On the Titanic they found a suitcase with a record. The secret of the ocean How they searched and found the legendary Titanic. The four Pasco brothers survived a shipwreck.
Natalia Derevianko
Dawn April 15, 1912. North Atlantic. The orange sun rises above the sea horizon, dimming the light of the stars and driving away the morning haze. The night is slowly receding, hiding the traces of one of the largest maritime disasters in the history of mankind.
Doors, cushions, chairs, tables, deckchairs, scraps of paper, debris were everywhere. They swayed smoothly on the waves among the white spots, reminiscent of seagulls from a distance. But upon closer examination, you understand that these spots are the bodies of the dead passengers and members of the Titanic crew in their snow-white life jackets. Some of them looked up at the sky, as if waiting for salvation, but most doomedly bowed their heads into the water, resigned to their fate. And no one will help them, no one will save them. Everything is over…
Perhaps such a picture was revealed to the eyes of the Carpathia, which, with the surviving passengers of the Titanic, changed course, walked past the crash site back to New York.
At the same time, the leadership of the White Star Line decided to raise the bodies of all the dead from the surface of the ocean. And this had to be done as quickly as possible, since the bodies were still more or less grouped and not carried away by the current. The second factor is that a long stay of the body in water can complicate the identification process. And of course, the company wanted to at least somehow rehabilitate itself in front of the families of the victims - by delivering the bodies to relatives for further burial.
The center of the entire operation to lift the bodies was the small Canadian town of Halifax. It was here that White Star Line chartered four ships:
- Minia
- "Montmagny"
- "Algerin"
An agreement was also concluded with a large Halifax funeral home, John Snow and Company, to provide all funeral procedures.
Meanwhile, information began to appear in the press about the “cemetery in the ocean”, "...hundreds of dead bodies, frightening passengers, sailing past the ships ...".
McKay-Bennett was a British cable-laying vessel owned by the Commercial Cable Company. . His main task was laying and repairing deep-sea cables. In addition, the ship often participated in rescue operations(for example, saving the crew of the sinking schooner Caledonia on February 12, 1912). But that's not what made him famous.
April 17, 1912 at 12.35 after all the preparations, "Mackay-Bennett", under the command of Captain F. Lardner and with 75 crew members on board, sets off on his "terrible flight." During this mission, not a cable was loaded on board, but coffins. For this work, the leadership of the White Star Line undertook to pay the team $550 per day.
Mackay-Bennet cable layer
On board was the owner of the funeral company - John Snow Jr. Under his leadership, 103 coffins, several tons of ice, embalming solutions, bags and 20 tons of iron bars were loaded. The sailors, free from work, sewed bags from canvas for the personal belongings of the dead.
One of the bags for the personal belongings of the dead.
Flight engineer Frederick Hamilton described in detail everything that was happening:
“Morning April 20, 1912. To the north of us, the outlines are visible huge iceberg. I think we are very close to the crash site of many hopes and prayers. The embalmer is getting livelier, because soon he has a lot of work to do.
Evening April 20, 1912. The McKay-Bennett reaches the crash site. The start of the operation to remove the bodies was scheduled for the early morning of the next day. Men will need all their courage to survive what lies ahead.
It's been 6 days since the sinking of the Titanic...
The crew of the McKay-Bennett. 1912 Captain F. Lardner in the center of the second row.
Dawn April 21, 1912. The eyes of the crew are presented with a terrible picture - hundreds of bodies swaying on the waves, among the wreckage. And only now the sailors realized the scale of everything that had happened. Some began to pray, others were simply numb. Thus passed in silence for about half an hour. Then, having come to their senses, the sailors lowered the boats and carefully headed towards the "marine cemetery".
“The sea is restless. Wind southwest. Coordinates 41° 59` US 49 ° 25` ID. We take out the bodies. Breaking through the ice."
According to the description of one of the crew members, the skin of the passengers frozen in the water was white, their hair and eyebrows were covered with frost. The maceration and the fact that the bodies were swollen made the work very difficult, and the work had to be done very quickly. The bodies raised from the water in the air began to decompose very quickly. It was ordered to lift from 5 to 10 bodies and return to the ship.
The square indicates the search area for bodies by the Mackett-Bennet vessel. Photo from the original card.
During the first day, 51 bodies were raised (including two children and three women). 24 bodies were badly damaged or mutilated during the sinking of the ship, making identification impossible. It was decided to bury them at sea. The process of burial at sea was as follows. The iron bars that they took with them (weighing 12 kg with a hole at the end) served as a load for the bodies. When the boat sailed up to the body, the corpse was examined, and a decision was made to raise it or not. More lucky 1 and 2 class. Crew or third class were often buried at sea.
A life jacket was removed from the corpse, rods were tied to the legs, and the body sank. The rest of the bodies were taken aboard the McKay-Bennett, where they were disbanded. First, the bodies were laid out on deck. In the presence of two people, pockets were examined, and an inventory of everything found was compiled. Personal belongings, jewelry and other items were put in a bag. The corpse was assigned a number, the same number was applied to the bag with his personal belongings. This was supposed to facilitate the identification procedure on board or shore. Clothes were cut from the corpse and burned. Then the medical examiners set to work. They carefully examined the body, fixing all the abrasions, scratches, injuries, tattoos. Pajamas were then put on first-class passengers. All data obtained in this way, according to the new rules, was recorded in a special journal. An interesting fact is that such an identification procedure was used for the first time in history, and it is still used by experts working at the scene of mass deaths of people (air crashes, major accidents, in places of military operations, etc.). Even after the death of the passengers, their bodies were treated according to class. The bodies of the Titanic's crew were not embalmed or even sacked (on board they were in large boxes covered with ice). The bodies of second and third class passengers were placed in bags, while the bodies of first class passengers were placed in coffins. They were placed on the poop.
