“Investment attractiveness of Crimea and Sevastopol. Investment attractiveness of the recreational complex Ar Krym

The Republic of Crimea in the rating of investment attractiveness of "Expert RA" was included in the 3B1 group with a reduced potential and a moderate level of risks for private entrepreneurs (the level of Vladimir and Astrakhan regions, Stavropol Territory). This is the largest group of subjects of the federation in the ranking. The key investment potential of the region is tourism and, to a lesser extent, infrastructure. In terms of consumer and production potential, Crimea is in the fifth and sixth ten regions of Russia, respectively. At the same time, the new region is characterized by increased social, criminal and financial risks.

The 250 billion rubles of state and quasi-state investments planned for the next two or three years will not give a direct return to the Crimean budget in the medium term. At the same time, the region's expenses may grow by 1.8–2 times already this year, while revenues will decrease due to the transition to the Russian tax system. The budgetary problems of the republic will obviously be solved at the expense of the federal center, which will “receive on its balance sheet” another highly subsidized region.

Given the federal budget deficit, there is a high probability that the downward trend in transfers to other regions of Russia will intensify. For decreasing negative consequences from accession, it is necessary to accelerate the attraction of private investments to the territory of the republic, taking into account its natural economic advantages.

Against the background of other subjects of Russia, the Republic of Crimea has an extremely low indicators of economic development – 82nd place in terms of per capita GRP (the level of Kalmykia and Chechnya), 75th place in terms of production per inhabitant (the level of Adygea), last place in the country according to the average per capita income of the population (for more details, see Table 1).

Table 1. The Republic of Crimea is characterized by low absolute indicators of development and very low per capita. Assessment based on 2012 indicators

Source:"Expert RA", according to Ukrstat and Rosstat
(regions with the closest indicators are indicated in brackets)

Wherein development dynamics region was better than the average for Ukraine, but slightly worse than the average for the constituent entities of the Russian Federation (see Charts 1 and 2).

According to representatives of the executive authorities of Russia, in the next two or three years only the infrastructure of Crimea will receive about 250 billion rubles of state and quasi-state investments, which corresponds to the total investment in the region over the past five years. The main directions of financial investments are ensuring the energy independence of the republic, building a bridge across Kerch Strait, as well as investments in the development of a military naval base. All these investments will not give a direct return to the Crimean budget in the medium term.

At the same time, in the short term, as a result of an increase in salaries for state employees and an increase in the size of pensions, the incomes of the population will increase in the region. On the one hand, this will lead to an increase in effective demand. On the other hand, it will increase the social obligations of the budget of the Republic of Crimea. In view of the special political position region, new commitments will be financed by transfers. According to experts, this will require 88 billion rubles of additional injections from the federal center, including 38 billion directly to the budget of the republic.

The increase in the dependence of the republic on the federal center is also evidenced by the current structure of tax revenues: the largest part of income in 2013 came from personal income tax (27%) and excises on goods produced in the territory of the republic (16%). The latter in the budget system of Ukraine are credited to the regional budget, while in Russia a significant part of excises goes to the federal level. Most of income tax, which in the Republic of Crimea is only 6% of total tax revenues (see Chart 3), will now be transferred from the federal budget to the regional one. Obviously, a direct transition to the Russian budget system will lead to a noticeable reduction in its own tax revenues going to the regional budget of the Republic of Crimea.

As a result of a complete transition to the Russian budget system, the region’s spending this year may increase by 1.8–2 times, and the ratio of own income to expenses will worsen to the level of the Republic of Dagestan (see Chart 4). According to Expert RA, up to 3.5% of all budget transfers to the regions can be sent to the regional budget of the Republic of Crimea in 2014 (level Chechen Republic, 3rd place among the subjects of the Russian Federation).

Given the increase in the federal budget deficit, the trend towards a reduction in transfers to other subjects of the Russian Federation will intensify (see Chart 5).

In such a situation, it is critically important to attract large private investors to the real sector of the economy of the Republic of Crimea, which in the future will give a return to the budget. In this regard, the Expert RA rating agency preliminary assessed the existing potential and risks of the region's investment environment for private business. According to the agency, the Republic of Crimea was included in the rating of investment attractiveness in 2013 into a group with reduced investment potential and a moderate level of risk(3B1) - this is the level of the Bryansk, Vladimir, Ryazan and Astrakhan regions, Stavropol Territory.

