Lighthouse - sea "stars" - a developing portal for children and parents famik. What is a lighthouse? Classification and purpose of lighthouses

: A lighthouse is a structure that cannot be called just a structure. Lighthouses have always attracted the eyes and attention of people with their romanticism, special significance for sailors, and even their solitude on capes and steep cliffs protruding into the sea, and the girls say that they are also in shape. For many hundreds of years, lighthouses have been of great importance for maritime navigation, often becoming a virtual salvation for ship crews, exhausted by storms, returning home or going to a foreign port. With development modern technologies, including in maritime navigation, optical beacons no longer play such a significant role, yielding to radio beacons and satellite systems. But they stand, still stand, like sea wolves beaten by time, towers flashing in the night on the shores of the seas and bays.

I've been near the lighthouse dozens of times, but I still couldn't get inside...

3. The lighthouse of Chersonesos is familiar and recognizable by many. It is located at the entrance to Sevastopol bay, in its southwestern part, at the tip of Cape Khersones, which protrudes far into the sea (not to be confused with the Khersones Reserve, which is located directly in the city of Sevastopol).
The first information about the lighthouse in these places appeared in 1789, 6 years after Russian warships entered the Akhtiyar Bay for the first time.
Marine arrangement military base and the laying of the city of Sevastopol required, among other things, the organization of navigation facilities. One of which was the Chersonese lighthouse.

4. The construction of the Chersonese lighthouse began in 1816 together with the Tarkhankut lighthouse. Led by the choice of location and construction of Leonty Spafaryev, director of the lighthouses of the most developed water area in this respect Russian Empire- Gulf of Finland.

5. The lighthouse tower was a 36-meter hollow stone cone with two-meter walls at the base. To the level of the lighthouse room, the thickness of the walls decreased to one meter. As the operating experience showed, the safety factor of the structure made it possible to successfully withstand colossal alternating wind loads, impacts of storm waves and even seismic shocks. The lighthouse survived the most serious Crimean earthquake of the XIX-XX centuries, which was in 1927.

6. Back in the 19th century. houses were built for the lighthouse servants near the tower. At first, the servants huddled in just a few rooms, but later a small residential lighthouse town appeared, which, however, suffered more than once from storms and storms.
In our time, one of the premises is equipped for a lighthouse and technical. It contains all the necessary radio equipment, as well as automatic system beacon control

7. At the very beginning, in 1816, the lighthouse had fifteen Argand lamps with a cotton wick soaked in rapeseed oil as a light source. The burner, protected by a glass dome open at the top, resembled the kerosene lamp familiar to us (although the latter, however, was invented only 37 years later). The lamps were placed at the focus of polished parabolic mirrors.
Later, the lighting apparatus was upgraded to provide a flashing mode of operation. Mirrors and lamps were placed on a round float dipped into a bowl of mercury. A complex gear mechanism, the principle of operation of which is similar to that of clocks with weights, gave the float uniform rotation at a given speed.
At the end of the XIX century. the mirror illuminator was dismantled. Instead, a light-optical apparatus based on Fresnel lenses was installed, consisting of concentric rings of small thickness adjoining each other, having a prism shape in cross section.
After the war, the lighting system was again modernized and the flashing mode of operation is no longer provided by the rotation of the optical apparatus, but by the periodic switching on and off of the lamp.
Today, there is no longer a need for the constant presence of a caretaker in the lighthouse room on the tower, manually lighting the lighthouse and monitoring that the light does not go out.
All this is controlled by an automatic system in a service building near the lighthouse.

8. At the appointed time, the caretaker only has to turn the beacon switch-on knob.

9. He looks at the appointed time in the table of illumination, which is compiled for each month based on the time of dawn and sunset of each day

10. This is a watch that is suspended in a special system that levels the influence of the earth's gravity.

12. Apparatus for direct communication with the main navigation service and a sticker with call signs

13. On the wall in the lighthouse keeper's room is an old-school safety poster and the same old-school rechargeable flashlight. But only mobile phone betrays modernity

14. But it's time to go inside the tower. After all, the most interesting is ahead

15. Despite the signs with the year 1816, the tower itself is not 200 years old.
During the Great Patriotic War(1941-1945) the tower was almost completely destroyed and rebuilt in 1950-1951. from reinforced concrete lined with Inkerman white stone.

15. How is the lighthouse arranged?
As I said, it has a height of 36 meters. The lower part is a hollow cone with spiral staircase and four tiers of light windows to illuminate the stairs.
In the upper part there is a lighthouse room (with a round window and a fence along the contour), in which at first the lighthouse ignition system was located, and also at night there was a caretaker. At the very top is a cap in which the lamp is located. The dome has 360-degree glazing so that the light of the lighthouse can be seen from everywhere.

16. Lighthouse under a light dome. There is a low ceiling and there is absolutely no room to turn around. small table, phone emergency communications and a small window

17. And now - the holy of holies - a lighthouse lamp burning in the night is shown in the hatch

18. Today, a system with a 1 kW quartz-halogen lamp installed during the post-war reconstruction of the lighthouse in 1951 is used.
The flashing mode of operation is provided not by the rotation of the optical apparatus, but by the periodic switching on and off of the lamp. Moreover, the alternation of the duration of the pulses ensures the transmission of the Morse code signal "SV" - Sevastopol.
In addition, a KRM-300 circular radio beacon operates at the cape, transmitting the same "SV" signal at a distance of up to 150 miles (280 km). In addition to it, there is equipment for the more accurate Mayak-75 navigation system, the principle of which is based on measuring the time between the signals of the master and slave stations and calculating the distance to them. The Mayak-75 station operates in conjunction with similar ones located on the capes Tarkhankut, Fiolent and near Genichesk.

