What geographical objects are named after travelers. Geographical objects in Russia named after Russian travelers

Great navigators, rock climbers, pioneers and explorers of lands where no man has gone before are world-famous travelers whose names are perpetuated in the geographical names of the objects they first touched. From RuTraveller - an interesting selection of such places.

Mount Cook, also known as Aoraki, is located in the western part of south island New Zealand. This mountain in the New Zealand Southern Alps is the highest point in the country, its height is 3754 meters.

Named after James Cook, the mountain is covered with snow and glaciers and is shaped like a saddle with steep slopes.

In October 1953, the Mount Cook area became a National Park, which includes several nature reserves aimed at protecting the rare native vegetation and preserving the unique landscape.

Of the representatives of the fauna in the park, you can meet kea birds - the only alpine parrot, wagtails and skates.

The Laptev Sea is the marginal sea of ​​the Northern Arctic Ocean. Located between the northern coast of Siberia in the south, the Taimyr Peninsula, the islands Severnaya Zemlya in the west and the New Siberian Islands in the east.

The sea is named after Russian polar explorers - cousins ​​Dmitry and Khariton Laptev. In the past it was known different names, the last of which is the Nordenskiöld Sea. The sea has a harsh climate with temperatures below 0 °C for more than nine months of the year, low salinity, sparse flora and fauna, and low population along the coast. Most time, with the exception of August and September, it is under the ice.

For thousands of years, the sea coast was inhabited by the indigenous tribes of the Yukaghirs, and later the Evens and Evenks, who were engaged in fishing, hunting and nomadic reindeer herding. Then the shores were populated by Yakuts and Russians. The development of the territory by Russian explorers began in the 17th century from the south, along the channels of rivers flowing into the sea.

There are several dozen islands in the Laptev Sea, many of which contain well-preserved remains of mammoths. The main human activities in this area are mining and navigation along the Northern Sea Route; fishing and hunting are practiced but have no commercial value. The largest settlement and port is Tiksi.

The Bering Strait is a strait between the Arctic and Pacific oceans that separates Asia (the easternmost continental point is Cape Dezhnev in Russian Chukotka) and North America (the westernmost continental point is Cape Prince of Wales in American Alaska).

The smallest width is 86 km, the smallest fairway depth is 36 m. The strait connects the Chukchi Sea (Arctic Ocean) with the Bering Sea (Pacific Ocean). It is named after the Russian navigator Vitus Bering (born in Denmark), who passed through this strait in 1728. However, the first of famous sailors in 1648, 80 years before Bering, Semyon Dezhnev passed through the strait from north to south (from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific), after whom the cape in Chukotka (the easternmost point of Asia) is named.

In the middle of the Bering Strait lie the Diomede Islands: Ratmanov Island - larger and located to the west, and Kruzenshtern Island. According to the agreement on the sale of Alaska and the Aleutian Islands (1867), the border between Russia and the United States runs in the middle between the islands. Thus, Ratmanov Island belongs to Russia, and Kruzenshtern Island belongs to the United States. The distance between the islands is just over 4 km. There is also the border of time zones and the international date line.

Periodically, from the end of the 19th century to the present day, at the level of specialists, and sometimes even governments (mainly Russia and the United States), the feasibility and possibilities of building a tunnel or bridge across the Bering Strait to connect Chukotka with Alaska are discussed, but for various reasons, both technical and economic nature, none of the ideas has yet been brought to implementation.

Cape Dezhnev is the easternmost point of the Chukotka Peninsula in mainland Russia and Eurasia. It is an insulated flat top mountain range height up to 740 m, abruptly breaking off to the sea. Is in Bering Strait connecting the Arctic Ocean (Chukchi Sea) with the Pacific Ocean (Bering Sea).