The greatest investment potential of the region is tourist. According to it, the Republic of Crimea is in the top five regions of Russia. According to official statistics, the region ranks 2nd in Russia in terms of the number of accommodation places and 5th in terms of the number of tourists accommodated. The real rate of attendance in the republic is much higher. According to Expert RA, about 78% of the entire tourist accommodation industry is “in the shadows” which causes significant financial losses for the budget. If the current situation persists, the return on investment in the tourism industry for the economy will be minimal. The main ways of developing this sector are seen as working simultaneously in two directions - attracting large Russian hotel operators to the territory of the republic and facilitating the conditions for legal business for small travel companies and individual entrepreneurs.

The second most important investment potential is infrastructural. Thanks to this, in the future it is possible to attract transport and logistics complex large private Russian companies. At the moment, the risks of development in this area are high. Firstly, the Republic of Crimea has a reduced domestic export potential, which has decreased even more due to the break in economic relations with Ukraine. Secondly, the import potential of the republic is also small. By consumer potential the region is in the top ten subjects of Russia, and the current Russian import needs are largely satisfied through Novorossiysk - largest port on the Black Sea coast.

By production potential The Republic of Crimea today is at the end of the sixth dozen regions of Russia at the level of the Astrakhan and Kostroma regions. The weakness of the manufacturing sector is evidenced by the extremely low share of corporate income tax and the high share of the electric power industry in the industrial structure (35%). Nevertheless, the industry occupies the maximum share in the GRP of Crimea - 16% - and concentrates 17% of the employed. The basis of the manufacturing industries of the Republic of Crimea is the food sector, which, together with agriculture, is one of the most promising areas for the development of the peninsula. The value of food consumption largely correlates with the tourist flow in the region, so the combined development of tourism and agro-industrial complex can give the economy a significant multiplier effect. In addition, the development potential of the industry has increased after the republic became part of Russia due to the expansion of sales markets for local enterprises. In particular, the volume of exports of alcoholic products from Crimea to Russia has already increased today.

An additional factor in attracting investors to the Republic of Crimea today may be cheap labor. However, under the current policy of the Russian federal center to increase wages in the public sector, its potential will rapidly decline.

The most significant after financial risk is social(according to it, Crimea is in the eighth ten subjects), which, on the one hand, is caused by a high level of pressure on the able-bodied population (the share of pensioners is 28.5%), and on the other hand, by the possibility of social tensions arising from interethnic conflicts. In addition, elevated in the republic is criminal risk(taking into account the number and severity of registered crimes), according to which the republic is also in the eighth ten.

The least risk ecological(the lowest among the regions of the Russian Federation), due to the general low level of pollution and the large ecological capacity of the territory.

The generalized advantages and disadvantages of the investment climate in the region are displayed in the SWOT analysis presented in Table 2.

Methodology

The rating of investment attractiveness of Russian regions, taking into account the entry of the Republic of Crimea into the country, was supplemented on the basis of official information Ukrstat and the State Treasury of Ukraine for 2012. The conversion of hryvnias into rubles was carried out at purchasing power parity (4.18 rubles per hryvnia in 2012). The following types of investment risks: financial, social, criminal and ecological. The analysis also included the following types potentials, as industrial, consumer, labor, infrastructure, tourism and financial. The city of Sevastopol, which is considered by statistics as a separate subject, was not included in the analysis of investment attractiveness.

The volume of announced investments and the forecast for social spending were compiled on the basis of monitoring the official statements of state authorities in the media over the past three weeks.

Table 2. SWOT analysis of the investment attractiveness of the Republic of Crimea

Free economic zone and federal policy to reduce investment risks

From January 1, 2015, a package of laws on the free economic zone (FEZ) in the Republic of Crimea and the city of Sevastopol for a period of 25 years comes into force with the possibility of its extension. In fact, these are laws on the development of the Crimean Federal District, and not on the creation of special industrial, tourist and free port zones. By the time this FEZ was created, the state had accumulated more than 20 years of experience in the development of territories with special economic conditions.

