Italy characteristic of the country according to the plan. Italy - brief description

Italy can be proud of its rich past: its history spans over 2500 years. An interesting game of numbers and dates: if in the 5th century BC. e. the mighty Roman Empire had just begun to emerge, then by the 5th century AD it had already reached its peak, occupying vast territories in Europe, Asia, and even North Africa. At the end of the same 5th century, the Apennine Peninsula was captured by Germanic, Ostrogothic and Gothic tribes, who settled here for several centuries. Then, on the territory occupied by modern Italy, rich city-states began to appear: Venice, Genoa, Arezzo, Milan, Pisa, Florence, Piacenza. These communes existed calmly and serenely until the middle of the 15th century, until neighboring countries began to show aggressive activity, wishing to expand their possessions at the expense of the Apennines.

Already in modern times, namely in 1861, King Victor Emmanuel II, who ruled Sardinia, proclaimed the creation of a single Italian state, which, however, did not yet include the cities of Rome and Venice. By the 70s 19th century Italy has gained almost the current borders. In the summer of 1871, the Eternal City, Rome, was proclaimed the capital of the united kingdom. In 1924, dictator Benito Mussolini seized power. Italy actually became the first fascist state in Europe and subsequently the closest ally of Nazi Germany. The Duce regime lasted until 1943, that is, until the death of the bearer of this title, Mussolini, who was captured by partisans and executed. In the same year, Allied troops landed on the coast of Italy.

1946 marked the decline of the monarchy: King Umberto II of the Savoy dynasty abdicated and left the country. The political life of Italy during that period is characterized by frequent change of governments, sometimes several times a year. At present, the state is a republic, a member of such large interstate associations as the UN, the European Union, NATO, the OSCE and a number of others. Separately, it should be noted that in 1929, Lateran agreements were concluded between Italy and the Holy See, according to which the Vatican was formed inside Rome - an independent state and an auxiliary territory of the Holy See and the seat of the Pope and the Roman Curia.

Roman Coliseum

Valley of the Temples in Agrigento
Beautiful views of the coast of the Cinque Terre

Cave city of Sassi di Matera. There is in the south of Italy, in the region of Basilicata, the town of Matera. And Sassi di Matera (sassi is translated as “stones”) is its oldest part, a rocky settlement. It is an ordinary cave, located one above the other in the manner of floors. Simultaneously cave city- this is a real labyrinth, where many different passages and caves hide in their depths the relics of antiquity.

Cave city of Sassi di Matera
Uffizi Gallery
Ancient Pompeii

(Costiera Amalfitana) or Costiera Amalfitana. This is the southern coast of the Sorrento Peninsula in southwestern Italy, near the Salerno Gulf of the Tyrrhenian Sea. Protected by UNESCO since 1997 as an object world heritage. - a real paradise on Earth for vacationers. The Lattari Mountains go directly to the sea surface, forming notches on coastline, on which there are wonderful villages surrounded by Mediterranean vegetation. The city of Amalfi itself attracts travelers rich history, cultural and folklore traditions.

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St. Mark's Cathedral

Historic center of Siena. This city is often called a rival of Florence in terms of historical and cultural heritage. Siena is truly unique and there is so much to see here, especially in the historic centre. Visit the city in the region of Tuscany, which is the largest tourist center Italy, usually included in various sightseeing tours. Particularly impressive is the panorama of old Siena, when viewed from the church of St. Clement, Siena Duomo (Cathedral), central square Piazza del Campo.

City of Siena
Roman forum

Another recognizable symbol of Italy. Located in the city of Pisa. The uniqueness of the tower is that it is tilted. Moreover, during the construction, the architects and builders did not even think that this would happen to her. However, the Leaning Tower of Pisa began to sag, the fault of which was a poor foundation. Currently, measures are being taken so that the object does not collapse under its own weight, and the tower is preserved for posterity.

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Assisi

Trulli in Alberobello. Commune in the province of Bari (Apulia region). Trulli, a unique structure that was included in the UNESCO World Heritage List in 1996, brought fame to it. Fanciful limestone houses, built without the "participation" of cement and crowned with original cone-shaped roofs, are found everywhere here.

Trulli in Alberobello

All sights of Italy

Kitchen

Italian cuisine is so famous in the world that it is often called a separate landmark of the country. Pizza and spaghetti, pasta and risotto, ravioli and lasagna - perhaps not everyone has tried these culinary masterpieces in the original, but there is hardly a person who has never heard of them. Well, there is nothing to say about fine Italian wines: these are real works of wine-making art! It is believed that every third bottle of wine in the world is produced here, in the Apennines.

What best characterizes Italian cuisine is its diversity. The "diversity" of dishes is noted not only at the level of parts of the country, but also at the level of individual regions. That is, the set of the most “hot” products, and the methods of preparation, and signature dishes can be different. In the north, for example, recipes with veal, chicken and lean pork are popular. For the preparation of sauces, minced meat is usually used, and in other dishes it is usually served in whole portions. In Venetian cuisine, the "queen of the table" is the fish. Here, fish soup, rice with fish, grilled shrimp, sardines in oil and vinegar, cephalopods with porridge made from cornmeal (polenta) and others are held in high esteem.

The aforementioned ravioli (reminiscent of Russian dumplings, only square in shape), risotto, pasta and pizza can be called common to all of Italy. The latter has become a global “celebrity” at all, but you can’t taste such delicious pizza as in Italy, perhaps, anywhere else. Some of its species alone can be counted from a dozen. These are Margherita, Pepperoni, Carciofi, Napolitana, pizza in the form of a roll with watercress, Mason, Gogo, Calzone. And this popular dish, “grown up” from flat cakes stuffed for the poor, is not limited to the named varieties.

As for pasta, this word in Italy refers to various dough products. In addition to pasta known to us, there are many other types of pasta: farfalle and fettuccine, cappelletti and tortellini. IN local restaurants serve pasta dyed green-white-red national flag, as well as ... black, with the addition of cuttlefish ink. Well, sauces are not only a whole science, but a huge number of varieties. It is believed that there are about 10 thousand of them in Italy. It is enough to add sauce to the pasta, and it will turn into another dish - and appearance, and to taste.

Italians love lasagna and cannelloni. The first is a casserole made from broad strip dough with the addition of meat, tomatoes, basil, parmesan and béchamel sauce, and the second is dough tubes similar to our pancakes stuffed with cheese, ham, spinach or eggs. And of the first courses that Italians eat not for lunch, but for dinner, the most famous is Minestrone soup. Its preparation is a whole art, and the composition of the ingredients is “all in seven”. This refers to the use of seven varieties of meat, the same number of different vegetables and the same number of types of seasonings. Why exactly 7? There is a legend on this score: it is believed that the Catholic cardinal has just so many virtues.