19. The moment of ignition of the lamp. Then it's physically impossible to look at her

20. View of the lighthouse town from the lighthouse tower.
The town also did not appear immediately. At first, the attendants huddled in tiny poorly heated houses - 20 people in 4 rooms.
In the early 1870s, the first two-story building was built to accommodate the lower ranks. True, this building was badly damaged by a storm in 1876.
After a storm, a breakwater was erected around the lighthouse, protecting the tower and the lighthouse town from the sea.
Today there are several two-story buildings in which people live, one way or another providing or ensuring the functioning of the lighthouse and its equipment.

21. At night, the lighthouse opens beautiful view into the open sea.
By the way, the lighthouse fire on a clear night can be seen from about 16 miles (30 kilometers) away.

21. Lighthouse tower at night

22. This is how the 36-meter tower looks from the sea

23. One of the dozens of sunsets that I spent on the shore under the lighthouse

24. Evening Chersonese lighthouse

lighthouses. The majestic giants of the coast. For thousands of years they have been pointing the way to their native shores, protecting sailors from the dangers of coastal waters, and giving a ray of hope for salvation. Despite technological progress and the 21st century, lighthouses are still an integral part of the navigation system at sea. Beyond purely technical side maritime safety, beacons attract many as a landmark anywhere in the world. A visit to the light beacon for the area where it is located is an almost mandatory point of the excursion program.

Lighthouse, a tall structure in a harbor or in dangerous places along the coast, on which a strong source of light (oil, kerosene, gas, electricity) is placed to show the way to ships. To amplify and reflect light over a long distance, various devices are used, consisting of mirrors and prisms. Lighthouses come with constant or variable (swirling, flickering) light. The famous lighthouse of antiquity on the island of Pharos near Alexandria had 160 meters. height, built 283 BC. Chr. (one of the seven wonders of the world), survived until the XIV century.
Small Encyclopedic Dictionary of Brockhaus and Efron.

Lighthouse of Alexandria (Faros)

Lighthouse of Alexandria (Faros Lighthouse)- a lighthouse built in the III century BC. e. on the island of Pharos Egyptian city Alexandria, one of the 7 wonders of the world.
Height Lighthouse of Alexandria, according to various estimates, ranged from 120 to 140 meters. For many centuries it was the tallest structure on earth.

An exact copy of the Lighthouse of Alexandria was built in the city of Changsha (China)

Lighthouse of Khersones founded in 1816 and during its long service, which has reached more than 170 years, has played and continues to play a significant role in the history and life of the Black Sea Fleet.

The lighthouse was the first to meet the ships of the squadron of Admiral F.F. Ushakov, Vice-Admiral P.S. Nakhimov, returning to the port of Sevastopol after brilliant victories. Lighthouse Khersonessky witnessed the unprecedented mass heroism of the defenders of Sevastopol in 1942 in the battles near the lighthouse. Despite systematic shelling, bombing from the air, the wounded and badly damaged lighthouse, until the very last days of the heroic defense of Sevastopol, provided the way for Soviet ships and ships breaking through the minefields into the besieged city. Already on May 9, 1944, on the day of the liberation of Sevastopol, fire broke out again on the ruins of the lighthouse.

Lighthouse of Khersones

Lighthouse Tolbukhin- one of oldest lighthouses Baltic Sea. It is located on the Otlin Spit northwest of Kronstadt. It was founded in 1719 and since then for 270 years has been continuously serving to ensure the safety of navigation in the region of the Gulf of Finland, which is difficult in terms of navigation conditions. The lighthouse was built on the personal instructions of Peter I. In one of the notes to Vice-Admiral KruYs on November 13, the tsar ordered: “... make a stone Kolm (lighthouse) with a lantern on the Kotlinskaya spit. A sketch of the lighthouse tower, drawn up by Peter I with his own hand, has also been preserved, the sketch gives the main dimensions of the tower and an addition: "...other things are left to the will of the architect."

Lighthouse Tolbukhin

date of birth Peter and Paul lighthouse considered July 1, 1850. Built from larch wood, the lighthouse was visible from a distance of more than 20 miles. Approximately the same visibility range at night was provided by the fire of the lighthouse lighting apparatus. Its first caretaker was Ensign Gubarev, who distinguished himself a few years later in the defense of Petropavlovsk. It was from this lighthouse that on August 17, 1854, non-commissioned officer Yablokov gave the first signal about the approach of the Anglo-French squadron to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky. After some time, his team entered into battle with the ship "Viraga" with one gun.

Lighthouse Petropavlovsky installed on the northeastern side of the mouth of the Avacha Bay, on Cape Mayachny. Built to ensure navigation of the ships of the Second Kamchatka Expedition of V. Y. Bering - A. I. Chirikov, the Peter and Paul Lighthouse continued to operate in subsequent years. Frigates of the largest sea expeditions of the 18th century D. Cook and F. La Perouse, ships of I. I. Billings and G. A. Sarychev entered Avacha Bay via this lighthouse.