It was first reached by the Russian expedition of Semyon Dezhnev in the autumn of 1648. On the shore of the Big Chukchi Nose, which was later named Cape Dezhnev, the travelers made a stop, during which they visited the Eskimos on the islands of the strait. For the first time in history, having passed the Bering Strait (actually opening it) and rounding the Chukotka Peninsula, Dezhnev solved an important geographical problem. There was evidence that America is an independent continent, and that it is possible to sail from Europe to China by the northern seas around Siberia. However, due to the lack of information about this discovery in European countries (the materials of Dezhnev's campaigns remained in the Yakut prison), the priority of the discoverer went to V. I. Bering, whose name the strait began to be called. Until the beginning of the 18th century, the cape was referred to as the Chukchi Nose, Necessary Nose. In 1778, the English navigator James Cook mapped this cape under the name Cape Vostochny.

In 1879, the Swedish polar explorer Nordneskiöld first sailed the northeast passage from the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean and also rounded this cape. He suggested calling it by the name of the discoverer - Cape Dezhnev. On the eve of the 250th anniversary of the discovery of the cape, this proposal was accepted at the request of the Russian geographical society Cape Vostochny in 1898 was renamed Cape Dezhnev.

The settlement of Uelen is located on Cape Dezhnev, as well as the abandoned settlement of sea whalers Naukan, which was disbanded in 1958 as part of a campaign to enlarge and remove the settlements from the American border. Before the eviction, about four hundred people lived in Naukan, there were thirteen clans. Currently, individual Eskimo families from Naukan live in the Chukchi villages of Uelen, Lavrentiya and Lorino, as well as in the Eskimo villages of Novoe Chaplino, Sireniki and Uelkal.

The Strait of Magellan is a strait separating continental South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, narrow and in some places very dangerous for navigation. The length of the strait is 575 km, the smallest depth in the fairway is 20 m. It was first overcome by Magellan in 1520 during his world travel, Tierra del Fuego has long been considered northern part unknown southern land.

On October 21, 1520, on the day of "Eleven Thousand Virgins" - Saint Ursula, at about the 52nd parallel of the southern latitude, Magellan discovered a cape, which he named "Cabo Virgenes" in honor of this holiday. On November 1, on the day of All Saints, a strong storm brought Magellan's ships into the bay, further navigation through which led to the strait, after which the expedition ended up in the Pacific Ocean. Magellan gave the strait the Portuguese name for the feast of All Saints - Estreito de todos os Santos, but later the Spanish king changed it, giving the Spanish name in honor of Ferdinand Magellan - Estrecho de Magallanes. From the Atlantic to the Pacific Ocean, the strait was passed by Magellan from October 21 to November 28, 1520.

Cape Chelyuskin is the northernmost point of the Taimyr Peninsula and mainland Eurasia. It was reached for the first time by a member of the 2nd Kamchatka (Great Northern) expedition, navigator Semyon Chelyuskin, together with the Cossacks Fofanov and Gorokhov in 1742. By the 100th anniversary of the expedition, the cape was renamed by the Russian Geographical Society from Cape East-North to Cape Chelyuskin.

In 1878 Cape Chelyuskin was visited by the Swedish Arctic explorer Nordenskiöld, and in 1893 the Norwegian explorer Nansen was the first to go around it. In 1932, an expedition of the Arctic Institute led by Rudolf Samoylovich built a polar station on the icebreaker Semyon Dezhnev at Cape Chelyuskin. The second wintering was headed by ID Papanin, who expanded the station to an observatory.

At present, the station is called a radiometeorological center, where from 8 to 10 people spend the winter. A number of residential buildings and scientific pavilions have been built. Some of the buildings are abandoned and not in use. The northernmost airfield of continental Eurasia, Cape Chelyuskin, is also located here, which is serviced by the Khatanga United Aviation Enterprise. From the airfield, only a helipad remained, serviced by the military.

The climate of Cape Chelyuskin is arctic, very severe. average temperature July and August (the warmest months) is -0.1 and -0.9C, and the average low is always below zero.

The Chichagov Islands are a group of two uninhabited islands. It is located in the Primorsky region Arkhangelsk region Russia and is part of the Franz Josef Land archipelago. Washed by the Barents Sea. Named after Pavel Chichagov, Arctic explorer and son of Admiral Vasily Chichagov.

