Tourism. Types of tourism and forms of tourist travel. Analysis of guidebooks published by travel companies of guidebooks on local history topics from the fund of the National Library of Russia

On the basis of the "myth of the place" a system of guidebooks is formed. The first known guidebook by Bernhard von Breidenbach, Pilgrimage to the Holy Land (1486), had many features of this genre, but it could not be called a pocket book: it is a weighty volume that should have been studied on the eve of the trip, but not during it. The revival of communications and travel in the XVII-XVIII centuries. required the improvement of guides for travelers. In 1672, the first guide to France was published, and in Italy, the influx of travelers brought to life the emergence of the profession of guide-guide ("tourist guardian"),

In modern times, when it became fashionable to complete education with a trip to Europe, books appeared that can be called close to the genre of guidebooks. Grand The young Englishman's tour necessarily included Italy, with its numerous museums, and France, with its centers of the arts. In the 1820s–1830s it became fashionable to visit German cities, which were famous for their universities and philosophical centers. The description of the route was built accordingly. The journey lasted two or three years and involved the compilation of travel notes, letters, writing essays and novels.

Following the British, travel for the purpose of education and entertainment became fashionable for all Europeans. In dictionary French first half of the 19th century the definition of a tourist appeared: "One who travels out of curiosity or in order to kill time." A new genre - guidebooks - was intended just for such an idle traveler - a tourist.

An additional factor that determined the need for guidebooks was gaining in the second half of the 19th century. medical tourism. Old resort places developed rapidly: Brighton and Bath in England, Cannes, Nice and the town of Spa in France, Baden-Baden and Karlsbad in the German lands. The description of these places included information about the number of hotels, their characteristics, prices, climate, listing medical procedures, etc.

The main types of guidebooks developed in the 19th - early 20th centuries, retaining this division to this day. English publisher John Murray at the beginning of the 19th century. began publishing small books intended for reading on the road ( hand books) . This invention proved to be the perfect shape for travel guides. It was used by the German publisher and traveler Karl Baedeker from Koblenz in Germany, whose name has become a household name for the guidebook genre in general. Thus, in the first half of the XIX century. There are two types of guides.

John Murray's Guide (England) was a rather extensive, but striving for compactness essay, compiled by famous researchers and travelers. The first such book, A Pocket Guide to Spain, was written in 1845 by Richard Ford, a wealthy English aristocrat who spent three years in Spain and knew Spanish culture, literature, and the customs of the Spaniards perfectly. The book consists of two volumes, and it can hardly be called compact. However, guides of this kind give the most complete picture of the country of travel, although they do not offer a specific route, leaving the choice of transport and route to the tourists themselves.

Guide by Carl Baedeker was first published in 1828 as a "pocket" guide to the cities of the Rhine. Published according to the principle hand book included a detailed description of the recommended itinerary, including hotels, points of interest, and practical travel advice. The principle of compiling the text was focused on an independent solitary journey, which was provided by the maximum number of

information along the way. With rare conscientiousness, all the sights were described, accompanied by drawings. A detailed presentation of the route was supported by maps and diagrams. The book contained warnings about difficult climbs and dangerous places. There was also a short phrasebook.

The specificity of this kind of guides was the information verified on the ground. K. Baedeker necessarily personally traveled along the route, which he later described in the guidebook. In this regard, in the "Badekers" there were often practical advice O best dishes in a particular restaurant, about favorable ticket prices, information about the courtesy of hotel staff and the views from the windows of the room. In his travel notes, Baedeker noted the hotels he visited with stars, giving the best of them three or four stars. Later, the symbolism of stars became the basis for the modern system of classifying European hotels by the number of stars. The Baedeker guides have several characteristic features:

- this is an expensive and often quite voluminous essay;
- it contains only verified information, the principle of absolute reliability is observed;
- it offers original routes for independent travel;
- the text is accompanied by entertaining stories about the sights and legends associated with the places visited.

The main criterion for selecting information was not fascination, but usefulness. Thanks to the conscientiousness in their compilation, the "Baedekers" have won the long love of the public and have become a symbol of accuracy and reliability. The most successful are the "Baedekers" in Holland and Belgium, Great Britain, Northern Germany, Southern Germany and Austria-Hungary, Italy, the Mediterranean and the USA. Baedeker's Guide to Russia came out in 1912, and to Moscow in 1914 (Fig. 4.3). In 1872, Baedeker's heirs moved the parent company to Leipzig, and today it is part of the Langenscheidt publishing firm. The disadvantage of Baedeker's guides was a solid volume, a lot of details, and high cost. In the XX century. Baedeker's publishing house began producing a series of other guidebooks, including a "light" series called "Marco Polo".

Pic. 4.3.

Travel guide by Thomas Cook. T. Cook's travel company, which arose in England in 1841, specialized in mass cheap tourism, and for such trips, guides of a different kind were required: the most useful and compact. The publishing part of Cook's activities developed its own type of guide, which necessarily contained detailed maps and diagrams, information about hotels, cafes and restaurants. Such a guide began with a set of practical tips at the beginning of the journey ( first steps) . The specificity of Cook's guides, which made it possible to ensure compactness, was a certain route, as well as targeting, appeal to a specific audience. This is how guidebooks for athletes began to appear, for beach holiday, for newlyweds, for parents with children, etc. One of Cook's famous guidebooks, published in 1928, was dedicated to Switzerland and included 81 maps, 30 diagrams, 15 panoramic shots.