The conditions of the SEZ in Crimea are unique. Due to the need to integrate existing enterprises (including enterprises of the defense complex) into the new legal framework, parallel regimes will operate for investors-residents of the FEZ and for other legal entities operating on the territory of the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.

As regards the transition of existing legal entities to the new tax system, zero rates for the unified agricultural tax and tax under the simplified system are provided for instead of 6% in the period from 2015 to 2016 and 4% in the period from 2017 to 2021.

For residents of the free economic zone, administrative barriers have been reduced to the maximum and the registration procedure has been simplified.

Income tax for FEZ resident investors in the part payable to the federal budget will be zero for 5 years from the date of the investment project being entered into single register and reduced in the part payable to the budget of the Russian subject (13.5%).

Land tax is not levied until the object is put into operation (but not more than 3 years), water, transport and property taxes are not levied for 10 years.

Accelerated depreciation of fixed assets with a factor of 2.

SEZ participants will be able to pay reduced insurance premiums to the Pension Fund (6%), to the Social Insurance Fund (1.5%) and the Compulsory health insurance (0,1 %).

VAT 0% in respect of goods that were placed under the customs regime of a free customs zone under contracts with participants in the Crimean FEZ.

Possibility of duty-free import and export of goods in the "free port" mode. Duty-free import of products, including consumer goods and complex technical products, should attract manufacturers, including high-tech products. The question of sending products to mainland countries should decide in 2018 with Kerch crossing(bridge or tunnel).

The Federal Target Program for the Development of the Crimean Federal District provides for a set of measures that eliminates virtually all investment risks associated with infrastructure, the environment and the social sphere. Of course, except for corruption, which must be overcome in working order. The Crimean Ministry of Economic Development demonstrates openness and readiness to provide comprehensive informational and organizational support and invites Russian and foreign entrepreneurs to fruitful cooperation.

conclusions

1. Prospects for the development of the Crimean economy

The depressed state of the Crimean economy, expressed in lagging behind the average Russian indicators, is explained, first of all, by the investment hunger that has been accumulating on the peninsula over the past twenty years. Official statistics are distorted due to the significant shadow sector of the economy and the non-transparency of business activities. Despite this, the Crimean Federal District has a great investment potential.

Rating studies of the investment process in the context of Russian regions over the past 5 years have revealed a downward trend in the role of raw materials in the investment attractiveness of the region. In accordance with this trend, political, scientific and entrepreneurial forecasts regarding the growth of the scale of the Crimean economy and the standard of living of the population are optimistic.

As the experience of investment forums shows, the level of elaboration of a particular project is important for private investors. For their part, the regional authorities come up with a whole range of ready-made, calculated investment proposals and provide information support to investors.

Judging by the scale of the investment process, which is gaining momentum (more than 700 million rubles of investments in the 2nd quarter of 2014), the interest of investors is very significant, including the interest of foreign investors (including European ones, acting despite the existing sanctions).

2. Prospects for the development of individual industries

2.1. Taking into account the depreciation national currency the development of an industrial park in the Free Economic Zone becomes especially relevant. The preferential tax and customs regime makes it very promising to place technological production in Crimea, especially considering the good scientific and educational level of the region and its favorable climatic conditions.

The prospect of developing a technopark in Sevastopol as a zone for developing technologies that are subsequently scaled up at the enterprises of the Free Economic Zone is directly related to the previous question. Given the importance of the technology park for the development of the country as a whole, investors can expect further benefits and other special conditions for development.

2.2. Tourist season 2015 will be unprecedented in the history of Crimea. All travel companies are increasing their work in this direction, predicting a large influx of the middle class from various regions of the country. This is due both to the unique opportunities for inexpensive vacation in Crimea, and with the weakening of the ruble, which made travel abroad unaffordable for most Russians. The establishment of reliable communication with the Crimea by air and through the Kerch Strait also played a role. The record-breaking season in 2015 for the number of tourists can be called a fait accompli. Accordingly, all areas of investment related to tourism become relevant:

Firstly, this is the development of hotel chains focused on the Russian middle class. The level of well-being of the corresponding segments of the Russian population exceeds the average level of Ukrainian tourists who visited the peninsula in previous years. In 2014, it turned out that Crimea simply does not have the infrastructure for wealthy tourists from mainland Russia: there are no centralized real estate bases, hotel chains, and entertainment venues.

