Technical description of BHS (Baggage Handling System), Germany

Rules for the carriage of baggage in air transport

The traveler's luggage is always present. The term baggage is used primarily in the US; V English language another term is adopted - luggage. The amount of it depends on the purpose of the trip, timing and needs. Different types of means of passenger transportation limit baggage in different ways. A sea vessel is incomparable in terms of the possibilities of transporting luggage of tourists with an air liner. Baggage that a passenger can carry on a flight (air, bus, railway) without additional payment, - allowance of free baggage. In aviation, the weight and dimensions of baggage are limited depending on the type of aircraft and class of service. Usually it is 30 kg for the first class and 20 kg for the rest of the classes. In addition to technical problems, international transport there are customs restrictions. National rules establish baggage, according to subject and quantitative characteristics, that a passenger can carry without paying duty free baggage.

In general, individual aircraft designs can take on board and carry a significant amount of cargo. But passenger liners the quantity, weight, and, most importantly, the volume of luggage are not adapted for this. Large packaged baggage - suitcases, bags, packages - is specially checked in (each piece) and handed over to the luggage compartment of the aircraft, passengers take small personal items and items with them into the cabin. In travel practice, tourists do not take a lot of luggage with them according to the purpose of the trip. The exceptions are emigrants, persons following a long-term residence in the destination, such as diplomats, specialists, as well as shopping tourists (shuttles). Containers are provided for them, or their cargo follows a special cargo plane on another flight, or they have to choose another mode of transport for transportation.

Travelers by air can take with them a limited amount of luggage free of charge - up to 30 kg and a certain number of pieces for an additional fee. Baggage passes control, is completely and without exception translucent and, if necessary, checked at checkpoints for the presence of items prohibited for transportation, and undergoes selective checks by the security service. All single packaged items are registered, they are assigned an identification number, a tag with the number of the flight, seat, ticket number is affixed to each piece of baggage. The scope of the usual compulsory insurance includes baggage insurance, but compensation, as a rule, in case of loss or damage to it during air transportation does not exceed 100 USD.

Baggage rules

Passenger's baggage, handed over by him for transportation and following on the vehicle together with the passenger, is accompained baggage. This baggage is divided into free baggage allowance and extra charge. Transport companies limit not only the weight, but also the dimensions of the luggage accepted for transportation. Restrictions are being introduced on the composition of items included in baggage in terms of security. On some charter flights transporting tourists on specialized shopping tours (Turkey, United Arab Emirates, etc.), the weight limit for free baggage can be significantly increased (up to 50 or even 100 kg). Excess baggage baggage excess is paid additionally at a rate that is different on airlines.

All carried by passengers aircraft baggage must be checked in. Checked baggage registered baggage, checked baggage - baggage that is checked in by a passenger to an airline for transportation under its responsibility. For any checked baggage, the passenger is issued a special numbered voucher (personal identifier of the baggage tag), upon presentation of which the passenger at the port of destination can receive his baggage. The tear-off part of the coupon with the same number is pasted on the luggage unit (suitcase, bag, bale, box, package). At the check-in counters for tickets and luggage, there are control scales and conveyors, through which the luggage goes to the storage compartments and then goes to the aircraft to its destination.

Part of the baggage (personal items) can be taken by the passenger to the carry-on cabin of the aircraft. However, at check-in, the passenger is also given a special tag with the inscription “hand baggage” hand baggage / luggage. In the UK, the term luggage ticket/receipt is more commonly used. Passengers are advised not to discard the tags before leaving the airport; at any time, a special controller can check the correspondence of these two receipts to make sure that you have taken your luggage.

