Prepare a message "Journeys of the Phoenician sailors

Phenicia was located on the east coast mediterranean sea(now it is the territory of Lebanon). Phenicia was a set of separate cities with their surrounding lands, and they were ruled by kings. Such cities are called policies - city-states. Among the Phoenician city-states, Byblos, Tyre, and Sidon stood out. The Phoenician cities never united into a single state.

The Phoenicians have always tried to keep their discoveries secret. At the turn of the VI-V centuries BC, another Phoenician navigator, Gannon, sailed along the coast West Africa and probably reached Cameroon. An account of this voyage ("pericles") was put on public display in the main temple of Carthage.

Subsequently, the coast of the Central, Eastern and South Africa for almost one and a half thousand years, it turned into one huge white spot for European sailors. Until the 15th century, no one dared to swim along western coasts Africa towards the equator by a route long familiar to the Phoenicians.

Phenicia - narrow lane east coast Mediterranean Sea, bounded in the east by the Lebanese Range.

ABOUT Phoenicians first told by Homer. From the end of the 2nd to the beginning of the 1st millennium BC, the Phoenicians were engaged in maritime trade, at the same time they founded settlements throughout the Mediterranean (the most significant of them was Carthage). Like all seafarers of antiquity, they never own will did not move away from the coast beyond its visibility, never sailed in winter and at night.

When the Phoenician society became slave-owning, it increasingly began to need an influx of new slaves, and this further strengthened the desire to sail to overseas countries.

So, no later than 15 centuries BC The Phoenicians began to visit Crete. Moving from there to the west, they marked the beginning of the opening of the Central Mediterranean Basin. From the islands Aegean Sea the Phoenicians went to southern shores Balkan Peninsula, crossed the Strait of Otranto and rounded Apulia and Calambria. Simultaneously with the Cretans, or somewhat later, they discovered the island of Sicily, and then discovered and colonized Malta in the 8th century BC. Having crossed the Strait of Tunis, they moved west and traced almost 2000 km coastline North West Africa, opening mountain country Atlas to the Strait of Gibraltar. Coming to the strait, the Phoenicians for the first time got a correct idea of ​​the length of the Great Sunset Sea (3700 km).

Simultaneously with the penetration to the west, the Phoenicians began to explore the African coast and in eastbound. They opened the bays of Hammamet, Little Sirte with the islands of Kerkenna and Djerba and Greater Sirte.

According to ancient Greek authors, the Phoenicians were the first to enter the Atlantic Ocean. They opened up the whole west coast Iberian Peninsula, entered the mouths of such rivers as the Guadiana, Tagus, Douro, Minho. There is a possibility that the Phoenicians got acquainted with the shores Bay of Biscay up to the Brittany Peninsula.

The Phoenicians built ships for expeditions organized by their neighbors, who owned the shores of the Red Sea and the Persian Gulf, and entered their service.

IN 600 BC Egyptian pharaoh Necho ordered a group of Phoenician merchants to go to sailing around africa. About this voyage, 150 years later, the historian Herodotus, who visited Egypt, told, and with such details that he himself considered incredible. But it is these details that confirm the authenticity of the event. So, Herodotus, who had no modern idea of the globe and the solar system, that part of the story seemed implausible, which said that when the Phoenicians went around Africa from the south, moving from east to west, they had the sun on the right side, that is, in the north. For us, it is clear that it is this circumstance that confirms that the Phoenicians really crossed the equator, sailed through the waters of the Southern Hemisphere and circled Africa from the south. They circled Africa for three years, which is quite plausible, given the capabilities of the shipping technology of that time, as well as the fact that they stopped for 2-3 months every year to sow and harvest grain.

Around 850 BC, Carthage was founded by the Phoenicians - the greatest trading center of that time. In 500 BC, Carthage, having arisen as a Phoenician colony, already began to look for colonies. To this end, the Carthaginians organized a large sea expedition led by the Carthaginian admiral Hanno. He led a flotilla consisting of 60 ships, on which there were 30,000 colonists.

Along the way, Hannon founded cities and in each of them left a part of people and ships.