The group occupies the northern part of Franz Josef Land. It is located two kilometers from Cape Felder, which is the western end of Charles Alexander Island, and five kilometers from the island group of Pontremoli.

The shape of the southern island is elongated, its length is approximately 700 meters. Length northern island- about 400 meters. All territories are ice-free, there are no large hills. The islands are covered with stony placers.

The Drake Passage is a strait that connects the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, washing the islands of the Tierra del Fuego archipelago in the north, and the Southern Shetland Islands relating to Antarctica.

It is the widest strait on Earth: the width of its narrowest part is more than 800 km. The strongest “Current of the West Winds” passes through the strait. Due to this, very strong storms are not uncommon in the water area of ​​the strait: the wind speed reaches 40 m/s, and the wave height - up to 15 m. Drifting ice is found in the waters of the strait.

The strait is the southernmost point of the South American continent and American continent- Diego Ramirez Islands, as well as the legendary Cape Horn. The strait got its name in honor of the navigator and pirate, the Englishman F. Drake, who passed here in 1578.
Today, the city is one of the most important tourist centers countries. Having survived the decline due to the closure of many textile industries, today the city is being revived thanks to the influx of numerous tourists. Attracts travelers from all over the world national park Mosi ao Tunya and Victoria Falls. In addition, there are several museums in the city, of which the Railway Museum is of particular interest. The city has a developed tourism infrastructure: shops, hotels, entertainment centers. Many local tour operators offer activities related to outdoor activities: elephant safaris, river cruises, quad biking, rafting, kayaking, climbing.

Ilcheva Maria, Bezhentseva Alina

The geographical map included thousand years of history people, discoverers, thoughts, and heroes. On the map of Russia we read the names of Russian scientists and travelers. The work is devoted to the biography of Russian travelers. The authors consider geographic features on the map of Russia, named after them.

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"Names of Russian travelers on the map of Russia" Municipal educational institution secondary school No. 6 of the Central District of Volgograd 2013

The Laptev Sea The Laptev Sea is the sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean. Most of the year it is covered with ice. The sea is named after the brothers Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, Russian polar explorers.

Dmitry Laptev Dmitry Yakovlevich Laptev is a Russian explorer of the Arctic, Vice Admiral. Since 1736, he led one of the northern detachments of the Second Kamchatka Expedition. As a result of the voyages and land campaigns of 1739-1742, inventories of the northern sea coast were carried out.

Khariton Prokofyevich Laptev - Russian naval sailor, commander of the detachment of the Kamchatka (Great Northern) expedition, who described in 1739-1742 the previously unknown coast of the Taimyr Peninsula. The northwestern coast of Taimyr, which was photographed directly by Khariton Laptev, is called the Khariton Laptev Coast. Khariton Prokofievich Laptev

Bering Sea A sea in the north Pacific Ocean covered with ice in winter. The air temperature is up to +7, +10 °C in summer and -1, -23 °C in winter. Named in honor of Vitus Bering, navigator, Russian Navy officer, Dane by origin.

Vitus Bereng Vitus Jonassen Bering is a Danish navigator, captain-commander of the Russian fleet, leader of the First and Second Kamchatka expeditions, which laid the foundation for scientific exploration of the coasts of Russia. Vitus Bering was born in 1681 in the Danish city of Horsens, graduated from the cadet corps in Amsterdam in 1703, and entered the Russian service the same year.

The northernmost point of Russia and the Eurasian continent, Cape Chelyuskin (77°43" N and 104°18" E), is named after the polar explorer Semyon Chelyuskin

Semyon Chelyuskin Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin - Russian polar explorer, captain of the 3rd rank (1760). Member of the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. In 1741-42 he described part of the coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, reaching the northern tip of Eurasia. Chelyuskin was born in the Kaluga province in the Przemysl district in the village. Borishchevo.

Cape Dezhnev (formerly Cape Kamenny Nos) is the easternmost point, the easternmost continental point of Russia and all of Eurasia.

Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev Semyon Ivanovich Dezhnev - an outstanding Russian navigator, explorer, traveler, explorer of Northern and Eastern Siberia, Cossack chieftain, and also a fur trader, the first of the famous European navigators, in 1648, 80 years earlier than Vitus Bering, passed Beringov the strait separating Alaska from Chukotka.

1. Cape Litke - located on the northwest coast of the island New Earth. Named in 1913 by members of the expedition of G. Ya. Sedov in honor of F. P. Litke.

Litke Strait- located in the south-western part Bering Sea in the Karaginsky Bay between the Kamchatka Peninsula and the Karaginsky Island.

Litke Fedor Petrovich (1797-1882)- Admiral, circumnavigator, one of the initiators of the creation of the Russian Geographical Society and its first leader, president Russian Academy Sciences, explorer of Novaya Zemlya, Polynesia, northern shores Pacific Ocean. Litke's name adorns the map in 17 places. In 1872, the Litke Gold Medal was established, awarded for outstanding work in the field of geography.

2. Borzov Bay - located in the Barents Sea off the north west coast northern island of the Novaya Zemlya archipelago, juts out into the land between the Litke and Pankratiev straits. Examined in 913 by G. Ya. Sedov. He also named the Gulf of Tsesarevich Alexei. In 1946, it was renamed by the expedition of the Aerogeodesic Administration in honor of A. A. Borzov. A volcano in the Kuriles, glaciers in Eastern Siberia are named in his honor, Subpolar Urals, on Novaya Zemlya.

Borzov Alexander Alexandrovich (1874-1939)- a prominent geographer and teacher of higher education, a student of D. N. Anuchin, his successor and head of the Moscow School of Geographers, one of the organizers of the geographical departments at Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow State Pedagogical Institute (MPGU), head of the department of geography at MIIGAiK, editor of the well-known journal "Earth Science" .

3. Pakhtusov Island – main island in a group of islands of the same name located in the Kara Sea near east coast archipelago Novaya Zemlya. Approximately 21 sq. km, rocky, uneven surface with steeply ending banks up to 50 m. It was discovered in 1835 by members of the expedition on the schooner "Krotov" and named in 1934 in honor of P.K. Pakhtusov. Banks in the Kara and Barents Seas, a mountain on Svalbard, a nunatak in Antarctica, a strait near Novaya Zemlya and islands in the Kara and Japan Seas are named after him.

Pakhtusov Petr Kuzmich (1800-1835)- Lieutenant of the corps of naval navigators, explorer of the Barents, Kara Seas and the Novaya Zemlya archipelago. Participated in hydrographic expeditions that made an inventory of the Barents Sea.

4. Sheep Strait - separates the islands of Oleniy and Sibiryakov, opens the passage to the Yenisei Bay Kara Sea, Named in 1895 by A. I. Velkitsky by the name of D. L. Ovtsyn.

Ovtsyn Dmitry Leontievich (dates of birth and death unknown)- Russian explorer, a member of the great Northern expedition, who described the shores of the Kara Sea. A cape on the Yamal Peninsula and a nunatak in Antarctica bear his name.

5. Sibiryakov Island - located in the Kara Sea, in the Yenisei Bay. Named in 1876 by A. E. Nordsheld in honor of a friend of A. M. Sibiryakov.

Sibiryakov Alexander Mikhailovich (1849-1933)- Russian entrepreneur, initiator of the development of the Great Northern way organizer of many expeditions. The ship "Sibiryakov" is named after him, famous for its drift in the Arctic Ocean and who died in an unequal battle with the German cruiser "Admiral Shire" on 08/25/1942. In honor of the Siberians, a bank in the Barents Sea and irrigation in the Kara Sea are named.

6. Ushakov Island - located in the northern part of the Kara Sea. It was discovered in 1935 by the GUSMP expedition on the icebreaking steamer Sadko. At the same time, at the suggestion of N. N. Zubov, who later became a prominent polar explorer, he was named after the leader of the expedition, G. A. Ushakov.