Issuing Baggage Claim baggage to passengers at the port of arrival is a rather complicated and troublesome procedure. First of all, it is necessary to organize a quick unloading of the luggage compartments of the aircraft and deliver the luggage to passengers in the arrivals hall (after passing through passport control). Special compartments are arranged there, where luggage is delivered, and the passenger himself finds his luggage, if necessary, uses the trolley, and at the exit presents the luggage receipt to the controller. For the convenience of finding their luggage, passengers in large airport terminals arrange moving circular conveyors, called the carousel. There are up to ten or more such conveyors in the arrival halls of large airports. At each conveyor or compartment, a light board is installed indicating the number of the flight, the luggage of which is being distributed.

To store the luggage of transit passengers, special baggage-rooms are used (in England, the term luggage office is more often used).

Collisions with passengers' luggage

Damage to or shortage of baggage damage to baggage is a "parable of the tongues" for all carriers. Suitcases and bags are damaged, opened by loaders, valuable items are lost, luggage is lost, stolen, it is sent to another flight to another port on the other side of the world, to another country, etc. These troubles happen to famous travelers and ordinary tourists.

This is quite possible on any flight of any airline. Lost luggage they put Baggage Tracing on the wanted list and in a week or two - he (possibly) is located. Of course, the passenger is not indifferent and writes complaints, demanding compensation. But, unless the luggage is insured separately, then the amount of compensation does not exceed 100 USD, however, it is almost never possible to receive compensation for moral damage. In addition, the passenger will have to go to the airport a couple of times for luggage at its location. It is not uncommon for unscrupulous loaders to rummage through the luggage, take out the most valuable things. There are options when, during loading, the suitcase is damaged either due to opening, or from impact when falling from a height during loading. To avoid ransacking and theft - suitcases are used with a light but durable body and combination locks.

To prevent the luggage from being gutted by crafty porters and other persons who have a professional unauthorized interest in the contents of the suitcases, a service has been introduced at check-in counters for wrapping a suitcase or bag with a wide plastic tape such as "adhesive tape". This event gives a chance for the safety of luggage. Given the risk of loss or damage to baggage, insurance companies offer additional baggage insurance, and passengers - members of frequent flyer clubs, first and business class passengers - will certainly be provided with a special baggage monitoring service. Special baggage escort system for air travel for IAPA members - Bag-Guard, which ensures almost 100% safety of the traveler's baggage.

Carrying and transporting luggage

Carrying luggage is an important operation, porter services are available at almost all airports. However, at the stage of check-in for the flight, the passenger arrives with luggage and is personally obliged to present it to the controller or customs officer. As a service to passengers with multiple pieces of luggage at each airport, convenient luggage carts are available in each airport's check-in and baggage claim halls, which are available in large numbers in each of the halls. Special employees collect trolleys in the check-in halls and at the parking lots and deliver them to the accumulators to the place of storage and issue to passengers. As a rule, trolleys are provided free of charge. But in countries where there are few carts for objective or subjective reasons, they are issued for a fee or on bail.

Special consideration is given to carrying luggage during the transfer phase. As a rule, it is paid extra to the baggage-man porter. The order of this fee is different and depends on local customs. You should always find out the traditions and, if necessary, stipulate the entire procedure in the tourist service contract indicating the cost, number of seats, etc. Carrying luggage for tourists in Egypt and other Eastern countries"sacred cow" and locals they are very zealous about this procedure, without fail demanding “baksheesh”.

Items prohibited for transportation by air

For reasons of flight safety, the rules of transportation introduce a number of restrictions on the transportation of items and materials by air. A list of hazardous items and substances prohibited for transportation in baggage dangerous articles in baggage has been established. Most transport companies refer various gases to this type: compressed compressed, highly refrigerated or frozen deeply refrigerated, combustible flammable and non-flammable non-flammable, butane butan, oxygen oxyden, liquid nitrogen liquid nitrogen, charged scuba diving cylinders cilinders; poisonus poisons, corrosives corrosives; acids acids, alkalis alcalis, mercury mercury and wet cell batteries.

Prohibited for transportation are especially distinguished: explosives explosives, fireworks lighting cartridges, signal flares and sparklers flares, munitions ammunition, pistol caps pistol caps, pistols and hand gan revolvers.