Lighthouse Petropavlovsky

Lighthouse on Kolka the only lighthouse in Latvia built on the island. The island is artificially created and located in the sea. The island was created from stones piled on logs; stones were brought by boat or in winter by sled across the ice from the islands of Kurzeme and Estonia. The island is surrounded by a double wall of logs with stones inside.
The construction of the island began in 1872 and in 1875 a fire was lit on the temporary lighthouse tower. The builders of the lighthouse said that when driving piles, they constantly stumbled upon the wooden bottoms of old ships, countless of which sank on the Domesnes reef.

Lighthouse Kolka

The Malorechensky Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker is the only one on the peninsula lighthouse temple memory of those who died on the waters and travelers. The religious building temple-lighthouse is located near Alushta in the village of Malorechenskoye on a cliff. It is laid on a high cliff above the sea and is visible from many points on the southern coast of the peninsula.

The religious building of the temple-lighthouse of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker is located near Alushta in the village of Malorechenskoye on a cliff. The Church of St. Nicholas of Myra is dedicated to travelers and those who died on the water.

Naval Temple-Lighthouse of St. Nicholas (Moscow Patriarchate)

Lighthouse Aniva was installed in 1939 on a small rock Sivuchya, near the hard-to-reach rocky Aniva Cape. This area is replete with currents, frequent fogs, underwater rocky banks.

Lighthouse Aniva

Thevennec (Lighthouse Tevennec) And la vieille (La Vieille)- these two lighthouses are real light gates of the Atlantic coast of France. They protect ships passing near very dangerous place Qndash, which is a long chain of islands and underwater reefs. Until 1875, when the Thevennec lighthouse was installed, a lot of ships disappeared in this place. The lighthouses of Thevennec and La Vieille show ships a safe route to the shores. These lighthouses are mentioned in many adventure stories.

Lighthouse La Vieille

A Thevennec lighthouse won great fame because of his secret, which was revealed not so long ago. Under the rock on which the lighthouse is installed, there is a cave, the crevices of which are filled with water during a storm and resonant vibrations of water and air occur, resulting in incredibly creepy sounds. And until the secret of these sounds was revealed, many lighthouse keepers lost their minds because of the fear of these sounds.

Lighthouse Tevennec

rightfully deserved its name "Sea Palace". With special majesty, this granite fortress stands in the open sea near the island of Oussant. De Kereon is the last inhabited lighthouse, the doors of which were closed only in 2004.

Lighthouse de Kereon (Le Phare de Kereon)

Lighthouse La Jument(La Jument)- This is a hundred-meter lighthouse, which majestically stands just in the sea on a small rocky spur. It is located in the westernmost Breton area on the island of Ouessant (France)

Lighthouse La Jument

Lighthouse Four (Le Four) located off the coast of France. This is a huge tower in the open sea, for which even 30-meter waves are not afraid.

Lighthouse Four (Le Four)

Lighthouse Akranes set in the volcanic landscapes of Iceland near Akranes, the country's 9th most populous city. Almost all Icelanders live on the coast due to the mountainous lava desert and glacial terrain of the interior.

Lighthouse Akranes

Peggy Point Lighthouse is one of the busiest tourist attractions in Nova Scotia and one of the most recognizable lighthouses in the world. Several decisions are currently being made to protect the lighthouse under the Lighthouse Heritage Protection Act.

Peggy Point Lighthouse

Picturesque lighthouse Kovalam, located in India next to a popular resort.

Lighthouse Kovalam

Lighthouse Split Rock, located in Minnesota, was built in 1910 after a series of shipwrecks near Lake Superior. It was decommissioned in 1960 and is now a historical monument.

Lighthouse Split Rock

Australia's easternmost lighthouse maintained by the Cape Byron Conservation Area, which acquired and preserved the building in 1998. The site is currently used as a base for whale watching.

Cape Byron Lighthouse

This lighthouse in Key Biscayne, Florida, was created in 1825 in order to guide ships from the Florida reef. Guided tours of the lighthouse and keeper's cottage are allowed twice a day.

Cape Florida Lighthouse

You can see this tower near San Francisco Bay, but the lighthouse has been closed to tourists since 2001 due to its poor condition. The refurbished caretaker's lodge has served as a youth hostel since the mid-1960s.

Lighthouse Pigeon Point

One of the decorations lake constance, located on the border of Germany, Switzerland and Austria, can be safely called an architectural complex on the pier of the Bavarian city of Lindau. Ships, including numerous passenger liners, get here through a kind of “gate” formed by a marble statue of a lion, a symbol of Bavaria, installed on the pier, and a lighthouse 33 meters high: it is located on the opposite, western, pier. The predecessor of the lighthouse was the Mangenturm tower, which served as a lighthouse from 1180 to 1300. The harbor was completed in 1811. A lighthouse called the "New Lindau Lighthouse", was built in 1853-1856 during the reconstruction of the port, and is considered the southernmost lighthouse in Germany.

Lighthouse on Lake Constance

The majestic giants of the coast. For thousands of years they have been pointing the way to their native shores, protecting sailors from the dangers of coastal waters, and giving a ray of hope for salvation.

