How to take possession of an impregnable fortress. And, in fact, the story of how the impregnable fortress of San Leo became attackable. Lichtenstein Castle, Germany

During the defense, the architecture of the fortress played a decisive role. Location, walls, equipment - all this determined how successful the assault would be and whether it was worth it at all.

Athenian long walls

After the victory in the Greco-Persian wars, Athens began to flourish. To protect against an external enemy, a huge policy was covered by a fortress wall that surrounded not only the city, but also protected the path to the main sea gate of Athens - the port of Piraeus. Built in a short time, the long walls stretched for six kilometers. Since in the 5th century BC, Athens was supplied with bread from the colonies of the Northern Black Sea region, it was strategically important to maintain the possibility of supplying the huge city by sea. There was no external threat to Greece at that time, most of the Greek policies had much smaller armies than Athens, and the main probable enemy of the Athenians, the Spartans, were invincible in a field battle, but they did not know how to take fortresses. Therefore, Athens theoretically turned into an impregnable fortress, capable of withstanding many years of siege without prospects for the enemy to capture the city. In fact, it turned out that way - to defeat Athens, Sparta had to build a fleet, and only after sea routes Athens was forced to capitulate and, under the terms of the peace treaty, destroy the long walls, which were subsequently restored and finally destroyed only in the Roman era.

Castle Krak des Chevaliers

In the Middle Ages, when small armies consisting of several tens, hundreds and extremely rarely thousands of people fought against each other, powerful stone walls surrounded by a moat were practically impregnable. Prolonged sieges, which required enormous exertion of forces, were also extremely rare. Only in cinema and a number of works of fiction can one find a dashing description of the assault medieval castle. In reality, this task is difficult and extremely complex. One of the most powerful fortresses of the crusaders on the territory of modern Syria was the castle of Krak des Chevaliers. Through the efforts of the Order of the Hospitallers, a wall was erected with a thickness of 3 to 30 meters, reinforced with seven towers. In the 13th century, the castle had a garrison of up to 2,000 people and a huge amount of supplies that made it possible to withstand a long siege. Krak des Chevaliers was virtually impregnable, repeatedly repulsing the onslaught of the enemy. Only in 1271 the fortress was taken, however, not by storm, but only with the help of military cunning.

San Elmo. Malta

By the middle of the 16th century, the stronghold of the Knights of Malta was an impressive fortress. It was surrounded by a system of fortress walls with bastions, and the batteries were able to cross fire, causing significant damage to the attackers. To destroy the fortress, it was necessary to bombard it systematically with artillery fire. The Maltese fleet was safely hidden in the inner bay behind the line defensive structures the city of Borgo. The narrow entrance to the bay was blocked by a massive chain. In 1565, when the Turks attempted to take over the fortress, the garrison consisted of 540 knights, 1300 hired soldiers, 4000 sailors and several hundred residents of Malta. The siege army of the Turks numbered up to 40 thousand people. During the fighting, the Turks, at the cost of colossal losses, managed to take Fort San Elmo, but later they had to abandon attempts to storm other fortifications of the fortress and lift the siege.

Shusha

The security of a fortress does not always depend on the massiveness of its walls and defensive structures. A favorable position can nullify any numerical superiority of the siege army. For example, as in the case of the Shusha fortress in Karabakh, which was defended by Russian troops in 1826. Built almost on sheer cliffs, the citadel was virtually impregnable. The only way to the fortress was a winding path, which was perfectly shot from the fortress, and two weapons installed along it could repel any attempt to approach the gate with grapeshot. In 1826, Shusha withstood a 48-day siege by a 35,000-strong Persian army. Two assault attempts were repulsed with huge losses for the besiegers. Again, the peculiarities of the position of the fortress did not allow the enemy to completely block the tiny fortress, which received food from outside. It is noteworthy that during the siege the garrison of the fortress lost only 12 people killed and 16 missing.

Bobruisk fortress

By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, the fortifications of Bobruisk were considered new and one of the strongest fortresses on the western borders. Russian Empire. The main defensive line of the fortress included 8 bastions. The four thousandth garrison was armed with 337 guns, huge stocks of gunpowder and food. The enemy could never be sure of the success of a frontal assault on the fortifications, and a long siege meant that the fortress was fulfilling its main role - to delay the enemy and gain time. IN Patriotic war In 1812, the Bobruisk fortress withstood a months-long blockade, being in the deep rear of the Napoleonic army throughout the war. The 16,000-strong Polish detachment that carried out the siege, after several unsuccessful clashes, limited itself only to the blockade of the Bobruisk fortress, leaving attempts to storm.