It would be wrong to talk about the national gastronomy of Italy without mentioning its famous cheeses. This is a real treasure of the republic! The most famous of the many types is Parmesan, produced in the province of Emilia-Romagna. It takes a long time, at least two years, to mature in cellars, becoming dry and crumbly. Pasta, omelets, marinated meat "carpaccio" - it is impossible to list all the dishes that are sprinkled with parmesan. Other famous Italian cheeses: mozzarella (used in the preparation of pizza), gorgonzola (it is difficult to imagine creamy sauce without it), ricotta (an integral part of delicious desserts).

Video: 10 things we love about Italy

Recreation and entertainment

Tourists come to this or that country not only to get acquainted with history and sights, but also to have a great time, relax, gain impressions and positive emotions. Italy is no exception in this regard: its beaches and parks, attractions and concert halls attract travelers from all over the world. Below we offer the TOP 10 popular places that vacationers most often include in their stay program.

Italy is a country that defies standard descriptions based solely on tourist values or one person's testimonials. This country cannot be considered in all its manifestations, since it makes an indelible impression on everyone. Italy does not fit into the standard definitions that characterize any other country. You can reward with sonorous epithets for a long time Italian soil but all of them will not bring one step closer to a full understanding of what Italy really is.

You can come to Italy a thousand times and be amazed all the time how new and unknown it is. Tourism in Italy is more than tourism. You can't say, "I've seen all the sights of Italy in ten days," because that wouldn't be true. You can see the Uffizi Gallery, the Doge's Palace, the Leaning Tower of Pisa, the Colosseum and even Mount Vesuvius. But the real tourism in Italy is not only in this. True Italy is not the one that is paraded to crowds of thousands of tourists. She is in the intoxicating smell of real coffee, which can be tasted only by visiting one of the small cozy villages;

Tourism in Italy is what you want it to be, and if your imagination is of a typical Italian with a plate of spaghetti and a glass of Chianti, then you know absolutely nothing about Italy.

Italy is very difficult to perceive as a modern state. No one is going to argue that this country is a trendsetter in wardrobe and furniture fashion, the birthplace of several famous football clubs and the prestigious brand Tonino Lamborghini. In order to see modern Italy, it is not even necessary to go to this country. Visit the Tonino Lamborghini restaurant in Moscow and you will have the opportunity not only to touch the refined luxury, but also to taste the amazing Italian cuisine.

But you can feel the real magic of Italy only when you are on this beautiful land. Walk in the evening along the quiet streets, feel their magical effect on yourself, breathe in the air saturated with romance, and perhaps you will discover that completely different Italy, which is hidden from the numerous crowds of idle vacationers during the day. It cannot be described in words or conveyed through photographs. And even a fraction of unforgettable sensations will not give you a cold TV screen. It needs to be felt, seen, inhaled….

Walking the streets of Italy, the feeling that some kind of miracle will happen right now does not leave. Even if you are the first in this country, it will still seem to you that many things are very familiar here. Since childhood, we have been studying Italy from the famous cartoon Chipolino, then from Shakespeare's "12 Nights", then from the works of Italian artists, then .... In whatever country we live, Italy is always invisibly present next to us.

Get ready for the fact that tourism in Italy will not give you a moment of peace. You will simply be sorry to waste time sleeping. You will be amazed how kind and generous people Italians are. Sincere smiles, goodwill coming from the heart - this cannot be found in any other country in the world. And if you rent a house in the province for a vacation, then locals they will greet you as if you have lived in these places all your life. And this is not a feigned arrangement, it’s just that the people here are so sincere and real.

It is simply impossible to list all the sights of Italy in one article. In this section of our information and tourist portal "World Tour" we will try to consider each settlement of this marvelous land in as much detail as possible. We hope that we will be able to convey at least a little to you all the charm of tourism in Italy, and if you have not been to this country yet, then you should immediately reconsider your plans for the next vacation.

The most recognizable country on the physical map, shaped like a boot prying on a stone, is called Italy. Like Spain, Italy is separated from the rest of Europe by mountains - the Alps, also known to the whole world. The country is under the influence of a tropical Mediterranean climate, the impact of which is enhanced by a natural barrier from the mountains of the Alps. In addition to the Apennine Peninsula, Italy also includes two islands - Sicily (the same "pebble") and Sardinia. All Italian land is located in the Mediterranean Sea.

Along the entire peninsula stretch the mountains of the same name with it - the Apennines. It is worth saying that Sicily and Sardinia are also mountainous pieces of the Earth. There are three still active volcanoes in Italy - Vesuvius in the Apennines, Etna on the island of Sicily and Stromboli - a small volcanic island near Sicily. Vesuvius at one time destroyed the ancient city of Pompeii - the main excavation site in Italy. There is one more thing in the "country - boot" small state. The Vatican, the smallest state in the world, fits in one block of Rome.

In this Catholic country is the residence of the Pope. Venice - "city on the water", was built on the islands in the Venetian lagoon of the same name. Here, canals replace streets, and gondolas replace cars. Italy is the birthplace of the Divine Comedy creator Dante Alighieri. Many Italian writers have been awarded the Nobel Prize: Giosuè Carducci in 1906, Grazia Deledda in 1926, Luigi Pirandello in 1934, Salvatore Quasimodo in 1959, Eugenio Montale in 1975 and Dario Fo in 1997. Oddly enough, cooking can also be attributed to the arts of Italy. The cuisine of "winemakers" has become known in the world thanks to pizza and pasta (spaghetti pasta). It is diverse, primarily because of its regional multinationality, that is, each region of the country has its own national dishes. Previously, wild bird dishes were popular in Italy, but thanks to the struggle of conservationists, the sale of songbirds is prohibited and there is simply nothing to cook these delicious delicacies. Italy has developed engineering and agriculture. The main lines of export are transport vehicles, foodstuffs, oil and raw materials for other sectors of the economy (for example, for metallurgy, instrument making, etc.). Italy is a popular tourist destination, so the country covers a large part of the needs through tourists.