This journey of the Carthaginians was reflected in the “Periplus” (description of the voyage) of the naval commander Hanno, from which we learned that, having passed through strait of Gibraltar, they followed the Atlantic coast of Africa for two days, founding cities along the way. They rounded Cape Zeleny and soon entered the mouth of the Gambia River. A few days later, the travelers reached the bay, which they called the Western Horn (probably Bissagos Bay), then the South Horn (now Sherborough Bay in Sierra Leone) and finally landed on the coast of present-day Liberia.

Thus, Gannon reached Equatorial Africa. As far as is known, he was the first inhabitant of the Mediterranean to visit West Africa and describe it.

The results of his outstanding voyage were used only to a minimal extent: the Carthaginian merchants went through it to Kerna and organized the “Golden Road” (gold trade) with the deep regions of West Africa.

The Carthaginians are also credited with discovering Azores, but there are no indications in literary monuments that they visited these islands. But in 1749, the Swede Johan Podolin reported the discovery of a treasure trove of ancient coins on the island of Kovru, among which were Carthaginian ones.

Simultaneously with Hanno, another navigator of Carthage - Himilcon- committed great swim along the western coast of Europe and, apparently, reached the southwestern tip of England (the Isles of Scilli).

Thus, Phoenicians And Carthaginians were the first peoples of antiquity who swam in the open sea and ocean without a compass. Undoubtedly, their voyages should have enriched the Phoenicians with many information regarding the physical properties of the ocean, but nothing from their area of ​​\u200b\u200bknowledge has come down to us. Apparently they were of the opinion that the Atlantic and Indian Ocean s form one continuous water surface.

MUNICIPAL BUDGET GENERAL EDUCATIONAL INSTITUTION

"NOVOSELOVSKAYA SECONDARY EDUCATIONAL SCHOOL"

RAZDOLNENSKY DISTRICT OF THE REPUBLIC OF CRIMEA

Trips Phoenician sailors

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elementary teacher

classes

MBOU "Novoselovskaya

school"

Nezboretskaya Olga

Vasilevna

town Novoselovskoye - 2016

JOURNEYS OF THE PHOENICIAN SAILORS

Most famous journey Phoenician navigators committed during the time of the mighty and conceited Egyptian pharaoh Necho (reigned from 610 to 592 BC).

He called to himself the best and most experienced sailors of Byblos, Tyre, and Sidon, and instructed them to sail around Africa. If you never turn back, having a shore all the time right hand, they will be back in Egypt, the pharaoh promised them great rewards. If they became timid and turned the steering wheel, he threatened them with cruel punishments.

Phoenician cities

Three Phoenician ships, beautifully equipped, filled with food supplies necessary for long-distance navigation, with the best rowers left the city of Sais. They moved along the Nile branches, then along a wide channel dug back in the days of Queen Hatshepsut and now - 900 years later - cleared and deepened by order of Necho, they entered the green waters of the Arabian Gulf (the so-called Red Sea).

At first, the path went along deserted rocky shores inhabited by wild troglodytes (cave dwellers), but on the fortieth day the hospitable shores of Punt appeared. Swarthy, half-naked Puntians ran to the shore and took the Phoenician sailors to their village, located on the swampy shore on stilts. Phoenicians, after a hearty offered by hospitable hosts, laid out their goods: amber , golden cups, purple cloths, and sharp iron daggers, hitherto unknown to the Puntians. In exchange, the natives offered them tame monkeys, greyhound hunting dogs, and long-horned bulls. But the Phoenicians asked for small balls of dry myrrh, the fragrant resin of a tree that grows only in Punta and neighboring Arabia. They knew that Egyptian priests would generously pay them for these balls. The gods of Egypt love the fragrant smoke swirling from the braziers, on which fragrant myrrh is heated and melts.

sea ​​routes Phoenician

Moving on, the Phoenicians sailed along the coast, inhabited by black, snub-nosed, thick-lipped people. They walked almost completely naked. Only a narrow belt fitted the waist, and leopard tails and large shells hung from it. Black people were distrustful of strangers and did not allow them to land. Stretching their bows, they threatened with sharp arrows or hurled stones that raised columns of spray around the ships. However, once the Phoenicians managed to get off on a completely empty coast. On sandbar there were piles of dazzling white elephant tusks and several leopard skins nearby. There was not a soul to be seen around. The oldest of the Phoenician merchants explained what was happening: “The locals want to exchange their booty for our goods, but they are afraid of us. We must take their offerings and put our gifts in return. We'll have to come back here sometime. If we act honestly, then the inhabitants will trust us and always bring ivory to this place.”