Ushakov Georgy Alekseevich (1901-1963)is a well-known polar explorer. A member of the expeditions of V. K. Arsenyev in the Ussuri taiga, during the years of the civil war he ruled the Wrangel and Herold Islands. In the 1930s, he participated in mapping the coast of Severnaya Zemlya, which had been started by the hydrographic expedition of the Arctic Ocean in 1910-1915. Two capes and mountains in Antarctica are also named after him.

7. Schmidt Island - located in the Kara Sea near Severnaya Zemlya. It was discovered in 1930 by an expedition on board the icebreaking ship "Georgy Sedov" under the leadership of O. Yu. Schmidt. Then he was named after the name of the head.

Cape Schmidt- is located on the northern coast of the Chukotka Peninsula, at the eastern entrance to the Long Strait.

Schmidt Otto Yulievich (1891-1956)- Soviet mathematician, Arctic explorer, academician. Head of several polar expeditions aimed at opening the Northern Sea Route and exploring the Central Arctic. In 1929-1930 he led an expedition on the Georgy Sedov, in 1932 on the Sibiryakov, in 1933-1934 on the Chelyuskin. Prepared and organized with ID Papanin research at station SP-1.

8. Cape Berga - is located on the northeast coast of the island of the October Revolution of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago.

Volcano Berga- located on the island of Urup in the group Kuril Islands. The name of Berg was given to a peak and a glacier in the Pamirs, a cape on Severnaya Zemlya, a glacier in the Dzungarian Alatau. Berg's name is also included in the Latin names of more than 60 animals and plants.

Berg Lev Semenovich (1876-1950)- the largest geographer-country expert, biologist, limnologist, climatologist, historian - geographer. It is difficult to name any of the geographical disciplines, the most important issues of which would not have received deep and original development in his works. Berg is one of the organizers of the Faculty of Geography of the Leningrad (St. Petersburg) University. Since 1940 - President of the Geographical Society of the USSR.

9. Shokalsky Strait - located in the Kara Sea near Severnaya Zemlya. In 1931, the Ushakov-Urvantsev expedition established that this was the strait, behind which the name given by the discoverers by the name of Yu. M. Shokalsky was left.

Shokalsky Island- the first is located in the Kara Sea near the Gulf of Ob. Opened in 1874 by the English captain D. Wiggins, he named Cherny Island. In 1922, the members of the Kom sowing sea route expedition on the Agnes schooner named it after the Agnes ship. In 1926, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee named him by the name of Yu. M. Shokalsky. The second island is located in the Barents Sea. It was surveyed in 1902 by a hydrographic expedition on the Pakhtusov steamer.

Shokalsky Yuri Mikhailovich (1856-1940)- an outstanding geographer, oceanographer and cartographer, president of the Geographical Society, honorary member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, professor at the Naval Academy and Leningrad University. He created the most famous oceanographic school with more than 2000 students. For 60 years of scientific work, he created many works, among which his "Oceanography" (1974) gained world fame. Well known textbook Physiography"(1930). More than a dozen geographical objects are named in his honor: two islands, a strait, a current, a ridge, a cape, a bank, a glacier and an underwater ridge, as well as an oceanographic vessel.

10. Vilkitsky Strait - connects the Kara Sea and the Laptev Sea. It separates the Taimyr Peninsula and the Bolshevik Island in the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago. Named in 1914.

Vilkitsky Boris Andreevich (1885-1961) -Russian naval officer, Arctic explorer. Led a geographical expedition on the icebreakers "Taimyr" and "Vaigach". The strait between Cape Chelyuskin and the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago is named after him.

11. Cape Chelyuskin - the extreme northern tip of Asia, located on the Taimyr Peninsula, juts out into the Kara Sea. The Vilkitsky Strait was discovered and mapped in 1742 by midshipman Semyon Ivanovich Chelyuskin (Chelyustkin). At the suggestion of A.F. Meddendorf in 1843, the cape was named after the discoverer. The islands in the Taimyr Bay and the Kara Sea, the peninsula in Taimyr, as well as the legendary steamship Chelyuskin, which sank in the ice, also bear his name. A peninsula in Antarctica and a mountain on Sakhalin Island are also named in honor of the heroic Chelyuskinites.