The bomber's main offensive armament is, of course, its bombs. But to protect against a mortal enemy - fighters - part of the carrying capacity has to be spent on defensive small arms. In order to effectively perform their functions, machine guns and cannons are associated with installations - structural systems that ensure the attachment of weapons, their mobility in two planes, the supply of ammunition, and aiming. The design of the installations changed over time, adapted at the place of installation on aircraft etc. A good example of this is the American B-17 bomber.

The B-17 is a large four-engine aircraft with a bulky fuselage and good payload capacity. It was created in the mid-30s, when much attention was paid to the aerodynamics of aircraft, when the experience of the First World War had not yet been discarded, and a search was underway for tactical methods for using heavy bomber aircraft. On the prototype and pre-production copies were defensive installations with manual control, but original design. During the war, the aircraft was constantly modified, armament was strengthened, installations of various types and designs were tested, so that the B-17 can be called a kind of "exhibition of achievements" of aviation defensive weapons.

Nasal installations. The experimental XB-17s and pre-production YB-17s had a glazed spinner in the nose, which could be rotated in a vertical plane (by the handles on its side). In a round cutout on its surface, a cardan machine-gun mount was mounted, closed by an almost spherical screen. Thanks to the rotating cook, it was possible to throw the installation in a circle towards the target.

Starting with the B-17B, the nose glazing was redesigned. The complex gimbal installation was replaced with a simple apple one. It was a ball with a hole for the barrel of a machine gun, which freely rotated between two flanges compressing it. The flanges could be mounted directly on the plexiglass of any screen or window by making an appropriate hole in it. The B-17B had one “apple”, then their number was increased.

Apple hinges had limitations - when they were installed on the side windows or the nose spinner, it was impossible to turn the barrel along the course. The simplest solution was to "press" the plexiglass thermally to "unfold" the "apple" forward.

On the B-17F, sometimes in the side windows, the apple installations were replaced with gimbal installations, while the sponson fairing was squeezed out, which made it possible to move the cone being shot closer to the axis of the aircraft.

Starting with the B-17F, the side windows were enlarged. For some aircraft, the cardan machine-gun mount was fixed in the front shield. This setup later became standard on the B-17G.

On the variant of the YB-40 escort fighter, an installation similar to the Bendix ventral turret, which was installed on the first B-17Es, was mounted under the bombardier's cockpit. Later it became standard for the “G” modification, just closed with a slightly modified dome.

One of the YB-40s had Consolidated turrets in the nose and tail, modeled on the B-24.

Upper settings. Starting with the B-17E modification, a Sperry two-machine gun turret appeared on the fairing, which was serviced by a flight engineer.

Upper installation at the end of the fairing above the radio operator's cabin. Initially, a kingpin with a parallelogram bracket was installed, replaced by an arc with an apple joint in the center. The arc was hinged to the sidewalls of the hatch.

On the YB-40, a Bendix turret was installed in the radio operator's cabin instead of the upper hatch.

Lower settings. On pre-production aircraft and the B-17B, the rear hemisphere was defended by four blister mounts: the top, ventral and two side mounts of approximately the same design. On the B-17C and B-17D, instead of a blister, they put a “bath”. Machine guns, together with cartridge boxes, were mounted on a ring with a horizontal hinge. The ring could move along the side chutes. In the stowed position, the installation was moved back.

On the B-17E modification, the lower bath was first replaced with a Bendix turret mounted remotely using a periscope. The periscope stood behind the turret, closer to the tail, its head was covered with a transparent blister.

Starting with the 113th instance of the Bendix, they changed to an inhabited retractable tower of the Sperry company with a spherical screen of a well-known type.

Side installations. On the YB-17, on the sides of the fuselage, machine guns were mounted on gimbals: the machine gun was hinged in a ring, the ring was hinged on a transparent ogive-shaped screen in the form of a blister. Screens for firing rotated inside the fuselage.