Michelin guide. The common name of Michelin guides is associated with the development of motoring and, in particular, car tourism in the first half of the 20th century. Construction highways caused the creation of appropriate roadside infrastructure in the form of hotels, motels, cafes, snack bars, a network of gas stations. The first guidebooks intended for travelers by car appeared in 1900. The guidebooks of the famous Michelin company, which produced tires for cars, primarily performed an advertising task and were distributed at gas stations. The value for motorists was the map of roads contained in them with the designation of the entire roadside infrastructure, as well as attractions, monuments that could be seen right along the road. Since the 1920s Michelin guides began to be sold for a small fee, since they already contained more extensive information for traveling motorists. They added information about restaurants, designating establishments with good cuisine with an asterisk (later two and three stars were added) by analogy with the system of "star" evaluation of hotel service. This is how "Michelin stars" appeared, which are a system of service classification of restaurants. Paris hosts an annual Michelin competition for the best chefs. By the beginning of the XXI century. Michelin guides have been published in 23 countries around the world.

Having appeared in Europe, Michelin guides easily took root in the USA and Canada, and at the present stage they also appeared in Japan, whose restaurants have become the strongest rival to France, the recognized leader in the "stardom" of chefs. So far, France and Japan hold the record for "star" restaurants (including those with three "stars"). For comparison: in 2007, France had more than 25 restaurants with three "stars", the USA - 4, Great Britain - 3. In Russia in 2010 there was not a single restaurant with a chef who had a Michelin star.

Guidebooks are a separate group resort coasts for a beach holiday. In them, the main attention is paid to those opportunities that satisfy the needs of vacationers by the sea. One of the earliest examples of this genre can be considered the book of John Bigsby "Guide to the coast for the sick and bathers" (1841). The author clearly indicates his audience and its motivation: healing and treatment by the sea. Particularly noteworthy in this guide is the insistent advice to tourists that such important thing, as the choice of a specific place for treatment by the sea, was "entrusted to the insight of a connoisseur who will be guided by a correctly set task." Tourism as a commercial enterprise has been asserting itself to customers more and more insistently ( gray, With. 35).

Guides are inseparable from maps. Hand-painted maps of the Middle Ages in the New Age are replaced by more unified and understandable ones. Later, the preparation of professional maps was not done by travelers, but by cartographers. The maps of J. Murray in the guide "Pocket Book for New Zealand" (1893), the unsurpassed beauty of the "Baedeker" for Egypt and others, are recognized as the best, among other things, because of the quality and abundance of maps.

A kind of record for the number of maps (81 maps and 30 plans) was set by a guide to Switzerland published by Baedeker in 1928. A distinctive feature of Baedeker's publications was precisely the abundance of detailed maps, diagrams and plans.

In the XX century. mass and extremely diverse tourism has made the requirements for guidebooks more diverse. Tourist guide makers today strive to cater to the needs of a wide variety of travellers. One of the dynamic and efficient companies producing modern guidebooks is the American publishing company Fodors. The synthetism of her guidebooks arose as a response to the high American standards of service. The traveler information service must be as flawless and customer-focused as any other service area. Recommendations for tourists in the Fodors guidebooks are given by a whole group of experts: on transport support of the route, on hotel service, on catering, etc. Historians, art historians, museum workers, etc. are invited to create the guide. Individual experts prepare guidebooks for family vacation, for sports and recreational recreation, which is presented in the special series "Compass", "Golden Guide" and others (about 15 different series) to meet the needs of different categories of consumers. In connection with the change in the perception of information by modern youth at the end of the 20th century. a series of richly illustrated guidebooks of the series "This is a must see" appeared. Guidebooks began to be issued not only on paper, but also in in electronic format adapted to various types of electronic devices. This trend will create a new kind of multi-purpose travel guides on many types of media.

Great geographical discoveries of the 16th-18th centuries. had the most radical consequences for tourism as a sociocultural practice. The new picture of the world in the ideas of Europeans was now based on the sphericity of the earth, the vastness and diversity of the world as a whole. Communication aspirations have radically changed, the main direction of which has become going beyond the bounds of the closed European world. Pathfinders and discoverers of new lands made it possible to create a single reliable map of the Earth, ensured the progress of cartography. The rapidly developing civilization of Europe began to form widespread, stereotypical ideas about certain areas in terms of the attractiveness of their visits by tourists. The emerging "myths of the cities" were based on literary works, popular culture, media, advertising and created a certain image for different tourist regions, which was a prerequisite for the emergence of mass tourism as a business area. The same role was played by guidebooks as a new genre of literature designed specifically for tourists. The variety of types of guidebooks corresponded to the variety of tourist motivations and goals.

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Goals:

Educational :

to acquaint with the history of tourism, types of tourism, the formation of modern forms of tourism activities, professions in the field of tourism.

students should know:

types of tourism depending on the purpose of travel;
modern forms of tourism activity;
tourism professions.

Educational: promote labor education and career guidance, promote aesthetic education (aesthetics of abstract design, aesthetics of work performed).