Italy is one of the most interesting, unique, beautiful countries in the world. It is unlikely that there will be someone who dares to challenge this statement, because. this country has its own unique character, its own color and, one might say, its own characteristic temperament. Italy - maritime, Mountain country located in southern Europe from the Alps to mediterranean sea, it occupies a fairly vast territory: the islands of Sicily, the Apennine Peninsula, Sardinia. It also has access to several seas at once: Tyrrhenian, Ionian, Adriatic, Ligurian, which are part of the Mediterranean Sea. Italy is a classic country for tourists. It is simply impossible to see all the sights of the once mighty Roman Empire in a short period of time. Therefore, those who have been here at least once will strive to return to Italy again. In addition to countless cultural monuments and the ruins of ancient Roman civilization, the country has excellent natural conditions - snow-white slopes of the Alpine mountains, beautiful beaches Adriatic and Mediterranean coasts and charming lakes of the north.
The rich centuries-old history of this country, each of its cities annually attracts millions of tourists like a magnet. Among the most famous sights of Rome, the capital of Italy, the "eternal city", which is already more than 3 thousand years old, are the Pantheon, the Colosseum, the Forum, the baths of Caracalla, the Arc de Triomphe, the cathedral. St. Paul, Capitoline Museum, National Museum. In Milan there is the famous opera "La Scala", the church of San Ambrogio, a monastery with a fresco "The Last Supper". The city-museum of Venice is unique, the historical center of which is located on 118 islands with 400 bridges. The famous "Leaning Tower" is also in Italy, in picturesque town Pisa. In general, the geography of Italy is unique in its meaning, tourism flourishes here all year round, since in summer you can relax on one of the 5,000 Italian beaches, and in winter lovers active rest can go to the mountains and have a great time at one of the many ski resorts in Italy, which leave the same lasting impression as the beaches of Italy.
Indescribable in words beautiful nature Italy, undoubtedly great history - that's not all ... Italian cuisine is - another "highlight" of this country. There is hardly a person who does not like the national dishes of Italy - pasta, spaghetti of all kinds, ravioli, minestrone soups, grated Parmesan cheese, risotto and many, many other goodies, as well as excellent Italian wines of various varieties. Do you want bright, unforgettable sensations, new impressions, have a great holiday, exotics and much more? Then welcome to Italy, there is absolutely everything you can only dream of!

Geography

The area of Italy is 301 thousand square meters. km. Italy is a typical Mediterranean country located in the central part Southern Europe. Its territory includes the Padan lowland, the slopes of the Alpine mountain arc facing it, the Apennine Peninsula, the large islands of Sicily and Sardinia, and numerous small islands (Agadian, Liparsky, Pontine, Tuscan archipelago, etc.). To the north, on the mainland, Italy borders France, Switzerland, Austria and Yugoslavia. In the south, it (through the Strait of Tunis) is adjacent to Africa. The Apennine peninsula juts deep into the Mediterranean Sea. The shores of Italy are washed by the seas: in the west - Ligurian and Turrenian, in the south by the Ionian, in the east by the Adriatic.
More than half of the country's territory is located on the Apennine Peninsula. In the north are the Italian Alps with the highest point in the country - Mont Blanc (Monte Bianco) (4807 m). In Italy, there are also Monte Rosa (4634m) and Monte Cervino (4478m). Between the Alps and the Apennines lies the vast Lombard (Padana) plain, which includes the valley of the Po River. The Apennines stretch from the Gulf of Genoa to the Gulf of Taranta in Calabria. The highest point of the Apennines is Mount Corno (2914 m); Only about a third of the country's territory is occupied by plains. In addition to the Lombard plain, this coast Adriatic Sea, as well as three narrow flat strips along west coast: Campagna di Roma, Pontine Marshes and Maremma. On the island of Sicily, which is separated from the mainland by the narrow Strait of Messina, there is an active volcano Etna (3323 m). A large number of rivers flow through Italy, the most important of which are the Po and Adige, located in the north of the country and flowing into the Adriatic Sea. The Tiber and Arno flow on the peninsula itself. Italy also has a large number of lakes, the largest being Garda, Lago Maggiore, Como and Lugano in the north and Trasimeno, Bolsena and Bracchiano in the south.

Time

Italian time differs downward from Moscow by 2 hours.

Climate

Temperate in the north and subtropical Mediterranean in the center and southern regions.
The diversity of Italy's climate is determined by the length of its territory in longitude and the mountainous relief of most of the country. On the Padana Plain, the climate is transitional from subtropical to temperate - hot summers (July from + 22 ° С to + 24 ° С) and cool foggy winters (January - about 0 ° С). In the central regions of the Apennine Peninsula, the climate is subtropical, with hot (from + 24-27 ° С in the north to + 26-32 ° С in the south) in summer and warm (on average not lower than + 5 ° С) in winter. Due to the peculiarities of the country's topography, the air temperature strongly depends on the height of the place above sea level - even in the suburbs of Rome or Turin, gently ascending the foothills, it is always 2-3 degrees colder than in the city center. And in the pre-alpine regions, this picture is even brighter - at the foot of the snow-capped mountains, citrus fruits bear fruit almost all year round.
IN highlands In the Alps and the Apennines, the climate varies from temperate at the foot of the mountains to cold at the peaks. Temperature decreases with height and interdiurnal contrasts increase. In the mountains, snow lasts up to 6 months, it lies constantly on the peaks, heavy snowfalls are frequent from October to May.
In the south of the peninsula from March to October dry hot winds blow from the Sahara - "sirocco" or "shirocco". During this period, the temperature rises to + 35 ° C, while the dryness and dustiness of the air sharply increase. Also frequent are cold northern or northeastern "tramontana" winds blowing from the Apennines (mostly in winter period).
Sardinia has a typical mediterranean climate with hot summers and short warm winters, very favorable for visiting the island at any time. Summer heat (in Cagliari in July the temperature often reaches +32-38°С, in winter - +18-22°С) is softened by steady sea winds. The only inconvenience of the local climate is low humidity (short-term powerful downpours occur only in winter, while in summer not a drop of rain often falls, the average monthly rainfall does not exceed 70 mm). The tourist season here lasts from May to September, but in April and October the weather conditions are quite favorable both for relaxing by the sea and for active pastime.
The climate in Sicily is also Mediterranean, very similar to Sardinian, but even hotter in summer and slightly cooler in winter. There is little precipitation (up to 500 mm per year), mainly from October to March. At the same time, there is a noticeable difference weather conditions(both in temperature and humidity) between the coast and the interior of the island - in mountainous areas it is always somewhat cooler and rainier than on the coast, and the western slopes of the mountains receive on average 2 times more precipitation than the eastern ones. Such a noticeable variety of climate makes visiting the island convenient at any time of the year.
The least precipitation falls in summer (from June to August no more than 15 mm), most of all from October to February (average 80 mm, in some places more than 100 mm). The water temperature in the period from January to April is 14 ... 16 degrees, from May to August it rises from 16 ... 17 to 25 ... 26, after which it gradually decreases, remaining quite comfortable until October (23 ... 25 degrees), in November and December its value is 18 ... 21 degrees.