Lighthouse- a structure built in the form of a tower, designed to navigate ships near dangerous shores. They are a visible landmark during the day, and at night they emit a continuous or flashing bright light to warn passing ships of dangers and help them navigate, determine a safe course. For a lighthouse, its identification is important, including the exact coordinates of its location on sea map. For many hundreds of years, lighthouses have been of great importance for maritime navigation, often becoming a virtual salvation for ship crews, exhausted by storms, returning home or going to a foreign port.

History of occurrence

In ancient times, sailors, sailing at night, navigated by ordinary fires that burned along the coast. In the tenth song of the Odyssey, he tells that the inhabitants of Ithaca lit fires so that Odysseus could find his native harbor. Many centuries passed before people began to build special lighthouse structures. The first information about lighthouse towers is reported by the Roman historian Pliny the Elder in his " natural history". In his time, there were lighthouses in Alexandria, Ostia, Ravenna and other ports of the Mediterranean Sea. The Alexandrian, or Pharos, tower, built in 283 BC at the mouth of the Nile at the entrance to the Alexandrian harbor, is considered the most ancient lighthouse. was built by the Greek architect Sostratus on the orders of the Egyptian king Ptolemy Philadelphus.At night, a fire burned on the top of the tower, which, according to contemporaries, "shone like a star" and was visible at a distance of about 30 nautical miles.By the beginning of our era, there were 27 lighthouses in the world. They illuminated the shores of the Dardanelles, the Bosporus, the English Channel, the Apennine Peninsula, Southern France, Spain.In the Middle Ages, with the flourishing of the commercial activities of the Hanseatic League, beacon-towers appeared in the North Sea.The first of them was built by the merchants of the free city of Hamburg in 1286 on the island of Neuwerk when approaching the mouth of the Elbe.

Despite technological progress and the 21st century, lighthouses are still an integral part of the navigation system at sea. In addition to the purely technical side of ensuring maritime safety, light beacons attract many as a landmark in any place in the world. A visit to the light beacon for the area where it is located is an almost mandatory point of the excursion program.

Types of lighthouses

Coastal lighthouses

These structures are built on the coast, sometimes, in the vicinity of the coast, they can be erected on coastal islands.

Coastal beacons differ in their function: Identification(single) beacons - they serve to indicate a certain point on the water or land surface, serve, in particular, as signs at the entrance to the port, as well as in those places where ships change their course, as well as to indicate dangerous areas on the water.

Leading beacons(necessarily work in pairs) - first of all, they serve to mark a certain line on the map, they are usually used to indicate to ships where they should change course in order to enter a harbor or port. The lighthouse is a point on the horizon, which is clearly not enough for many navigational needs. To indicate passages to ports, estuaries, directions of movement along the fairway, beacons can be used as leading signs. In this case, two beacons are used, installed on different height. The far beacon is always higher than the near one - thus, if the vessel is on the right course, then both beacons can be simultaneously observed from it, located on the course line, visually one above the other. Due to the difference in the heights of the leading marks, it is possible to determine exactly which direction to correct the course in order to accurately follow the direction of the alignments. Such a system of indicating the direction of movement was first introduced in Europe in 1837 and was called "Leading Lights" (Eng. Leading Lights). Thanks to this system with a difference in the heights of the leading beacons, it became possible to determine exactly in which direction to change the course of the vessel. It is widely used not only in sea but also in river navigation. Most of the approach routes and fairways of sea and river ports are equipped with leading lights.

Marine lighthouses

Sea lighthouses or "floating" are installed on sea vessels. They can be used away from coastline, when entering the port, serve as a pilot station. They are equipped with a strong light source with the use of optical magnification, in order to be clearly visible at night.

Lighthouses in Russia

The emergence of lighthouses in Russia dates back to the time of the birth of a regular domestic fleet. With the access of the Russian state to the seas, Peter I had to take care of ensuring the safety of navigation, in particular, by building lighthouses, identification marks and fencing fairways.

The first lighthouse was built on the Sea of Azov at the mouth of the Don during a campaign against Azov (1696). Petrovsky's "firstborn" was also illuminated by bonfires. If we follow the chronological order of the appearance of lighthouses in tsarist Russia, then it is necessary to turn to Arkhangelsk on the White Sea, where, before the founding of St. Petersburg, all the naval and commercial activities of the Russian Tsar were concentrated. By decree of the Great Converter in 1705, a floating fence was built on the Northern Dvina at the entrance to the port of Arkhangelsk. Since then, the lighthouse business began to develop rapidly, despite tangible financial difficulties due to numerous wars. It should be noted that Peter I sometimes attached to the decrees on the construction of new lighthouses his own schematic drawings of the proposed structures with general instructions.

By the end of the reign of Peter I, several lighthouses - stone and wooden - were already operating on the Baltic Sea. Most of them were lit by firewood, some by charcoal. Firewood was usually prepared by peasants of nearby villages for 30 kopecks. per sazhen, and it took a lot of them. For example, about 900 fathoms of firewood were burned annually at the Dagerort lighthouse, and 250 fathoms of firewood and up to 1500 pounds of "overseas" (Dutch) coal were burned at the Gotland lighthouse.