Developing: to develop the ability to logically express one's thoughts, to develop the ability to highlight the main thing in the material being studied, to develop cognitive interest.

Interdisciplinary connections: geography, history, local history.

Lesson type: learning lesson.

Class type: combined lesson.

Teaching methods: verbal (explanation, conversation), practical (independent work), work in "small groups".

Equipment: PC, presentation for the lesson on the topic, videos: “What is tourism?”, “Types of tourism”, “Park im. D.K. Motherland in the village Chobruchi”, professiograms.

Literature.

For the teacher:

Gansky V.A., Andreichuk E.V. History of travel and tourism: educational and methodological complex for students / V.A. Gansky, Andreychuk E.V. - Novopolotsk: PGU, 2014.
Babkin A.V. Special types of tourism.

For students:

Batalova L.V. From the history of tourism development / / Sat. scientific articles. Issue. 2. Izhevsk, 1999, - 148 p.
Birzhakov M.B., Kazakov N.P. Safety in tourism. - St. Petersburg: 2006.
Zorin I.V., Kvartalnov V.A. Tourist terminological dictionary. M., Soviet sport, 1999, - 384 p.
Makarevich E.A. Hiking trips day off. S-Pb. 1990.

ORGANIZATIONAL STRUCTURE AND LESSON CONTENT

Slide 1. Ecology and tourism

I. Organizational stage

Organization of the lesson.
Setting educational and educational goals.
Motivation and justification for the need to study the topic.

II. Preparatory stage

Updating the initial level of knowledge, skills and abilities on the topic (survey questions).

1. In the last lesson, we talked about research native land, the study of its nature, its history from ancient times to the present day, as well as about the population of the native land, its culture, religion, way of life ... and this is all called .... (local history)

2. Homework was to complete a guide to interesting places native land.

What is a travel guide?
What are the main requirements for the implementation of the guide.

III. main stage

3.1. Presentation of a new topic

We will turn to your guides a little later, but now, to move on to a new topic, I suggest that you solve a crossword puzzle.

slide 2

Crossword

It crosses the river. (bridge)
Cruise. (cruise)
The more firewood, the brighter it is . (bonfire)
The place where the river originates. (source)
The angle between north and a distant object. (azimuth)
A device that helps to determine the cardinal points. (compass)

Keyword – Tourism.

I would like to start today's lesson with the words of the video blogger G. Alexandrov: "Traveling helps to understand the beauty of space and the pricelessness of time."

slide 3

Write down the topic of the lesson: Tourism. Types of tourism and forms of tourist travel.

What is tourism? (student answers)

History of tourism:

People have been engaged in tourism since ancient times: travel for the purpose of trade, conquest, dissemination of religious teachings, etc. Almost all major ancient Greek thinkers traveled frequently. In the VI century. BC e. The ancient Greeks and Romans traveled to Egypt, where they were interested in history, culture, nature, and peculiar Egyptian structures.

The Nile Valley was visited by the philosopher and mathematician Pythagoras, who was the first to describe his many travels, in order to gain knowledge. The Roman philosopher and writer Seneca in his Letters to Lucilius expressed the most important principle of travel, which has not lost its relevance today. He wrote that for travel it is necessary "to choose healthy places not only for the body, but also for nature."

Traveling in Ancient Greece was of an educational and entertaining nature: the country hosted the Olympic Games, festivals, etc.

A special role in the development of tourism and local history activities is geographical discoveries XV - beginning. 16th century Vasco da Gama, Christopher Columbus, Fernand Magellan, made it possible to learn new lands, the peoples that inhabited, their life, way of life, culture, religion. (Annex 2)

slide 4

Travel destinations in the ancient world:

Search for favorable conditions for living.
Knowledge of intercultural communications.
Search for ways and contacts with other nations.

Name some travelers you know. (student answers)

slide 5

Famous travelers:

Christopher Columbus– America's pioneer.

Vasco da Gama – pioneer of the sea route to India.

Miklukho Maclay- P having given birth for more than a year in New Guinea, he not only discovered new lands, but also taught the natives to grow corn, pumpkin, beans and fruit trees.

slide 6

Afanasy Nikitin - the first Russian traveler who visited India and Persia. Returning back, he visited Samoli, Turkey and Muscat. His notes "Journey Beyond Three Seas" have become valuable historical and literary aids.

Fedor Konyukhov is by far the most famous Russian traveler. He is 60, but his soul is still full of thirst for new adventures.

Jacques-Yves Cousteau - famous French oceanographer, traveler and "pioneer" of underwater filming and research, inventor of scuba gear and author of many books.

Slide 7

The term " tourism" invented by the writer Mark Twain

Slide 8

One of the most profitable types of business, with the help of which not only firms, but also entire states get rich - tourism and everything connected with it: routes, tickets, hotels, guidebooks, traveler's checks, was invented by one person - an English entrepreneur Thomas Cook - They is the founder of tourism.

First tour operator was called: Thomas Cook & Son.

July 5, 1841 to the sounds of an orchestra and the cheers of the crowd, 570 people departed in an organized manner for Loughborough (a city in Leicestershire, England).

Slide 9

Word "tourism" comes from the French "Toig", which means a walk, a trip, a journey. Tour - a journey somewhere with a mandatory return back.

Tourism - this is a trip organized in your free time from work, for the purpose of active recreation and cultural leisure in the bosom of nature, health promotion, etc.