Language

The official language is Italian. English and French understand almost everywhere in hotels, restaurants, travel agencies. German understood primarily in resort areas in the north of the Adriatic and lakes. The Russian language is well understood by souvenir merchants in shops located in Rome, in the Colosseum area and in other places.

Religion

The predominant religion in Italy is Catholicism, practiced by approximately 98% of the population.
The center of the Catholic world is the city-state of the Vatican (it houses the residence of Pope John Paul II). He is in the line the Italian capital Rome, on the hill "Monte Vaticano". The Vatican was formed as an independent state in 1929 in accordance with the Lateran Accords between the Italian government and the Pope.
Italy is the country where Catholic Church very strong, and this is not surprising: from 1929 to November 26, 1976, Catholicism was considered the state religion of Italy. In Italy, at present, the church is officially separated from the state, and regulates its relations with the state through special agreements and laws, in particular the "New Concordat" of 1984. The Italian constitution divides all religions into two categories: Catholic, with which the state enters into a Concordat, and non-Catholic religions.

Population

According to the results of the last census, the population of Italy is 56.74 million people, of which 94% are Italians. The entire population of Italy historically dates back to various local ethnic groups, therefore, the corresponding sub-ethnic groups are still distinguished (Sicilians, Sardinians, Tuscans, Calabrians, Ligurians, etc.). Also, a significant number of immigrants from other European countries - Germans, French, Albanians, etc. live in Italy. About 3 million Italians live outside the country.
The national minorities of Italy are quite compact groups that have been living for many centuries in a certain territory. In the north of the country, in the border areas, there are Romansh (mainly Friuls) - 350 thousand people, French - about 70 thousand people, Slovenes and Croats - about 50 thousand people; in southern Italy and on the island of Sicily - Albanians (about 80 thousand people); in the south of the country - Greeks (30 thousand people); on the island of Sardinia - Catalans (10 thousand people); Jews (about 50 thousand people), etc.

Electricity

Voltage 220 V, 50 Hz. Sockets of the "European" type: an adapter is needed.

Emergency Phones

Helpline - 100

carabinieri (police) - 112

accidents - 113

ambulance - 118

fire brigade - 115

technical assistance to the car - 116

Connection

Telephone communication: Italy code - 39. Most payphones work with cards that are sold at newsstands and tobacconists. Price - 5000-15000 ITL. Before inserting the card into the slot of the payphone, it is necessary to break off a corner from it. From the bar you can call with a coin of 200 lira. From 22.00 to 8.00 and on weekends there is a reduced rate. The emergency phone number is 113. Police - 112. Ambulance - 118. Information - 100.
Internet: network services are excellent in Italy - in almost all airports, large hotels, shopping streets, in some supermarkets, restaurants and other public places, you can find both Internet cafes and wireless access points. Most of the city's Internet cafes are owned by Telecom Italia www.telecomitalia.com and therefore use almost the same rates (only on the islands the rates are slightly higher, but not significantly). GPRS roaming is provided to subscribers of major Russian operators through several local companies.
cellular: the mobile network covers almost the entire territory of Italy, with the exception of some alpine regions and small islands. Roaming with local operators Telecom Italia SpA www.tim.it/inglese/index.html (TIM, GSM 900/1800, 3G 2100), Vodafone Omnitel N.V. www.vodafone.it (GSM 900/1800, 3G 2100), Wind Telecomunicazioni SpA www.wind.it (GSM 900/1800, 3G 2100) and H3G www.h3g.it (3G 2100) is available to subscribers of major Russian operators. Cellular communications are increasingly replacing wired lines in all areas of local life, and to see an Italian without mobile phone almost impossible. However, local networks and international calls in roaming are not cheap and are also charged according to a rather confusing scheme. In most cases, it is much more profitable to purchase SIM cards from local operators (sold in department stores, telephone company offices and post offices) than to use roaming. Even an international call from a hotel is often cheaper than a cell phone.

Currency exchange

The monetary unit of Italy is the Italian lira (Lira), abbreviated L. Banknotes are in circulation in denominations: 100,000, 50,000, 10,000, 5,000, 2,000, 1000 L and coins - 500, 200, 100, 50, 20.5 L. Only the Vatican lira is accepted in the Vatican. Eurochecks are payable up to 300,000 L (approximately $160).
$1 is approximately equal to 1,700 L as of May 2000. A small amount of currency can be exchanged at airports, there is a good exchange rate, especially in Fiumicino, but it is most profitable to use banks, but their work schedule is not very convenient. In shops and hotels, the exchange rate is usually unfavorable. Italian banks are open from 8:30 to 17:00, lunch break from 13.00/13.30 to 15.00/16.00, days off: Saturday, Sunday.

Visa

Italy is a member of the Schengen Agreement countries. Citizens of Russia and CIS countries require a visa to visit Italy. All Foreign citizens who are going to enter Italy, must, at the first request of authorized persons, present at the time of entry into the country documents confirming the motivation and duration of the period of stay, as well as, in certain cases, the availability of sufficient financial resources and proof of housing.
Children over the age of 14 must have their own passport. If a child is entered in the parent's passport, his photograph must be pasted on the corresponding page of the passport - in order to avoid misunderstandings when crossing the Italian border. For children inscribed in the parent's passport, a separate visa is pasted into this passport.
Visa-free transit through Italy is prohibited, unless the tourist has a valid Schengen visa and documents confirming the expediency or necessity of transit through Italian territory. To apply for a transit visa, you need almost the same set of documents as for a tourist visa. However, in this case, instead of an invitation or hotel reservation and receipt orders, the following are provided:
- visa of the state that is the final destination;
- air tickets, railway tickets or documents for personal vehicles;
- documents confirming the feasibility or necessity of transit through the territory of Italy (for example, tickets to the country that is the final destination, or a detailed itinerary, or confirmation of booking tickets to a third country, etc.).
The standard visa processing time is 4 working days. However, during the high season it can be extended up to 2 weeks. For tourist and business trips, a Schengen visa category "C" is issued with a maximum stay in the country of up to 90 days within six months. Single, double and multiple entry visas valid up to 1 year are issued. The specific number of days allowed to stay in the country is set by the consular service in accordance with the terms specified in the invitation or hotel reservation. The consular fee for a tourist or transit visa is 35 euros. IN emergency cases it is possible to issue a visa urgently, while the fee is doubled and amounts to 70 euros.