Chelyuskin Semyon Ivanovich (dates of birth and death unknown)- Russian naval officer, member of the Great Northern Expedition. He surveyed the western coast of the Taimyr Peninsula, on August 1, 1742, he was able to map the northern tip of Asia - the historical Promontorium Tobin, later called Cape Chelyuskin.

12. Laptev Sea - the marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean, bounded from the west by the eastern shores of the Severnaya Zemlya archipelago and the Taimyr Peninsula, from the east - by the meridian of 139 ° east longitude from the edge of the continental shelf to the northern tip of Kotelny Island, the western one of the Lyakhovsky Islands.

Shore of Khariton Laptev- a narrow coastal strip along the northwestern coast of the Taimyr Peninsula between the Pyasina and Taimyr rivers.

Strait of Dmitry Laptev- connects the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea. Separates Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island from north coast Asia.

Laptev, Khariton Prokofievich and Dmitry Yakovlevich (XVIII century) -cousins. Members of the Great Northern Expedition, who explored the Siberian coast of the Arctic Ocean, a sea in the north of our country is named after them. In honor of Dmitry Laptev, the strait between the mainland and Bolshoy Lyakhovsky Island, a cape in the delta of the Lena River and a cape at the mouth of the Kolyma River are named. In honor of Khariton Laptev, the coast between the mouths of the Pyasina and Nizhnyaya Pyasina rivers and two capes were named.

13. Sannikov Strait - connects the Laptev Sea and the East Siberian Sea, separates the Lyakhovsky Islands and the Anzhu Island. It was opened in 1773 by the Yakut industrialist I. Lyakhov. In 1902, he was named a member of the RPE in 1900-1903 by F. A. Matisen by the name of the expedition doctor Viktor Nikolaevich by the Katin-Yartsev Strait. Apparently, in 1909, K. A. Vollosovich named it in honor of one of the first explorers of the New Siberian Islands, the Yakov Sannikov Strait. In 1935 this name was legalized.

Sannikov Yakov (dates of birth and death unknown)- Russian explorer, Yakut merchant, engaged in fishing on the coast of the Arctic Ocean. Described the island of Stolbovoy and Faddeevsky. Participating in the expedition of M. M. Gedeshtrom in 1810-1811, he saw the Earth to the north of the island, which was called the Sannikov Land. Subsequently, many expeditions went in search of this Earth, but it was not discovered. A river is also named after him. New Siberian Islands, which received this name in 1811.

14. City of Bilibino - an urban-type settlement in Chukotka.

Bilibin Yuri Alexandrovich (1901-1952)- Russian geologist, corresponding member of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR. Participant in the discovery of gold-bearing regions in the north-east of Russia. The nuclear power plant in Chukotka is also named after him.

15. Bering Strait - connects the Pacific and Arctic Oceans, separates the Chukotka Peninsula on the Eurasian continent and the Alaska Peninsula in North America.

Bering Island- is located in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean as part of the Commander Islands to the east of Kamchatka.

Bering Sea- located in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean off the coast northeast coast Asia and Northwest North America.

Bering Vitus (1703-1741)- Danish naval officer in Russian service, explorer of Asia, one of the leaders of the Great Northern Expedition (1733-1743), discovered the coast of Alaska. He died on the island later named after him.

16. Shelikhov Bay(Penzhinsky)- northeastern part of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk.

City of Shelikhov– since 1962 the city in Irkutsk region, railroad station. About a dozen objects are named after him, in particular, islands off the coast of North America, a strait in the same place, a cape, a lake, a mountain, and a bank.

Shelikhov Georgy Ivanovich (1747-1795)- Russian merchant, founder of the first Russian settlements in the so-called Russian America. Spent significant geographical research. On the basis of the settlement of Shelikhov in 1799, the Russian-American Company was formed. For his tireless work, he was called the Russian Columbus.