It is forbidden to transport flammable liquids or objects, radioactive, magnetized aggressive and irritating materials: bispossable lighter lighters, flammable substances lighter fuel, lighter reffils, radioactive materials, magnetized materials magnetized materials, aggressive offensive materials, irritating materials irritating materials. Matters matches and pocket lighters can be taken into the cabin by the passenger. Brief-cases and attache cases with installed alarm devices are not permitted on aircraft.

However, this list covers items and substances that are prohibited for transportation for reasons of flight safety. There are other restrictions established by the customs and fiscal rules and laws of states for the transport of contraband (goods in excess of the norm for personal use, currency, drugs and medicines, items and substances, as well as animals prohibited for export-import).

When registering passengers at the airport of departure and at the airport of arrival, baggage is controlled by scanning each piece of cargo at a special terminal, external examination with dogs trained for drugs or explosives. If suspicions arise, a thorough search of luggage and even a personal search is possible. For violation of the rules of baggage transportation, the passenger may be held administratively, civilly or criminally liable. Upon the arrival of an international flight in some countries, two options for passage are established:

a) through the checkpoint: along the "green corridor" without verification;

b) along the "red corridor" with a check and inspection. The passenger himself chooses the option of passage, but the control service has the full right to stop any passenger and inspect the luggage, personal inspection.

For personal inspection there are special rooms and witnesses. If necessary, video filming is carried out. For the performance of a personal search, there are doctors and special personnel of the sex according to the affiliation of the subject of the search. All passengers are quickly monitored by passing through a metal detector gate or a manual metal detector; a situation with a simple feeling of clothes is possible. In this case, all metal objects in the pockets of clothing, the passenger must put on a special tray for inspection. Hand luggage is subject to a detailed inspection by transillumination or visual inspection.

Items and things that passengers are allowed to take into the cabin

Separate small and valuable items and things for personal consumption, passengers are allowed to take with them into the cabin. First of all, in the cabin, the entire space is filled with armchairs and there are small ceiling-mounted drawers, generally closed with snap-on lids. There is a blanket, life jackets and a small space for hand luggage. If the flight is not completely full and there are empty seats, then it may be allowed to take a light suitcase or a not too big sports bag with you, if the board is full, then there is practically no room for luggage in the cabin. Luggage cannot be placed in the aisle between the seats, since this space is intended for the movement of passengers, flight attendants, food carts. There is some small space under the chair. However, the number and volume of things and accessories that passengers are allowed to take with them to the cabin is limited: handbags, coats, umbrellas, raincoats and capes from the rain, a blanket or woolen blanket, cameras, binoculars, a reasonable amount of literature for reading, baby food, baby basket or stroller, collapsible or folding baby chair.

In order for tourists to take less luggage with them on a trip, German travel companies for their clients, they introduced a new practice of including 20 most necessary household items in the cost of a tour to seaside resorts, which the tourist receives at his choice in a local boutique resort hotel(beach goggles, shorts, sandals, underwear, hygiene items, etc.). This allows you to significantly reduce the amount of luggage and travel almost "light".

Containers for transporting luggage and animals

When transporting bulk cargo - the luggage of passengers on airplanes - the volume of cargo is much more important than their weight, although the latter is important. This problem has risen sharply with the intensification of shopping flights. In the early 1990s, small-scale wholesale traders, using customs preferences granted to tourists, began to intensively transport clothes and manufactured goods to Russia, and sometimes the weight of luggage exceeded a ton per passenger. Shuttle tourism is not a Russian invention, as long as there are price and assortment differences, there has been and will be an element of using tourism for the purposes of small-scale wholesale trade and transportation of goods across the border.

To simplify the transportation procedure, cargo containers of standardized sizes are used, corresponding to the design cargo compartments aircraft. Air freight containers have special dimensions and designs.