Customs regulations

Italian border guards at customs usually follow the usual rules for import and export adopted in most European countries. If your baggage seems suspicious to them, they can inspect it. The Italian customs authorities may carry out random checks upon entry into Italy, always in the presence of the passenger.
You can import duty-free goods worth up to US$140 into Italy. In addition to things for personal use, you can also import 300 cigarettes, 1.5 liters of spirits, 10 liters of wine, 75 ml of perfume duty-free.
With regard to currency, no formalities are required to import 20 million Italian liras. If this figure is exceeded, you must fill out a special customs form "B2" and present it when leaving Italy. For export national currency over ITL 1,000,000 and in foreign currency over ITL 5,000,000 You will need a declaration.
In addition to personal belongings, every citizen of a country outside the European Union entering Italy can bring jewelry, two cameras, one video camera, one radio, one tape recorder, one bicycle, one boat (possibly motorized), two pairs of skis, two tennis rackets, one kayak, one surfboard.
For the importation of hunting weapons into Italy, a permit from the Italian consular office is required, which must be endorsed upon entry. Souvenirs worth no more than 67,000 lire ($30) can be exported duty-free from Italy. The transit of historical valuables and documents is prohibited without accompanying and permitting documents or a sales receipt and permission from the Italian Ministry of Fine Arts. To bring professional equipment, commercial samples, goods for display at exhibitions into Italy, a special permit is required. There are no restrictions on the import of lira and other currencies. You can freely take out up to 10 thousand € or an equivalent amount in other currencies. The export of large amounts must be authorized by the customs authorities.

Holidays and non-working days

January 1 (New Year), January 6, Easter Monday (the day after Easter), Easter Sunday (On this day, the Pope blesses the crowd gathered in the square in front of St. Peter's. Easter is usually celebrated with friends, and the next day weather (on the Easter new moon the weather usually deteriorates) a big family picnic is arranged.), April 25 (Day of liberation from fascism), May 1 (Labor Day), June 2 (Proclamation of the Republic Day, celebrated with a military parade in Rome), August 15 (Assumption (ferragosto)), November 1 (All Saints Day, a day of remembrance and honoring ancestors), November 5, December 8 (Immaculate Conception), 25 (Christmas, the most beloved and solemn holiday, usually celebrated at home, in the circle of relatives and friends) , December 26 (St. Stephen's Day). In addition, each city and village celebrates the day of its saint: Rome - Peter, Milan - Ambrose, Turin - John, etc. In July and August, many businesses stop working and close for the holidays. On Christmas and New Year they may also not work. When planning a business trip and the time of business negotiations, these features must be taken into account.

Transport

The urban transport system in Italy is extremely well developed. Buses, taxis run in Italy, there is a subway, as well as a typical Italian water transport, which is represented by gondolas and river taxis. The latter are very popular with tourists who enjoy riding in river taxi and, of course, in the gondola. The first can accommodate four people and, like a regular taxi, counts the footage. Parking lots are everywhere in the city. The price for a gondola is about 80 thousand lira for a 50-minute ride during the day and 110 thousand at night.
In Italy, whose borders are more than 90% washed by the seas and in which most of the territory is coastal areas, in the internal transport of passengers and especially goods importance also has a marine coastal fleet. Among the branches of Italian transport, of great interest is navy, which is the largest international carrier and is essential for the development of Italian foreign trade. 90% of goods entering Italy for imports and 55-60% for exports pass through seaports. The Italian merchant fleet performs the most important economic functions. This is main reason that it is in its overwhelming part under the control of the state.
Railway transport could not stand the fight with such a powerful competitor and for a long time was in a state of crisis. Only in recent years, the state, which owns 82% of the railways, began to invest in their enhanced development. Some lines have been modernized, the Rome-Florence (“Direttissima”) high-speed railway has been built, on which trains can reach speeds of up to 200-260 km per hour, this route is part of the future high-speed highway connecting Milan with Florence, Rome, Naples. The total length of railways is 19.8 thousand km (including sidings), of which 10.2 thousand km are electrified.
Cars are also extremely popular in Italy. Out of 293 thousand km. about half of the highways are in Northern Italy. 1/4 of all European highways (about 6 thousand km) are concentrated in Italy, including the world's oldest Milan-Varese highway, built in 1924. The main transport artery of the country is the Highway of the Sun, which runs through all of Italy, from Turin through Milan, Florence, Rome, Naples to Reggio di Calabria. Five international highways pass through the territory of Italy: London-Paris-Rome-Palermo, London-Lausanne-Milan-Brin-disi, Rome-Berlin-Oslo-Stjordan, Rome-Vienna-Warsaw, Amsterdam-Basel-Genoa. The Italian car park has over 20 million cars, including about 18 million passenger cars.
There are two metro lines in Rome. Line A, 18 km long, links the city center from Ottaviano near the Vatican to the eastern outskirts of the city, passing through Cinecitta (Anagnia). Line B runs north to the outskirts of the city (Rebbibia) and to the EUR, a modern industrial complex in the south. The lines intersect at Termini. You can buy a special ticket, it is called "big", with it you can ride both the bus and the metro during the day on any line. Milan Metro is considered the best in Italy. MM consists of two branches (1 and 2) and serves the city and the outskirts. Tourists usually take the 1 southbound near Stazione Centrale via Piazza del Maria della Grazie. Tickets are sold from vending machines at each station and are valid for 1 hour. 10 min. A one-day ticket allows you to use all types of transport.

Tips

Despite the ubiquity of "complex prices", which include payment for all services, in Italy it is customary to tip 10-15% of the order amount. Sometimes the menu says that the service charge is already included in the price. When serving at the counter, tips are not accepted. But if a tourist sits at a bar table even for a minute, he will also need to pay a restaurant fee, which will almost double the cost of the order. For waiters, taxi drivers - up to 10%, in hotels for maids and a senior restaurant waiter, a porter - before departure. In museums and galleries - for the personal display of exhibits.

The shops

Italy and shopping are identical things for the majority of the female population. In Italy, there is a fairly clear pattern: the further south the city is, the lower prices will be there. Moreover, if you try, in the provinces you can find small shops at wholesale warehouses selling “pret-a-porte” collections of famous fashion designers at prices much lower than in large cities. The most popular Italian cities for shopping trips - Milan, Naples, as for elite brands, the most reasonable prices will be offered to you in Roman boutiques. In the capital of Italy, the fashion industry has reclaimed an entire quarter. In Italy, a system of seasonal discounts is common, especially in spring. From January 7th to March 1st, there is a general sale in Italy. You will be issued in most stores with a purchase of more than 150 euros. At customs, you need to put a stamp on the check, presenting the goods. Therefore, it is better not to pack it in suitcases before customs. Save 15% on the cost of goods that you bought in Italy. You can get this discount through the tax refund system for goods purchased by non-European Community residents, which they take out in their luggage.
Italy is the European "Mecca" for fashionistas of all stripes. Armani, Gianfranco Ferre, Gucci, Dolce & Gabbana - with these sounds, the heart of many connoisseurs of style, quality and a prestigious label stops. Numerous well-known centers for the production of high-quality clothing, shoes and other leather goods, luxury goods made Italy extraordinarily famous. So many thousands of fashion hunters are drawn here, since the prices are more acceptable than here, you can hardly find them anywhere else in the world.