From Frederick Hamilton's notes:
"Monday April 22, 1912. This morning we passed a huge iceberg. I really wanted to take a picture of him, but it was raining. We are now east of a huge debris field. And among the deck chairs, parts of interiors, paper, boxes and other things - bodies, bodies, bodies ... "
“… 20.00. The bell rang twice. I hear a splash of water. This means that the funeral ceremony has begun. Again the bell tolls twice and again splash, splash, splash…”
It can be added that the ceremony was conducted by the priest of the Cathedral of All Saints in the city of Halifax, Cameron Hynd.
And here is what the captain himself writes in the ship's log:
“Today I made a difficult decision. We put 24 unidentified bodies in bags, attached a weight of 23 kg to each and buried them at sea. We simply won’t be able to bring everyone ashore.”
Note that almost all of them were third-class passengers or crew members. I was noticed interesting fact. After the body of J. Astor was found, for which the crew received a reward from his son Vincent in the amount of $ 10,000, none of the passengers were buried at sea anymore. Is it a coincidence?
MacKay-Bennett carried out the search and recovery of the bodies until April 26, when the Minia ship arrived to help him. On April 30, the ship returned to Halifax with her "cargo".
Funeral procession aboard the McKay-Benette.
The bodies of the deceased passengers of the Titanic aboard the McKay-Bennett.
The bodies of the Titanic crew in wooden boxes with ice were among the first to be carried off the board, then the bodies of second and third class passengers, who were placed in bags. The bodies of the first class passengers were all in coffins, which were the last to be carried ashore. The whole procession passed in dead silence, although the pier was packed with relatives, onlookers, journalists who had already nicknamed the ship the "ship of death."
Between April 21 and 26, 1912, McKay-Bennett found 306 bodies (body numbers 1-306). 116 were buried at sea and 190 were taken to Halifax, Nova Scotia.
Sailors from the McKay Bennett inspect the overturned collapsible lifeboat B of the Titanic.
Minia
The Minia is the second ship chartered by the White Star Line to search for the dead. On April 21, 1912, a message came from the McKay-Bennett that they had reached the crash site, about a large number of victims and they might not have enough bags, embalming composition, coffins, etc. On the same day, under the command of Captain William de Calteret, the Minia cable-laying ship (on board 150 coffins, 20 tons of ice and 10 tons of iron bars) comes to the rescue from Halifax.
On April 26, the ship reached the crash site and replaced the McKay-Bennett. On the same day, the weather deteriorated badly. The wind picked up and a fine, nasty rain began to fall, making a long search impossible. Lifting the bodies became dangerous for the rescuers themselves.
Minia cable layer.
From an interview with Captain W. de Calteret:
“We always had to wait for the weather to improve. And as soon as the ocean became favorable to us, we immediately began work. We saw the bodies, but they were drifting very far apart. It was difficult to get to them, and, unfortunately, the steamers passing by did not want to help us ... "
But, due to a break in an important cable off the coast of Canada, the Miniya had to be withdrawn earlier than planned.
The chronology of raising the bodies is as follows:
- On April 26, 11 bodies were taken on board;
- April 27 - 1;
- April 28 - 1;
- April 29 - 1;
- April 30 - 1;
- May 1 - 2;
The crew of the Minia lift the body of a deceased Titanic passenger.
There was a rumor that the members of the Minii team, in violation of all the rules, were engaged in looting. Overcoming long distances between lonely drifting bodies, they along the way collected things from the surface of the ocean as souvenirs. I had little faith in this, but collecting material for the article, I was convinced of the opposite. nReading the memoirs of Captain de Calteret, I came across this. I quote the paragraph in full.
“... The death of people occurred from hypothermia, only one choked. In his lungs was sea water. I remember the bodies of two men the most. One probably fell off high altitude and hit the superstructurevessel. He was missing a foot, and the other leg was broken and twisted. The second may have died in the explosion. His face was burned and his eyes were missing. Yes, something definitely exploded there, I saw chairs from a restaurant on board, their headrests were stained with coal, some were broken. We also raised a large section of the wooden ladder…”
“… Chaise lounges were raised in good condition, a piece of beautiful fittings, a lady’s boa, a pantry locker from the first class cabin….”
But on the other hand, thanks to these people, today we can see those objects that, perhaps, would not have survived to this day.
Inspection of the body of the deceased passenger of the Titanic on board the Minia.
On board the Mini.
Having found 17 corpses (body numbers 307-323), of which two ( not identified) were buried at sea, on May 3, 1912, with 15 bodies on board, the ship headed for Halifax.
Representatives of John Snow and Company take the coffins from the Minia to the morgue.
On May 6, after mooring at the port of destination, the crew transferred the unused coffins and bags to the third vessel, the steamer Montmagny, which was leaving to search for the bodies.
"Montmagny"
The Montmagny was a small vessel that served lighthouses and was owned by the Canadian Department of Marine and Fisheries. Captain Peter Johnson. The ship left the small port of Sorel and headed for Halifax, where it replenished its supplies upon arrival and where additional crew members were hired. One of the embalmers at the John Snow and Company Funeral Home came aboard. A surgeon from a local hospital is called to help him. The Reverend S. Prince of the local St. Paul's Church went to sea as a chaplain.
