National Park "Meshchera. Natural monuments of the Vladimir region
January 11 - Day of reserves and national parks is an unofficial holiday celebrated in Russian Federation initiated by a number of environmental organizations.
The All-Russian Day of Nature Reserves and National Parks” is a relatively young date in the calendar of ecologists. It has been celebrated since 1997. It was in that year that the "Center for the Protection wildlife" And " World Foundation Wildlife” took the initiative to annually celebrate the “Day of Reserves and National Parks” in the Russian Federation.
The choice of environmentalists to hold the "Day of Reserves and National Parks" fell on this date - January 11, not by chance. It was on this day, in 1916 in Buryatia, that the first Russian Empire state reserve called the Barguzinsky Reserve (because it is located on the eastern slope of the Barguzinsky Range). Now in Russia there are more than a hundred nature reserves and forty national parks, with a total area of 33.7 million hectares and 7,000,000 hectares, respectively.
One can call the "Day of Reserves and National Parks" not only a day when environmentalists try to focus society's attention on the problems associated with nature protection zones, but also as a professional holiday for employees of these entities, whose staff number is 11,501 people in the country. The area of reserves and national parks in the Russian Federation is about 2% of the territory of the state, which is approximately equal in area to the territory of Belarus.
NATIONAL PARK MESHCHERA
General information
At the junction of three regions of Russia - Moscow, Vladimir and Ryazan lies a beautiful land of emerald swamps and lakes, quiet and leisurely rivers with beaver settlements, amber pine forests filled with capercaillie lekking, light birch and aspen forests with brown shadows of leisurely elks - this is the Meshchera National Park . The idea of creating a national park appeared in the early 80s, when the need to preserve untouched corners Meshcherskaya lowland. The NP was established by Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 9, 1992 No. 234 “On the Creation of a National natural park"Meshchera" in the Vladimir region. Certificate of state registration No. 403 dated January 18, 2002. A buffer zone with a total area of 46,713 hectares has been allocated on the lands adjacent to the territory of the NP in the Vladimir and Ryazan regions. By order of the Federal Forestry Service of Russia No. 150 dated November 4, 1995, the name “National Natural Park “Meshchera” was renamed to “National Park “Meshchera”.
total area the park is 118.758 thousand hectares. The territory of the park is located in the southwestern part of the Vladimir region, and occupies 27.4% of the territory of the Gus-Khrustalny district. Geographical coordinates NP 55017I-55049I NL, 39057I-40038I E
Purpose of creation
NP "Meshchera" is an environmental institution, the territory of which includes natural and historical and cultural complexes of the Meshchera lowland, which have a special ecological, historical and aesthetic value and is intended for use in environmental, recreational, environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. The main task of the park is to preserve and enhance the natural and historical cultural heritage Vladimir Meshchera.
Vegetable world
Formed in antiquity, the landscape of the park is a swampy plain covered with pine and birch forests. The Meshchera National Park is part of the Meshchera forest region, which lies in the northern zone of the Eastern European variant of the subtaiga subzone of the taiga zone. The forest cover of the park is 63%. Light birch- pine forests is a typical community for our park, they occupy largest area (36%). coniferous forests consist mainly of Scotch pine (59%) with an admixture of European spruce (1%). Broad-leaved forests are represented by oak forests and linden forests, sometimes there is a maple. These forests do not occupy large areas and are located in the valley of the Buzha River.
The flora of the park is exceptionally rich. It is estimated that about 700 vascular plants grow in the park. 44 rare species are taken under special protection, among them: floating salvinia, English sundew, squat birch, blueberry willow, several beautiful orchids.
park fauna
The fauna of the park is no less rich. It is remarkable in that the whole complex of habitats of the subzone of European broad-leaved forests is very fully represented here. 49 species of mammals, 5 species of reptiles, 10 species of amphibians have been registered in the park. The most numerous are: hare, fox, elk, wild boar, ermine, beaver. There are hare, forest polecat, otter.
Traces of the habitation of the endemic - the Russian muskrat - were noted. She is by origin the same age as the mammoth. According to our estimates, a small but stable group of desman lives in the park.
193 species of birds are found on the territory of the Meshchera National Park, among them 15 species are listed in the Red Book of the Russian Federation and 20 species are protected in the Vladimir Region. Often found: capercaillie, black grouse, gray crane; less often - white stork, gray heron, bittern, partridge.