Depending on the travel destinations tourism is divided into:

Informative;
Wellness;
Sports;
Pilgrimage;
Business;
Guest, nostalgic.

Let's take a closer look at each type of tourism.

Slide 10

Educational tourism is visiting interesting places and objects and getting information about them. These are trips to other cities, other countries, visits to unique natural areas watching birds in nature. Tourists get new impressions, broaden their horizons.

Health tourism - these are tourist trips, trips and hikes in any area with favorable natural and climatic conditions and staying there for the purpose of recreation. This type of tourism is associated with the stay at the resorts of practically healthy persons who do not need medical care, medical supervision and treatment.

slide 11

Sports tourism- a sport based on competitions on routes that include overcoming obstacles in the natural environment (roads and trails with various surfaces and off-road, crossings, passes, peaks, rapids, canyons, caves, etc.), and at distances laid in natural environment and on artificial terrain.

Pilgrimage tourism- this is an activity for organizing visits by tourists to objects related to historical, cultural and natural heritage. Acquaintance of representatives of various religions and strata of the population not only with religious, but also with the historical, cultural and artistic values of the visited places, gives them the opportunity to gain new knowledge, to assess the surrounding reality in a new way.

slide 12

Business tourism - trips within the country or abroad related to business, including participation in exhibitions, conferences, forums, etc.

Guest, nostalgic tourism - view tourism associated with visiting relatives, parents or places of historical residence.

Couchsurfing - exchange leave. Couchsurfers are people who travel the world, staying not in hotels, but with acquaintances whom they previously met through the Internet.

And now, to consolidate this material, let's do the exercise "Guess who it is?"

3.2. Independent work of students

Work in "small groups": cards "Categories of travelers". ( Appendix 3)

At the next stage of our lesson, we will consider the forms of tourist travel.

slide 13

Forms of tourist travel

Tourist trips are carried out by forming tourist groups in various organizational forms: walks, excursions, expeditions, hikes.

Walk - the simplest form of tourist and local history work. Walks are organized in the forest, on the river, in the mountains, etc. They do not need special expenses and special tourist equipment.

Excursion - this is a collective visit to outstanding places for educational, educational, scientific or entertainment purposes. They are clearly divided into three types: nature, the sphere of economic activity, and the sphere of cultural activity.

Educational (program) excursions - this is a short-term exit of students planned by the program the world to get acquainted with specific objects, typical phenomena and processes that confirm the theoretical positions considered in the classroom.

Regional extracurricular excursions - an organized exit or trip of a group of students in order to study their region.

General educational excursions - this is an exit or a trip to the objects of culture, nature or economy of an amateur group of students under the guidance of a guide in order to broaden their horizons and raise the general cultural level of the tourists.

hiking is a journey organized group using active forms of movement along a certain route, during the passage of which it is possible to overcome natural obstacles: passes, rapids, caves, etc. different categories and degrees of difficulty. A tourist trip, as a rule, pursues several goals, in which the dominant goal determines the tourist route, the duration of the trip, the mode of transportation, the type of temporary housing and other conditions. In the campaign, the ability to overcome difficulties is manifested, people learn collectivism and mutual assistance, discipline and assertiveness increase in them. Hiking is especially valuable, because very often people reveal themselves in a completely different way during a hike than at school or at work. The main difference between a tourist trip and an excursion is that in a tourist trip, observations are made of various objects, phenomena and processes that occur on the route, according to a pre-planned plan, while an excursion involves the study of precisely selected objects according to a special program.

Expedition is a journey that is carried out in order to study the history of the native land, the environment, phenomena social life, civilizations, studies of geographical, ethnographic, historical objects with or without technical means of transportation. Expeditions, depending on the purpose and direction of work, can be local history, scientific, etc. Expeditions differ from campaigns in more complex educational tasks, as well as in duration. In the system of local history work, expeditions appear as a more complex type of travel compared to excursions and hikes. Expedition gives students the opportunity to master elementary techniques research work in the field, to develop initiative and initiative. The subjects of school local history expeditions are diverse and depend mainly on the needs of local scientific and economic institutions in local history materials, the level of scientific training of teachers and high school students. Skillfully organized local history and expedition work brings young researchers pleasure from the social significance and usefulness of the work performed.

Awareness of this increases the sense of responsibility for the task assigned, develops activity, initiative and independence, strengthens discipline.

Now let's get acquainted with the types of tourism. The next stage of our work: write down the types of tourism in the abstract.

Slide 14

Today, tourism is so well developed that there are a lot of professions associated with it. This is a profitable business, because for some countries tourists are the main source of income.

Here, in Pridnestrovie, tourist services are also in great demand. Let's look at what professions are very popular.

slide 15

Professions in the field of tourism:

slide 16

tour operator– deals with the organization of both group and individual trips, and is also an intermediary in the provision of trips organized by others tourism organizations. Tour operators sell tickets, make travel offers, make hotel reservations, arrange visas, arrange travel insurance, inform customers about changes to bookings or cancellations of flights, as well as their rights, duties and responsibilities.

Slide 17

Travel agent– advises clients on the tourist services offered by the company. His responsibilities include the execution of contracts and the sale of vouchers.

