in 1328-30. Grand Duke Ivan I Kalita founded the Spasoborsky Monastery under him, transferring monks from the Danilov Monastery to it. In 1490 the monastery under the name of Novospassky was transferred to a new location. Initially, the single-domed three-apse cathedral was repeatedly supplemented with new parts and rebuilt: in 1350, the western narthex and the northwestern chapel appeared, in 1478 - a new refectory, in the middle of the 16th century. - aisles of the Three Saints (northern) and Guria, Samon and Aviv (southern). At the end of the XVIII century. the cathedral was restored by M.F. Kazakov. Some researchers believe that he dismantled the temple and rebuilt it from bricks in the forms of the 16th-17th centuries. The Church of the Savior-on-Boru was demolished on May 1, 1933, despite the protests of such prominent restorers as P. D. Baranovsky. The ancient bells from the belfry entered the funds of the Moscow Kremlin. A 5-storey service building was built on the site of the cathedral. Starting with the book "Forty Forties", the assertion spread in popular literature that toilets for the nomenklatura were erected on the site of the temple. Plans for the restoration of one of the oldest temples in Moscow are not yet considered. There is an urban legend according to which fate unique temple decided the servility of Stalin's officials. As if once Stalin was driving by in a car, and saw from the window that firewood was lying next to the temple. "Disgrace, remove!" he muttered. Since no one dared to ask again what exactly to remove, the firewood was taken out, and the church was demolished.

All old photos are taken from http://oldmos.ru/
New made by us, unless otherwise signed.

According to experts, architecture structures appeared long before our era. The ancient structures preserved on our planet are amazing, they amaze the imagination. We will find out which buildings are the oldest in the world. The structures of the ancient world that have come down to us are completely different from the structures of modern architecture.

Legendary buildings of the ancient world

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut (Egypt)

Mamertine Dungeon (Rome)

Pyramid of Djoser in Sakar

Greater Zimbabwe

The height of the ancient ruins reaches eleven meters. All structures were erected using the dry masonry method - granite slabs are laid in rows. This is surprising, since the standard material of Africa of that period was wood and clay.

Skara Brae Settlement

The oldest buildings in Russia

Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral (Pereyaslavl-Zalessky)

Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery (Pskov)

Dormition Knyaginin Monastery

Church of Boris and Gleb (Kideksha village)

The oldest surviving building in the world

The necropolis consists of five megalithic burial mounds dating back to the Neolithic era. As a result of the excavations, it turned out that the oldest building of this complex was built in 4800 BC. e.

And the most Old city in Russia it is Derbent. The website site has a detailed and their history.
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As you know, in the list of the most famous ancient sights ancient culture There are only seven miracles. But we mustered up the courage to include three more structures that we think are worthy of your attention. So.

Ajanta or the Ajanta caves is a Buddhist temple and monastery complex located near the village of the same name, 100 km northeast of the city of Aurangabad, Maharashtra, India. It was discovered in 1839. It is a rock in the shape of a horseshoe, in which, starting from the II century BC. e. to the 5th century AD e. 30 (according to other sources 29) caves were carved with columns, Buddha statues and world-famous wall paintings reflecting the life of India of that era. This painting, illustrating Buddhist legends and myths, is not only a work of art, but also a valuable historical source of knowledge about those times.

newgrange

Newgrange - ancient building from huge blocks of stone, one of the largest and oldest corridor tombs, built by man between about 3000 BC. e. - 2500 BC e. (older Great Pyramid at Giza and probably Stonehenge). Located 40.2 km north of the city of Dublin, about one kilometer north of the River Boyne, County Meath, Ireland. The mound is 13.5 meters high and 85 meters in diameter. Ancient people erected it from 200,000 tons of stone, wood and earth. It is a large round mound inside, which is a 19-meter stone corridor leading to the burial chamber. Included in the list of the most mysterious sights of the world.

Derinkuyu

Derinkuyu is an ancient multi-level underground city located under the city of the same name in the province of Nevsehir, Turkey. It was built in the II-I millennium BC. e. Discovered in 1963. The underground city reaches a depth of 60 meters and in ancient times could shelter up to 20 thousand people, along with food and livestock. For centuries, people have been hiding here from nomadic raids, religious persecution and other dangers. Although the underground city of Derinkuyu was intended as a temporary shelter, its scale is impressive. It includes numerous wine cellars, stables, cellars, storerooms, refectories, chapels, numerous ventilation ducts, and a complex network of tunnels and corridors.