National cuisine

The national dishes and drinks of Italy, the so-called la cucina Romana, is a cuisine that has been developing for a long time under the influence of the countries surrounding Italy.
Much to the surprise of tourists, pizza is not the main dish of the national cuisine and is popular mainly with tourists. The pizza now famous all over the world was once a dish of the poor - a tortilla with tomatoes and spices, sometimes with cheap cheese. Over time, however, culinary experts have learned to give it a spicy, sometimes refined taste, using champignons, various seafood, artichokes and even pineapples in their recipes. Pizza must be eaten in Naples, fried on logs in special ovens with a brick pallet.
Today, Italian cuisine is a rich set of dishes with a variety of products. Vegetables are widely used - lettuce, celery, cabbage, carrots, tomatoes, artichokes, eggplant, spinach. No wonder they say that any Italian meal should always begin with Insalata. Moreover, salad as a side dish is not served with hot dishes. A healthy mixture of raw vegetables such as celery, fennel, carrots, etc., the Romans dubbed Cazzimperio. In the north of the country, chicken, veal, and lean pork dishes are popular. Moreover, minced meat is used only for making sauces, while for other dishes, whole portioned pieces of meat are usually used. The preparation and consumption of a dish in many cafes turns almost into a sacred act: before you place an order, a waiter dressed in a tailcoat will show you which piece of meat will be cut off to prepare the dish you ordered or will demonstrate the fish so that you can be sure of its quality.
The weakness of Italians is olives. They are served with any meal. In the south, lobsters, lobsters, shrimp, various shellfish, including cuttlefish, are eaten. By the way, the ability to cook cuttlefish deliciously is one of the main criteria in assessing the skill of a cook. Veal, chicken, lean pork are very popular in the north. The meat is usually served in its natural form, chopped - only for sauces. In many cafes, waiters wear tailcoats, and before you make an order, they will show you from which piece the meat will be cut off, they will demonstrate the proposed fish. Everyone is usually washed down with Chianti or other table wines. Not to be confused with "Cinzano" and "Martini" - they are drunk before meals, these are aperitifs.
Cheese is traditionally widely used everywhere. Parmesan, gorgonzola, mozzarella, pecorino (from sheep's milk) and many other varieties. It is fried and added to various main dishes and sauces, and served as a dessert. It is believed that it binds all the components of food and gives it a special taste. After hearty meals, it's time for dessert - "dolci" (dolci). The list of what is served for dessert is truly impressive: here are “Zabaione”, and “zuppa inglese” (rum biscuit with vanilla cream), and curd-coffee tiramisu, and different kinds lemon cake, and "semifreddo" of heavily chilled cream. And of course, many varieties of ice cream - "gelato" (gelato).
End the meal with coffee "Espresso" - strong, black, or "cappuccino" - coffee with whipped cream. The most famous of Tuscan wines is Chianti and its best brand is Classico, and the most popular brand of Sicilian wines is a strong wine with a velvety taste - Marsala; one of the best Neapolitan wines are "Tears of Christ" (Lacrima Christi) and Capri. To appreciate their taste and bouquet, you should try both red and white varieties. No less famous are Cabernet, made from grapes grown in the province of Veneto, as well as Frascati - from grapes from the Lazio region. The best table wines include Soave (white) and Tokay, while the sparkling Cartizze and Prosecco wines are the best way to relax and enjoy the unhurried pace of life.
The Italian liqueur Amaretto is no less famous for wines. Real Amaretto is produced in the homeland of Romeo and Juliet - Verona.

Attractions

In Rome: the world-famous Pantheon - an ancient temple built in 27 BC; the Colosseum, built in 80 AD; several triumphal arches in honor of Roman emperors and generals; Roman Forum and Imperial Forum; baths of Caracalla (217); the catacombs where the first Christians took refuge from persecution; the fort of Castel Sant'Angelo, originally erected as the mausoleum of Emperor Hadrian and rebuilt as a fortification in the Middle Ages; basilica of st. John Lateran (4th century, rebuilt in the 17th-18th centuries); basilica of st. Paul (4th century); basilica of st. Peter-in-chains (5th century), inside which is a marble sculpture of Moses by Michelangelo; Piazza Navona with three fountains: one by Gianlorenzo Bernini, while tourists usually throw coins into the Baroque Trevi Fountain; the church of Trinita dei Monti (XV century); a large number of different museums and galleries - the Capitoline Museum, the National Museum of Villa Giulia (a collection of Etruscan and Roman art), the Borghese Gallery (painting and sculpture), the National Roman Museum (ancient Greek and Roman sculpture), several medieval palaces, which also house museums and galleries.
In Milan- a cathedral in the Gothic style, the construction of which was started in 1386 and completed in 1965; the Dominican monastery, in the refectory of which is the famous fresco by Leonardo da Vinci "The Last Supper"; art Gallery Brera; several art museums; theater "La Scala". Duomo Cathedral, La Scala Theatre, Castello Sforzesco, Francesco Emmanuele Gallery.
In Venice (located on 122 islands, 170 canals cross it) - 400 bridges, the most famous, perhaps, is the "Bridge of Sighs", along which the criminals walked after the Doge's trial; cathedral of st. Mark (828); the Doge's Palace of Venice; granite columns erected in 1180, one of which depicts the winged lion of St. Mark (the patron saint of Venice), on the second - St. Theodore on a crocodile; several art museums, the Grand Canal of Venice, the Cathedral of San Marco.
In Florence- Cathedral of Santa Maria del Fiore (1296-1461) in the Gothic style, decorated with red, green and white marble; 14th century bell tower; the baptistery of San Giovanni (XI-XV centuries), famous for its gilded bronze doors, the eastern door, decorated with sculptural scenes from the Old Testament, is called the "Gates of Paradise"; the National Museum, which houses a collection of sculptures by Donatello; fountain of Neptune (1576); Palazzo Vecchio (1299-1314); The Uffizi Gallery is one of the greatest collections of Italian masters; the Pitti Gallery with works by Raphael, Perugino, Titian, Tintoretto; the tomb of the Medici family with a marble bas-relief by Michelangelo; the Medici-Ricardi Palace (XV century), which houses the Medici Museum; the monastery of San Marino, in the museum of which there are works by Fra Angelico and Fra Bartolomeo, in which there is also the cell of the philosopher Savonarola; academy gallery fine arts where the famous sculpture by Michelangelo - David is kept; Archaeological Museum; the Franciscan church of Santa Groce (XIII-XIV centuries), painted by Giotto, it is called the Pantheon of Florence, as Michelangelo Buonarotti, the philosopher and politician Nicolo Machiavelli, the composer Rossini are buried in it. Duomo Cathedral (Santa Maria del Fiore), Baptistery, Basilica of Santa Croce.