Steamboat Montmagny.
On the morning of May 6, 1912, the Minia berthed in the port of Halifax. And while all attention was paid to unloading the ship and photographing, no one noticed how at noon the Montmagny quietly left at sea.
Having reached the site of the Titanic disaster, the weather deteriorated again. Rain is coming. "Montmagni" was able to pick up only 4 bodies during May 9-10 (numbers 326-329). For some unknown reason, they missed numbers 324 and 325. One body was buried at sea. The remaining three were delivered on May 13 to Louisbourg, where they were transported by rail to Halifax. Replenishing supplies, "Montmagni" again returned to the crash site, but, alas, apart from small wooden fragments, he did not find anything. No tel.
On May 19, at about 1800, the Montmagny relieved the Algerin, the last ship hired by the White Star Line. May 23, 1912 "Montmagny" returned to Halifax and continued its service for the benefit of the Canadian government.
"Algerin".
"Algerin" — the last, fourth vessel to participate in the body-lifting operation under the command of the White Star Line. Captain - John Jackman.
Cargo-passenger ship "Algerin".
There is very little information about what happened on board and around the Algerin voyage. It is known that the ship left the port of St. Johns (Newfoundland) and explored the crash site for three weeks. One body was found (number 330). Having stopped searching, Algerin returned to the port of St. Johns on June 6, 1912 and reloaded the coffin onto the Florizel steamer, which delivered the body to Halifax on June 11.
This concludes the official operation to recover the bodies of the passengers of the Titanic, organized by the White Star Line. The final lists of the dead and missing were compiled. But, despite all the efforts, the bodies continued to frighten the steamers passing by for some time.
What else can be added.
It is known that the Carpathia did not raise the bodies of the three dead from collapsible boat A, leaving the boat to drift. Officers Wild and Murdoch tried to lower this boat as one of the last, but because of the waves surging on the deck, the collapsible sides of the boat did not have time to raise. As a result, half-flooded and overloaded with passengers, she was washed into the ocean. A month later (May 13), ironically, another White Star Line steamer, the Oceanic, finds a lifeboat 160 miles away. south of the place disasters. Later, passenger Sir Shane Leslie recalled:
“... At noon, the sea was calm when the lookout shouted that some incomprehensible object was visible ahead. The ship slowed down and it soon became apparent that the object was a lone lifeboat floating in the Atlantic. What was truly terrible were the three bodies that were in it. By order from the bridge, a boat was sent to her with an officer and a doctor. The spectacle that followed was terrible. The hair of two dead sailors was white from the sun and salt, and a third body, dressed in evening dress, sprawled on the benches. All three bodies were sewn into canvas bags with a steel bar attached. Then, one by one, they were wrapped in the British flag, buried and buried at sea."
These were bodies numbered 331-333, which are not included in the official lists.
June 6, 1912. the ship "Ilford" finds a body (number 334), which was buried at sea. Not on the official list.
On June 8, 1912, the steamer Ottawa accidentally finds a body (number 335). Buried at sea. Not included in the official list.
Summing up, we can say that during the operation from April 17 to June 8, 1912, 333 bodies out of 1512 dead (about 22%).
During the search period, 209 bodies were brought to Halifax. 59 of them were taken by relatives and buried in their homeland. Three different cemeteries in Halifax became the final resting place for the remaining 150 bodies.
101 years have passed since the sinking of the Titanic, but its victims are not forgotten and, it seems to me, will never be forgotten. Every year, memorial masses are held at the place of the wreck of the liner, and their names are remembered every year. And, as you know, the one who is not forgotten lives forever.
Application.
Breakdown by ships involved in the rise of the dead (04/17 - 06/06/1912).
Especially for:
Anatomy of the Titanic
On the night of April 14-15, 1912, she was wrecked, in the waters Atlantic Ocean, the largest ship in the world "Titanic". The catastrophe that struck the whole world took lives a large number present on board the liner, many rich people and second-class passengers, but still managed to escape many. The collision of the liner with an iceberg was the cause tragic disaster, which many people remember to this day. For a long time, the location of the sunken ship was unknown, only in 1985 they found the place of his rest. And it is here that many expeditions go to study, considered one of the most unsinkable ships, the Titanic. For a thorough study, several ships were sent to the site of the tragedy, which followed the route of the Titanic itself. Since the crash, the sunken Titanic, this year, exactly one hundred years have passed.
In 2001, almost a hundred years after the disaster, UNESCO takes under the protection of the convention the wreckage of the legendary ship, before that the Titanic was considered just one of wrecked more than a century ago by a liner. Almost 3750 meters of depth, at this time, hide the remains of the Titanic superliner at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean.
Relatives of those who died in a terrible disaster, follow the course of the Titanic, a century after the tragedy, in order to honor the memory of their loved ones.
The wreck of the Titanic - where and when the Titanic sank
During its first voyage, on the night of April 14 to April 15, 1912, the British liner Titanic crashes in the Atlantic Ocean, due to the inattention of the lookout, who noticed the obstacle very late. Due to the numerous minor damages that the ship receives as a result of a collision with an iceberg, less than three hours later the ship sinks completely under water, taking with it the lives of passengers, of whom there were more than 2200 on board, of which only 706, including the ship's crew, the victims were lucky to stay alive. In 1985, under the command of Robert Ballard, director of the Institute of Oceanology in the USA, Massachusetts, Woods Hall, the expedition located the wreck of the British steamer Titanic - 645 km west of Newfoundland.