The young merchants obeyed the old man and, loading 120 of the best fangs onto the ships, laid out piles of cheap colorful beads, Egyptian faience vessels and small bronze hatchets in return.

The first galley - a multi-tiered rowing boat

Swimming continued. Every day the air got hotter and hotter. The heat became unbearable. The Phoenicians threw off their woolen cloaks and remained in light linen shirts, but this did not help either. On the thirteenth month of the voyage, a miracle happened. The sun at noon deviated not to the south, as it was supposed to, but to the north. Even the old people had never seen anything like it and, sighing, they said: “God Baal is angry and goes north. He will hide from us completely Underworld and the whole world will be plunged into darkness. But the days passed, and nothing terrible happened. Sailors got used to a strange phenomenon (the Phoenicians reached the southern hemisphere, and the equator was in the north). One thing upset them: in their homeland, no one would believe them when they told that they had seen the sun at noon on the north side.

Stocks soon ran out. I had to make a long landing, shoot wild and sow some barley and wheat on the marshy shore. Under the hot southern rays, the grains quickly sprouted, and after three months it was already possible to harvest a plentiful harvest.

The Libyan country seemed endless. For the second year the Phoenicians sailed, but there was no end in sight to the journey. But now the happy day has come. The coast began to turn to the west, and the sailors realized that this was the southern outskirts of Libya. Soon they were already sailing north and realized that they were approaching, albeit slowly, towards the house, skirting Libya from the side of the sunset. At noon, the daylight again began to deviate to the south, and the sailors breathed freely. The hardest part was already over.

Here the ships entered the deep bay. In the depths one could see a small island full of some kind of wild people covered with thick wool. A conductor who has been more than once in distant southern countries called them gorillas. Several Phoenicians - experienced hunters - with spears in their hands chased the monsters, but they ran away, clinging to the rocks and defending themselves with stones. Managed to capture only three hairy and muscular . They could not speak and only mumbled angrily, biting and scratching. It was not possible to bring them to the shore. I had to kill them and tear off their skins. We argued for a long time Phoenician sailors Are they people or animals? And they still couldn't solve it.

Soon the attention of the Phoenicians was attracted by a new phenomenon. Appeared in the distance high mountain, from the top of which a column of flame beat. Fiery streams poured out into the sea, and whole clouds of ash were carried by the wind in all directions and reached the ships. “This is the chariot of the gods,” said the guide, prayerfully hands and uttering in an undertone incantations - woe to the one who approaches her.

Here appeared new island. The sailors disembarked to stock up on fresh water from the stream. Some went deep into the dense forest. Huge branched trees were buried in greenery. Their trunks were varied and fragrant. The stream flowed into salt Lake, in the middle of which was another island. The travelers did not meet a single person during the day, only the chirping of countless birds and the roar of lions broke the silence. But the black southern night came, and suddenly thousands of lights blazed in the middle of the forest and sounds were heard , cymbals and tympanums and wild guttural cries. The travelers fled to the shore in fear, and the soothsayers told them to leave the island.

Sailing past the mouth of an unknown river full of crocodiles and hippos, the Phoenicians saw a coastal village in the distance. Huts made of tree trunks were covered with palm leaves. The inhabitants, who poured out on the shore, spoke in a familiar language, welcoming the arriving guests.

Carthage

They were colonists from Carthage, a large Phoenician city located on the northern coast of Libya.

Having stayed with their compatriots for 10 days, the sailors set off again and, having passed between the two pointed pillars of Melkart, entered the familiar Upper Sea. Way forward was no longer a threat. The sailors rested for a long time in noisy Carthage, visiting friends and acquaintances, selling ivory, ebony, golden sand and animal skins on the market - everything that they managed to get along the way.

Sales on the market, everything that the Phoenicians got on the way

A month later, the Phoenician sailors were already sailing to the coast of Egypt. Their journey lasted for three years, Pharaoh Necho did not think to see them alive and, rewarding them with generous gifts, noticed that not a single traveler had yet climbed so far, and many centuries would pass until there were other such daredevils to decide to go around huge Libya and return through the pillars of Melqart.