On the B-17B, B-17C and B-17D, the side blisters were replaced with flat elliptical sliding screens with sliding doors, leaving the old cutouts in the sides. The machine guns rotated on inclined pins, which made it possible to throw the machine gun along the window.

On the B-17E and B-17F, the windows for the side machine guns were made rectangular, they were closed from the wind by a sliding panel with a porthole in the middle. There was a retractable windshield in front of the window. The B-17E machine guns were mounted on vertical pins, ammunition was supplied from removable boxes.

Then the entire opening was glazed, the cardan machine-gun mount was mounted in the center of the window on the "sill".

In YB-40, to protect the side gunners, two armored shields were placed on the side machine guns.

Also, instead of one machine gun, two were installed, while the openings were shifted by a ledge, asymmetrically, so that the arrows did not interfere with each other while firing at the same time.

Starting from the B-17E, it was redone tail section: at the end mounted a two-machine gun installation, induced by hand, and a machine gunner's cabin.

On the B-17G, the stern mount began to look like the B-29 mount, but had manual guidance.

5 most impregnable fortresses in history

During the defense, the architecture of the fortress played a decisive role. Location, walls, equipment - all this determined how successful the assault would be, and whether it was worth taking at all.

Athenian long walls

After the victory in the Greco-Persian wars, Athens began to flourish. To protect against an external enemy, a huge policy was covered with a fortress wall, which not only surrounded the city, but also protected the path to the main sea gate of Athens - the port of Piraeus. Built in a short time, the long walls stretched for six kilometers. Since in the 5th century BC Athens was supplied with bread from the colonies of the Northern Black Sea region, it was strategically important to preserve the possibility of supplying the huge city by sea.

There was no external threat to Greece at that time, most of the Greek policies had much smaller armies than Athens, and the main probable enemy of the Athenians - the Spartans - were invincible in a field battle, but they did not know how to take fortresses. Therefore, Athens theoretically turned into an impregnable fortress, capable of withstanding many years of siege, with no prospects for the enemy to capture the city. In fact, it turned out that way - to defeat Athens, Sparta had to build a fleet, and only after the sea routes were blocked, Athens was forced to capitulate. Under the terms of the peace, the inhabitants of the city were forced to destroy the walls, which were subsequently restored and finally destroyed only in the Roman era.

Castle Krak des Chevaliers

In the Middle Ages, when small armies consisting of several tens, hundreds and extremely rarely thousands of people fought against each other, powerful stone walls surrounded by a moat were practically impregnable. Prolonged sieges, which required enormous exertion of forces, were also practiced extremely rarely. Only in cinema and a number of works of fiction can one find a dashing description of the assault on a medieval castle. In reality, this task is difficult and extremely complex. One of the most powerful fortresses of the Crusaders in the territory of modern Syria was the castle of Krak des Chevaliers. Through the efforts of the Order of the Hospitallers, a wall was erected with a thickness of 3 to 30 meters, reinforced with seven towers. In the 13th century, the castle had a garrison of up to 2000 people and a huge amount of supplies that made it possible to withstand a long siege. Krak des Chevaliers was virtually impregnable, repeatedly repulsing the onslaught of the enemy .. He was besieged more than once, but always unsuccessfully. Only in 1271 the fortress was taken, however, not by storm, but only with the help of military cunning.

San Elmo. Malta

The narrow entrance to the bay was blocked by a massive chain. In 1565, when the Turks attempted to capture the fortress, the garrison consisted of 540 knights, 1,300 hired soldiers, 4,000 sailors and several hundred residents of Malta. The siege army of the Turks numbered up to 40 thousand people. During the fighting, the Turks, at the cost of colossal losses, managed to take Fort San Elmo, but later they had to abandon attempts to storm other fortifications of the fortress and lift the siege.

Shusha

By the beginning of the Patriotic War of 1812, the fortress of Bobruisk was considered new and one of the strongest on the western borders of the Russian Empire. The main defensive line of the fortress included 8 bastions. The four thousandth garrison was armed with 337 guns, huge stocks of gunpowder and food. The enemy could never be sure of the success of a frontal assault, and a long siege meant that the fortress was fulfilling its main role - to delay the enemy and gain time. In the Patriotic War of 1812, the Bobruisk fortress withstood many months of blockade, being in the deep rear of the Napoleonic army throughout the war. The 16,000-strong Polish detachment that carried out the siege, after several unsuccessful clashes, limited itself only to the blockade of the Bobruisk fortress, leaving attempts to storm.