Non-commissioned officers with sailors, pilots or infantry soldiers, and sometimes simply peasants, were entrusted with monitoring the lighting of lighthouses at the direction of the local authorities. Each time they went to the lighthouse, instructions were given to the observers of the lighting, which always invariably ended with the instruction "to have a diligent look, in strong care, so that [the lighthouses] are always properly maintained" and "the fire of the great and high burned." With the cessation of lighting on winter time most of the people returned to their former places of service, and two people were usually left to look after the lighthouse in the winter.

In Russia, near the Kola Peninsula, a lighthouse Svyatonossky is one of the largest and oldest and in this regard is of historical value.

The Svyatonossky lighthouse is installed on the Svyatoy Nos peninsula. The height of the tower from the base is 22 meters. The height of the fire from sea level is 94 meters. Visibility range 22 miles.

The development of lighthouse construction in the North is associated with the name of the brave Pomor I. I. Pashin, who made two unparalleled voyages from Arkhangelsk to St. Petersburg around Scandinavia on his small boat "Saint Nicholas". Thanks to these voyages, Pashin became known to high royal officials and the general public. While in 1835 in the capital, he petitioned the Minister of Finance, who at that time was in charge of merchant shipping. In his letter, Pashin revealed in detail the navigational and economic need to establish a number of illuminated lighthouses in the White Sea and on the Murmansk coast, modeled on Western countries and the Baltic coasts of Russia. First of all, the navigator considered it expedient to place illuminated beacons at points where, during the autumn voyage to Arkhangelsk, Pomeranian and foreign sailing ships abruptly changed their course: at Capes Svyatoy Nos, Gorodetsky, Tersko-Orlovsky, Pulonga, winter mountains, on the islands of Mudyug, Zhizhtin, Zhuzhmun, Sosnovets.

In 1835, the Naval Ministry decided to build 9 lighthouses on the White Sea to provide coast lighting necessary for the safety of navigation. Among them was a lighthouse on the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula, and this lighthouse was given Special attention. The "Report on the Hydrographic Department", signed by Major General Zeleny, says: "The lighthouse on the Holy Nose, the entrance beacon to the White Sea, is essential, and not the existence of such an entrance beacon, the only example in European seas; the reason for such a case can be explained by the fact that our warships mainly leave the White Sea, and do not enter it, and therefore do not feel the urgent need that merchant ships need. Such entrance beacons should have the brightest lighting possible, and therefore the Department believes that it is really necessary to have first-class fire on the Holy Nose and even glimmers that enhance the brightness of the light and clearly distinguish beacon fire from strangers.

Initially, it was planned to build a stone lighthouse with a Fresnel diopter system on the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula. Due to the high cost of such a project and the complexity of subsequent repairs, it was decided to purchase a cast-iron or iron lighthouse abroad with its subsequent delivery in disassembled form to the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula, where it was planned to assemble it.

On March 18, 1859, the Chief Commander of the Arkhangelsk Port, Adjutant General B. A. Gyaazenal, addressed the Hydrographic Department of the Naval Ministry with the following proposal: "I believe that with the most limited appropriation, the construction of wooden lighthouses with due calculation designed, with their lower value, relatively iron and stone, can bring proper benefits and for a very long time.

The English breeder Grissel, with whom negotiations were held on the manufacture of a metal lighthouse, did not provide the relevant detailed drawings, but only made the facades of the lighthouse. The drawing of the facade of the lighthouse was made at a high artistic level (it is stored in the Central State Administration of the Navy), but did not allow checking the compliance with the amount of 57 thousand rubles required by him. In addition, an analysis of climatic conditions showed the need for appropriate processing of metal parts, which led to a significant increase in the cost of the entire lighthouse structure. All this, plus the lack of funds, led to the fact that His Imperial Majesty Sovereign Emperor Alexander Nikolayevich "... deigned to approve the Highest..." the project of a wooden lighthouse on the Svyatoi Nos peninsula. Instead of the apparatus of the Fresnel system (the most modern at that time), it was decided to install ordinary reflectors on the lighthouse, which were made in the lamp workshop of the Directorate of the Baltic Lighthouses in Tallinn.

The contract for the construction of wooden services (residential and service buildings and structures) for the lighthouse and their delivery to the place was taken by the Arkhangelsk merchant Ivan Ermolaevich Toropov. The construction was carried out in the village of Solombala. The disassembled services were transported to the peninsula and assembled there. The following were built: a caretaker's house, a barracks, a bathhouse, a pantry with a glacier, a shed for cisterns. Later, a lighthouse tower was also assembled in Arkhangelsk, which, disassembled, was transported by sea to the Svyatoy Nos Peninsula, where it was supposedly installed by September 15 (old style), 1862. At the same time, a catoptric system with argant lamps was delivered to the lighthouse from Tallinn.

The right to build and maintain lighthouses at that time belonged not only to the government, but also to private individuals, so the owners of coastal estates often built lighthouses for their needs and operated them partially. on your own, partly for rent. Beacon lights, no different from the lights bred local population often lead to shipwrecks.

The biggest inconvenience, however, came from the fact that private owners were allowed to maintain beacon lights at their own expense. These owners, using the ancient Coastal Law, which allowed to take part of the value of a wrecked ship and its cargo, often deliberately extinguished a beacon fire or lit it in another place, contributing to shipwrecks.