Some time after the disaster, relatives of the victims of the tragedy are trying to assemble an expedition to search for the remains of the liner and even raise it from the seabed to the surface, but an operation of such a plan, at the beginning of the 20th century, was unrealistic from a technical point of view, so no one undertook it.
A decade later, after the collapse of the Titanic, the level of technology and science, as well as the invention of various research instruments underwater world, allowed to hope for a good result, Robert Ballard in the 70s went in search of the remains of the legendary liner. French Institute Research and Development of the Ocean (IFREMER) provided numerous valuable assistance to Ballard and his expedition, providing Robert with high-quality precision sonar, the beam of which could “scrawl” the bottom of the ocean from the deck of a research ship. The expedition was not immediately successful, despite the good technique and equipment. Almost resigned to defeat, Ballard's expedition was about to leave the northern waters of the Atlantic Ocean. Just at that moment, their ship's instruments detect an object. Judging by the photographs of the Titanic in 1912, it was found that this strange object nothing but one of the liner's steam boilers.
A little later, not far from the boiler, the remaining remains of the steamer were found, and those belonging to dead passengers things.
At a depth of approximately 3.9 km, the remains of the big steamer The Titanic, which, unfortunately, is pointless to raise to the surface - the giant remains of a rusted liner that split into two parts during flooding will remain at the bottom of the sea.
A century has passed since the terrible tragedy, but to this day, scientists are trying to find out new facts and find out real reason disasters. Regarding the legendary British steamer, many books have been written and films made.
As you know, legends in any case have at least some part of the truth, thereby arousing the interest of people. Scientists are trying to uncover a huge amount of unusual information and secrets, and there are still many mysteries of the Titanic that it has been hiding from humanity for a century now.
The captain of the ship, Morgan Roberts, twenty years before the crash of the Titanic, publishes a wonderful book that tells about the nightmarish catastrophe of the ship, of which only a small number of people survived and the captain of the ship. In this story, the two ships "Titanic" and the steamship "Titan" described in Roberts' book surprisingly coincided, the sizes of the ships also coincided, the number of passengers and even the number of lifeboats on deck also turned out to be the same. It is horrifying that the shipwreck in the book, written two decades before the tragedy itself, exactly matches reality, the Titan also sank from a collision with an iceberg. The success of the book after the disaster increased significantly, although it was written before the actual crash of the Titanic.
At the end of the last century, another book was published in which its authors described the facts related to the steamship disaster. Scientists claim that the Titanic crash was deliberately set up, the facts pointing to this were undeniable, for example, there were two times fewer lifeboats than passengers on the ship. Take even the fact that the owner of the Titanic, the most famous millionaire Pearson Morgan, refuses to sail on his own liner at the last moment. Although he persuades his friend John Astor, the richest man in America, to go. Shortly after the disaster, resting and relaxing on French resort Titanic owner Pearson Morgan was having a great time.
By happy accident at the last moment, about fifty people refuse an exciting trip on the largest British steamer, there were no good reasons for this. The most interesting thing was that the ship's passengers who refused to travel are close friends of Morgan, which causes a certain suspicion. By order of the owner of the liner, Morgan, unique paintings were left on the shore, the collections of which were to be transported aboard the Titanic.
Video Titanic did not sink
Photos and pictures of Titanic
Original taken from vesente to the Titanic - history raised from the bottom
During my New Year's stay in Estonia, an exhibition of items recovered from the Titanic was held in Tallinn. It would seem, what is the connection between them? The exhibition is temporary from 11/15/13 to 03/31/2014, which, as I understand it, is dedicated to the 100th anniversary of the liner's death. Perhaps the exhibition will reach Russia.
In the meantime, what did I see at this exhibition?
Titanic is a legendary story, the name alone attracts the attention of the public, in which Hollywood played a significant role. In particular, James Cameron, who directed the film of the same name, which collected seemingly unthinkable more than $ 2 billion at the worldwide box office. Even after its death, the history of the Titanic continues to set records.
The beginning of the 20th century was a time of optimism and progress. The development of technology has given humanity such marvels of technology as the automobile, airplane, cinema, telegraph and skyscrapers. The development of international trade has intensified the movement of people, mail and goods. Ocean-going ships have become larger, faster and more luxurious, being the main way to travel on long distance, in anticipation of the era of aviation.
In the 19th century, many went in search of a better life overseas to America. The main criterion for navigation was speed, and passengers sought to get on the fastest ship. The size and speed of ships grew rapidly, but this exacerbated certain inconveniences, such as strong vibration. By the beginning of the 20th century, the proportion of wealthy people increased among passengers, and highest value acquired comfort and luxury.
Project Bureau 
By the beginning of the 20th century, the speed ocean liners almost doubled compared to the middle of the 19th century, and already exceeded 20 knots (37 km / h). The Titanic was built fast, but not the fastest, because Ufight Star Line was built on the principle that comfort and convenience are preferable to speed. The liner had to cross the ocean at a speed of about 21 knots (approximately 39 km / h).
On April 10 at 6 o'clock in the morning, the crew of the Titanic boarded and prepared to receive passengers. A little later, the captain arrived, and together with a representative of the Ministry of Commerce, they examined the ship. Everything was in order and the Titanic was allowed to go to sea.