The passenger has the right to rent a container and put his own things, bales, bags, suitcases into it, set a code lock. This simplifies the process of loading luggage, reduces the risk of its loss and damage. All containers have a door for stacking cargo and are equipped with a reliable lock. Similar containers are used by Aeroflot when organizing shopping tours to Turkey and the United Arab Emirates.

Literature:

▪ Birzhakov M.B., Nikiforov V.I. Tourism industry: transportation.

Semi-automatic sorting systems operating with direct processing of baggage

At airports that serve passengers using a decentralized method of baggage acceptance, semi-automatic sorting systems are most widely used.

The process of baggage processing on a semi-automatic sorting system that directly processes baggage consists of the following operations:

mechanized baggage delivery by belt conveyors from the operating room

hall in the picking room;

direct baggage sorting, carried out at the control and command

point by the operator;

automated distribution of baggage along picking lines,

carried out by the executive mechanisms of the system.

The main advantage of semi-automatic sorting systems is the ability to assemble them from standard components and equipment. The systems are also economical and easy to operate.

The disadvantage of semi-automatic sorting systems is their limited throughput, due to the physical capabilities of the operator who controls the sorting process. According to the operating experience of existing systems, the operator, even with the most intense attention, is able to serve no more than 20 places per minute, which corresponds to a system capacity of 1200 seats/h

Semi-automatic sorting systems operating with sorting trolleys

Systems of this type are equipped with spatial overhead monorail conveyors that serve as transporting organs. The means of transport are overhead trolleys filled with luggage at workplaces and moving along an overhead pushing conveyor between the places of acceptance and storage trays, on which baggage is assembled for servicing the corresponding flights.

The main advantage of the sorting trolley system is its high capacity, both in terms of the amount of baggage handled and the number of flights handled at the same time. The system also has absolute sorting reliability. The disadvantage of systems that have overhead pushing conveyors as transporting bodies is the low speed of the trolleys.

Automatic baggage handling systems

Automatic baggage handling systems are installed at airports with high traffic intensity. When using these systems, all processes related to baggage sorting are fully automated. The baggage presented by passengers is placed on roller tables of working racks on small pallets equipped with magnetic storage devices. The baggage receiver types in the flight code on the memory device and directs the pallet onto the conveyor. The pallet with baggage, moved by the conveyor to the picking room, passes on its way past the decoding device, which directs the pallet with the help of actuators to the storage conveyor serving the corresponding flight. Luggage is loaded onto luggage trolleys manually or with the help of mechanized devices, and the empty pallet is returned to the operating room via a special conveyor. Baggage sent to the system prematurely is sent to temporary storage. The storage system consists of a slowly moving endless conveyor, on which a pallet of luggage periodically passes by a sorting device. This device selects a pallet of baggage destined for transfer to flights that have begun to be completed.

Automatic systems operating with the use of pallets have a large throughput and can practically serve any number of simultaneously completed flights. The main disadvantage of automatic baggage handling systems is the need for significant capital investments for their equipment.

System throughput is about 3000 seats/h

6. Baggage claim systems, classification, requirements.

With mechanized processing:

With baggage delivery to the dispensing conveyor

With baggage delivery to a closed distributing circuit

With the delivery of baggage by a conveyor to the sorting circle

The main disadvantage of mechanized systems with manual sorting is their low productivity, and therefore these systems can only be used in APs with a relatively low traffic interval.

The most simple in their design are mechanized baggage sorting systems. Only 1 operation is mechanized - the delivery of luggage from the operating room to the sorting room. All other processes, such as sorting luggage and completing it according to flights, are performed manually.

With semi-automatic processing.

With direct baggage processing.

Operations:

Mechanized baggage delivery by belt conveyor from the operating room to the picking room

Direct sorting of baggage carried out at the control and command post by the operator

Automated distribution of baggage along the picking lines, carried out by the actuators of the system

+: the ability to assemble from standard components and equipment, cost-effectiveness and ease of operation

-: limited throughput due to the physical capabilities of the operator, control of the sorting process

Equipment types:

Of the stationary means for claiming baggage, the most widely used are straight-line distributing conveyors assembled from sections mass-produced by the industry.

