What is the Kremlin made of? Moscow Kremlin - what can be seen inside. Kremlin in the period of Ancient Rus'

ancient center Moscow - Moscow Kremlin- was founded as a fortification of a small settlement located on Borovitsky Hill, when its history began.

The first mention of Moscow was found in chronicles for 1147. They also report that the wooden walls of the Kremlin were erected by order of Yuri Dolgoruky. Initially, the size of the fortress was small, the length of the wall reached 1200 meters.

Origin versions there are several words "Kremlin".

According to one of them, this name comes from the name of the central part of the ancient cities, called "Krom". Another version suggests that this word could also come from the "kremlin", a very durable tree, going to the construction of fortress walls. There is even an assumption that the roots of this word are Greek, i.e. "kremnos" - steep mountain, steepness over a ravine or shore. Judging by where the fortress was built, this version has full right to existence.

But all this does not change the essence, which lies in the fact that the Moscow Kremlin is the largest of the surviving fortresses in Europe.

And at first it was a small fortification on an area of ​​​​about nine hectares, where the inhabitants of the settlements located outside the walls of the fortress could hide in case of the threat of an enemy attack. Over time, the settlements grew, and the fortress grew along with them.

The new walls of the Kremlin were erected during the reign of Ivan Kalita. They were made of stone on the inside, and wooden and covered with clay on the outside.

It is noteworthy that even in the difficult years of the yoke in Rus', the Moscow princes rebuilt existing and built new fortresses. So, under Dmitry Donskoy, the Kremlin, which suffered in a fire in 1365, was rebuilt. For the construction of walls, the length of which became about two kilometers, and the Kremlin towers, White stone. Since then, in the annals, Moscow began to be called white-stone.

Earthquake of 1446 and the fires again damaged the Kremlin walls. The consequence of this was a new restructuring of the Kremlin during the reign of Ivan III. For the construction, Italian masters, recognized experts in fortification, were invited, who used the advanced achievements of the Italian and Russian art of military engineering during the construction.

But they were building not just a fortress, they were building a holy city.

On each side of the Kremlin, seven towers of red baked bricks were erected. The idea of ​​the architects was that the Cathedral Square became the center of the Kremlin. Beautiful cathedrals are located on it:, and, (the temple of the Deposition of the Robe, as well as the Cathedral of the Annunciation, were built by Russian craftsmen in the best traditions of Russian church architecture).

The new walls of the Moscow Kremlin turned out to be so strong that for five centuries no one has ever been able to master them. In the underground part under the entire territory, under each of the towers, they created a complex system of labyrinths and secret passages. They were discovered by archaeologist N.S. Shcherbatov in 1894, but in the twenties of the last century, photographs and drawings disappeared.

In addition to the described fortifications, the impregnability of the fortress was ensured by the high slopes of the Borovitsky hill and water lines. A canal dug along the northeastern wall of the Kremlin in the 16th century turned the Kremlin into an island.

The Kremlin walls formed an irregular triangle in plan, the area of ​​which was 28 hectares. They were built of brick, but inside them is white stone from old walls built by Dmitry Donskoy. For strength, the structures are filled with lime. For construction, a half-pood, shaped like a loaf of bread, brick was used (in those days, the use of brick for construction was an innovation in Rus').

The height of the walls of the Moscow Kremlin ranges from five to nineteen meters, depending on the terrain. They have an upper continuous course around the entire perimeter. Its width is two meters. Outside, the course is protected by teeth, so it is not visible.

Battlements are a characteristic Italian fortification element. There are 1045 battlements on the walls, called "dovetails" for their characteristic shape. The thickness of the battlements is 65-70 cm, the height is about 2.5 m. Each battlement is made of six hundred half-pood bricks, and almost each of them has a loophole.

19 towers are built into the array of walls. Together with a remote tower, there are only 20 of them in the Moscow Kremlin.

The corner towers of the Kremlin have a multifaceted or round shape, the rest are quadrangular. Mine modern look the towers were acquired in the 17th century, when they were built on with hipped and tiered tops. As a result of all the reconstructions, the Kremlin acquired the appearance of a fortress - impregnable and formidable.

History says that in ancient times the Moscow Kremlin was built up with courtyards of boyars and residential buildings. Only in its center, on Cathedral Square, were cathedrals and the grand duke's palace, which later became the royal palace. From it, the Faceted Chamber, the former throne room, has survived to this day. The main bell tower "Ivan the Great" dominated all the buildings, figuratively expressing the greatness of the Russian state with its architecture.

The central cult building of the Moscow Kremlin, Moscow and the whole state was a brilliant work of the Italian architect Fioravanti. IN architectural appearance the influence of the early works of Russian masters is felt in the cathedral.