At 9.30 a train with passengers of the second and third class arrived at the port, at 11.30 passengers of the first class arrived. The last captain greeted personally, accompanied by an orchestra.
At noon, blowing three whistles, highest achievement engineering thought set out on its first and last journey. The Titanic was due to arrive in New York on the morning of April 17th.
I wonder if the history of the greatest passenger liner at that moment, such a long historical trail, get to New York safely?
Few numbers:
- 53 meters in height.
-28 meters wide. It was possible to put 8 Ford cars in width.
- 59000 hp - this is the same number as 79 modern Lamborghini Venenos.
- 42 km / h was the maximum speed of the Titanic
In 1896, Schuyler S. Wheeler created the first electric fan with two blades. The electric motor rotated the shaft in which the rotor was mounted. At the beginning of the 20th century, fans were used only in commercial enterprises and wealthy households. 
"Thermotank" allowed to heat the room with warm air. By turning the knob of the regulator, the passenger could change the amount of heat entering the cabin by setting the blinds to open, closed, or an intermediate state. 
In terms of comfort, luxury and service, the Titanic was comparable to the most the best hotels of that time and was rightfully considered a "floating hotel" of luxury, making passengers forget that they are at sea. On board there were a swimming pool, a Turkish bath, a hairdressing salon, a gym with exercise equipment, a squash court, a photo lab, luxurious dining rooms and cafes. Many first-class cabins had baths, and the most expensive suites had their own promenade decks. A valuable opportunity that passengers actively used to communicate with household members was the telegraph.
At the beginning of the 20th century, all ship passengers were divided into 3 classes according to their status. Persons belonged to the first class high origin, wealthy production workers, eminent actors, singers and writers. They had the most luxurious cabins at their disposal. The passengers in the second class were mostly wealthy people of respectable professions, such as university professors, priests and officials.
The most significant part of the passengers - the third class, were people who went overseas in search of a better life. They were mostly impoverished workers and peasants. Passengers of different classes on the ship were separated from each other, for them there were separate rooms for spending time, they were preparing food in different places and they walked on different decks.
First class cabin 
The Titanic could carry more than 750 first class passengers. All cabins for them were spacious, finely decorated and could compete with the best hotels in the world. All cabins had baths, hot and cold water, lots of cabinets. Some first class cabins connected to the saloon.
The most expensive suites cost $4,500 (currently €76,000).
Tap hot water and floor tiles 
The promenade deck, or "A" deck, was reserved for first-class passengers only. In addition to the apartments, there were the most luxurious rooms, including a reading and smoking room, a cafe on the veranda.
Fragment of the promenade deck bench 
smoking salon 
If the smoking room was intended for men of the first class, then the reading room was for women from the first class. Comfort was created by furniture in the Gregorian style, stucco cornices and a fireplace.
Traveling ladies, sitting in the warmth of the fireplace, could read their favorite novels here, write letters, watch what was happening on the promenade deck through the window.
Reading Salon 
The Turkish bath for the first class was one of the most comfortable rooms on the ship. There was a steam room, a warm and cold room, a relaxation room and, finally, a massage room. most innovative in Turkish bath There were heated beds.
In order to give more space exotic look, curtains from Cairo hung from the portholes, as well as bronze lamps in the Arabic style. Entrance to the bath was paid - 1 dollar (17 euros).
The main resting place was a 150-meter promenade, on both sides of the deck. Here, first-class passengers could, sitting on deck chairs or strolling, admire the sea and enjoy conversation. Also, the spacious promenade deck was a favorite place for the children of the first passengers: there was room to run around.
On the Titanic, first-class passengers had a superbly equipped gymnasium at their disposal. There were two exercise bikes, rowing and riding simulators. You could use electric machines to massage your back and abdomen, and for $1 you could rent a tennis court for half an hour. lovers water procedures could swim in the ship's pool with heated water. Worldwide, only two ships had such pools.
The internal parade ladder of the Titanic was undoubtedly one of the main places of interest. It was located in the bow of the ship, between the boat and saloon decks, so that first-class passengers could use it to move between upper decks. The internal staircase was topped with a dome of iron and stained glass, through which daylight filled everything around.
From the boat deck, a parade ladder led down to D-Deck, where there were first-class lounges and dining rooms. From there one could get to E-Deck, where some of the first-class quarters were located.
The Titanic's second class cabins were comparable to the first class cabins of other liners and cost accordingly. Second class passengers were offered a variety of amenities that were available only to first class on other ships, such as an elevator, a library, reading room, promenade deck. The second-class dining room, located on the saloon deck of the Titanic, was paneled in oak in the 17th century style and seated 394 people.
For this reason, the table was served here in several shifts. During the first meal, many second-class passengers thought they had inadvertently wandered into the first-class cabin. Since the galleys for the first and second class were combined on the liner, the passengers of the second class ate almost the same as the passengers of the first class.
Refractory clay baking dish. The dishes were stored in a cabinet, over time the cabinet decomposed and the dishes remained lying on the bottom in the sand. 
Passengers of the 3rd class were mostly emigrants of different nationalities. Before boarding the ship, third-class passengers were required to undergo a medical examination and for the presence of lice.
Third class cabins 
The interior of the third-class dining room was simple, but the hall could accommodate more than 470 people. Where other ships had benches bolted to the floor, the Titanic had comfortable chairs that created the atmosphere of an inexpensive restaurant. The choice of dishes was not as rich as in the first and second class, but the portions were large and tasty.