Secondly, the development of transport within the peninsula is predicted. The existing means of communication do not withstand the influx of tourists and, despite their low cost, do not provide sufficient comfort for vacationers. Taking into account the introduction of Russian, more stringent, rules and regulations on the roads of the peninsula, we predict the emergence of a number of companies providing transfer and transport services across the Crimea.

Thirdly, the excursion infrastructure will receive a great impetus for development. A large flow of tourists will be enough for both existing and new travel companies and agencies. It is promising to create large regional operators (including with the participation of subjects) to standardize the quality of services provided to tourists. Favorable climatic conditions and the availability of appropriate infrastructure, historical monuments of architecture are conducive to holding summits, forums, festivals and meetings in Crimea international level which will lead to demand for event management and catering services. We should expect the development of special varieties of tourism: military-patriotic, individual, gastronomic, etc.

Fourth, there is certainly a great need for institutions Catering, especially attracting Russian service quality standards. At low prices local establishments are unable to meet the demands of tourists from the mainland, and the few high-class establishments that exist on the peninsula are experiencing a rush and raising prices even higher. There are no Russian restaurant chains on the peninsula, including fast food restaurants, and none of the major international franchises (BurgerKing, McDonalds, Subway) operate.

2.3. The projects related to the agro-industrial potential of the Crimea have great prospects. First of all, of course, this is winemaking and the production of wine materials (products of partial processing of the material that producers use to create inexpensive wine). Due to the peculiarities of the Crimean chalk soils, there is no region in Russia even with a close potential for the production of high-quality (author's) wine. As for inexpensive wines, the production of which is present in neighboring regions, they are becoming more expensive due to the increase in prices for imported wine materials. The local product will certainly find its demand in this area. As a tourist region, Crimea is also a center for the consumption of wine and wine products, which simplifies logistics.

Significant investments, of course, are also expected by agro- and aquaculture enterprises (in particular, the production of traditional, natural products of agriculture and fisheries). The Black Sea is a suitable area for growing oysters and other shellfish.

2.4. Promising directions also includes construction, consulting, legal and accounting services, professional training and development services, software development, leasing and retail vehicles as well as trade and logistics.

Economic expert, ex-president of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry of Crimea Alexander Basov was forced to leave the post of head of the Chamber of Commerce and Industry as a result of pressure from the republican authorities. The reason is the open criticism of the actions of Sergei Aksenov and his entourage. Alexander Basov told FederalPress about how business and government coexist on the peninsula today.

“Only one business is developing in Crimea – the funeral business”

- You have repeatedly said that you do not support the actions of the leadership of the republic, and this is the reason for the obvious dissatisfaction with you local authorities. Which decisions of the head of the Crimea cause you questions?

– Since moving to the Russian Federation, I have said many times that it is necessary to move from declarative and populist statements to concrete deeds. Regrettably, the authorities of Crimea have practically never moved on to the affairs of the Crimean authorities. What do we have today in the field of economic development and business support? Some funds have been created that consume resources allocated by the state, primarily for their maintenance, for offices and salaries of employees, personal cars and apartments, and to a lesser extent for parade events. During the transition period, the number of entrepreneurs in Crimea decreased by 6 times. The situation is getting worse today. No business support programs really work in Crimea. Every day we see egregious examples of lawlessness - real estate objects for which there are all title documents are demolished, roughly speaking, without trial or investigation, for the sake of the personal interests of those in power. For example, the Central Market in Simferopol - there is now a gaping hole, dirt, garbage and "naturalists". The situation has changed not for the better, but for the worse. And where did the hundreds of entrepreneurs who rented trading places go, how do they live, how do they earn money now? Nobody is interested in this. Or multiple cases of disconnection from communications of small accommodation facilities on the South Coast - without a court decision, at the direction of some official.

I know only one business in the Crimea that is developing - a funeral business. The sale of wreaths and coffins is flourishing, because in our country the mortality rate has increased to catastrophic proportions. Republican statistics: in 2015, mortality increased by 25.1% in one calendar year! And in 2016, the data is no longer available, they are not made public.