The traditional architecture of the five-domed Russian cathedrals was continued, which became the burial place of the kings. The Church of the Deposition of the Robe and the Cathedral of the Annunciation, created by Russian masters, are beautiful.

The architecture of the Kremlin changed significantly in the 17th century. It becomes more decorative and elegant. The Kremlin walls are being repaired, a tented triumphal superstructure is being erected on. Somewhat later, in 35-36 years of the same century, a stone residential part was built - Terema, otherwise called. The repository of antiquities and art workshops are united in the royal one.

At the very beginning of the 18th century, Peter I ordered government agencies to be moved outside the Kremlin. All dilapidated buildings are demolished and the building is laid. It was built from 1702 to 1736. From 1776 to 1788, a building with a spectacular round hall covered with a dome was built in the Kremlin.

In the middle of the nineteenth century, the idea of ​​\u200b\u200berecting appears. There were many projects, but it was built according to the drawings of the architect K.A. tone. Years of construction - 1839-1849.

Tangible damage was done to the buildings of the Moscow Kremlin in 1812.

Napoleon during the retreat from Moscow ordered to blow up the Kremlin. Mines were laid under buildings, walls and towers. Some explosions were prevented thanks to Russian patriots, but, nevertheless, significant destruction did occur. After the French emperor was expelled from the country, they began to restore the destroyed palaces, towers and walls, then completed the Armory and the Grand Kremlin Palace. In those days, the Moscow Kremlin was accessible to the public. Visitors entered the territory through the open Spassky Gates, having previously bowed to the icon of the Savior.

Kremlin in Moscow after the 1917 revolution

In 1917, there were cadets on the territory of the Kremlin. As a result of the shelling, which was carried out by the revolutionary troops, the Moscow Kremlin was partially destroyed: the walls, the Small Nicholas Palace, almost all cathedrals, and the Spasskaya Tower were damaged.

In 1918, V.I. moved to the Kremlin. Lenin and the whole government Soviet Russia, as the capital is moved to Moscow. Because of this, the bells in the Kremlin fall silent, churches are closed, Muscovites are deprived of free access to the territory.

The dissatisfaction of the faithful with the closing of the cathedrals was quickly put to rest by Yakov Sverdlov, who was not slow in declaring the primacy of the interests of the revolution over all prejudices. In 1922, more than thirty kilograms of gold, about five hundred kilograms of silver, the shrine of Patriarch Hermogenes, and more than a thousand different precious stones were seized from the cult buildings of the Moscow Kremlin.

The Kremlin architectural ensemble during the Soviet era suffered more than in the entire previous history of its existence.

Of the 54 structures marked on the Kremlin plan at the very beginning of the last century, less than half remain. Monuments to Alexander II, Grand Duke Sergei Alexandrovich were demolished. Congresses of Soviets began to be held in the Grand Kremlin Palace, a public dining room was set up in the Faceted Chamber, and a kitchen was set up in the Golden Chamber. The Catherine's Church was adapted for a sports hall, the Kremlin hospital was located in the Chudov Monastery. In the thirties, the Small Nicholas Palace and all the monasteries with buildings were demolished. Virtually the entire East End Moscow Kremlin. Soviet authorities destroyed 17 churches.

Many years passed before the Moscow Kremlin began to be restored.

By the celebration of the eight hundredth anniversary of Moscow, a thorough restoration of the towers and walls was carried out. The artists of Palekh in the Cathedral of the Annunciation discovered the murals of 1508. A large amount of restoration work has been carried out in the Archangel Cathedral (wall paintings have been restored). The Assumption Cathedral has also undergone extensive restoration.

The ban on living in the Kremlin has been introduced since 1955, and the ancient architectural ensemble becomes a museum, partially open to the public.

In today's many-sided Moscow, the Kremlin remains historical place, which millions of tourists aspire to visit, hoping to touch the history of the white-stone capital there, to feel and understand it.

The Moscow Kremlin to this day is the main socio-political, artistic, historical, religious and spiritual center of Russia. In addition, the Moscow Kremlin is the official residence of the President Russian Federation.

UNESCO in 1990 included the Moscow Kremlin, whose history continues, in the list of world cultural heritage.

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The Moscow Kremlin is the center of Russia and the citadel of power. For more than 5 centuries, these walls have been reliably hiding state secrets and protecting their main carriers. The Kremlin is shown on Russian and world channels several times a day. This is a medieval, unlike anything fortress, has long been a symbol of Russia.

Only now the frames are provided to us mostly the same. The Kremlin is a strictly guarded acting residence of the president of our country. There are no trifles in security, which is why all Kremlin shootings are so strictly regulated. By the way, do not forget to visit the excursion to the Kremlin.