7 wonders of the ancient world

Lighthouse of Alexandria - a lighthouse built according to the project of the architect Sostratus of Cnidus approximately in 279-280. BC e. on the island of Pharos, near Alexandria in Egypt, so that the ships could safely pass the reefs on their way to the bay of Alexandria. According to estimates, its light was visible at a distance of 51 km (according to other sources, up to 83 km). It is assumed that the Lighthouse of Alexandria was about 115–120 meters high and at that time was the tallest building in the world. In the XIV century, it was completely destroyed by an earthquake, and in its place, by order of the then Sultan of Egypt, Qaitbey (1416/1418-1496), the Qait-Bey fortress was erected, which today is maritime museum.

Colossus of Rhodes - a bronze statue of the ancient Greek god of the Sun - Helios, built between 292 BC. e. - 280 BC e. in the harbor port city Rhodes on the island of the same name in the Aegean Sea in Greece. It was built according to the project of the architect Hares, a student of Lysippus, in honor of the victory of the inhabitants of Rhodes over the ruler of Cyprus, Antigonus I One-eyed, who, together with his son and an army of 40,000 people, unsuccessfully besieged the city in 305 BC. The height of the statue is about 30 meters. She stood on a 10-meter pedestal and weighed, according to various estimates, from 30 to 70 tons. Compared to other wonders of the world, the Colossus of Rhodes "lived" a short life. Approximately 50 years after its creation, it was completely destroyed by an earthquake and melted down.

In fifth place on the list is the "Mausoleum at Halicarnassus" - a tomb built between 353 and 350 BC. e. in Halicarnassus (modern city of Bodrum, Turkey) for King Mausolus of Caria and his wife-sister Artemisia III. Well-known masters were involved in the construction and decoration of the tomb, including the famous sculptors Skopas, Briaxides, Timofeos and Leohar. The tomb of Mausolus was a majestic and unusually shaped building, built of brick and lined inside and out with white marble. The mausoleum in Halicarnassus, 45 meters high, stood for about 19 centuries, but in the 13th century it collapsed from a strong earthquake.

Zeus statue in Olympia - ancient greek statue Zeus, which was located in the center of the temple of the same name in Olympia on the Peloponnese peninsula. It was erected in the 5th century BC by the ancient Greek sculptor and architect Phidias. The statue of the god reached a height of 12-13 meters and was made of wood (according to some sources, from cedar, according to others - from ebony). Details of ivory, gold and precious stones. The circumstances of the possible destruction of the statue are unknown. According to the Byzantine historian George Kedrin, it was transported to Constantinople, where it burned down in a fire in 476.

Temple of Artemis of Ephesus - a Greek temple located in the city of Ephesus, Asia Minor (not far from modern city Selcuk, Turkey). It was dedicated to Artemis, the Greek goddess of the hunt. The temple was built in the middle of the VI century BC. e, was a rectangular building 105 meters long and 51 meters wide, consisting of marble and wood, and surrounded on all sides by a double row of 127 columns, the height of which was 18 meters. During its entire existence, it was rebuilt three times until July 21, 356 BC. e. was not set on fire by Herostratus - a resident of Ephesus, who dreamed of becoming famous at any cost.

The Hanging Gardens of Babylon, more correctly called the Hanging Gardens of Amitis, is the only one of the seven wonders of the world whose location has not been definitively established. It is assumed that hanging gardens were built around 575 BC. e. in the ancient city of Babylon (near the modern city of Hilla, in Iraq), by King Nebuchadnezzar II, for his wife Amitis, who missed the forests of her homeland. They are a pyramid consisting of four tiers-platforms supported by columns up to 25 m high. On these tiers, fertile land lay with a thick carpet, where seeds of various herbs, flowers, shrubs, and trees from Media were planted. The pyramid resembled an ever-blooming green hill. However, after in 331 BC. e. the troops of Alexander the Great captured Babylon, and the great commander himself died, the city gradually fell into decay. The gardens were abandoned and eventually destroyed.

The Pyramid of Cheops is the largest among the Egyptian pyramids, the only one of the "Seven Wonders of the World" that has survived to this day, and also one of the most famous tombs in the world. The pyramid is located on the west bank of the Nile in Egypt on a plateau in Giza, in close proximity to the famous "Great Sphinx". The lion's share of Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built around 2560 BC. e. and is a tomb Egyptian pharaoh IV dynasty of Khufu (Cheops). It is believed that it was designed by the architect Hemion, the nephew of Cheops. Initially, the pyramid had a height of 146.5 m, but as a result of erosion, today its height is 138.75 m. The total weight of the pyramid is estimated at about 6.25 million tons, the area is ≈ 85,000 m².

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