– Is investment attractiveness approaching zero?

- It is not only at zero, but in the red, I would say. We have investment attractiveness only for those who are personally attractive to the head of the republic. And all the other people who would dare to come here, after talking with officials, refuse. They created a bunch of structures that should work to improve the investment climate, the managers receive 300,000 salaries, but the result is negative.

“The mayor of Simferopol drove a nationalized Audi

- It turns out that business support institutions work only on paper? And how does small and medium business feel today?

“People just close their businesses and go to work. Even if the trading business, which has always been the most in demand in Crimea, does not bring profit, what can we say about other areas. Small business has always been about 70% of the trade, and it is closed en masse. A living example from a recent conversation with an entrepreneur: a person had a store, he created several jobs, and in the end he simply closed the business and left to work as a taxi driver. People found themselves in a situation of hopelessness. But we have like mushrooms after the rain objects "Consol" (a large construction company "Consol LTD", which is associated with the chairman of the State Council of Crimea Vladimir Konstantinov. - Approx. Aut.), objects of the construction company "Professional" (it is associated with the immediate environment of the Crimean chapters). Moreover, they are built on old communications, without parking, without normal electricity and water supply. Nepotism and corruption have always flourished in Crimea. Over the past three years, the situation has only worsened. Officials solve purely their personal problems: how to snatch a piece of land, how to beat off some signatures and seals, and, if possible, escape from here before the relevant authorities begin to take an interest in them.

- Did the scandalous nationalization also play a role?

– Some cases of nationalization are simply egregious. Illegal nationalization of collective property - collective, I emphasize - "Krympotrebsoyuz". Almost all of the 3.5 thousand employees were left without work, property was nationalized, no one received compensation, people were not even allowed to pick up work books and personal items. And where did the huge number of objects that were confiscated go? Everyone saw how Gennady Bakharev (the head of the administration of Simferopol, who regularly occupies the lowest positions in the All-Russian rating of mayors. - Approx. Aut.) drove the Audi of the chairman of the Krympotrebsoyuz. Why was the nationalized car handed over to the mayor of Simferopol? And the nationalization of the property of the public organization "Simferopol Aviation sport Club» in Zavodskoy? People cannot pick up work books until today. And after that we are talking about attracting investors from the mainland? I'm talking about foreigners. They will never work here in such conditions.

Novy Svet is for Aksenov one of the last interesting objects that can be sold many times cheaper to some of your friends.

- The other day, information was published that for 2.5 years of operation of the Free Economic Zone (FEZ) in Crimea, 288 residents were registered, who declared a minimum investment of 3.8 billion rubles. To what extent do these figures correspond to initial expectations? And how is the FEZ project being implemented today?

– I am closely watching what is happening, but I do not see a single positive example. The project of the Free Economic Zone has failed, it can be seen with the naked eye. The law does not work, it is not adequate to the situation that is developing both inside Crimea and outside Crimea: sanctions pressure on big business is still there, and it is colossal, plus bureaucratic obstacles and the absolute professional incompetence of local officials at all levels. What projects are being implemented today within the SEZ? What enterprise have we created in three years, which would provide 100 jobs, transfer 10 million rubles to the budget? I know only one such example, but it is directly related to our officials, so I won't even name it. But in such a way that people come here, organize a site, create production - we do not have a single such a case. I'm not talking about the megaprojects that officials love to boast about, for example, the airport, which is being built with state money, and then, as always, will be sold for 3 kopecks to supposedly private partners.

– How does it happen with a factory of champagne wines? New World”, which is the pride of the Crimea?

- Exactly. I am simply outraged by the fact that a unique enterprise has been transferred into private hands. We do not have many worthy brands of Crimea left, Novy Svet is one of them. For Aksenov, this is one of the last interesting objects, which is still afloat and which can be sold many times cheaper to some of your friends. It is being sold on completely non-transparent terms. Someone wants to buy it in order to pour 10 times more wine. Excuse me, what kind of wine material? Or, as in previous years, will they import the cheapest chatter from Argentina and Chile, and then bottle it here under the label of a winery? This is just discrediting the brand, and the plant will die, and Crimea will lose one of its pearls. And when people, including myself, began to write wherever possible, there was already talk that, they say, no, we will share shares, we were misunderstood, these damned bloggers are preventing us from living.