Complex intricate paths lead to them, steep stairs of hundreds of stone steps and dangerous suspension bridges laid over bottomless abysses. Some prominent historical buildings reliably isolated from the world, since ancient times they served the only purpose - to protect the owners from uninvited guests ...

Beautiful castles and monasteries are located on sheer cliffs, tops of impregnable cliffs and in a complex highlands where you can easily get lost without a guide. It is all the more interesting for sophisticated travelers to visit these hard-to-reach sights, each of which holds a lot of secrets.

Bled Castle, Slovenia

One of the most impregnable structures in the world should be looked for in Slovenia, here on top of a 130-meter cliff is located old castle Bled. It is one of the oldest in the country

Bled Castle is located in an incredibly beautiful area, next to the lake of the same name. The rocky cliff, on top of which it is located, literally hangs over the shore of the lake and is surrounded on all sides by dense forest. Surprisingly, people managed to build a castle in this remote area more than a thousand years ago, the first official mention of the castle dates back to 1004.

For hundreds of years, the castle has managed to preserve many ancient architectural elements. The Romanesque tower is considered the oldest. It was used many years ago to monitor the surroundings. Appearance ancient castle changed a lot during the Middle Ages, it was supplemented with new buildings, including stone towers and fortification walls.

The entrance to the castle is hidden in the thick of the forest, a narrow stone staircase leads to it, which will also not be easy to find among the centuries-old trees without a guide.

Conducted through the castle grounds organized excursions, during which you can learn a lot of interesting things about the history of its appearance and even evaluate the interior of some buildings. A significant part of the castle is historical Museum, which presents a rich collection of household items, antique clothing and weapons.

Many tourists tend to visit these Amazing places at sunset, after dark, a high cliff and an ancient castle located on it are decorated with spectacular lighting.

Trosky Fortress, Czech Republic

Year of appearance: 14th century. In the vicinity of Prague, there is an amazing and full of secrets Trosky fortress, which for hundreds of years was considered the most impregnable in the Czech Republic. The castle was built in the rocks, or rather, between two craters of an ancient extinct volcano.

The builders did not disregard the craters themselves either, they housed the towers of the fortress. Together with the gloomy impregnable rocks, the fortress looks simply inimitable, the contrast to the gloomy shades is the forest surrounding the rocks.

Despite the fact that the first official mention of the fortress dates back to the end of the 14th century, historians believe that it was built much earlier. For hundreds of years, the fortress managed to successfully repel the sieges of the Swedish conquerors; for several centuries it was in complete desolation.

The most romantic era for the castle began in the 19th century, when Alois was its owner. During this period, artists and poets from all over the world visited the fortress in search of inspiration. From its Maiden Tower, a magnificent view of the surroundings opened up.

It is noteworthy that this tower is the oldest element of the building; during a strong fire in 1428, it was the only surviving building. Despite its uniqueness and attractiveness, the Trosky fortress is one of the most mysterious and unexplored.

All documents that could shed light on the history of its creation were burned in numerous fires. Currently, the historical landmark is under the jurisdiction of the Heritage Institute, despite its impressive age, it is well preserved and open to the public.

City of Pitigliano, Italy

Altitude: from 300 to 663 meters above sea level. The most impregnable city in the world can safely be called the ancient Pitigliano, located in picturesque Tuscany. This ancient city was literally built on rocks, stone structures and fortification walls form a single whole with sheer cliffs.

According to historical data, the Etruscans were engaged in the foundation of the settlement hundreds of years ago. They specifically chose a high hill as a construction site, which is surrounded by impregnable rocks on three sides in order to protect themselves from invaders as much as possible.

The ancient structures that can be seen today are located at an altitude of 300 to 663 meters above sea level. Many buildings and fortification walls have been perfectly preserved to this day. amazing city Pitigliano has lived its own life for many hundreds of years and is considered one of the most picturesque places in Tuscany.

Travelers who are not afraid to go a long way and climb a high hill will have the opportunity to walk along the fabulously beautiful medieval streets and see a lot of unique sights.

Pitigliano is often referred to as "Little Jerusalem", much of it modern population are made up of Jews. One of the main historical symbols of the city is the Orsini Palace, which was built in the 16th century and is currently the location of the archaeological museum.