To see another Kremlin, try to imagine its towers without tents, limit the height to only a wide, non-tapering part, and you will immediately see a completely different Moscow Kremlin - a powerful, squat, medieval, European fortress.

This was built at the end of the 15th century on the site of the old white-stone Kremlin by the Italians - Pietro Fryazin, Anton Fryazin and Alois Fryazin. All of them received the same surname, although they were not relatives. "Fryazin" means a foreigner in Old Slavonic.

They built the fortress in accordance with all the latest achievements of fortification and military science of that time. Along the battlements of the walls there is a combat platform with a width of 2 to 4.5 meters.

Each prong has a loophole that can only be reached by standing on something else. The view from here is limited. The height of each prong is 2-2.5 meters, the distance between them during the battle was covered with wooden shields. In total, there are 1145 teeth on the walls of the Moscow Kremlin.

The Moscow Kremlin is a great fortress located near the Moskva River, in the heart of Russia - in Moscow. The citadel is equipped with 20 towers, each with its own unique look and 5 travel gates. The Kremlin is like a ray of light passing through richest history formation of Russia.

These ancient walls are witnesses of all those numerous events that happened to the state, starting from the moment of its construction. The fortress begins its journey in 1331, although the word "Kremlin" was mentioned earlier.

Moscow Kremlin, infographic. Source: www.culture.rf. For a closer view, open the image in a new browser tab.

Moscow Kremlin under different rulers

Moscow Kremlin under Ivan Kalita

In 1339-1340. The Moscow prince Ivan Danilovich, nicknamed Kalita (“money bag”), built an impressive oak citadel on Borovitsky Hill, with walls from 2 to 6 m thick and not less than 7 m high. Ivan Kalita made a powerful fortress with a menacing look, but it stood less three decades and burned down during a terrible fire in the summer of 1365.

Moscow Kremlin under Dmitry Donskoy

The tasks of defending Moscow urgently required the creation of a more reliable fortress: the Moscow principality was in danger from the Golden Horde, Lithuania and the rival Russian principalities - Tver and Ryazan. The then reigning 16-year-old grandson of Ivan Kalita Dmitry (aka Dmitry Donskoy) decided to build a stone fortress - the Kremlin.

The construction of the stone fortress began in 1367, and the stone was mined nearby, in the village of Myachkovo. The construction was completed in a short time - in just one year. Dmitry Donskoy made the Kremlin a white-stone fortress, which the enemies tried to storm more than once, but they could not.

What does the word "Kremlin" mean?

One of the first mentions of the word “kremlin” is in the Resurrection Chronicle in a message about a fire in 1331. According to historians, it could have arisen from the Old Russian word “kremnik”, which meant a fortress built of oak. According to another point of view, it is based on the word "Krom" or "Krom", which means a frontier, a border.

The first victory of the Moscow Kremlin

Almost immediately after the construction of the Moscow Kremlin, Moscow was besieged by the Lithuanian prince Olgerd in 1368, and then in 1370. The Lithuanians stood at the white stone walls for three days and three nights, but the fortifications turned out to be impregnable. This instilled confidence in the young Moscow ruler and allowed him to later challenge the powerful Golden Horde Khan Mamai.

In 1380, feeling reliable rear lines behind them, the Russian army, under the leadership of Prince Dmitry, ventured into a decisive operation. Walking away from hometown far to the south, in the upper reaches of the Don, they met with the army of Mamai and defeated him on the Kulikovo field.

So for the first time, chrome became a stronghold not only of the Moscow principality, but of all of Rus'. And Dmitry received the nickname Donskoy. For 100 years after the Battle of Kulikovo, the white-stone citadel united the Russian lands, becoming the main center of Rus'.

Moscow Kremlin under Ivan 3

The current dark red appearance of the Moscow Kremlin owes its birth to Prince Ivan III Vasilyevich. Started by him in 1485-1495. grandiose construction was not a simple reconstruction of the dilapidated defensive fortifications of Dmitry Donskoy. The red brick fortress comes to replace the white stone fortress.

Outside the towers were put forward in order to fire along the walls. To quickly move the defenders, a system of secret underground passages was created. Completing the system of impregnable defense, the Kremlin was generally made an island. On both sides, it already had natural barriers - the Moscow and Neglinnaya rivers.

They also dug a moat from the third side, where Red Square is now, about 30-35 meters wide and 12 meters deep. Contemporaries called the Moscow Kremlin an outstanding military engineering structure. Moreover, the Kremlin is the only European fortress that has never been taken by storm.