By the way, about bloggers. Recently, Aksyonov allowed himself to attack bloggers who were outraged by the sale of the plant, calling them outcasts and unemployed thieves...

- It's probably from a big culture. Our head of the republic, as you know, has an “excellent” education and, apparently, upbringing too, if he allows himself such statements about people who openly, culturally and reasonably defend their position. Bloggers are probably the last people who remained in the republic and can still express their point of view, because free funds mass media in the Crimea, I no longer watch.

On March 18, 2014, an agreement was signed between the Russian Federation and the Republic of Crimea on the admission of the Republic of Crimea to Russia, according to which new subjects were formed in the Russian Federation - the Republic of Crimea and the federal city of Sevastopol.

At the end of 2013, according to the Statistics Service of the Republic of Crimea, foreign investors invested $176.5 million in direct investment (share capital) in the Crimean economy. As of December 31, 2013, the volume of direct foreign investments (share capital) made in the Crimean economy amounted to 1,608.9 million dollars, which is 10.1% more than the volume of investments at the beginning of 2013, and per capita 821.9 USD. 882.5 million USD investments (54.9% of the total share capital) were made from the EU countries, 438.4 million USD (27.2%) from the CIS countries, from other countries world - 288.0 million dollars (17.9%).

Based on the data of the Statistical Service of the Republic of Crimea, the experts of the AnalyticResearchGroup company recorded that in 2013, investments in Crimea came from 50 countries of the world. The list of the main investor countries, which account for more than 92% of the total volume of direct investments, includes: Cyprus (426.0 million dollars), Russian Federation(368.7 million dollars), Virgin Islands(UK) (146.3 million dollars), Germany (137.9 million dollars), the Netherlands (120.5 million dollars), Austria (78.6 million dollars), Great Britain (57, $7 million), Belize ($46.6 million), USA ($37.0 million), France ($36.7 million) and Kazakhstan ($29.5 million) .

2014 will be a difficult period of restructuring the Russian economy and reorienting economic ties to new regions of the world and new partners. The rigidity and unlawful position of the EU countries and the United States affected not only the Crimeans and the Russian leadership, but also the entire population of Russia, as well as private business. At the same time, it should be noted what advantages Crimea has as a territory with certain climatic, geographical and economic parameters over competing regions. To such competitors, mainly in connection with the gigantic tourist and recreational potential of the Crimea, it makes sense to include Caucasian coast Krasnodar Territory of Russia, the Republic of Abkhazia, Bulgaria and Montenegro - the most understandable and familiar holiday regions Russian citizens in a related linguistic and cultural environment.

Leading Industries Crimean peninsula are:

• agro-industrial complex;
• tourism;
• industry;
• transport;
• mining.

The recreational and tourist complex of the Crimean Peninsula includes over 3 thousand objects, of which 64% are concentrated in the southern coastal zone, 16% - in the western part of the peninsula, 10% - in the central, 5% each - in the northern and eastern zones. In total, there are more than 650 sanatorium and health resorts in Crimea, used mainly for seasonal treatment and recreation, 97% of which are concentrated on a three-kilometer coastal strip of the sea. Wellness facilities can offer vacationers treatment mineral waters, therapeutic mud, sea and mountain air, rest on the beaches with a total length of 517 km and so on.

According to the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, in January-September 2013, the rating of Crimean regions in the sanatorium-resort and tourism sector is headed by the Bakhchisaray district. The second place is occupied by the city of Yalta, the third - by the city of Saki.