4 meals were offered daily - tomorrow, lunch, afternoon tea and dinner. Tomorrow consisted of a boiled egg, oatmeal, bread and marmalade. For lunch there was soup, a meat dish, a hot dessert and fruit. In the afternoon tea was served a hot dish, a light dessert and tea. Cheese, oatmeal jelly and coffee were offered for the evening.
Crew. The ship's personnel consisted of more than 900 people, but according to various estimates, 885 went on the first voyage. The crew was divided into three parts: the deck crew (officers and sailors), the engine crew and the serving staff. The hardest work was done by stokers and trimmers. More than half of the crew members were busy serving passengers. When designing the vessel, they proceeded from the principle that the non-service part of the crew should in no case intersect with passengers. There were only 23 women in the huge crew.
April 14, Sunday. It was day 5 of the Titanic's voyage. People have already become accustomed to the hustle and bustle, amenities and everything that the most comfortable liner in the world could offer. Already preparing for the arrival in New York, which was expected in three days. It was even easier for the captain, since there was no mandatory inspection of the ship on Sunday.
Sunday was calm and quiet, on this day there were no celebrations, no dancing. A service was held in the First Class Dining Room led by Captain Smith himself. In the evening, a dinner party in honor of the captain was held at the A la Carte restaurant. As a rule, Ufight Star Line ships had exercises on Sundays during which all passengers and crew members were required to gather in life jackets at certain places on the boat deck. The captain of the Titanic canceled this exercise ...
Ice Warnings.
9.00 "Caronia"
13.42 "Baltic II"
13.45. "America"
19.42. "California"
21.40 Mesaba
22.40 "California"
Not a single ice warning, for various reasons, was transmitted to the captain's bridge ....
In total, the radio operators have received more than twenty reports of icebergs since sailing. But they were perceived as advice, not real threat. The officers and the captain were sure that in such weather, standing in the Antarctic, they would be able to see the danger in advance. Nevertheless, precautions were taken - the deck hatch in the bow was closed so that the light coming from there did not interfere with the view of the ocean surface from the bridge and from the mast basket.
Watch sailor. On April 14, 1912, Frederick Fleet was on watch from ten in the evening until midnight. The officers repeatedly reminded him and his partner, sailor Reginald Lee, of the need to be extremely careful, since the ship was in the area of icebergs. The absence of the moon and the almost smooth sea made it more difficult to detect the iceberg than usual, because the iceberg was usually detected by reflected light or spray from the waves.
23.40. A huge iceberg appears in the path of the world's greatest ship. The watchman strikes the bell three times and shouts: "The iceberg is straight ahead!"
The iceberg caused six small holes 90 meters long, as a result, 5 watertight compartments began to flood. More than 1000 liters entered the ship's hull every second.
The exhibition has a large icicle in which you can leave your imprint. 
People who were in different parts of the ship heard and felt the rattle and impact from the collision in different ways. A few minutes later, the Titanic stopped. If on the bridge at first it seemed that the worst had been run over, the next twenty minutes revealed the seriousness of the situation.
After the collision, the designer of the Titanic, Thomas Andrews Jr., inspects the damage and informs the captain of the fateful news: With two flooded permeable compartments, the ship can stay afloat. It will withstand even four flooded compartments, but the resulting damage will lead to the inevitable death of the ship. The Titanic is doomed. 25 minutes after the collision, the captain gave the order to put women and children into the boats.
On the night of April 14, 1912, the water temperature in North Atlantic was -2 C. Salty water freezes at a lower temperature than fresh water. So the water was colder than the fatal iceberg. Most people did not drown, but died of hypothermia.
Help. The first ship to respond to the sos message was the Karpatia, which was at a distance of 93 km. Having received a request for help, it changed course and, at full speed, headed for the distressed Titanic, arriving at the scene four hours later.
The ship "California" was closer, 19 km, and although they saw missiles fired from the Titanic, the captain did nothing to come to the rescue.
Boats. According to the original design, there were supposed to be 32 boats, but their number was reduced to 20, because they took up too much space on the deck. However, for those times, according to existing rules, this was more than enough: maximum capacity 20 boats were 1178 people, and it was supposed to provide 1060 seats.
Only two boats had the prescribed number of people, in the first seven boats there were only 160 people. This is due to the fact that, by order of the captain, at first only women and children were put in them.
Margaret Brown. 
She took control of the boat when she noticed that the helmsman, Robert Hitchens, began to behave inappropriately. She ordered other women to row with her and encouraged them with stories and songs.
Ilda Strauss. 
The wife of Mary's department store owner refused to board boat number eight without her husband. "We have always been with him, together we will die."
Musicians. As soon as the passengers began to take their seats in the boats, Herbert McElroy, the chief treasurer of the ship, gathered the musicians and ordered them to play so that the passengers would remain calm. They played excerpts from different works, each time taking more and more cheerful passages. The musicians were private entrepreneurs, no one offered them to lead the boats, but also they were not offered evacuation along with the passengers. None of them survived.
Bruce Ismay. The director of the White Star Line sat down in a folding lifeboat"C", while many women and children have not yet been evacuated. Climbing aboard the Carpathia, which came to the rescue, he demanded a separate cabin for himself, from which he did not leave until his arrival in New York. Until the end of his days, he was haunted by universal contempt.
First class passengers: 199 fallen asleep, 125 dead.
Second class passengers: 116 survivors, 168 dead.