17. Nagaev Bay - in the northern part Sea of ​​Okhotsk, in the Taui Bay West Bank the Staritsky peninsula.

Nagaev Alexey Ivanovich (1704-1781)- Admiral, navigator, cartographer, hydrographer, explorer of the Caspian and Baltic Seas. Produced an inventory of the Caspian Sea, and then the Gulf of Finland. Compiled navigation maps of Vitus Bering, compiled and corrected maps Baltic Sea used by sailors of the Baltic fleet for 60 years. Commanded the port in Kronstadt. He collected materials on the history of the Russian fleet, used in the 19th century by V. Berkh. Based on the materials of the expedition of the second half of the 18th century, he compiled a general map of the Caspian Sea, published after his death in 1796.

18. Atlasov Island - located in the Sea of ​​​​Okhotsk, the northern one in the group of the Kuril Islands.

Atlasov (Otlasov) Vladimir Vasilievich (Timofeevich) (circa 1652-1711)- Russian explorer, the first explorer of Kamchatka. The Atlasovka River on Sakhalin Island, which flows into the Aniva Bay of the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, also bears his name.

19. Cape Przhevalsky - is located on the southern Kuril island of Iturup in the Sea of ​​Okhotsk. The name of Przhevalsky was given to the city near which he died at the beginning of his last trip, and a number of other geographic features.

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich (1839-1888)- outstanding explorer Central Asia. He surveyed more than 30,000 km of his path, astronomically determined hundreds of heights, collected the richest material on the relief, climate, flora and fauna of Mongolia, Northern and Western China, the Tibetan Plateau and the Ussuri Territory. Based on the materials of his five travels, detailed scientific reports were published, written in excellent literary language, which served as a model for subsequent expeditionary research by Russian travelers.

20. Cape Dokuchaev - is located on one of the southern Kuril Islands Kunashir near the Nemuro Strait in the northwestern part of the Pacific Ocean. His name was given to the Institute of Soil Science of the Academy of Sciences, on the map a cape and the main watershed ridge on Kunashir Island in the Kuril Archipelago are named after him.

Dokuchaev Vasily Vasilyevich (1846-1903)- a great Russian scientist, natural geographer, soil scientist, geologist and mineralogist. He founded modern scientific soil science, completed the creation of the doctrine of latitudinal and high-altitude natural zones.

21. Kropotkin Ridge - located on the Olekminsky-Vitim plateau. Altitude up to 1647 m - Korolenko char. It is composed of crystalline rocks, granites. Discovered by geologist A. A. Voznesensky, explorer of East Asia.

City of Kropotkin- is in Krasnodar Territory, arose as a Romanovsky farm. Named after V. A. Kropotkin.

Kropotkin Petr Alekseevich (1842-1921)- geographer and geomorphologist, one of the founders of Quaternary paleogeography, creator of the doctrine of ancient continental glaciation, researcher of Siberia and the Amur region, author of numerous articles on the geography of Russia. At the same time, he was an outstanding social and political figure, a revolutionary theorist of anarchism.

Alexei Ilyich Chirikov(December 13, Luzhnoye village, Tula region - May 24 [June 4], Moscow) - Russian nobleman, navigator, captain-commander (), explorer of the northwestern coast of North America, the northern part of the Pacific Ocean and the northeastern coast of Asia .