Largely due to the unique location, the city managed to preserve its unique medieval appearance; there are no modern buildings on the territory of Pitigliano. walk along ancient city will be a real journey into the past.

Liechtenstein Castle, Germany

Year of appearance: 13th century. Height: 817 meters. In Germany, among the impregnable and bewitching Bavarian Alps, you can find the amazing Liechtenstein Castle. It is located on the top of one of the rocky steep cliffs, the height of which is about 817 meters.

The mountainous area of Honau, on the territory of which the castle is located, is considered one of the most picturesque in the country, here impregnable cliffs alternate with incredibly beautiful forests. At first glance, it is difficult to imagine how you can climb to the top of the cliff and get into the territory of the ancient castle.

Guests of this unique attraction first need to climb the steep stone stairs into the mountains, and then walk along suspension bridge, which was laid over the gorge. The first fortification on the site of the castle was built at the beginning of the 13th century. Over the hundreds of years of its existence, the castle was completely destroyed and rebuilt twice.

At the beginning of the 19th century, after another restoration, the castle belonged for some time to King Frederick I, who used it as his hunting lodge.

The last owner of the castle was Duke Wilhelm Urach, it was to him that Liechtenstein owes its current impressive appearance. Under the leadership of the duke, the last large-scale reconstruction of the castle was carried out, today it is considered an ideal example architectural monument in the Romanesque style.

The ancient castle has many interesting secrets, so, the rooms of its lower level were carved right into the rock, it will be interesting to visit them for all lovers unusual excursions. From the castle grounds gorgeous view to the mountains, many experienced travelers prefer to visit these places in autumn or spring.

Pena Palace, Portugal

Year of appearance: 1840. In Portugal, the Pena Palace is considered a landmark of national importance. It is located in the immediate vicinity of the city of Sintra. The palace was built on top of a rocky cliff in 1840.

Externally, the palace resembles a classical medieval castle, while its real age barely exceeds 150 years. The initiator of the construction of the fortress was King Fernando II, who used majestic building as a summer residence.

Initially, in the rocks, where it was decided to build a castle, there was a small ancient monastery. At the time of the start of construction, it had been in desolation for many years, so nothing prevented us from starting to build a majestic structure of impressive proportions among the rocks.

The last owner of the castle was Queen Amelia, in 1910 she was forced to leave her residence and flee from Portugal. In many rooms and halls of the palace, it was possible to preserve the atmosphere that took place under the last owner.

After the revolution, the palace was converted into a museum, it houses an interesting collection of works of art, antique furniture and precious jewelry. A walk through the vast territory of the palace will also give a lot of impressions. Here you can endlessly admire the carved arches in the Moorish style, ancient sculptures and landscape decorations.

The palace is surrounded by a large-scale forest, the area of which is more than 200 hectares. IN different times the owners of the castle planted a lot of exotic plants on its adjacent territory, so nature lovers will definitely like the tour.

Phuktal Monastery, India

Year of appearance: 12th century. In India, one of the most inaccessible and isolated structures is Phuktal Monastery. This isolated Buddhist monastery was founded in the 12th century, it was built on the slope of a high stone cliff.

At first glance, it may seem that the buildings can fall down at any moment, in fact, the monastery has existed for more than 800 years, and about 70 monks still live in it. You can get to the monastery only on foot along a secret mountain path, which will be almost impossible for an unprepared person to find.

One of the main features architectural complex is a natural cave located above it, which is also interesting to visit and hides many secrets. Until the middle of the 19th century, the monastery remained secret, in 1826 it was visited by the famous orientalist from Hungary, Sandor Csoma de Koros. The researcher spent more than a year in the monastery, studying the language and customs of the monks; it is he who can be considered the “discoverer” of this amazing sight.

Despite the fact that now the monastery is open to tourists, it has not lost its originality. Travelers will have the opportunity to walk along the stone corridors of the ancient monastery, admire the frescoes decorating the walls, and also visit the ancient libraries located within the walls of the monastery.

It is important to consider that the path to the monastery is not easy and starts many kilometers from the cliff. It usually takes about two days for tourists to overcome a long journey, during the trip they will have the opportunity to visit several colorful Indian villages.