Convenient for distributing luggage, but structurally more complex are circular and oval conveyors. Baggage is fed onto the conveyor belt, which makes a circular motion, using an inclined conveyor-feeder, the lower end of which is located at the level of the platform. The height of the tape above the floor is 50 - 60 cm, the width of the distributing tape is about one meter.

Dispensing oval-type belt conveyors are equipped with belts inclined towards the outer side of the conveyor. Luggage is fed by a feeder from the inside of the conveyor to a long branch of the belt. The conveyor belt has a variable transverse slope from 20 to 40°, reaching maximum values on short branches. The conveyor is equipped with an outer side, consisting of a fixed outer part and a movable rubber flange on the inner side, moving at the same speed as the carrier belt, and protecting luggage from damage and abrasion by the side of the installation.

The second type of stationary equipment designed for baggage claim are baggage carousels. This type of equipment has become widespread abroad and is currently in operation in 40 major airports.

The luggage carousel is a cone-shaped rotating table with low sides. The table is rotated by means of a rotary mechanism driven through an intermediate gearbox from one or two low-power electric motors. The rotation speed of the carousel is about one revolution per minute.

Submission of baggage unloaded from Vehicle produced with the help of a conveyor - feeder. The discharge branch of the conveyor is installed above or below the hollow central part of the rotating table. The diameter of the transfer table of luggage carousels is from 6 to 10 m. The main advantage of transfer carousels over straight transfer conveyors is that passengers can safely receive their luggage while staying in one place.

Most simple view equipment intended for baggage delivery to passengers are baggage transfer benches (refuges). Luggage is delivered to the place of distribution on electric cars and then laid out by the storekeeper on inclined benches, from which it is disassembled by passengers. Although the refueling system is inefficient, this method is still used at a large number of airports.

As self-propelled transfer carts, electric cars with an extended platform or failed self-propelled passenger ladders are used, on the frame of which, instead of a dismantled lifting ladder, a wide platform with transfer benches is installed.

Self-propelled carts, made on the basis of electric cars, are equipped with a flat platform with low sides, designed to install 110 - 120 pieces of luggage. A number of airports also use swing trolleys with two wide inclined racks.

The design of self-propelled platforms equipped on the basis of passenger ladders is carried out in relation to two technological schemes for distributing baggage:

With luggage dismantling by passengers from the platform on both sides of the trolley;

With the movement of the flow of passengers directly through the platform of the transfer trolley.

7. Calculation of technological parameters of passenger service systems in the airport. A/V as a queuing system. Basic concepts.

Mass service systems are systems in which, on the one hand, there are mass requests (requirements) for the performance of any types of services, and on the other hand, these requests are satisfied.

Waiting systems are queuing systems that can have any long queue of requests to the service device.

In accordance with the above classification, the AVK pass is a multi-channel, multi-phase QS with waiting, the state of which changes randomly.

The task of studying an air terminal as a queuing system is to determine the optimal relationships between the characteristics of the incoming passenger flow and the number of service vehicles.

The main parameters of the passenger service system in the terminal, subject to calculation in the analysis of their functioning, will be:

Intensity of incoming passenger and baggage flows (), [pass/hour, pass/min];

Intensity of passenger service in the operating halls of the terminal (), [pas/hour, pas/min];

Optimal number of workplaces for passenger check-in and baggage acceptance;

Number of baggage claim and points for customs and border formalities at international airports;

Along with the specified parameters characterizing the terminal as a queuing system, the parameters of the main operating areas of the terminal are to be determined:

Capacity of the main operating areas of the terminal;

Required areas of the main operating areas of the terminal.