Prepare a travel message for Phoenician sailors grade 5.

Answers:

Phoenician navigators and their travels About 4000 years ago in the Mediterranean, namely its eastern part, tribes first appeared, which in Ancient Greece gave a special name - the Phoenicians. They went down in history as the most famous sailors of the past. History of the name It is known that the name of the country - Phoenicia - literally sounds like a beautiful adjective - "purple". And this analogy arose for a reason: the tribes mined a bright dye for fabrics - purple - which was fixed as the color of kings. But there is a second meaning - "fenehu", which means shipbuilders. It is also justified: the Phoenicians were able to create ships so strong that they were not afraid of even the strongest sea storms and storms. Swimming was provided by rowing slaves arranged in two rows. Having laid the foundations of shipbuilding, these brave people were considered the inventors of the first galleys - multi-tiered rowing boats. North Africa. Many trading cities were founded there, in particular, Carthage, which had a favorable geographical position and became the largest shopping center with other countries, as well as the protection of the Phoenician colonies in the course of the intensified struggle against the Greeks and Tartessites. Travels of famous sailors the whole world. They sailed in the Mediterranean and the Atlantic, near the northern lands of Europe and the western African coast, they were the first to make a trip around the entire African continent, which lasted 2.5 years. This truly grandiose enterprise took place on behalf of the Egyptian king in the 7th century BC, a millennium before Vasco da Gama, proved that the sea surrounds Africa on all sides, excluding the junction with Asia. There was also a message about the sun, which was located on the right , and not on the left, because travelers were in the other hemisphere of the Earth, which almost for the first time gave reason to assume a unique form of the planet - a ball, although at that time it was difficult to believe in it. There were also rare and then inaccessible expeditions south across the Red Sea to the Indian Ocean, this is even mentioned in the Bible. In addition, these sailors were the first to see the shores of modern Great Britain and brought tin and Baltic amber there.

Phoenicians - conquerors of the seas

From the very beginning, the Phoenicians were famous as the best sailors in the mediterranean and founders of numerous colonies. They were both pirates and slave traders. Later, they easily submitted to the will of other states and were only interested in preserving their free trade and considerable independence.

Already in the II millennium BC. e. The Phoenicians founded their first colonies in Spain and Tunisia, then they occupied Sardinia, Malta and Sicily. IN distant lands they had separate temporary settlements, this and Canary Islands, and British. Legendary Carthage was also a colony of Phoenicia.

During that era, they used deck rowing vessels also equipped with sails. Their ships were not afraid of the calm. The expedition could have dozens of ships with many people. There were few supplies swam along the shore and often made stops to replenish water and food supplies. On the long journey around Africa, they made stops to cultivate and sow the fields and then harvest!

The most famous travels of the Phoenicians

The first famous journey took place around 1500 BC, when the Phoenicians visited Canary Islands and began to explore the coast Atlantic Ocean.

And in the VI - V centuries BC, they committed whole three amazing expeditions:

• "Egyptian" campaign around Africa. Around 600 B.C. Phoenicia was part of Egypt, and the pharaoh instructed to sail from the Red Sea, sail around Africa (which was then called Libya) and return to it through the Mediterranean Sea. Three years later, they returned in triumph! We are aware of these events Herodotus, whose story reflects astronomical details travel in the southern hemisphere, which were incomprehensible to him and thus confirm the veracity of the sailors.

• Colonization british isles for the sake of tin. In the 6th century BC, the monopoly and commercial income of Phenicia shook, and sea ​​people took up mining and delivery of raw materials from distant lands. They found tin in modern Britain, the path to which was not so easy, although relatively fast - only 4 months. Sailors complained about frequent calms and short daylight hours.

• Sailing along West Africa. In contrast to the journey around Africa, here we know more details and the expedition itself was more numerous. Sailors founded settlements, fought with local residents, saw wide rivers and volcano Cameroon. This time, the Phoenicians did not make long stops and turned back to their homeland when food ran out.

Much to our regret, Phoenicians treated secretly to my secrets, and being one of the first in invention of the alphabet They wrote very little about their travels. Only a small part of their travels has come down to us, and in the Middle Ages, many of their discoveries were completely forgotten and rediscovered.