Slide 18

Guide- Tour specialist. They give tours of places of interest, exhibitions, expositions, museums, reserves, architectural structures or landscape gardening ensembles.

Guide- the one who accompanies tourists and shows them the sights of the country, city, etc .; tour guide, professional guide. The guide introduces tourists and sightseers to the sights of the area. He can work with visiting tourists or accompany tourist group traveling to other cities and countries.

Slide 19

Tourism manager is a specialist in the tourism industry who organizes tourist trips for clients.

Slide 20

Travel Service Specialist- works in travel agencies, in hotels, in museums. Provides services in the field of tourism: planning tours, preparing documents, informing clients about tourist offers, travel support, excursions. Specialist in tourism services must be sociable, know a foreign language, be able to work with office equipment and have Internet skills.

slide 21

Practical work

1. Individual work and work in "small groups": the implementation of the cluster "Professiogram for a profession in the field of tourism."

cluster- this is the name of the graphic method of organizing information, which makes it possible to make visual thought processes. It serves as a visual aid for the student.

While the guys are doing practical work, you can watch the video “Park them. D.K. Motherland in the village Chobruchi.

slide 22

2. The story of the students about the practical work done and about their guidebooks "A correspondence trip to interesting places in their native land."

IV. The final stage

1. Monitoring the assimilation of a new topic and the consolidation of new knowledge.

1.1. Name the founder and date of birth of tourism.

1.2. What is travel tourism?

1.3. Name the types of sports tourism.

1.4. Professions in the field of tourism?

2. Summing up the lesson.

2.1. Generalization of the material.

2.2. Answers on questions.

2.3. Grading.

3. Homework: Professions of the future in tourism (make a collage).

I would like to end our lesson with the words of Aurelius Augustine “The world is a book. And whoever did not travel through it read only one page in it.

I wish everyone a pleasant journey.

slide 23

Reflection

In conclusion, I would like to know your impression of today's lesson. To do this, we use the method of reflection "Islands".

Position your boat near the island that you think reflects your attitude to the lesson.

The lesson was:

T - creative;
U - amusing;
R - developing;
AND - interesting;
Z - entertaining;
M - methodical.

Thank you all, the lesson is over.

Tourism is not only the warm sea, yellow sand and endless entertainment under palm trees. Travel is different, and any connoisseur can choose a vacation to their liking. Active, youth, wellness, children, religious, beach, rural ... These are just a few popular destinations.

"I'm a tourist!" - so anyone can say about themselves modern man, which:

travels out of curiosity,
goes on voyages for work,
goes to PVD to sleep in the forest in a tent,
travels outside the hometown for rest and treatment,
attends training seminars or master classes in other countries.

The root in the word "tourism" is presumably French, from tour - "trip". But this name has long been applied not only to trips. Tourism and its types are developing so rapidly that it is difficult to count them!

Classification of the main types of tourism

Traveling is a way to relax, forget about problems, relax your mind and body. Guidebooks on the main types of tourism offer to divide it according to the geographical principle:

Internal - rest within the borders of one's own country. Who said that vacationing in Russia is not prestigious? In this country there are mountains, seas, places of pilgrimage, fishing, hunting and other entertainments;
International - travel outside your country. Russians like to relax in Turkey, Egypt, Spain, Greece and other places. Foreign holidays are not necessarily more expensive than domestic ones.

The classification of tourism by main types involves the division of flows depending on the direction of travelers. Types of tourism are divided into inbound and outbound. In the first case, we are talking about foreigners who come to us - especially popular Russian resorts enjoyed by Chinese guests. Outbound tourism is when Russians go abroad.

According to the purposes of activity, the following types of tourism are distinguished:

Cognitive - sightseeing, historical monuments, architecture, visiting museums, art galleries;
Religious or pilgrimage - visiting temples, cathedrals, monasteries and other shrines;
Wellness - associated with rest in sanatoriums, resorts with medicinal water, dirt, clean air;
Active - this includes such types of recreation in tourism as sports, fishing, hunting, visiting attractions;
Recreational is relaxing on the beaches, swimming in the sea, carefree pastime, when you can do nothing, but just enjoy your vacation.

But these are only the main and popular types of tourism and their characteristics. Travelers love shopping tours, business holidays, and the exotic… Someone is looking for adventure, dancing until the morning, others dream of silence or pursue other goals. It is difficult to say exactly how many types of tourism exist: their number is so huge that it will be difficult to try everything in this life.

Travel is a broad concept, and there are also a lot of types of tourism. Already chosen for you suitable rest? Even if you used to spend your holidays only on the beach, this is not a reason not to try something new. After studying the types of tourism and travel, find best option and experiment!

The most popular types of tourism

List the types of tourism that you know! Usually travelers name several popular destinations that are used special attention. And only people for whom rest has become not just a hobby, but a lifestyle, are well aware of the characteristics of a much larger number of types of tourism. But not everything is so simple in modern times. What are the types of tourism?

sea sunbeach

Perhaps the most popular type of tourism in the world is holiday resorts surrounded by palm trees, sea and sand. The main goal is to relax, get an even tan, swim, forget about pressing problems for a long time. This type of tourism has a feature: it is universal and suitable for any person. Families with children, newlyweds, aged people, friends go on vacation.