The special role of the Moscow Kremlin as a new grand ducal residence and main fortress state determined the nature of its engineering and technical appearance. Built of red brick, it retained the features of the layout of the old Russian citadel, and in its outlines - the already established shape of an irregular triangle.

At the same time, the Italians made it extremely functional and very similar to many fortresses in Europe. What Muscovites came up with in the 17th century turned the Kremlin into unique monument architecture. The Russians only built on stone tents, which turned the fortress into a light, skyward-looking structure, which has no equal in the world, and the corner towers took on the appearance that our ancestors knew that it was Russia that would send the first man into space.

Architects of the Moscow Kremlin

The curators of the construction were Italian architects. Memorial plaques installed on the Spasskaya Tower of the Moscow Kremlin testify that it was built in the "30th summer" of the reign of Ivan Vasilyevich. With the construction of the most powerful entrance front tower, the Grand Duke celebrated the anniversary of his state activity. In particular, Spasskaya and Borovitskaya were designed by Pietro Solari.

In 1485, under the leadership of Antonio Gilardi, a powerful Tainitskaya tower was built. In 1487, another Italian architect, Marco Ruffo, began to build Beklemishevskaya, and later on opposite side Sviblova (Vodovzvodnaya) appeared. These three structures set the direction and rhythm for all subsequent construction.

The Italian origin of the main architects of the Moscow Kremlin is not accidental. At that time, it was Italy that came to the fore in the theory and practice of fortification construction. Design features testify to the acquaintance of its creators with the engineering ideas of such prominent representatives of the Italian Renaissance as Leonardo da Vinci, Leon Battista Alberti, Filippo Brunelleschi. In addition, it was the Italian architectural school that "gave" the Stalin skyscrapers in Moscow.

By the beginning of the 1490s, four more blind towers appeared (Annunciation, 1st and 2nd Unnamed and Petrovskaya). All of them, as a rule, repeated the line of the old fortifications. The work was carried out gradually, in such a way that there were no open areas in the fortress through which the enemy could suddenly attack.

In the 1490s, the construction was supervised by the Italian Pietro Solari (aka Pyotr Fryazin), with whom his compatriots Antonio Gilardi (aka Anton Fryazin) and Aloisio da Carcano (Aleviz Fryazin) worked. 1490-1495 The Moscow Kremlin was replenished with the following towers: Konstantin-Eleninskaya, Spasskaya, Nikolskaya, Senatskaya, Corner Arsenalnaya and Nabatnaya.

Secret passages in the Moscow Kremlin

In case of danger, the defenders of the Kremlin had the opportunity to quickly move through secret underground passages. In addition, internal passages were arranged in the walls, connecting all the towers. The defenders of the Kremlin could thus focus on dangerous area front or retreat in the event of a preponderance of enemy forces.

Long underground tunnels were also dug, thanks to which it was possible to observe the enemy in the event of a siege, as well as to make unexpected attacks on the enemy. Some underground tunnels went beyond the Kremlin.

Some towers had not only a protective function. For example, Taynitskaya hid secret passage from the fortress to the Moscow River. Wells were made in Beklemishevskaya, Vodovzvodnaya and Arsenalnaya, with the help of which it was possible to deliver water if the city was under siege. The well in Arsenalnaya has survived to this day.

Within two years, the Kolymazhnaya (Komendantskaya) and Granenaya (Middle Arsenalnaya) fortresses rose in a slender line, and in 1495 the construction of Troitskaya began. The construction was led by Aleviz Fryazin.

Chronology of events

All towers of the Moscow Kremlin

What to see inside the Moscow Kremlin

The Moscow Kremlin is a complex of various cathedrals, palaces and museums that can be divided into 4 main categories:

Kremlin territory and museums

Kremlin territory

The territory of the Moscow Kremlin is very large, it occupies 27 hectares. Good news is that most of this territory is available for tourists!

Once on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, you can see the majestic Cathedral Square, enjoy the views of the Cathedrals of the Kremlin and admire the Tsar Bell (broken bell) and the Tsar Cannon. You will also see some of the important Kremlin buildings (from the outside), including the presidential residence and the Grand Kremlin Palace (also known as the Grand Kremlin Palace).

After visiting architectural ensemble Cathedral Square of the Kremlin, you can safely walk in the spacious garden of the Moscow Kremlin, which is especially beautiful in the warm season.

If you are planning to get acquainted with Moscow, the best choice for you will be our

Cathedrals and Churches of the Moscow Kremlin on Cathedral Square

Cathedrals of the Kremlin Church, located on Cathedral Square.
During your excursion to the Moscow Kremlin, you will be able to get acquainted with five churches located on Cathedral Square:

Cathedral of the Dormition (also known as the cathedral-tomb)
Cathedral of the Archangel Michael
Blagoveshchensky cathedral
Church of the Deposition of the Robe Holy Mother of God
Church of the Twelve Apostles (part of the Patriarchal Palace)

These are just some of the churches located outside the walls of the Moscow Kremlin. There are other private churches that belong to the Presidential and administrative parts of the Kremlin and they are closed to the public.