LIGHTHOUSE
a structure in the form of a tower located in navigable waters or on land near them. It serves as a visible guide during the day and emits continuous light or flashes of light at night to warn sailors of hazards and assist them in determining the safe course of the ship. The identification of each beacon, including the coordinates of its location, is very important. Lighthouses are identified by the characteristic outline of the tower (during the day) and by the distinctive changes in the brightness of the light, its color, the nature of the light pulses of the lighthouse lights, etc. (at night). Thanks to the development in the first half of the 20th century. additional navigational safety aids, beacons are now often equipped with other important signaling equipment. This includes audible alarms activated in conditions of poor visibility, and radio beacons. The latter, which have a long range (300 km or more), often work according to a set schedule in clear weather, and are additionally turned on during fog, smoke or snowfall. Lighthouses are also equipped with radar stations to assist in navigation near their location or with long-range radio navigation systems (of the Loran type) to guide ships on the high seas. The Loran system has a range of 2,100 km. In terms of the nature of the functions performed, lighthouses are closely related to a variety of floating aids to navigation, which have become an important element in the safety of ships and in the management of their movement. Although the term "lighthouse" is usually associated with traffic control, these structures are often used to control air traffic especially when radio equipment is used. Buildings located primarily away from water spaces and along established airways to guide aircraft, often referred to as aircraft beacons due to their great resemblance to their earlier variety. The most famous of the lighthouses of antiquity - Alexandria, or Pharos - was built in 283-247 BC. on the island of Pharos near the Egyptian city of Alexandria. Lighthouses are conditionally divided into large and small, and those, in turn, are located on the coast or in the sea. Large beacons are tall towers, they produce high power light and often have additional means of warning, such as radio beacons and sound devices. At large coastal lighthouses, maintenance personnel are usually constantly present. Small lighthouses play a secondary role, most often operate in automatic mode without the constant presence of personnel and are located along inland or other nearby waterways in navigable waters or on the coast between large lighthouses. Important means of warning of danger to navigation should be constructed near the dangerous place or directly above it. IN similar cases a fixed tower structure may not be practical, so floating buoys or buoys are used for small areas of danger, or floating beacons at anchor with signal lights when large sizes dangerous place. Large lightships usually have a crew present at all times; they are expensive to build and operate, but they can be equipped with the same powerful signaling facilities as large land-based beacons, and therefore their installation in especially critical places with heavy traffic is justified. Where conditions allow, instead of floating lighthouses, stationary ones fixed on the seabed are equipped. When designing and building underwater supports, the effects of tides, undercurrents, sea salts, ice and possible bottom erosion should be taken into account. As offshore structures are more exposed to natural forces than elsewhere, special care must be taken in the design and construction of such structures. A common problem for all offshore structures is metal corrosion. This problem is exacerbated under conditions tropical climate. Lighthouse tower materials can be stone, concrete, brick, cast iron, high-quality steel, wood, and even ordinary steel, when corrosion is not too great, as in freshwater lakes. Brickwork and granite are preferred building materials for important lighthouses. Bronze, which is resistant to corrosion, was widely used for the manufacture of the light chamber and fittings. Today, however, aluminum is used instead of bronze. On light underwater soils, for the construction of the foundation of the lighthouse, a caisson-type structure is used, immersed in the ground and filled with concrete. sandbanks- the most difficult places for the construction of lighthouses, and history gives many examples of building foundations in such places - sometimes successful, but often disastrous. As a source of light signal on beacons, searchlights with high-power incandescent lamps are usually used. A variety of operating modes, precise focusing of the light beam in optical systems, purity, safety, a wide range of precisely determined characteristics, high and easily changeable light power concentration are the main factors that ensured the success of incandescent lamps. Small beacons of local importance widely use low-voltage incandescent lamps powered by portable batteries. Probably the most important improvement in the optical equipment of lighthouses was the use of the Fresnel lens around 1820. Such lenses, made of ground and polished glass, quickly came into common use, and when rotated and combined with colored filters, it was possible to obtain big variety high power flashes. The variety of power and light characteristics has increased even more with the development of electric incandescent lamps. In most countries, lighthouses and their navigation aids are handled by specially organized services. These services have special vessels for the construction, repair and operation of lighthouses, as well as the installation and maintenance of buoys and buoys. IN Lately the number of large light stations and floating beacons is decreasing, and the number of radio beacons and long-range systems, as well as buoys and buoys, is increasing. These changes are caused not only by the need to use more powerful and modern radio signaling means, but also by the cheaper cost of operation. In the case of luminous buoys, the ability to accurately indicate the place of danger is very important. In order for lighthouses and other signaling devices to be used in maritime navigation with the greatest efficiency, seafarers must have all necessary information about them. Therefore, maritime shipping countries periodically publish lists of their maritime signaling devices, which indicate the exact location, type, design and performance of those operating in given time beacons and other signaling devices. For example, illuminating agents are characterized by the color and frequency of their light flashes in order to avoid identification errors. Different sides of the shallows are indicated by navigational signs of different colors, indicating the safe course of the vessel. Sound signals given in conditions of poor visibility differ in the duration of the beeps and the order in which they follow, and the signals of radio beacons differ in combinations of "dots" and "dashes" transmitted on the frequency assigned to this beacon. For sailors, it is also important to know the height of the illuminating means above sea level and the range of its visibility, and therefore information is needed on the brightness and intensity of the light source. The radio beacon emits signals, using which the navigator can determine the position of his ship. A radar beacon is a transceiver navigation radio station that allows you to determine, in addition to its location, the direction to the beacon and the distance to it. Some beacons carry out synchronized separate transmission of an audio signal and a radio signal. By measuring the time delay between the reception of these signals transmitted simultaneously, the navigator can convert it into a distance, taking into account that a delay of 3 s corresponds approximately to a range of 1 km - this is the distance traveled by an audio signal in 3 s under normal weather conditions. See also NAVIGATION.