Resorts

Islands of Italy: Sardinia, Sicily, Elba, Ischia, Capri.
Sardinia It is the second largest Mediterranean island after Sicily. This is a unique and peculiar land full of contrasts: endless horizons, ridges of rough rocks, hills of granite, basalt and limestone, mountains covered with wild dense thickets, expanse of swamps over which pink flamingos fly, the west wind blowing through the archipelagos, fireworks of flowers, aroma myrtle, mastic trees and other essences of forest plants. Sardinia is called the island of a hundred flowers and a hundred smells. Its shape resembles a sandal, and the locals believe that this is where God stepped when he first came down to earth. The swimming season on the island lasts from June to October. Provinces of Sardinia: Cagliari, Nuoro, Oristano, Sassari.
Sicily, located in the center of the Mediterranean, is the largest island in the region (25,460 sq. km) and is separated from Italy by the Strait of Messina. The climate of Sicily is typically Mediterranean with low rainfall, falling mainly in the winter months - from October to March. Quantity sunny days per year - 250. Provinces of the island: Agrigento, Caltanissetta, Catania, Enna, Messina, Palermo, Ragusa, Syracuse, Trapani.
Elba Island located in the Tyrrhenian Sea. Total area 223 sq. km. It is the third largest island after Sicily and Sardinia. Height up to 1019 m. Elba is part of the National Park of the Tuscan Archipelago. Currently, Elba is a protected area and is an elite resort. Picturesque bays and beaches, eucalyptus groves and olive trees, luxurious hotels and the friendliness of the inhabitants - all this is provided to those who wish to visit the island. Elba provides a wide range of entertainment: scuba diving, horseback riding, golf, tennis, mountain walks. The Baths of San Giovanni offer a wide range of curative, preventive and beauty treatments.
Ischia is world famous as a center of thermal treatment. In the capital of the island there are many hotels of various categories, commercial centers, discos, nightclubs, taverns, restaurants, boutiques. Beautiful sandy beaches stretch from Ischia Porto to Ischia Ponte. Luxurious pine and chestnut groves, picturesque landscapes enchant tourists. Thermal gardens of the island: Poseidon Gardens, Castiglione, Apollo and Aphrodite, Tropical, Eden, Negombo. In the bay of Sorgetto, hot springs gush into the sea, so you can swim even in winter.
Capri- a small rocky island in the Gulf of Naples. Since the 19th century, it has been known as a favorite vacation spot for the European aristocracy. Currently, Capri is one of the most fashionable and famous Italian resorts. The climate in the resorts of the Gulf of Naples is typically Mediterranean.
Thermal spas: Abano Terme, Montegrotto Terme, Bormio, San Casciano, San Giuliano Terme, Montecatini Terme, Saturnia Terme, Monsummano Terme, Casciana Terme.
Possibility of recreation on the lakes: Como, Garda, Maggiore.
Ski resorts: Pragelato (Hegion Piedmont), Bormio (youth resort), Val Gardena (Dolomites), Val di Fassa (for families with children), Cortina D'Ampezzo (in the heart of the Dolomites), Livigno (35 km from Bormio), Madonna di Campiglio (recognized capital of skiing).

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Plan

italy economic geography

1. Composition of the territory and economic and geographical position

2. Population

3. Education system

4. Transport

5. External economic relations

Literature

1. The composition of the territory and economic and geographical position

Italy is located in the south of Europe. On its territory, 3 parts can be distinguished: mainland (about 1/2 of the area), peninsular (Apennine Peninsula) and island (Sicily, Sardinia and a number of small islands). Sea borders are 4 times longer than land borders. Even the deepest regions of the country are no more than 200-300 kilometers from the coast.

The economic and geographical position in the center of the Mediterranean basin has long favored the development of ties with the countries of the Middle East and North Africa, as well as with other countries of Southern Europe. And now it contributes to the economic development of Italy. Land borders with France, Switzerland and Austria, and partly with the former Yugoslavia, pass through the Alps. Northern Italy is in a more advantageous position than southern Italy, as it has the ability to carry out external economic relations both by land and by sea. Transcontinental air lines pass through Italy.

2. Population

Italy ranks second in Europe (after Germany) in terms of the number of inhabitants. Italy is constantly characterized by mass emigration. Tens of thousands of people leave every year. This is due to the difficult living conditions of the peasantry, unemployment and low wages for workers. The standard of living of Italian workers is one of the lowest in the developed capitalist countries of Europe. Previously, Italy was characterized by emigration overseas. In the post-war period, temporary and seasonal emigration to the countries of the Common Market, especially to the Federal Republic of Germany and France, intensified. Balance external migrations negative in Italy. The population of Italy, according to the latest census in October 2011, is 59.464.644 people, it is the fourth country in Europe in terms of population (after Germany, France and the UK) and the 23rd in the world. Population density in Italy, 201 people per square kilometer. Italy is one of the countries with the lowest birth rate in the world. In 2011, there were on average 1.42 children per woman.

Rome is the most populous city in Italy (2.612.068 inhabitants), and Pedesina (province of Sondrio, Lombardy region) is the most sparsely populated place, with only 30 people living here.

In general, in Italy, 68% of the population prefer to live in cities.

The female population of the country exceeds the male population by 1,962,760 people. Italy is one of the densely populated countries in Europe. The intensive process of urbanization affects the distribution of the population. The bulk of the urban population is concentrated in Northern Italy. Most cities in Italy arose in the ancient and middle ages. They are world famous as original historical museums with architectural monuments of antiquity and works of art. Among them are Rome, Florence, Venice, Milan, Genoa, Bologna.

The national composition of the population is homogeneous - 98% of it are Italians. Italians are Catholics by religion. Although the church in Italy is separate from the state, it actively intervenes in political life country and has a great impact on the general population. In the western part of Rome, one quarter is occupied by the state of the Vatican - a theocratic monarchy. Its head - the Pope - is simultaneously the head of the entire Catholic Church.

The class composition of the population is characterized by a large proportion of the urban and rural proletariat, poor peasants, artisans and handicraftsmen. The dominant position is occupied by a small industrial, commercial and agricultural bourgeoisie.

By state system Italy is a parliamentary republic headed by a president.