Must visit main church Kremlin - Assumption Cathedral (also known as the cathedral-tomb). The cathedral has 3 entrances, 2 of which are usually closed. Its main entrance is at the back (on its western side), which is rather unusual.
On rare occasions, morning services are held in one or more of the main cathedrals (they usually last several hours). You can visit the church after the end of the service.

Ivan the Great Bell Tower and Assumption Belfry

Various temporary exhibitions are presented in the exhibition hall of the Assumption Belfry (adjacent to the Ivan the Great Belfry). You can usually visit these temporary exhibitions with a ticket to visit the territory of the Kremlin and cathedrals.
From spring to early autumn, you can climb to the second floor of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower. Note that the climb is very difficult and tends to change from year to year. Therefore, we recommend that you check before planning your visit to the Moscow Kremlin.

There, as a rule, a fixed time (sessions) is set for visiting the Kremlin Bell Tower.
In 2016 there were the following sessions 10:15, 11:30, 13:45, 15:00, and 16:00. Because only 15 people are allowed in 1 session, so the number of tickets is limited and usually sold 45 minutes before the start of each session (online sale, unfortunately, is not available).

Patriarchal Palace

The Patriarchal Palace is located on Cathedral Square. On the 2nd floor there is a permanent exhibition. It is dedicated to the Russian culture of the 17th century and includes precious ecclesiastical and secular dishes, jewelry, antique furniture and clothes.

If you are visiting the Moscow Kremlin and the Armory on the same day and your time is limited, pay attention to the fact that the Armory is a fairly large exposition. The precious collection of the Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin is known all over the world. Therefore, make sure you have enough energy to visit this valuable, extensive and fascinating exhibition during your tour of the Moscow Kremlin!

Museum Armory Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin

The Armory Chamber in the Moscow Kremlin is one of the world's leading treasure museums of the former royal family and is a national pride. Its rich collection includes state regalia, coronation dresses, carriages, Russian works of art made of gold and silver, weapons and armor, Faberge eggs, as well as embassy gifts from ambassadors. different countries peace. No excursion around the territory of the Moscow Kremlin is considered complete without a visit to the Armory.

Diamond fund

The Diamond Fund of the Moscow Kremlin is a separate exposition, which is located in the building of the Armory.
The collection of the Diamond Fund can be compared with the exposition of the Royal Jewels in Great Britain and the Imperial Royal Jewels in Iran.

The Great Imperial Crown of Catherine the Great and all subsequent emperors, adorned with 5,000 diamonds, is presented in the Diamond Fund along with seven historical gems, each of which is world famous.
A visit to this museum takes special place and can become a highlight of your visit to Moscow!
For foreign tourists visiting the Diamond Fund is the easiest procedure of all the Kremlin museums. Although, the information about this visit, contained on the Internet, is sometimes misleading.
No pre-purchase of tickets is required - buy a ticket and visit this museum.
There are no restrictions on tickets for foreign travelers! There is a limited number of tickets for Russian visitors, as they can only enter the Diamond Fund of the Russian Federation with a group tour.
Unfortunately, group tours for foreign guests are not provided, however, you can visit the Diamond Fund at any time during its working hours.

A visit to the complex of the Grand Kremlin Palace is possible!

An excursion to the Grand Kremlin Palace, as a rule, includes a visit to the palace itself, the Faceted Chamber of the Terem Palace, as well as the inner chambers of the imperial family.
The Grand Kremlin Palace complex can be visited in two ways:

At the invitation of the President (foreseen within the framework of state visits, for some Russian and foreign organizations, etc.).
With a private paid 2-hour guided tour on request (for more detailed information and cost, please refer to the article Excursions to the Grand Kremlin Palace). This will require the passport data of all members of the group.

State Kremlin Palace

The State Kremlin Palace, built in 1961, is the newest building on the territory of the Moscow Kremlin, it should not be confused with the Grand Kremlin Palace (sometimes called the Grand Kremlin Palace), described above.

Today the State Kremlin Palace is one of the most popular Moscow concert halls. Tickets for events can be purchased online or at the Palace box office, which is located next to the main entrance to the Kremlin - at the Kutafya Tower - the only white tower in the Kremlin.
The palace is the main venue for the Kremlin Ballet Theatre, one of the leading Russian ballet companies. Its artistic director and chief choreographer is the famous Andris Liepa.
"Kremlin Ballet" represents the highest class dance art, while their performances are more affordable than ticket prices at the Bolshoi Theatre. Attending performances performed by the Kremlin Ballet can be a great option if tickets are not available at the Bolshoi Theater or they are too expensive.