LITERATURE
Polytechnic Dictionary. M., 1976

Collier Encyclopedia. - Open society. 2000 .

Synonyms:

See what "LIGHTHOUSE" is in other dictionaries:

Lighthouse- Lighthouse, UK. LIGHTHOUSE, a tower-type structure, usually installed on the shore or in shallow water. Serves as a navigational guide for ships. It is equipped with so-called beacon lights, as well as devices for giving sound signals, ... ... Illustrated Encyclopedic Dictionary

- (Light house) 1. An artificial structure that serves to determine the position of the vessel when sailing in sight of the coast and for better identification of the coast in order to avoid dangers. Usually a lighthouse is a tower, on which it is necessary at night ... ... Marine Dictionary

Lighthouse- (Kyrylivka, Ukraine) Hotel category: Address: Kalinina Street 150, Kirillovka, 72563, Ukraine ... Hotel catalog

Lighthouse- (Chelyabinsk, Russia) Hotel category: 3 star hotel Address: Darvina Street 2A, Chelyabinsk, Ross … Hotel catalog

LIGHTHOUSE, a tower-like structure with a high-mounted light chamber, located on the seashore so that ships do not go astray at night. Lighthouses are built on land and at sea, sometimes near a port or harbor, and sometimes as a sign that in this or ... ... Scientific and technical encyclopedic dictionary

Lighthouse- Device for monitoring the development of cracks: gypsum or alabaster tiles attached to both edges of a crack in the wall; two glass or plexiglass plates with risks for measuring the size of the crack opening, etc. Source ... Dictionary-reference book of terms of normative and technical documentation

fencing maritime dangers.

In order to ensure the safety of navigation, at least two conditions must be observed: with sufficient accuracy, all known maritime dangers must be marked on the navigation chart and these dangers at sea should be protected by certain, clearly visible signs or other artificial objects by which the navigator could easily navigate and avoid danger ahead of time. In addition, each navigator needs various coastal and marine landmarks to determine his place in the sea, identify the coast, approaches to ports and anchorages.
The totality of all means and devices that ensure the safety of navigation in a certain area or sea, indicate surface or underwater danger, make it possible to identify the opening coast and determine the position of the vessel when sailing near the coast, is called navigation equipment of the area or seas in general. At the place of installation, aids to navigation can be coastal and floating.
The main purpose of navigational equipment is to protect sea hazards. floating fence installed on the water - these are buoys, cormorants, milestones and floating beacons, which serve to directly warn the navigator about the danger existing in this place. coastline- sea and coastal beacons, coastal signs and towers, leading signs - are installed on the coastal strip of continents and islands. In some cases, the role of the coastal fence is performed by various notable places and objects marked on the map - individual heights, triangulation towers, notable buildings (churches, towers, etc.).

The scope of lightships is much smaller than other floating warning signs. As a rule, floating lighthouses are installed in areas of maritime hazards that are far from the coast at the entrance to straits, channels or teres (for example, the floating lighthouse "in the Gulf of Riga), often as receiving beacons of large ports. Each floating lighthouse is painted conspicuous and different from the paint of others The freeboards of lightships are usually painted red. capital letters write the name of the lighthouse. A lightship located in its regular place must carry a lattice ball on the top of the mast, and below it - a yellow lighthouse flag with a straight blue cross. A floating lighthouse torn from its regular place is considered inoperative and instead of a balloon and a lighthouse flag, it must carry: during the day: - one black balloon in the bow and stern (or one red flag) at night - one red light in the same places. Lightships can also give fog and other signals. Recently, floating lighthouses have fallen into disuse and are being replaced by tower-based sea lighthouses.
The floating fence is called full-time, if it is shown on maps, An additional fence placed for any special purpose in summer time, is called summer. Winter fencing is set up after freezing in freezing ports to mark the entrance and exit from the ports, as well as areas and roadsteads for the safe movement of icebreakers and caravans guided by them. The setting up of a summer or winter fence is reported in the Notices to Mariners.

Fig.56: Coastal lighthouse.

Facilities coastal fencing- lighthouses, illuminated and unilluminated signs, alignments, etc. - are installed in order to make it easier for sailors to navigate the sea in relation to maritime dangers, to better identify the coast and the entrance to the port or to the roadstead, to determine the position of the vessel when sailing in the visibility of the shores of the main coastal the landmark is the lighthouse. Equipped with a powerful light source, the lighthouse in good weather at night it has a visibility range of up to 15-20 miles or more. Mariners are among the beacon signals with the highest degree of confidence, since their location is invariable.