Among other types and types of tourism by purpose, recreational is the most extensive, as it allows you to combine relaxation on the beach and sightseeing, entertainment. Naming popular places for this type of tourism, one can single out the south of Russia, Turkey, Thailand, Vietnam and other countries.

Cultural and historical tourism: for the most curious

The motivation for this type of tourism and recreation is the desire of the traveler to expand his horizons, to get acquainted with the national culture of the country where he is going, with its historical and architectural monuments, museums, and remarkable routes. This also includes those trips during which a person acquires an idea about music, theaters, cinema, painting of the state, learns the local language, attends educational lectures or seminars.

Medical tourism: health benefits

All the high society of Russia in the 19th century was happy to rest "on the waters" and did not even imagine that they were engaged in medical or medical tourism. The main goal of the traveler here is to improve health, raise the body's defenses or get rid of an acute or chronic disease. This area includes visiting sea resorts, sanatoriums, dispensaries, water and mud baths, mineral, thermal or radon sources. There is such a variety of it as climate therapy. For example, in the highland region of the Caucasus, in Teberda, there is a sanatorium where respiratory diseases are treated with clean mountain air. Or boarding houses in Abkhazia, where a unique combination of sea air, subtropical climate, proximity boxwood grove give an amazing healing effect.

Sports and extreme tourism: for those who appreciate adrenaline and obstacles

These varieties are the most colorful, they are divided into many categories. Whole sports tourism divided into passive and active. In the first case, the traveler does not personally participate, but observes a certain sporting event, and in the second, accordingly, he participates.

We note right away that representatives of sports and extreme species tourism the rest are not even considered tourists. Amusing misunderstandings often occur between individual groups: climbers dislike cavers, cyclists dislike pedestrians, watermen dislike everyone else, but in jest. Sports and extreme tourism is subdivided into narrower areas according to the type of sport, method or degree of extreme.

All types are considered sports:

water tourism - windsurfing, kayaking, rafting, sailing, water skiing, diving;
mountain - mountaineering, rock climbing, mountain trekking;
speleotourism;
air - ballooning, hang gliding, parachuting (sea, mountain, etc.)
winter destinations (skiing, sledding, snowboarding, snowmobiles, etc.), summer destinations (bicycles, motorcycles and ATVs, horses), as well as hunting, fishing and even golf!

The difference between sports and extreme tourism sometimes poorly distinguishable or completely absent! But the gradation takes into account: the degree of risk, loads, potentially dangerous or difficult conditions, obstacles.

Business tourism: business without barriers

Entrepreneurs also like to travel, but they prefer to benefit from trips, although in business tourism it is not of a material nature. Can:

present your product
gain new knowledge and experience,
establish strong partnerships for further cooperation,
maintain existing contacts,
negotiate in an informal setting.

This type of tourism, after all, is more like a business trip. All kinds of professional congresses, congresses, conferences, salons, fairs can also be attributed to this category. For example, the Le Bourget air show in France or the international exhibition Expo, which was held in Astana in 2017.

Event tourism: where the fun is!

It's simple - there are events that some people consider unacceptable to miss! The visit of event tourists is always due to some kind of event - it can be world-famous festivals (carnival in Brazil, young wine festival in France, Oktoberfest), but not only! The event can be cultural, sports, historical, business…

Perhaps, each region has its own significant events, and all of them are worthy of attention and find their fans. Let's remember the jazz festival in Koktebel, the flowering of tulips in Kalmykia or lotuses near Astrakhan, "Rock over the Volga" or "Cherry Forest" - they can not be counted!

Ecotourism: for those who seek the purity of nature

Such tourism is often confused with rural or farm tourism, when a person tired of city life breaks out of the metropolis in order to live a simple life in contact with nature, choosing for this purpose special campsites, camps or eco-settlements that allow newcomers to their territory. The bottom line is true: all eco-tourism is built on the fact that the traveler is one on one with nature. To do this, people usually rush to wild, untouched by civilization places. And although the genre involves living in the original natural environment, special campsites, shelters and hotels are now appearing to make living "in the wild" more comfortable.

A clear sign of ecotourism is that the tourist must certainly perform some actions that are beneficial for the environment, from elementary garbage collection to cleaning streams, eliminating the consequences of accidents, and saving animals. Eco-tourists often study uninhabited territories: their geography, climate, flora and fauna, etc.

Whatever type of tourism you choose for yourself - it's great! Any journey expands the picture of the world and horizons, has a positive effect on health and life perception.

Promising types of tourism

There are such types of tourism that in modern times are of increased interest, attract more and more travelers, and are the most promising. And just a few decades ago, the demand for them was minimal. How to keep up with the times and develop new types of tourism? Pay attention to areas such as:

Gastronomic tourism is a visit to the resorts of the world in order to try national cuisine, visit many restaurants, appreciate drinks and delicacies. Among the various types of tourism, this one does not require much cost, since travelers will buy food anyway;
Space tourism is the most promising type of tourism, which has not yet been developed, but its widespread implementation is already being discussed. The ticket price is over 100,000 dollars, excellent health is required, but this is a great option for those who dreamed of becoming an astronaut as a child;
Accommodation tourism is not exactly a growing type of tourism, but now it is experiencing a new surge. Guests go to Cambodia, Vietnam, Montenegro and others for the winter warm countries where they experience bad weather - they stay for several months, after which they return to their homeland;
Rural tourism is not widely spread in our country, but it is already popular in the USA and Europe. The point is to get away from skyscrapers and cars, leave your phone behind and spend a week at the “dacha”, digging beds or caring for flowers. However, life on a farm does not appeal to Russians yet.