Historical and cultural heritage
The territory of the national park is characterized not only by a variety of geographical, hydrological, forest, but also historical sights. Within the current territory of the Meshchera National Park, traces of the presence of an ancient man dating back to the Middle-Late Stone Age (VII-III millennium BC) were found. ancient man settled near the water, the abundance of which distinguishes the Meshcherskaya lowland. This is evidenced by Neolithic sites in the valleys of the Buzha and Pol rivers: “Mochalovsky afternoon tea”, Svyatoozersky sites, sites in the area of the village. Mikulino and Petrushino. The ancient commercial overland Ryazan tract passed through the territory of the park, connecting the two cities of Ryazan and Vladimir.
Old Ryazan tract
Meshchera forests are closely connected with the struggle of the Russian people against the Tatar-Mongol invasion. According to the stories and epics of Haji Rakhim, it was here that numerous bloody battles between Russian warriors and Tatar detachments took place. The frequent skirmishes between them are evidenced by a large number of burials on the territory of Meshchera, the so-called tracts and manes. Ryazan prince Yevpaty Kolovrat with his retinue also fought in our area. According to legend, the hero was buried near the Meshchera roads in the area of the Narma churchyard. The towns and villages of Meshchera have a unique architectural appearance. The most striking features of the architectural appearance of the towns and villages of Meshchera are: prominent graceful temples, preserved "Maltsov" houses of the XIX century in the city of Gus-Khrustalny, amazing carved decoration of log houses in villages and towns. Although Christianity finally established itself in our land in the 12th century, stone churches in Vladimirskaya Meshchera began to be built about two hundred years ago. On the territory of the national park, 3 temples of the 19th century have been preserved: this is the elegant church of St. Elias (Palishi village), where in the old days, parishioners prayed to protect them from a thunderstorm. The lonely Church of the Holy Trinity (v. Erleks), towering like a white candle over the forests; the majestic Church of the Exaltation (village of Narma), in which mosaics from the second half of the 19th century have been preserved. A special type of cultural heritage is made up of folk crafts and crafts that have been preserved among local population: weaving from a vine, making dugout boats, making souvenirs from natural material- glass, wood, clay. An important element of the spiritual heritage is local folklore, rituals and traditions.
Church of the Exaltation of the Lord, from Narma (left)
Church of St. Elijah Palishchi (right)
No less interesting and social history region, closely associated with the basic industry of Vladimir Meshchera - the production of glass and crystal. The emergence of a system of glass factories in the Meshchera forests of the Vladimir province is associated with the name of Akim Maltsov. In 1756, 10 versts from the village of Nikulino, it was built on the Gus River crystal factory, which gave life to the whole city - Gus-Khrustalny. By 1845, there were 5 crystal and 16 glass factories in the Vladimir province. Local crystal products are known throughout Russia and are distinguished by their characteristic design, called "Maltsovsky Crystal". Throughout its 250-year history, the production of glass and crystal has occupied a leading position in the city and the region.
The Meshchera region has long attracted and inspired artists, poets, writers and musicians. S. Yesenin and K. Paustovsky sang his wondrous nature in their creations. Lived and worked here famous writer, Nobel Prize winner A. Solzhenitsyn, wrote his beautiful scenery artist I. Levitan.
Museum "World of Birds" National Park "Meshchera", located in the village of Urshelsky. The museum of nature has collected more than 200 exhibits; Here are the species of birds that live in national park, also exhibits a unique collection of bird eggs (50 different species), which was collected over two decades, the formation of an exposition of bird nests has begun. The museum has four expositions: birds of the wetlands, birds of the forest, birds open spaces and poultry. Everyone can get acquainted with the origin of birds; birds listed in the Red Book of Russia and protected in the Vladimir region, with native species poultry.
museum under open sky"Russian Compound", located in the village of Tasinsky. Here visitors can get acquainted with the life of the peasants of Vladimir Meshchera. Currently, the museum has 3 expositions. The open-air exhibition presents different kinds hedges, wells, Russian baths, haystacks, logs and roof coverings that our ancestors once created. The exposition "Russian hut" recreates the interior of the hut of the Meshchera peasants of the late 19th and early 20th centuries. In October 2006, the Old Russian Settlement exposition was opened, which introduces museum visitors to the types of buildings typical of the Middle Ages.