Third class passengers: 181 survivors, 529 dead.
The Titanic lies at a depth of 4 kilometers, 740 kilometers from the island of Newfoundland. Having broken, it sank, and the bow and stern parts of the hull lie at a distance of 600 meters from each other. The bottom space between them is littered with various objects.
The idea to find the Titanic was expressed as early as 1912, but it was technically impossible then. The ship was discovered only 73 years after the crash, in 1985. A more detailed study of the wreckage confirmed the version of the ship breaking into two parts, which was previously considered unlikely.
In 1987-2004, RMS Titanic Inc, together with France and Russia, organized a number of expeditions to explore and recover objects from the sunken liner, collecting more than 5,500 objects from the sea. During the 2010 expedition, with the help of deep-sea vehicles, the boundaries of the archaeological find were determined, the first echolocation image of the vessel's position was compiled and three-dimensional video frames were taken high definition, with which scientists can explore the Titanic in a way that was previously inaccessible. Remote control modules connected to the mother ship with a cable collect data. The best visibility and angle, scientists still get from inhabited bathyscaphes. Diving to the "Titanic" lasts 12-15 hours, of which 2-2, 5 is spent on diving and lifting.
These postcards were found in a bag tied with ribbon, along with 120 other postcards from different places belonged to Howard Irwin. 
Disputes over ownership began immediately after the discovery of the vessel, as it sank in international waters. After long litigation, exclusive ownership passed in 1993 to RMS Titanic Inc, which retains it to this day.
The investigation of what happened began already 4 days after the disaster. A special commission in New York interviewed the survivors and tried to find out the circumstances of the disaster. The investigation was conducted for 8 days, but little was found out. A more thorough investigation was carried out in England. Conclusions and recommendations formed the basis of safety legislation.
Change in safety of navigation. After the disaster, the radio operators had to be on duty in the radio room 24 hours a day and there had to be a direct connection with the captain's bridge. The requirements for the conditions for the design and construction of ships, as well as the location and strength parameters of watertight bulkheads, were tightened.
And by the way, the New York Times called the Titanic unsinkable after its death.
In continuation of the post of the blogger LadyWinter, I would like to continue the topic of the Titanic, in particular, to talk about the artifacts found
Ever since the legendary Titanic plunged into the darkness of the Atlantic Ocean, it has forever attracted the attention of historians, archaeologists and collectors. And in connection with the upcoming 100th anniversary of the tragic disaster, interest in the ship has only increased. Provides an overview of the most expensive artifacts from the sunken liner, put up for auction around the world.
The history of this diamond jewelry is shrouded in mystery. The bracelet has a pendant with the owner's name - Amy. Presumably, it belonged to one of the passengers of the Titanic - Miss Amanda. The initial price of the product is $200,000. It looks surprisingly modern.
During the investigation into the causes of the crash, drawings of the ship were studied, which were sold at auction in 2011 for $362,000. The plan, 10 meters wide, was made with colored crayons and depicts the moment the ship collided with an iceberg.
Manuscripts from the Titanic have been repeatedly sold at various auctions around the world. A letter written by Adolf Saafeld to his wife, dated April 10, 1912, was sold in 2010 for $90,000. In it, a passenger shares his impressions of a luxurious ship with his wife, in particular, describes the interior, artfully thought out menu and talks about a "wonderful trip." It is unlikely that Saafeld guessed how it would end in just five days.
The legendary ship was distinguished by exceptional luxury, expensive decoration, as well as an exquisite menu in restaurants. Therefore, the auction will have a lunch menu for first class passengers. The excitement around the auction is created by the fact that lunch was the last for most of the ship's passengers. The menu was printed on April 14, 1912, and the tragedy that claimed the lives of 2,208 people occurred on the night of April 15.
The menu didn't end up at the bottom of the ocean thanks to Dr. Washington Dodge, a San Francisco banker who took the Titanic with his wife, Ruth, and son, Washington Jr. Ruth took the menu as a keepsake, placing it in her purse. Since then, it has been kept in their family as a kind of relic. The last meal of the passengers of the liner consisted of eggs, chicken, beef, grilled lamb cutlets, various desserts and eight types of cheese. The organizers of the auction expect to get about $158,000 for this.
The life jacket, valued at $119,000, was intended for an emergency at sea, but judging by its appearance, the vest was unlikely to be suitable for severe weather conditions.
The love for cigars of the captain of the fatal ship John Smith reached the point that he asked his relatives to be silent while smoking them. Not surprisingly, the British steamship white company Star Lines gave him a cigar box. It is made of walnut wood and is valued at $40,000.
An extremely rare artifact is a passenger ticket for the Titanic.
Other artifacts
The clock that stopped time for the ship's passengers...
Necklace. It was stolen from an exhibition in London.
Branded crockery
Handbag
The ring, found at the bottom of the ocean, unwittingly resembles the "Heart of the Ocean" diamond from the James Cameron film.
The cherub that once adorned the Titanic's front staircase
Porcelain Cup for First Class Passengers
Pair of baby shoes
Dishes for the first class
In September 1985, under the leadership of the famous oceanologist Robert Ballard, an American-French expedition discovered one detail of the Titanic at the bottom of the Atlantic Ocean - a steam boiler. Soon the remains of the ship itself were also found.
Thus ended the long-term search for the sunken legendary ship, which was carried out by independent researchers, but for some time was unsuccessful due to incorrect coordinates of the shipwreck.