Presidential and administrative buildings (visits are not provided for tourists)

The Russian Kremlin is main museum country, it is also used as a valid (working) residence of the President of the Russian Federation. Therefore, some places and buildings in the Moscow Kremlin are closed to the public.
These include:
The Senate building is the official working residence of the President of Russia
Administrative buildings of the Kremlin, related to the commandant's office of the Kremlin and the Federal Security Service
Arsenal - now the Presidential Regiment is based there.

If you want to save yourself the hassle of organizing your excursion to the Kremlin, let us take care of it - order from Kremlin Tour!

The Moscow Kremlin is located. The history of our Motherland is reflected in each of its buildings. These are ancient cannons and bells, cathedrals and palaces, museums and the residence of the President of Russia. High walls and loopholes tell us that this powerful and majestic building is a fortress. At the same time, this building also reflects the spiritual life of Russia. The Kremlin in Moscow is an all-Russian national shrine, a symbol of Russia.

The ensemble of the Kremlin in Moscow includes the fortress itself with its powerful walls and towers, as well as temples and chambers, majestic palaces and front office buildings. These are ensembles of squares - Cathedral and Ivanovskaya, Senate and Palace, Trinity, as well as streets - Spasskaya, Borovitskaya and Palace.

Moscow Kremlin towers

The walls of the Moscow Kremlin have 20 towers, among which there are no identical ones. The history of Moscow began at the Borovitsky Gates. Here is one of the southwestern towers of the Kremlin wall - Borovitskaya. It goes to the Alexander Garden and Borovitskaya Square. According to legend, her name comes from the forest that covered one of the seven hills on which Moscow stands.

Cathedrals of the Moscow Kremlin

The architectural ensemble of the Moscow Kremlin includes eight cathedrals. One of the main temples of the Russian state - Uspensky. It hosted the coronation of emperors, the crowning of the kingdom, the election of the heads of the Russian Orthodox Church and the burial of metropolitans and patriarchs. Now here you can see the prayer place of Ivan the Terrible, especially valuable icons, a necropolis and a majestic iconostasis.

Blagoveshchensky cathedral served as the personal temple of the Grand Dukes and Tsars of Moscow. It is believed that some of the icons of the temple were created by Andrei Rublev, as well as Theophan the Greek.

Cathedral of the Archangel was the ancestral tomb of the great princes and kings. It has 47 tombstones and 2 shrines. Grand Dukes Ivan Kalita and Dmitry Donskoy, Ivan III and Ivan the Terrible, Tsarevich Dmitry and Tsars Mikhail and Alexei Romanovs are buried here. The image of "Archangel Michael with deeds" created during the Battle of Kulikovo can be seen in the iconostasis of the temple.

The house church of Russian metropolitans and patriarchs is a small Church of the Deposition of the Robe. In it, in a single ensemble, a four-tiered iconostasis in a silver frame and wall paintings are presented.

To the north of the Assumption Church and the bell tower of Ivan the Great are Patriarchal Chambers and small five-domed temple of the Twelve Apostles, built by Russian masters Antip Konstantinov and Bazhen Ogurtsov.

ten-headed St. Basil's Cathedral been in danger of demolition many times. Napoleon in 1812 dreamed of taking him to Paris, and later wanted to blow him up. In Soviet times, the cathedral interfered with the passage of demonstrations and they also wanted to destroy it.

To the east of the Terem Palace are four house churches: St. Catherine and Verkhospassky Cathedral, the Church of the Crucifixion of Christ and the Church of the Resurrection of the Word.

Moscow Kremlin - history and architecture

The first mention of Moscow is found in the annals and refers to 1147. In 1156, the first wooden walls were built on the banks of the Moskva River and the mouth of the Neglinnaya River. Rus' at that time was divided into separate principalities, therefore, in 1238, it could not resist the invasion of the Tatar-Mongol yoke. Moscow was devastated and the Kremlin burned.

During the reign of Ivan Kalita, the Moscow principality was strengthened and the Kremlin was rebuilt. Stone churches, cathedrals and strong oak walls were built. By decree of Prince Dmitry Donskoy, the grandson of Ivan Kalita, in 1367 white-stone walls and towers were erected. Moscow began to be called white-stone. Under Grand Duke Ivan III, the territory of the Kremlin expanded, a moat was dug around the walls. Together with foreign architects, the Assumption and Annunciation churches, the Faceted Chamber and the Ivan the Great Bell Tower (watch tower) are being built. The Archangel Temple was founded. With the flourishing of culture and architecture in the 17th century, the buildings of the Kremlin were also transformed. High brick tents with tile coverings and gilded weathercocks appeared on the Kremlin towers.