3. Education system

According to the Italian Ministry of Education (Ministerodell "Istruzione, dell" Universita e dellaRicerca - MIUR), students are currently studying at 95 universities in Italy. Of these, 47 are state, 20 specialized institutes of physical education and two universities Italian and culture. More than 1.7 million students from all over the world study annually in Italian universities.

MIUR statistics show that higher education in Italy is on average cheaper than in other European countries. The average annual cost of a student is 7,000 euros, 2,000 euros less than in 27 countries European Union. Against this background, the annual expenses of Italian families for university education (2 billion euros) do not seem so big. These costs are differentiated: the North of Italy is undoubtedly more expensive. So, in the Veneto region, the average annual tuition fee per year costs a student 1381 euros, while in the South (for example, Puglia and Calabria) this figure does not exceed 550 euros.

Financing public universities consists of several sources: tuition fees (13%), state subsidies (63.6%), European and international programs (2%), public organizations (6.1%), private foundations and firms. The Ministry of Education (MIUR) allocates annually 8 billion euros for university educational needs.

About 20% of Italians aged 25 to 34 have a university education. Two-thirds of students enter universities before the age of 19. The most popular specialties are medicine, pharmaceutical chemistry, and biology. Economics and finance, jurisprudence and architecture are one step lower. Foreign students in Italy, according to MIUR, make up 3%, of which 57, 4% are from Europe.

The higher education system in Italy includes two main sectors:

university sector

non-university sector

Currently, the university sector consists of 89 institutions of higher education:

58 public universities

17 private universities with state accreditation

2 universities for international students

6 higher schools specializing in postgraduate programs

6 universities of telematics and telecommunications

The non-university sector consists of four types of institutions:

Higher schools of design: schools of arts, academies of fine arts, higher schools of applied arts, music conservatories, choreographic schools, national academies

High Schools of Translators

Higher educational institutions of integrated education: narrow technical areas, archives, diplomacy, restoration, military affairs. These universities are controlled more by the respective ministries than by the Ministry of Education. School education in Italy lasts 13 years, in contrast to the 11-year school education in Russia. In this regard, Russian high school graduates have difficulty entering the first year of an Italian university. It is precisely because of the difference in the number of years spent in secondary school that Italian universities accept Russian students for the first year only on condition that the student has studied in Russia for 11 years in secondary school (received a certificate of secondary education), and has also been trained for one or two years in a higher educational institution in Russia. However, there is a positive point: the specialty in which the student was trained in Russian university during these one or two years, it can be any and does not affect the choice of direction in an Italian university. The program of the first higher education in Italy (Laurea Triennale) lasts three years, after which you receive a state diploma and a bachelor's degree. You can then start working or continue your higher education by enrolling in a master's program. The classical magistracy (LaureaMagistrale) with a master's degree lasts two years. In addition, you can choose a shorter one-year master's program (Masteruniversitari). So, if you have already completed your first higher education in Russia, then you can: - Continue your studies in your own or related specialty at a master's program at an Italian university. Thus, your studies in Italy will last 1 or 2 years and will end with a master's degree or a master's diploma. - choose a new specialty for yourself and enroll in the first year of an Italian university. Thus, your study in Italy will last 3 years for a bachelor's degree or 4-5 years for a master's degree. Students who already have a completed higher education (master's degree) can enroll in a doctoral program (Dottoratodiricerca).

4. Transport

In the domestic transport of goods and passengers, the main role is played by automobile transport, in second place - railway. In terms of railway electrification, the country occupies one of the first places in the world. A dense network of modern highways and railways links the cities of northern Italy.

Economic and geographical differences.

Only in a few capitalist countries can one find such sharp differences in the levels of economic development as exist between the North and the South of Italy.

Within the North, the triangle that forms the cities of Milan, Turin and Genoa is the region of the most highly developed industry. Milan is the second most populated city in Italy. In terms of the development of industry, trade and financial functions, this city ranks first, so it is often called business capital countries. Milan is surrounded by satellite cities, many of which serve it with their production. Milan is well known for its opera house La Scala. The face of Turin is determined by the car factories of the Fiat concern. Associated with them are enterprises of other firms specializing in the production of tires, ball bearings and electrical cables. The large industry of the North is served by Genoa (900 thousand inhabitants) - the largest port in the country. In the city and its suburbs, stretching along the sea, there are many industrial enterprises. The coast of the Gulf of Genoa is also of great resort importance.

The north-eastern part of the North is less industrially developed, where Venice stands out for its industry. This city is famous for the originality of the canal streets and architectural monuments. Industrial waste and municipal waste polluting the Venetian lagoon, frequent floods and the gradual sinking of the city create a problem of salvation worldwide famous monuments architecture of Venice from destruction. A special place in Italy, as in all countries of the world, is occupied by the capital. Rome is located in the central part of the Apennine Peninsula, away from the sea. It is the main administrative, political and cultural center of the country. Although at present there is a military, chemical and some other industry in Rome, yet its industrial significance is not great. The city has gained worldwide fame due to its numerous historical and architectural monuments and it is no coincidence that it is one of major centers tourism in the world.

The backwardness of southern Italy created in the country the so-called problem of the South. After the Second World War, a large metallurgical plant in Taranto, several petrochemical plants, nuclear power plants were built here, but this only slightly increased the industrial activity of the South. The most important industrial and cultural center of Southern Italy is Naples. As a passenger port, it ranks first in the country, and second only to Genoa in terms of cargo turnover. Famous resorts are located in Naples and its environs.

Agriculture in southern Italy is characterized by backward agricultural technology, low yields. While part of the landlords' land is vacant or used for grazing, the peasants suffer from land shortages. They use every piece of land, and in mountainous areas they carry out complex work on the construction of terraces, supporting walls that protect them from erosion.

The south provides the bulk of emigrants. As a result of the strongest earthquake in the south of Italy at the end of 1980, many settlements were destroyed here. This further weakened the economic position of southern Italy.

5. Foreign economic relations

Italy's imports are dominated by fuel (oil, coal, coke) and industrial raw materials (scrap metal, cotton); it also imports cars and foodstuffs. In exports, the main role is played by finished products (machinery, equipment, fabrics) and fruits (oranges, lemons). The largest trade turnover is with the Common Market countries, Switzerland and the USA.

The deficit of Italy's foreign trade balance is partially covered by remittances from Italians working abroad and income from tourism, in the development of which the country has long been one of the first places in the world. More than 30 million tourists visit Italy every year. foreign tourists. Serving tourists has become one of the most important sectors of the economy.

Literature

"Italian puzzle". M., 1993

"TSB", M., 2006, v. 12

"Countries of the World", Handbook. M., 2008

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Italy characteristic of the country according to the plan. Italy - brief description

Kitchen

Video: 10 things we love about Italy

Recreation and entertainment

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