The discovery of the remains of the Titanic opened a new page in its history of death. Only with time did the answers to numerous questions related to the disaster become known, and many facts that were considered irrefutable turned out to be, unfortunately, incorrect.
This post is dedicated to the Titanic, which rests at the bottom of the ocean at a depth of four kilometers. You will see modern photos of the Titanic and be able to compare them with archival black and white images. This post will surely interest you with its mystery and mystery.
The Titanic sank in the Atlantic at a depth of almost 4 km. During the dive, the ship broke into two parts, which now lie on the bottom about six hundred meters apart. A lot of debris and objects are scattered around them, incl. and a pretty big piece of the Titanic's hull.
Nose model. When the ship fell to the bottom, the nose was very well buried in the silt, which greatly disappointed the first researchers, because it turned out to be impossible to inspect the place of impact on the iceberg without special equipment. The ragged hole in the body, which is visible on the layout, was formed from hitting the bottom.
Panorama of the bow, assembled from several hundred photographs. From right to left: the winch of the spare anchor sticks out directly above the edge of the bow, behind it there is a mooring device, immediately behind it is an open hatch into hold No. 1, from which the breakwater lines diverge to the sides. A fallen mast lies on the deck between the superstructure, under it there are two more hatches into the holds and winches for handling cargo. In front of the main superstructure, there used to be a captain's bridge, which collapsed during the fall to the bottom and is now guessed now only in separate details. Behind the bridge, a superstructure with cabins for officers, a captain, a radio room, etc., has been preserved, which is crossed by a crack formed at the site of the expansion joint. A gaping hole in the superstructure - a place for the first chimney. Immediately behind the superstructure, another hole is visible - this is the well in which the main staircase. To the left is something very torn - there was a second pipe.
The nose of the Titanic. The most button accordion object of underwater photographs of the ship. At the end, you can see a loop on which a cable was put on that held the mast.
The photo on the left shows the winch of the spare anchor towering above the bow.
Main anchor on the port side. It's amazing how he didn't fly down when he hit the bottom.
Spare anchor.
Behind the spare anchor is a mooring device.
Open hatch to hold No. 1. The lid flew off to the side, apparently when it hit the bottom.
There used to be the remains of a “crow’s nest” on the mast, where the lookouts were, but ten or twenty years ago they fell off and now only a hole in the mast reminds of the “crow’s nest”, through which the lookouts got on spiral staircase. The protruding tail behind the hole is the fastening of the ship's bell.
Board of the ship.
Only one of the steering wheels remained from the captain's bridge.
Boat deck. The superstructure on it in some places is either uprooted or torn.
The surviving part of the superstructure in front of the deck. Below on the right is the entrance to the front staircase of the 1st class.
Surviving davits, a bathtub in Captain Smith's cabin and the remains of a steamship whistle that was installed on one of the pipes.
In place of the main staircase, a huge well now gapes. There are no traces of the stairs.
Staircase in 1912
And the same perspective in our time. Looking at the previous photo, it's hard to believe that this is the same place.
Behind the stairs there were several elevators for 1st class passengers. Separate elements have been preserved from them. The inscription, depicted at the bottom right, was placed opposite the elevators and denoted the deck. This inscription belonged to deck A; the bronze letter A has already fallen off, but traces of it remain.
1st class lounge on D deck. This is the bottom of the main staircase.
Although almost all of the ship's wooden trim has long been eaten away by microorganisms, some elements are still preserved here.
The restaurant and the 1st class lounge on D deck were separated from the outside world by large stained glass windows that have survived to this day.
Remains of former beauty.
Outside, the windows are guessed by the characteristic double portholes.
Luxurious chandeliers have been hanging in their places for more than 100 years.
The once-splendid interiors of the 1st class cabins are now littered with debris and debris. In some places you can find preserved elements of furniture and objects.
A few more details. The door to the restaurant on D deck and a sign indicating service doors.
The stokers had their own "front staircase". In order not to meet passengers, a separate staircase led from the boiler rooms to the cabins of the stokers.
Hundreds of items are scattered across the ocean floor, ranging from ship parts to personal belongings of passengers.
Some pairs of shoes lie in a very characteristic position: for some, this place has become a grave.
In addition to personal belongings and items, large parts of the plating are also scattered along the bottom, which they also repeatedly tried to raise to the surface.
If the bow was preserved in a more or less decent condition, then the aft part, after falling down, became a shapeless pile of metal. Starboard.
Left side.
On the promenade deck of the 3rd class, individual details of the vessel are hardly guessed.
One of three huge screws.
After the ship broke into two parts, even steam boilers spilled to the bottom.
The engine room was just at the fault point, and now these giants, the height of a three-story house, are available to the gaze of researchers. piston device.
Both steam engines together.
The dry dock in Belfast, where the final painting of the ship's hull was carried out, still exists as a museum exhibit.
And this is what the Titanic would look like against the backdrop of the largest passenger liner of our time, the Allure of the Seas", put into operation in 2010.
Comparison in numbers:
The displacement of the "Allure of the Seas" is 4 times greater than that of the "Titanic";
Length modern liner 360 m (100 m more than the Titanic);
The greatest width is 60 m versus 28 for the Titanic;
Draft is approximately the same (about 10 m);
The speed is also almost the same (22-23 knots);
The number of the team is 2.1 thousand people (there were up to 900 on the Titanic, many of whom were stokers);
Passenger capacity - up to 6.4 thousand people (on the Titanic up to 2.5 thousand).