Table 23 . Rating of Crimean regions in the health resort and tourism sector, Jan.-Sept. 2013

1. Crimea 2. Carpathian region 3. Podol 4. Black Sea region 5. Sea of ​​Azov 6. Polissya 7. Dnieper region.

Lecture 11

Vacation is approaching, and you are increasingly concerned about the question: where to go, so that you can have a good rest and at the same time heal. Of course, to the Crimea! Crimea is Crimea! Not a single resort area of ​​the CIS countries can compete with the Sunny Peninsula. And although the Crimean resorts today do not yet have the level of service that the best European resorts can offer, there are all conditions here to have a good rest and improve your health. This is facilitated by a unique combination of excellent conditions for relaxation with effective treatment. There is a place to relax and improve health. Excellent health resorts, many of which are not inferior to Western ones, generous sun, gentle warm sea with beautiful sandy and small-pebble beaches, therapeutic mud with high healing properties, thermal mineral waters and brine. There is something to see: unique landscapes that are difficult to find in the resorts of other countries, a wealth of natural, historical and cultural monuments, many of which are of world importance; No wonder Crimea is called an open-air museum.

The Autonomous Republic of Crimea is part of Ukraine. It has the Supreme Council, the Council of Ministers, the Supreme and Arbitration Courts, local representative and state authorities.

Republican center - Simferopol.

The territory of the Autonomous Republic of Crimea - 26,945 sq. km.

The population is 2632.4 thousand people, including: urban - 1791.8 thousand people, rural - 840.8 thousand people.

Representatives of more than 80 nationalities and nationalities live in the republic. The most numerous of them are Russians, Ukrainians, Crimean Tatars; of the few - the indigenous inhabitants of the Crimea Karaites and Krymchaks. State languages- Russian, Ukrainian, Crimean Tatar.

Nature: The relief is flat, in the south are the Crimean mountains (Roman-Kosh 1545 m.). The climate is temperate and subtropical. Abundance of sunny days (in Yalta the sun shines 2250 hours a year, in Evpatoria - 2459), gentle warm sea (average annual temperature +14.30C). The temperature of January as the coldest month is -4 - 0 ° C, temperature in July 27-30 ° C.

Sights and interesting places of Crimea

palaces

Bakhchisarai Palace, Vorontsov Palace, Dulber, bird home, Livadia Palace, Massandra Palace, Yusupov Palace

parks

Alupkinsky park, Gurzufsky park, Massandrovsky park, Nikitsky botanical garden, Glade of fairy tales, Forossky park, Kharaksky park

Cave towns and monasteries

Bakla, Balaklava St. George Monastery, Inkerman, Kachi-Kalyon Monastery, Kalamita Fortress, Kyz-Kermen, Kyz-Kule, Mangup-Kale, Syuyren Fortress, Tepe-Kermen, Chilter-Koba Monastery, Chilter-Marmara Monastery, Chufut-Kale, Monastery Shuldan, Eski-Kermen, Kachinsky canopy and Tash-Air rock, sites of primitive man, Shaitan-Koba, site of primitive man

Towns, fortresses, castles

Genoese fortress in Sudak, Yeni-Kale fortress in Kerch, Genoese fortress Kafa, Hillfort Kalos-Limen, Aluston Fortress in Alushta, Cembalo Fortress in Balaklava, Fortress on Mount Ai-Todor near Alushta, Fortress on Mount Kastel near Alushta, Fortress Kharaks on Cape Ai-Todor in Big Yalta, Fortification Funa

Museums, historical and architectural monuments

Mosque Juma-Jami (Khan-Jami), Turkish bath (Yevpatoria), Karaite temples - kenas (Yevpatoria), Art Gallery them. I.K. Aivazovsky, Surb-Khach Monastery, Monuments of Azis (Azislar), Tauric Chersonese

Waterfalls and springs

Golovkinsky Waterfall, Dzhur-Dzhur Waterfall, Uchan-Su Waterfall, Savlukh-Su Spring

Mountains

Angarsk pass, Mount Ai-Petri, Mount Ayu-dag, Baidar-Kastropol wall, Mount Kastel, Mount Demerdzhi, Mount Karadag, Mount Roman-Kosh, Mount Taraktash, Mount Chatyr-Dag, Ak-Kaya rock, Devil's staircase

caves

Kizil-Koba, Marble Cave

Cities of Crimea

Alushta, Alupka, Balaklava, Bakhchisaray, Beregovoye, Belogorsk, Greater Yalta, Gurzuf, Evpatoria, Katsiveli, Kerch, Koktebel, Krasnokamenka, Livadia, Massandra, Miskhor, Koreiz, Gaspra, Oreanda, Nikita, Novy Svet, Landslide, Parkovoe, Ponizovka, Saki, Simeiz, Simferopol, Sevastopol, Sudak, Feodosia, Foros, Yalta