Ecological trails. The park has ecological trails of various lengths, covering the most interesting areas. Two school trails, a large ecological trail and in 2007 a new ecological trail "Forest World of Meshchery" was opened, it consists of two sections "World of Nature" and "World of Fairy Tales". The trail successfully combines objects of flora and fauna and fairy-tale characters of Russian folk tales.
Trail of fairy tales
Ecological trail "Journey along the Ryazan tract".
The ecological trail "Journey along the Ryazan tract" starts from an equipped recreation area on the river. Pol with a view of the Holy Trinity Church (22 km from Gus-Khrustalny), goes along the left bank of the Pol River to the equipped recreation site "Sosnovaya" on one of the high banks of the river. The length of the route is 2 km. This route is named so because the ancient Ryazan tract ran along the Pol River and from the starting point of this route, the remains of the bridge, which was part of this route, are visible. Information on the route is connected not only with the history of the region, but also with animals and flora miners. The route is equipped with full houses. On end point travel - the site "Sosnovaya", there is an opportunity to relax, play outdoor games, drink tea and return home.
MESHHERA
national park
Location and history of the Meshchera National Park
The Meshchera National Park was established in 1992 on the territory of the Vladimir Region in order to preserve the natural complex of the Meshchera Lowland. The Meshchera National Park is located in the southeastern part of the Vladimir Region on the territory of the Gus-Khrustalny District. In the west, the park borders on the Moscow region. The National Park "Meshchersky" adjoins the southern border of the park Ryazan region. Together, both parks serve to preserve the natural complex of the Meshcherskaya lowland. The total area of the Meshchera National Park is 118.9 thousand hectares, including: 72.7 thousand hectares (61% of the total area) are provided to the national park, and 46.2 thousand hectares (38.9%) of land of other owners , owners and users are included in the boundaries of the park without exception from economic activity. Significant historical developed territories are located in the central and southern parts of the park. On these lands there are 46 settlements(urban-type settlements and villages), in which about 14 thousand people live.
The forest lands of the park occupy 86.3 thousand hectares (72.6% of the total area of the park), including 81.6 thousand hectares (68.6%) covered with forests. Lands not covered with forests are mainly represented by burned areas, clearings, wastelands and clearings and occupy 3.0 thousand hectares (2.5%). Non-forest lands: waters (1%), swamps (2%), roads and clearings (1%), hayfields (2%) and other agricultural land. There are three railway lines(Moscow-Kazan-Yekaterinburg. Vladimir-Tumskaya and local importance) and several highways. The landscapes of the national park are typical natural complexes woodland type.
The nature of the national park "Meshchera"
According to the botanical and geographical zoning, the territory of the park is located at the junction of the North European taiga province of the Eurasian taiga region and the Eastern European province of the European broad-leaved forest region. In accordance with this, the features of the southern taiga, coniferous-deciduous and broad-leaved forests are traced in the vegetation cover.
According to preliminary estimates, about 850 species of vascular plants grow within the territory of the national park. The list of plants in need of special protection includes 14 species. Among them are floating salvinia, pondweed fries, few-flowered sedge, Siberian iris, etc.
Coniferous forests are formed by pine and spruce. The most common are pine forests, which occupy 59% of the forested land and represent communities of various habitats, from dry to waterlogged. There are no large spruce tracts on the territory of Meshchera. Broad-leaved forests occupy a small territory, only about 100 hectares, and are mainly represented by oak forests, which are climax communities. These forests do not occupy large areas and are usually associated with terraces and river valleys, ravine slopes, etc. Mixed coniferous-deciduous forests are somewhat more common, but also do not occupy large areas. Small-leaved forests are almost always secondary and derivative. On the territory of Meshchera, which is subject to intensive economic use, they occupy large areas(40% of forested land). Birch forests are especially common - 36%, represented by different types. Aspen forests are less common (2%). Black alder forests are mainly confined to floodplains, the banks of streams, often form alder swamps and occupy about 2%.
Forested and treeless swamps, mostly low-lying ones, are quite widespread on the territory of the park. The swamps in Meshchera are often grouped into large arrays, which combine different types swamps and various plant associations. As a rule, a group of rare plant species is associated with them. And many swamp communities are classified as rare and endangered. Prolonged reclamation and extensive development of peat extraction in the region have led to the disappearance of large bog massifs and associated plant and animal complexes. The tasks of the park also include the preservation of marsh ecosystems that have become unique, their flora and vegetation.