System throughput is about 3000 seats/h

6. Baggage claim systems, classification, requirements.

The baggage claim for passengers arriving at the airport of destination is one of the most complex and time-consuming processes in the complex of ground handling of passengers, since, unlike the flow of departing passengers, which gradually accumulates in the terminal, passengers descending from the airstairs are sent to the baggage claim area with large groups.

Rational technology for carrying out baggage claim operations and the use of mechanization tools with high productivity, to a large extent, can reduce the time of ground handling of passengers at the airport of arrival.

The following technological requirements are imposed on baggage claim systems:

no delays in baggage claim and speed of distribution;

Possibility of self-service;

the presence of a sufficiently large distribution front;

Simultaneous distribution of baggage only for passengers of one flight;

no possibility of damage to luggage and its protection from atmospheric

In accordance with these requirements, several issuing workplaces must be organized at airport terminals or at the airport, each of which can serve the required number of flights within an hour. The places of issue should be located in such a way as to ensure the minimum number of transfers of baggage from vehicles.

Existing baggage claim facilities can be classified into the following groups.

By location of issuing systems:

in the pavilion for baggage claim;

on the forefront;

at the aircraft ramp.

Stationary equipment intended only for the distribution of baggage

passengers;

By equipment design:

mobile means of mechanization designed to transport luggage

from the aircraft to the place of issue and for the distribution of baggage;

mobile means of mechanization designed to unload luggage from

aircraft, transportation of baggage to the place of issue and distribution of baggage.

Currently, in domestic and foreign airports, the most common are stationary baggage claim facilities. These facilities include dispensing conveyors, baggage carousels and dispensing refugs. All this equipment is located, as a rule, in the airport terminal or in a separate baggage claim pavilion.

Distribution conveyors are divided by design into the following groups:

Rectilinear belt conveyors that receive

baggage from vehicles and its issuance in one level;

conveyors that accept luggage from vehicles and its

extradition in different levels

· conveyors with the closed rectangular contour of delivery;

· conveyors with a loop-like contour of delivery;

· oval conveyors;

· Conveyors with a round delivery front.

Of the stationary means for claiming baggage, the most widely used are straight-line distributing conveyors assembled from sections mass-produced by the industry.

The second type of stationary equipment designed for baggage claim are baggage carousels. This type of equipment has become widespread abroad and is currently in operation at 40 major airports. The luggage carousel is a cone-shaped rotating table with low sides. The table is rotated by means of a rotary mechanism driven through an intermediate gearbox from one or two low-power electric motors. The rotation speed of the carousel is about one revolution per minute.

The supply of luggage unloaded from vehicles is carried out using a conveyor - feeder. The discharge branch of the conveyor is installed above or below the hollow central part of the rotating table. The diameter of the transfer table of luggage carousels is from 6 to 10 m. The main advantage of dispensing carousels over straight dispensing conveyors is that Passengers can safely receive their luggage while staying in one place.

The simplest type of equipment designed for baggage delivery to passengers are luggage transfer benches (refuges). Luggage is delivered to the place of distribution on electric cars and then laid out by the storekeeper on inclined benches, from which it is disassembled by passengers. Although the baggage claim system with refuge is inefficient, this method is still used by a large number of APs.

At some airports that use the baggage claim system with refuge, baggage is delivered to incline benches using conveyors - feeders. A very progressive method of baggage delivery for passengers arriving at the destination airport is its distribution from self-propelled platforms. The introduction of such a distribution technology makes it possible to eliminate the operations of unpacking luggage from vehicles to dispensing devices and thereby significantly reduce the duration of baggage claim. Electric cars with an extended platform or failed self-propelled passenger ladders are used as self-propelled transfer trolleys, on the frame of which instead of a dismantled lifting ladder a wide platform with transfer benches is installed. Self-propelled carts based on electric cars are equipped with a flat platform with low sides, designed to install 110 - 120 pieces of luggage. A number of airports also use swing trolleys with two wide inclined racks.