At the beginning of the 18th century, by decree of Peter I, the building of the Arsenal was laid. With the transfer of the capital to St. Petersburg, the Kremlin remained in an abandoned state. Almost all wooden buildings were destroyed by fires and were not restored.

Its construction began only in the second half of the 18th century. According to the project of the architect M. F. Kazakov, the building of the Senate is being built. Under the leadership of the architect Ivan Egotov, the first building for the Armory was built. During the War of 1812, Napoleon decided to blow up the Kremlin during his retreat. Only thanks to the courage of the Muscovites, he was miraculously saved. Soon all the damaged buildings were restored.

In 1917, the capture of the Kremlin completed the revolution in Moscow. In March 1918, the Soviet government moved here from Petrograd. Today, the residence of the President of Russia is located here.

On the territory of the Kremlin of Moscow, the State museum complex, which includes the Armory and churches (Uspensky, Arkhangelsk and Annunciation), the Church of the Deposition of the Robe and the Patriarch's Chambers with the Church of the Twelve Apostles, the ensemble of the Ivan the Great Bell Tower, as well as collections of artillery pieces and bells. The complex of the Kremlin and Red Square in 1990 were included in the UNESCO World Cultural Heritage List as one of the outstanding historical monuments planets.

The architecture of the Moscow Kremlin allows you to get a complete picture of how the center was originally arranged Russian capital. includes temples, squares, chambers, buildings. Today, all these are sights, which guests and tourists come to see from all over Russia and from abroad.

Kremlin construction

The architecture of the Moscow Kremlin was formed at the end of the 15th century. The main towers and walls were built in 1485-1495. Red brick and white stone with lime mortar were used. It is worth noting that local craftsmen were not sufficiently qualified for such work. Therefore, foreign experts were invited. Ivan III hired architects from Italy to build the Moscow Kremlin.

However, some towers were nevertheless erected by Russian masters. The fact is that their shape resembles characteristic wooden structures. As you know, at that time carpentry in Rus' reached its perfection, which was facilitated by the universal material itself, and work was constantly required, since periodically large fires destroyed all buildings. To avoid this, stone was used in the construction of the Moscow Kremlin.

Assumption Cathedral

One of the main buildings of this architectural ensemble is the Assumption Cathedral. It was erected on the site of the first stone cathedral in Ivan Kalita in the first half of the 14th century. The architecture of the Moscow Kremlin is largely determined by this building.

The cathedral began to be erected in 1475. The sample was similar place of worship in Vladimir in the 12th century. Thus, the continuity of Moscow in relation to Vladimir, which was previously considered one of the main cities of Rus', was once again emphasized.

For the next 400 years it was main temple in Rus'. It was here that all the rulers were crowned to the kingdom. Main entrance located on the side of the Cathedral Square. The entrance to this Kremlin is, as it were, guarded by the Archangel Michael, whose figure is depicted above the arch. Still higher is the Virgin and Child.

The iconostasis, which we can see today in the Assumption Cathedral, was completed by the icon painters of the Trinity-Sergius Lavra in the middle of the 17th century.

In the years Patriotic War In 1812, the buildings of the Moscow Kremlin were looted and devastated. This cathedral was no exception. Part of the loot from the French was later recaptured by the Russian Cossacks.

Blagoveshchensky cathedral

The architecture of the Moscow Kremlin cannot be imagined without the Cathedral of the Annunciation. It is located in the southwestern part of Cathedral Square. It was built at the end of the 15th century. The work was carried out by Pskov masters.

During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, a porch with a high porch made of white stone was added.

This temple of the Moscow Kremlin was built in the traditions of early Moscow architecture. Today big interest represents the murals of the cathedral, which appeared at the beginning of the 16th century. The main merit belongs to the artel of artists, which was led by Theodosius and his son Dionysius. Lots of stories about the Apocalypse. You can also find secular motifs. For example, Russian princes and Byzantine emperors.

The floor of this cathedral is unique. It was laid out with a special tile of precious agate jasper.

Cathedral of the Archangel

This cathedral within the walls of the Moscow Kremlin appeared at the beginning of the 16th century. It was erected by the invited Italian architect Aleviz Novy. At the same time, he followed the traditions of Russian architecture. The features of the Italian Renaissance are visible only in the rich decoration of the temple.

Its construction was carried out on the site of the ancient Archangel Cathedral, which was erected by Ivan Kalita in the 14th century, in memory of the deliverance of the capital from general famine. It was dismantled due to tightness, making room for a more spacious temple.