reserves

Askania-Nova, Batiliman, Crimean Reserve, Swan Islands, Cape Aya, Yalta Reserve

Beautiful places

Ai-Todor, Baidar Gates, Grand Canyon of Crimea, Eastern Crimea, Blue Bay, Laspi Valley, Tarkhankut

trails

Botkin trail, Solar trail, Shtangeevskaya trail

Old photos of Crimea

Alupka, Balaklava, Vorontsov Palace, Genoese fortress in Feodosia, Mount Ai-Petri, Mount Karadag, Evpatoria, Inkerman, Kerch, Cave city of Chufut-Kale, Simferopol, Sevastopol, Foro Church of the Ascension, Feodosia,

Section 3. Tourism resources of the world

Lecture 12. Europe

Features of tourism development in European countries

Results of tourism development in Europe in 2002

Tourist arrivals - 411 million people - 58%. Positive gain tour. arrivals is 2.4%.

Most Significant Growth:

• Bulgaria - 8%

  Croatia - 6%

Shrank in

• Poland by 5%

  Portugal by 4%

Average income per visit $580, €650. In the world for one arrival - $ 670.

Of the European sub-regions, the leaders are: Southern Europe, Western Europe (19%).

Europe is the leading region of the world.

Factors of tourism development in Europe:

High level of economic development;

High level of income of the population;

The social structure of the population (the predominance of the middle class);

High level of urbanization (75%);

Complete stability;

Simplification of border and customs formalities;

Europe is home modern tourism 40s 19th century

Characteristics of the recreational resources of Europe:

About 40 sovereign states + 1 Trust Territory of Gibraltar (UK);

11 of the European countries have a territory of less than 50 thousand km 2 (Vatican, Malta, Andorra, Monaco, Luxembourg, etc.);

Only 2 countries have an area of ​​​​more than 500 thousand km 2 (France, Italy);

The total population of Europe is about 500 million people (the population of any country does not exceed 100 million people).

Features of the recreational and geographical position:

seaside position;

The coast is very indented;

Proximity to the African and Middle East regions;

Location close to busy international trade routes;

Domestic position.

Natural and recreational resources:

Relief. The relief is varied: plains (Germany, Poland); abundance of rivers, mountains (Alps, more than 4000 km long);

Climate. Europe lies in temperate zone. Summer is mild (+16C 0), winter is warm (-2C 0 - +1C 0). The warm Gulf Stream is in the north. Precipitation occurs mainly in winter. Far North located in the subarctic field.

Landscape. Landscape - 3%, natural, undisturbed (mainly in Norway, Sweden, Finland).

Europe ranks 1st in terms of tourist arrivals: in terms of tourism revenues and in terms of tourism expenditures.

Tourism in Europe has a pronounced intra-regional character.

75% - intra-regional.

25% - inter-regional (most often in the USA).

Meridional tours predominate. trips. From the countries of Northern Europe to the countries of the Mediterranean basin (Spain, Greece, France, Croatia)

Of the 10 countries leading in terms of tourism income, 6 are European (France, Germany, Italy, Spain, Austria, Great Britain).

Of the 10 countries leading in terms of tourism spending, 6 are in Europe (Germany, Great Britain, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Austria).

High tourist activity is characteristic.

Tourist activity is the number of arrivals / departures per 100 people (residents of the country).

In terms of arrivals, Southern and Western Europe are in the lead (100 people - 60 arrivals).

In terms of departures, Northern Europe leads (100 people - 70 departures).

The most visited country in the world is France.

The very first countries: Germany, Belgium, the Netherlands.

In the last 10 years, countries have been strengthening in the tourist market: the Czech Republic, Slovakia, Croatia, Poland, Hungary.

Main types of tourism:

Hungary

• Germany

  Bulgaria

Business tourism

Germany

Great Britain

• Netherlands

• Switzerland

Religious tourism

Major centers:

• Bruges (Belgium)

  Fatima (Portugal)

  Montserrat (Spain)

Sports and health tourism (mainly ski tourism):

• Switzerland