By the way, in the near future the concept and main types of tourism will remain unchanged. Travelers will continue to be attracted to relaxing on the beaches, skiing down the mountains, visiting bars and restaurants. Although the development of tourism types is taking place, it is more aimed at improving conditions and the level of service.

Unusual types of tourism in the world

There are non-traditional types of tourism that are not widespread, but have an army of fans and are of particular interest to connoisseurs. What is it about?

Urban tourism is an unusual type of tourism, in which travelers make “stalks”, inspect old ruined factories, metro subways, catacombs and other man-made and gloomy structures;
Digging is another type of tourism, which consists of forays into caves and miraculous structures underground;
Virtual tourism as a new type of tourism - sightseeing with the help of a computer, 3D tours, panoramas. Such a journey, of course, will not allow you to get real emotions, but in general it is interesting, and most importantly, completely free;
Military tourism - the traveler goes to where there are active military operations. What could be better than to be under a hail of bullets, grenades and bombs? Despite the fact that such trips are similar to suicide, they are still in demand among extreme and adventure lovers. Often tourists lose their lives during such a holiday;
Types of tourism for people with disabilities - in fact, they are no different from traditional travel, but the route and hotel are chosen taking into account the characteristics of the person, so that it is easy and convenient for him to move around;
Illegal types of tourism - our compatriots are attracted by interesting types of tourism associated with risk. Get into Chernobyl, into the territory of a military unit, a guarded facility… The main thing is not what you see there, but the drive because you can be caught at any moment.

These new types of tourism have extensive development prospects. The beaches, the sea and the attractions are already pretty boring, I want something unusual, interesting and rich. So why not climb an abandoned metro line, the tallest building in Moscow, or go to the Dyatlov Pass?

Types of tourism depending on the season

The most popular time to visit the resorts - high season When the weather pleases with sunny days, swimming in the sea is pleasant, and a huge amount of entertainment is offered. However, there are types of tourism that, in general, are in demand at any time of the year. When do travelers visit resorts?

High season - still enjoys increased popularity and attention. Tourists love to bask on the beaches, sunbathe, enjoy the service. True, this type of tourism has a drawback - due to the abundance of guests there are not enough places, hotels need to be booked in advance, there is a crush, and municipal beaches become dirty;
Velvet season - such tourism, as a specific type of leisure activity, involves rest, when the bulk of travelers have already gone home. There is no usual crush, and the weather is still beautiful. True, cooling may already be observed, a decrease in temperature, especially at night;
Low season - at most resorts, swimming at this time of the year will not work due to the coolness. On the other hand, you can go sightseeing, enjoy beauty salons and tranquility. The advantage of such a pastime is the increased care from the staff, because you will be one of the few guests.

When choosing when to go to a resort, consider climatic conditions and the weather. There were cases when employees of travel agencies sold a ticket to an unsuspecting traveler, and on the spot it turned out that it was not the season in the chosen country now, the vacation was ruined.

Risk factors for different types of tourism

Hiking as an outdoor activity is not completely safe, as no one can guarantee that you will not fall on your skis, get bitten by insects in the jungle, or other misfortune will happen. Most dangerous species rest are active entertainment. On vacation, there are several risk factors:

Injury risk - of course, you can get a fracture at home, but if you climb mountains, conquer rivers, jump with a parachute, the likelihood of damaging something increases;
Poisoning - this factor is especially dangerous in developing countries, so buying food from street vendors is not recommended. Be careful about the water you use - it is far from always safe;
Environmental impact - you can get burned from the sun, get caught in a downpour, squally wind. Be careful, especially if you are traveling out of season. A tsunami or a hurricane predicted by weather forecasters is a reason to cancel the tour;
Terrorism and national conflicts - unfortunately, when going to another country, you should find out in advance how safe it is to rest there. Perhaps there are attacks on tourist buses, other activities. If a country is on the verge of a revolution, political processes and actions are taking place, it is not worth going there.

Tourism is always associated with some risk, however, there is no guarantee that you will not get injured at home. The safest vacation is within your own country, in resorts where there is no risk of flooding, landslides and other cataclysms. To reduce the likelihood of negative consequences, choose the place where you spend your vacation wisely.

Main types of tourism updated: March 30, 2019 by: Glonass Travel

International tourism is one of the leading, highly profitable and most dynamic sectors of the world economy. In terms of income, tourism is second only to the oil and automobile industries. Scientists have already called the 21st century the century of tourism. World Tourism Organization (WTO) in 2004. registered over 700 million tourist arrivals. According to the World Tourism Organization, 2004 was the most profitable year for international tourism, reaching 760 million US dollars. Tourism also has a strong influence on the development of other sectors of the economy. The tourism industry is a major employer. One in ten people in the world are employed in tourism. In the G8 countries, more people work in tourism than in the automotive, electronics, textile and agricultural industries combined.

Tourism acts as a means of improving the quality of life of peoples, a factor in strengthening peace and mutual understanding on Earth.