The cathedral is crowned with five domes. The central one is gilded, and the side ones are simply painted with silver paint. Carved white stone portals are made in the style of the Italian Renaissance.

During the capture of the capital by Napoleon, a wine warehouse was located here. The French set up a kitchen on the altar, and stole all the valuables.

Church of the Deposition of the Robe

The small church, built by domestic craftsmen at the end of the 15th century, is also noteworthy. She appeared in place of the old wooden church Robe arrangement, which was built after the Tatars retreated from Moscow.

In 1451, they came close to the city, but did not storm it, but retreated, leaving behind all the loot. Orthodox Church gave it religious significance, considering it a miracle. In reality, the Tatars retreated due to political differences between the military leaders.

The new church was seriously damaged by fire in 1737. It was restored by the architect Michurin.

Armouries

The chambers of the Moscow Kremlin today are of great interest to tourists. The first mention of the valuables that are today in the Armory can be found in 1339. Even during the time of Ivan Kalita, the formation of princely treasures began. Among them were jewelry, dishes, church vessels, expensive clothing and weapons.

At the end of the 15th century, one of the centers of Russian art crafts was located here. In addition, gifts from foreign embassies were brought here. Pearls, ceremonial horse harness.

By 1485, the treasury had grown so much that it was decided to build a separate two-story stone building between the Cathedral of the Annunciation and the Archangel. It was called the Treasury.

Faceted Chamber

The Faceted Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin is one of the few parts of the palace that have been preserved since the time of Ivan III. This was his grand throne room. This is the oldest civil stone structure in Moscow.

It was built in 4 years masters with the help of invited Italians - Pietro Solari and Marco Ruffo.

The chamber is a square hall in which they rely on a pillar in the center of the room. The hall, 9 meters high, is illuminated by well-placed 18 windows, as well as by four massive chandeliers. The total area of ​​the Faceted Chamber of the Moscow Kremlin is almost 500 square meters.

At the end of the 16th century, its walls were painted with church and biblical scenes. For centuries, the most important events in the history of the Russian state were celebrated here. Foreign embassies and delegations were received here, the Zemsky Sobor met. The victories of Russian weapons were regularly celebrated in the Palace of Facets. For example, Ivan the Terrible and Peter I celebrated the victory at Poltava over the Swedes.

Red Square

The Red Square of the Moscow Kremlin appeared in the 15th century. Today it is one of the symbols not only of the capital, but also of the country, its calling card.

It was laid by Ivan III, who ordered to demolish all the wooden buildings around the Kremlin. Since they seriously threatened him with a fire. This place, by his order, was taken under trade. Therefore, Red Square was originally called Torg. True, this did not last long.

Already in the 16th century it was renamed Troitskaya. Due to the nearby Church of the Holy Trinity. Later, St. Basil's Cathedral appeared in its place. Judging by the documents, in the 17th century the square was called Pozhar. At the same time, one should not forget an interesting toponymic feature Ancient Rus'. At that time, the same object could have several official names at the same time.

Red Square officially became known as such only in the 19th century. Although in some documents this name is found as early as the 17th century. The meaning of this name, according to Vladimir Dahl's dictionary, is that our ancestors used the word "red" to mean beautiful, excellent.

Over the centuries, on the example of Red Square, one can trace how the Moscow Kremlin has changed. In the 15th century, there appeared famous towers- Senate, Spasskaya and Nikolskaya. In the XVI century St. Basil's Cathedral and the Place of execution. In the 19th century - Historical Museum, Upper malls, which are now called GUM, a monument to Minin and Pozharsky. The 20th century brought the Mausoleum and the necropolis near the Kremlin wall to Red Square.

St Basil's Church

This temple was built in the middle of the 16th century. It was erected in honor of the capture of Kazan by Russian troops. The building is grand building of 9 pillars that rise above the basement, connecting with each other by a gallery. The composition is united by a central pillar, which is crowned with tents with a decorative cupola at the top. Many specially come to Moscow to see this temple with their own eyes.

The central tent is surrounded by eight pillars. All the others end with onion-shaped heads.

From the side of the Spasskaya Tower, two porches lead to the terrace of the temple. From there you can get to the bypass gallery. Tourists and residents of the capital are still impressed by the coloring of the temple, even though it was made several centuries ago. St. Basil's Cathedral was painted by real masters. They used exclusively natural colors in combination with white stone and red brick. Of the latter, the smallest details are made. The bright painting was made in the 17th century. When later extensions appeared, they placed a bell tower and a chapel of the temple in the northeast. The names of the architects who built this iconic religious building have come down to our time. Their names were Posnik and Barma.