Animals of the national park "Bashkiria"
Zoological surveys carried out in Meshchera dealt mainly with vertebrates. About 50 species of mammals, 170 nesting bird species, 5 reptile species and 10 amphibian species have been recorded here. The park's extensive swampy area provides for the conservation of a number of species of large mammals and birds that require large individual plots.
The wolf, raccoon dog, fox, ermine, weasel, white hare are common, the number of wild boar and elk is high. Occasionally there are hare, forest polecat, American mink, pine marten, badger. Evenly distributed over the territory of the protein. The beaver population has recovered. The brown bear has the southern boundary of its range in this area. Of the mammals of Meshchera, the Russian muskrat, included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation, is undoubtedly the most valuable.
Among the rare bird species of the park can be attributed black-throated diver, white stork, gray heron, bittern, gray goose, wigeon, spotted eagle, red-footed falcon, common kestrel, ptarmigan, gray partridge, Curlew, Eagle Owl, Long-eared Owl, Upland Owl and Passerine Owl, Hoopoe, Zhelna, Three-Toed Woodpecker, Nutcracker. On migration, the white-fronted goose was noted, which is included in the Red Data Book of the Russian Federation.
Reptiles are represented by a spindle, a quick and viviparous lizard, an ordinary snake and an ordinary viper. More than 30 species of fish enter Meshchera. Background species: common loach, common roach, perch, pike, crucian carp. Some species of bats, diurnal birds of prey, owls, woodpeckers, butterflies and hymenoptera found in the national park are protected in the Moscow, Vladimir and Ryazan regions. Butterfly podaliria in the past was included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation.
Initial information about the national park was kindly provided by the administration of the resource www.biodiversity.ru
General information
At the junction of three regions of Russia - Moscow, Vladimir and Ryazan lies a beautiful land of emerald swamps and lakes, quiet and leisurely rivers with beaver settlements, amber pine forests filled with capercaillie lekking, light birch and aspen forests with brown shadows of leisurely elks - this is the Meshchera National Park . The idea of creating a national park appeared in the early 80s, when the need to preserve the untouched corners of the Meshchera lowland became obvious. The National Park was established by the Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of April 9, 1992 No. 234 “On the establishment of the Meshchera National Natural Park in the Vladimir Region”. Certificate of state registration No. 403 dated January 18, 2002. A buffer zone with a total area of 46,713 hectares has been allocated on the lands adjacent to the territory of the NP in the Vladimir and Ryazan regions. By order of the Federal Forestry Service of Russia No. 150 dated November 4, 1995, the name “National Natural Park “Meshchera” was renamed to “National Park “Meshchera”. The total area of the park is 118.758 hectares. The territory of the park is located in the southwestern part of the Vladimir region, and occupies 27.4% of the territory of the Gus-Khrustalny district. Geographical coordinates of NP 55017I-55049Ic.l., 39057I-40038Ie.l.
Purpose of creation
NP "Meshchera" is an environmental institution, the territory of which includes natural and historical and cultural complexes of the Meshchera lowland, which have a special ecological, historical and aesthetic value and is intended for use in environmental, recreational, environmental, educational, scientific and cultural purposes. The main task of the park is the preservation and enhancement of the natural, historical and cultural heritage of Vladimirskaya Meshchera.
Natural features of the territory
Relief and geology
The territory of the Meshchera National Park is located in the eastern part of the Meshchera lowland, located within the Moscow syneclise and is confined to the Shilovsky-Vladimir trough. The modern surface of the park was formed by water-glacial processes of the Quaternary glaciations of the Central Russian Plain and is a plain, slightly dissected by river and stream valleys. The height above sea level is within 120-140 m. The basis of surface deposits is water-glacial sandy deposits with a thickness of 1-10 m. There are rare-sized boulders, pebbles, clays, sandy loams and loams.
The main feature of the relief is the meridional subdivision by extensive flat depressions of ancient runoff troughs into a number of watershed uplifts of the second order. The maximum amplitude of the relief of Meshchera reaches 140 m, within the boundaries of the park - 36 m. The fluctuation of heights within the watersheds is no more than 20-30 m. The minimum height is 112 m above sea level; maximum height 148 m a.s.l. The distribution of two main types of relief is associated with the meridional division of Meshchera: secondary plains occupying elevated watershed areas and fluvioglacial plains confined to their slopes and runoff troughs. Generally geological structure and the relief of this territory contributes to the accumulation of sedimentary strata, the leveling of the relief and the swamping of Meshchera.