The regional distribution of international tourist flows has been established for a long time.

The first place is occupied by Europe 400 million. arrivals (58%). This region is very popular among citizens of the USA and Canada. America ranks second with 130 million arrivals (19%). Europe and the US account for 4/5 of all arrivals.

The growth rates of the two regions are 6.5 and 6%. At this stage, the most dynamic region is the Asia-Pacific 100 million arrivals (15%) The share of the Middle East and Africa region is 8% - 30 million arrivals. According to WTO forecasts for 2020, Europe will hold the lead with 717 million arrivals. The Asia-Pacific region will come in second place. 438 million arrivals.

Tourism in the world is developing dynamically. An endless series of ups and downs gives tourism mobility and uniqueness. In the 1950s - 1960s, the pace of tourism was high, despite fluctuations in the economy. The growth was 16%. However, the second half of the 60s brought a surprise. During the economic crisis, the growth rate fell to 7%. In the early 70s, tourism again regained lost ground. But the world energy crisis again had a negative impact on tourism, growth amounted to 2%., and in 1980, due to the economic crisis, it fell to zero. From 1982-1990 a slight increase of 8%. But the war in Iraq reduced the growth rate to 2%. At this stage, there is an increase in the growth rate of tourist arrivals. We can say that tourism, like other sectors of the economy, is subject to the same economic laws and patterns, but also depends on the political situation.

The spatial distribution of tourist flows has a number of features. The most important of them is between Europe and North America. The second tourist flow between Europe and Asia and Australia. In third place is the exchange between Asia and South America. On the fourth between Europe and Africa. In last place is the exchange between Europe and the Middle East. There is a tendency to increase flows to those countries with no language barrier. For example Estonia-Finland, Malaysia-Singapore, Russia-Ukraine. Also a tendency towards "contrast". The countries of Egypt, Thailand, Haiti are so popular. Active tourist exchange between neighboring countries, such as France-Germany, Argentina-Brazil. Between the metropolis and the former colony (France - Tunisia). Recently, the expansion of flows from south to north and west to east.

tourist guide

Handbook - a publication of practical purpose, with a summary of information in a systematic form, based on selective reading, so that you can quickly and easily make reference to it.

Reference books usually have a systematized structure, the titles in them are ordered according to a certain principle.

Many directories are supplied with auxiliary indexes (alphabetical, subject, nominal, etc.)

The tourist guide has been created in order to collect information and answers to the most popular questions on tourism in one place.

Guide(or guide) - a printed, electronic or audiovisual guide about a city, historical place, museum, tourist route. Used by tourists for better orientation in unfamiliar areas. The composition of the guide book is often subordinated to the recommended sightseeing routes of the described area.

The forerunners of guidebooks appeared in antiquity. Existing in Ancient Rome the prototypes of the guide, the road builders (Itineraria), were of two kinds: 1) Itineraria adnotata or scrípta - road schedules that contained only names and distances to places along a known path; 2) Itineraria picta, consisting of measurements of distances and geographical maps.

The beginning of the modern stage in the history of the development of the guide is associated with the name of Karl Baedeker (1801-1859), who founded in 1827 in the German city of Koblenz the publishing house of guides to various countries, their capitals and other cities. His guidebooks were very popular in Europe, translated into many languages, the name "Baedeker" became a household name for publications of this kind, including in Russian, they are equipped with "a detailed description of the countries with the application of many plans and multi-color maps, including a large topographic cards". Basic black format and bright red bindings. with the advent and development of transport infrastructure (primarily railways and shipping). Travel for entertainment (that is, tourism itself) has become available not only to the privileged strata of society, but also to the middle and even low-income part of it. There were also guidebooks that met the needs of new travelers. They did not differ in completeness of information, a large number of attached maps and diagrams, and high quality printing. But in them affordable price it was possible to find a set of geographical, historical and other useful information practically necessary for the traveler.

Cartography- (from the Greek χάρτης - "map" and γράφειν - "draw") the science of research, modeling and displaying the spatial arrangement, combination and relationship of objects and phenomena of nature and society. In a broader interpretation, cartography includes technology and production activities.

The objects of cartography are the Earth, celestial bodies, the starry sky and the Universe. The most popular fruits of cartography are figurative-sign models of space in the form of: flat maps, relief and volumetric maps, globes. They can be presented on solid, flat or voluminous materials (paper, plastic) or as an image on a video monitor.

There are many very detailed travel guide apps for smartphones and tablets. However, the good old paper guides have not lost their relevance either, as they do not require recharging, do not slow down and do not freeze. And the text written on paper is often perceived better than electronic. We will not give preference to any one type of guides and consider the best guides whether in print or electronic form.

Russian language: no.

Cost: free.

Opens the rating of popular travel guides excellent mobile app for iOS and Android, which contains information about all popular tourist destinations in the world. All available information is sorted into sections: Food, Attractions, Interesting information and so on. You can read the comments of tourists about places where it is better to go, or vice versa, it is absolutely not worth visiting. The program is integrated with Google Maps, so that the most detailed maps will be at your service anywhere in the world. The routes proposed by the program can be changed at your discretion: change the number and composition of objects, reduce or increase the duration of the tour and make notes. And if there are notifications about booking tickets in your mailbox from Google, Google Trips will show the flight and departure time.