Predjama Castle, Slovenia

Year of appearance: 1202. Height: 123 meters. In Slovenia, there is another amazing castle among the most impregnable on the planet - Predjama. It was built on a rocky wall, at a height of 123 meters, the age of the castle is over 700 years.

The first official mention of the castle dates back to 1202. For hundreds of years, the castle belonged to various knightly orders, it hosted jousting tournaments and medieval banquets.

Despite the difficult location, in the 17th century, clever robbers managed to enter the castle and take out a lot of valuable things from it. After that, the owner of the castle decided to build a secret Vipava passage, for many years the way to enter the castle was known only to the elite.

For many years the castle has been permanent place interesting historical holidays, jousting tournaments and banquets are held here. One of the main holidays is dedicated to Erasim Yamsky, one of the most famous owners of the castle.

You can visit the castle only from May to September, all excursions are accompanied by speleologists. The upper course is a series of difficult forest areas And mountain caves, which have chosen a colony of bats as their habitat.

It is because of these small inhabitants that the castle is closed to the public for a significant part of the time, when bats hibernate with the onset of cold weather, you can’t walk through the caves and disturb them.

Monastery of St. George Khozevita, Israel

Year of appearance: 6th century. In Israel, there is also a building, approaching which in literally words will not be easy - the monastery of St. George Hozevit. This Orthodox monastery is considered one of the oldest in the world, it is located on the territory of the Celt Valley, among the expanses of the Judean Desert.

The building of the monastery was built on the slope of a steep cliff closest to the monastery. locality is the ancient city of Jericho, they are separated by about 5 kilometers.

The amazing monastery of St. George Khozevita was built in the 6th century; from afar, its modest buildings resemble swallow nests hanging over a high cliff. The monastery is completely built of stone and is incredibly beautiful. It has preserved an old chapel and many religious artifacts.

The history of the construction of the monastery is very interesting, according to one of the legends, it was built next to a secluded cave, in which the prophet Elijah hid for three years and six months. The monastery was built by five Syrian monks who managed to find the legendary cave.

Later, in 480, St. John Khozevite arrived from Egypt to the monastery, who significantly expanded the building and supplemented it with new buildings. Among the priceless religious relics that visitors to the monastery can see today are the relics of St. John Khozevita, as well as the relics of John of Romania.

An important relic are the skulls of the monk-martyrs who lived in the monastery at the beginning of the 17th century and fell at the hands of the Persian conquerors. Many interesting historical artifacts are kept within the walls of the monastery, so it will be interesting for absolutely everyone to visit it.

Chapel Saint-Michel d'Aiguille, France

Year of appearance: 962. Height: 100 meters. In the miniature French town of Le Puy-en-Velay is the famous chapel Saint-Michel d'Eguille. An unusual location made this chapel a world-famous landmark, it was built on top of a hill, which is 100 meters high.

To climb to the top of the cliff and view the ancient chapel in close proximity, one should overcome a long staircase, which has 268 steps. Brave travelers who are not afraid to climb the steep stairs will be generously rewarded - from the top of the cliff they will have an unforgettable view of the miniature town and its surroundings.

The construction of the chapel began in 962 under the leadership of Bishop Puy, so he decided to celebrate an important event - the return from the pilgrimage of St. Michael. The very first chapel was a small chapel with three apses, and in the 12th century the scale of the religious building was significantly expanded. In addition to two chapels and a bell tower, an outpatient clinic was also built here.

The hill, on top of which there is an old chapel, is an important archaeological site. As it turned out during the excavations, even in the prehistoric era, there was a Roman sanctuary on the top of the hill, here the inhabitants ancient rome sacrificed to the god Mercury.

The chapel hides a lot of secrets that never cease to amaze even experienced researchers. In the middle of the 20th century, during the next research work scientists managed to discover a cache of sacred Christian relics. Today everyone can see them, the finds were presented in the main chapel.

Potala Palace, Tibet

Year of appearance: 1645. Height: 170 meters. Area: 360 thousand sq. meters. In Lhasa among the picturesque Tibetan mountains located famous palace The Potala is the tallest of the ancient structures on the planet. The palace is located at an altitude of 3,767 meters above sea level; the top of the Marpo Ri hill was chosen as the location of the palace.

The Potala Palace is the largest monumental structure in Tibet, it completely occupies the top of the hill and its slope. The height of the multi-level building is also quite impressive and is 170 meters.