Unlike other navigational signs, the lighthouse serves sailors around the clock and in any weather. Depending on the installation location, coastal beacons are divided into proper coastal and marine ones.
Coastal lighthouses are usually erected on high, protruding headlands of the mainland or big islands(fig.56), maritime- on natural or artificial islands located far from the coast or simply on an underwater rock (Fig. 57). According to their purpose, coastal beacons can be identification (indicative) and leading. The first, as the name implies, usually serve as receiving signs at the entrance to a port or channel (for example, Doobsky lighthouse when approaching Novorossiysk), turning signs in the place where passing ships usually change their course (for example, Povorotny in Japanese sea), warning signs indicating a certain navigational danger (for example, Rodsher in the Gulf of Finland). Leading beacons are placed to facilitate the passage of ships in narrow spaces or the entrance to the roadstead, harbor or port (for example, the Tallinn Leading Lights).

To avoid confusion, all lighthouses differ from each other not only appearance, but also the characteristics of fire and fog signal. It has been practically established that beacons with the same characteristics should not be located closer than 80 miles from each other.

The main requirements for beacons are as follows:

The location of each beacon must be accurately mapped.
It should be clearly visible both day and night.
The lighthouse light should not be mistaken for any incidental light on the shore.
The beacon must have a reliable fog alarm.

In addition to lighthouses, illuminated and non-illuminated signs are installed on the shore. Illuminated signs differ from lighthouses in their smaller size and in that they are equipped with automatic light sources, which are less powerful and do not require constant maintenance. Unlit signs serve as landmarks only in the daytime (Fig. 58).

Signal and other stations.

In addition to the signs of the floating and coastal fencing, the safety of navigation is ensured by a number of special signal stations, the task of which is to transmit to ships at sea information that is important for safe navigation. They can be located at lighthouses or work independently. These stations primarily include radio stations, which, depending on their purpose, transmit meteorological reports, radio navigation announcements, time signals and medical advice. These transmissions are installed program, upon request or at certain times of the day.

Fig.57: Marine lighthouse. White round tower.

Telephone exchanges with lighthouses, they allow you to connect them with the nearest port or settlement.
Weather reports and radio navigational announcements (abbreviated as METEO and NAVIM) inform mariners about the expected weather and changes in the navigational situation. They are transmitted by all coast stations of the Ministry of the Navy in clear text. These notices may be regular or urgent. The latter are transmitted immediately upon arrival at the radio station, and the next - according to the schedule of transmissions. Time signals by radio are given in accordance with the program set by the given station, the details of which are indicated in the sailing directions and in the special publication "Radio Time Signals".
In addition to radio communications, sound, flag (shaped) and light signaling means are also used to transmit the necessary information to ships. To give such signals, in a place clearly visible from the sea, they install signal posts, equipped with a mast, on which I raise certain combinations of flags or figures indicating the necessary signals. At night, these signals are transmitted in Morse code using a lantern or a combination of red, green and white lights. The following signals are usually given from signal posts:
"Danger Warning"- served by floating beacons, on the mast of which for ships whose course leads to danger, a two-flag signal is raised according to the International Code of Signals - "You are going to danger" with the simultaneous launch of missiles (at night, the signal is given only by missiles). The signal is given until the ship sees it and changes its course.
"Pilot Signals"- they regulate the movement of ships along the canal or fairway, report on the depths in the fairways, on the tides in the port, on the currents and on the height of the water, etc.

Fig.58: Coast marker.

"Storm Signals"- to warn sailors and the population of port cities about impending storms and strong winds. These signals are of significance for a limited area and serve as the main warning for ships going to sea (see Appendix 2, e).
Fog signals, which are of very serious importance for the safety of navigation near the coast, are given by air and underwater means of sound signaling when visibility decreases (fog, snow charge, frost, etc.). In Soviet waters, airborne fog signals are given by coastal beacons using the following devices:

nautophone - a membrane emitter with a sound reminiscent of the sound of a horn. The range of hearing reaches 3-4 miles;
siren - steam or pneumatic with a fixed or rotating horn. Makes a strong howling sound and has an average hearing range of 6-8 miles;
diaphone - makes a strong intermittent sound, audible at a distance of 6-8 miles;
foghorn - has a monophonic sound with a short range of hearing (up to 2 miles). It is mainly used on floating lighthouses;
a whistle (or howler) is used on sea buoys. Works automatically when a certain force is excited;
cannon - shots are fired with an interval of 10 minutes. With a wind from the sea, shots are fired more often;
explosions - a strong sound from the explosion of a special cartridge at high altitude; spreads in all directions and is considered more reliable than a cannon;
bell - currently used only on sea buoys and as a backup for lighthouses.

Coastal beacons give a two-strike ringing with an interval of up to 3 minutes; floating lighthouses - three-strike ringing with an interval of up to 2 minutes.
Separately, they can be distinguished direction-finding stations and radio beacons, which, by transmitting certain signals, serve to determine the position of the vessel at sea using radio bearings.
pilot stations provide pilotage of vessels to and from the port, and rescue stations provide assistance to ships in distress.
All information about lighthouses, signal stations and the signals transmitted by them is given in "Lotsiya" and separate editions of "Lights and Signs" for each sea. The same publications contain data on pilot and rescue stations. Points where there are such stations are indicated on the maps.