Climate
Moderate continental with well-defined seasons. Average annual temperature is +3.70 C. The average temperature of the warmest month - July is +180 C (max. +34.30 C), average temperature January - 110 C (min. -38.20 C). The duration of the period with temperatures above +100 C is 130-145 days. Frosts stop on average on May 10-12, and begin in the twentieth of September. The duration of the frost-free period is on average 125-130 days.
The average annual rainfall is 528 mm, with fluctuations in some years from 270-900 mm. About 70% of precipitation falls on the warm period (April-October) and 30% on the cold period (November-March). According to long-term average data maximum amount precipitation falls in July, the minimum - in February. The highest average daily precipitation falls in summer (up to 23 mm per day). The area belongs to the zone of sufficient moisture. Swamps have a significant influence on climate formation, they are characterized by frequent fogs and high humidity, so air humidity in the daytime is not lower than 55%, in the evening it increases to 80-85%. Snow cover lasts 140-150 days from November to April, average height snow is 46 cm. Water reserves in the snow reach 100 mm by the end of winter. Numerous lakes and swamps have a softening effect on the climate: in summer - cooling, in winter - warming. Wind rose: N - 27.3%, E - 16.3%, S - 28.2%, W - 2.0%. Flooding on the rivers happens in 2-3 years.
Hydrological network
The park is located in the lowest part of the Meshcherskaya lowland. This location, as well as small altitudinal fluctuations in relief, are the main reasons for the distribution of a wide range of wetlands. The park's wetlands are rich and varied; it is primarily swamps. Over the past century, intensive drainage reclamation has been carried out on the territory of the park and adjacent lands, significantly changing the landscape of the park. The total area of the swamps of the park is 23014 ha, of which the natural part of the biota occupies 8073 ha (35%), the disturbed part accounts for 14941 ha (65%). NP "Meshchera" is unique in that all three types of swamps are found on its territory: lowland (eutrophic), transitional (mesotrophic) and upland (oligotrophic). Rare groups of plants and animals are associated with them.
The Meshchera National Park was founded in 1992 and is located on the border of three regions of Russia - Vladimir, Moscow and Ryazan.The idea of creating the Meshchera National Park arose in the early 80s of the last century to preserve the untouched corners of the Meshchera lowland, its natural, historical and cultural complexes.
The total area of the Meshchera National Park is 118.9 thousand hectares. 27.4% of it falls on the territory of the Gus-Khrustalny district of the Vladimir region. South part National Park "Meshchera" is located in the Ryazan region, and the western - in the Moscow region. 72.6% of its area is occupied by forests, and the rest of the reserve is burnt areas, clearings, wastelands, clearings and non-forest lands: rivers and lakes, swamps, roads and clearings, hayfields and other agricultural lands.
Basically, the climate of the area, where the Meshchera National Park is located, is temperate continental. The relief of the Meshcherskaya lowland has a meridional dissection by extensive flat depressions with the development of three types of swamps: lowland, transitional and upland. Hydrography is well developed in the park: all central part"Meshchery" refers to the Oka River basin. The main rivers of the reserve are Pol and Buzha.
The vegetation of the Meshchera National Park is represented by coniferous and broad-leaved forests of the southern taiga. About 850 species of vascular plants grow here, especially protected - 14 species (floating salvinia, iris pondweed, few-flowered sedge, Siberian iris). Coniferous forests are formed by pine and spruce, broad-leaved - by oak forests with an admixture of maple. About 50 species of mammals, 170 nesting bird species, 5 reptile species, 10 amphibian species, and more than 30 fish species have been recorded in the fauna. Of the animals, a wolf, a fox, a raccoon dog, a hare, a squirrel, a wild boar, an elk, an ermine, a weasel, a beaver, a Russian desman are common; less often - hare, forest polecat, American mink, pine marten, badger. From rare birds- white stork, black-throated diver, gray heron bittern, gray goose, etc. The white-fronted goose is included in the Red Book of the Russian Federation. The main types of fish: common loach, common roach, perch, pike, crucian carp.
In the national park "Meshchera" there are many water, hiking, skiing routes, there are camp sites. Architectural monuments are available for visiting: Trinity Church in the village of Erleks, Elias Church in the village of Palishchi, Exaltation Church in the village of Parma; natural monuments - lakes Isihra and Svetloe.