Potala is a complex palace complex, which, in addition to directly royal palace includes large temple complex. total area building is 360 thousand square meters. meters, for many years the palace remained main residence Dalai Lamas. For Buddhists, the Potala Palace today has a huge religious significance, and it is known to a wide range of tourists as an interesting museum.

According to historical data, construction palace complex was begun in 1645 under the leadership of the Dalai Lama V, three years later the construction of the White Palace was completed.

Until now, the architecture of the palace complex is considered unique, it is an incredible combination of numerous buildings, steep stairs and terraces. It is not surprising, because the best craftsmen from Tibet, China and Nepal were invited to build the palace in the 17th century.

Visitors to the palace will have the opportunity to stroll through the spacious pavilions, look into the living quarters that once belonged to the mentor and regent of the Dalai Lama. On the territory of the palace complex is located famous cave Fa Wana is an important Buddhist site.

impregnable fortress

(foreign language) - about a solid, unyielding, inaccessible person

Wed Who was the tenant and owner of this village, to which, as to impregnable fortress, it was impossible to drive up from here ...

Gogol. Dead Souls. 2, 1.

Russian thought and speech. Yours and someone else's. Experience of Russian phraseology. Collection of figurative words and parables. T.T. 1-2. Walking and well-aimed words. Collection of Russian and foreign quotations, proverbs, sayings, proverbial expressions and individual words. SPb., type. Ak. Sciences.. M. I. Mikhelson. 1896-1912.

See what an "impregnable fortress" is in other dictionaries:

An impregnable fortress (inosk.) About a person who is hard, unyielding, inaccessible. Wed Who was the tenant and owner of this village, to which, like an impregnable fortress, it was impossible even to drive up from here ... Gogol. Dead souls. 2, 1... Michelson's Big Explanatory Phraseological Dictionary (original spelling)

Exist., f., use. often Morphology: (no) what? fortress, why? fortresses, (see) what? fortress what? fortress, what? about the fortress; pl. What? fortress, (no) what? fortresses, why? fortresses, (see) what? fortress, what? fortresses, about what? about castles... Dictionary Dmitrieva

1. FORTRESS, see Strong. 2. FORTRESS, and; and. A fortified point prepared for all-round defense and a long struggle under siege conditions. Medieval k. Petropavlovskaya k. Ancient fortresses. Fortress defense. Surrender to the enemy. Commandant of the Fort... encyclopedic Dictionary

Fortress: Fortress is a fortified defensive point; Fortress drinks concentration of ethyl alcohol; Fortress 46 cannon ship, which was part of the Azov fleet from 1699 to 1709; Fortress (film, 1978) ... ... Wikipedia

fortress- I see strong; And; and. Cre/post metal. Cre/post construction. Kre/post of character. Cre/post wine. Cre/post solution. II and; and … Dictionary of many expressions

Fortress Vladivostok fortress Vladivostok fortress ... Wikipedia

This term has other meanings, see Geyazan. Goyazan / Gavazan Fortress Country Azerbaijan Village ... Wikipedia

AND THE FORTRESS WAS IMPGRESSIBLE- 1965, (new edition of the film "Marshal's Childhood", 1938) 65 min., b/w, 2 volumes. genre: melodrama. dir. Nikolai Lebedev, sc. Igor Vsevolozhsky, Leo Moore (based on Igor Vsevolozhsky's story "The Farm Team"), operas. Vitaly Chulkov, art. Olga … Lenfilm. Annotated Film Catalog (1918-2003)

4 novels written by former Iraqi President Saddam Hussein. The authorship of Hussein is credited with the novels “Zabiba and the Tsar”, “Impregnable Fortress”, “Men and the City”, “Go away, damned!”, There is an opinion that in writing these works ... ... Wikipedia

Arbis ibn Basbas, the ruler of the early feudal state of Lakz in the 8th century, fought against the Arabs, the son of Urbis, also the king of the state of Lakz. In the writings of the Arab historian at Tabari, his name is mentioned as "Aviz". Contents 1 Arbis ... ... Wikipedia

Books

Fortress "Russia", Mikhail Leontiev, Alexander Nevzorov. Our country - impregnable fortress! Unless the "internal enemy" surrenders it without a fight. We have a great future! If the authorities finally say goodbye to the "liberalism" hated by the people. Russian…