Biography

• - Graduated from the Moscow Navigation School.
• - graduated from the St. Petersburg Naval Academy, received the rank of non-commissioned lieutenant and was assigned to the Baltic Fleet.
• - Returned to the Naval Academy as a teacher of navigation.
• - promoted to lieutenant and sent as an assistant to Vitus Bering in the First Kamchatka Expedition (1725-1730). On the way, he identified 28 astronomical points, which made it possible for the first time to reveal the true latitudinal extent of Siberia. On the boat "Saint Gabriel" sailed from the mouth of the Kamchatka River to the north to search for a strait between Asia and America.
• - Received the rank of Lieutenant Commander.
• - - a participant and one of the leaders of the Second Kamchatka expedition on the packet boats "Saint Peter" and "Saint Pavel". The expedition founded the Peter and Paul Harbor on the Kamchatka Peninsula, perpetuating the names of its ships. On the voyage of 1741, the ships of Bering and Chirikov lost each other in the fog and then acted independently. On July 15, 1741, A. I. Chirikov reached the northwestern coast of America on the St. Paul packet boat (this was the second visit by a Russian ship to the American coast after M. S. Gvozdev and I. Fedorov on the St. Gabriel boat on August 21, 1732 d.), and then went along its shores to the north and on the way back discovered a number of islands of the Aleutian ridge (Umnak, Adakh, Agattu, Attu), putting them on the map.
• - participated in the search for the St. Peter packet boat. Later he participated in the compilation of a map of Russian discoveries in the Pacific Ocean following the results of the Kamchatka expeditions.
• - Director of the Maritime Academy in St. Petersburg. He was married and had two sons and three daughters.
• September 7 - Alexei Chirikov was granted the rank of captain-commander with a transfer to Moscow, where he led the Moscow office of the Admiralty College, but soon died of tuberculosis and the effects of scurvy.

Memory

Postage stamp of the USSR, 1991: 250th anniversary of the voyage of Bering and Chirikov to the shores of America

• A bust of Alexei Chirikov was erected in Petropavlovsk-on-Kamchatka.
• In 1991, a USSR postage stamp dedicated to Chirikov was issued.

Geographical features named after Chirikov

• a cape in Kyushu, Japan;
• a cape in the Gulf of Anadyr, Chukotka;
• a cape in Tauiskaya Bay, Russia;
• a cape on Attu Island, Aleutian Islands, United States;
• a seamount in the Pacific Ocean;
• island in the pacific ocean south coast Alaska.

Publications

Report to the State Admiralty Board. // Russian expeditions to study the northern part of the Pacific Ocean in the first half of the 18th century: Sat. documents. M., 1984. S. 222-231.

ALEXEY ILYICH CHIRIKOV

A graduate of the Naval Academy, the best student of its first graduation, Alexei Ilyich Chirikov, upon graduation, by order of Peter I, who was present at the exams, was immediately promoted to non-commissioned lieutenant (the second officer rank of the then fleet). After three years of practical navigation on the ships of the Baltic Fleet, he returned back to the Naval Academy, but already as a teacher - such was the decision of the Admiralty Colleges.

"September 18, 1742, according to the report of the Life Guards of Captain Kazansky, send a decree to the commander of the flagship in Kronstadt, ordering navy non-commissioned lieutenants Alexei Chirikov and Alexei Nagaev to be assigned to the Academy, to train midshipmen, send to the Collegium without delay.

The success of Chirikov in the pedagogical field is evidenced by the decision of the Admiralty Collegiums on production, which was approved by Peter I shortly before Chirikov was appointed to the First Kamchatka Expedition. Presenting to Peter their decision on the extraordinary assignment of the rank of lieutenant to Chirikov, the Admiralty Board pointed to Chirikov's pedagogical abilities and his excellent knowledge of the theory of naval affairs. In particular, in the decision of the Admiralty Collegiums, opinions were given of respected officers in the fleet - Rear Admiral Sanders and the Guard Captain Kozinsky. Both officers considered Chirikov the best teacher of future fleet commanders.

These reviews and the decision of the Admiralty Collegiums again drew the attention of Peter I to a talented sailor and played an important role in discussing the candidacies of officers who were planned for the First Kamchatka Expedition. Answering Peter's questions in connection with the organization of the historic campaign, the Admiralty Board recommended that Chirikov be appointed assistant chief of the expedition.

Throughout his life, Alexei Ilyich Chirikov proved that the Admiralty Board was not mistaken in sending him on the thorny path of a sailor-researcher. From 1725, almost until his death, Chirikov's activities were devoted to solving the state problem of finding and developing sea ​​routes at the Far Eastern borders of our country.

Appointed with the approval of Peter to the First Kamchatka Expedition as the second assistant to Captain-Commander Vitus Bering (Spanberg was considered the first - a man in the Russian fleet was random and did not stand out in anything but cruel treatment of his subordinates), Chirikov at the most decisive moment of the expedition proved himself to be a true explorer and a faithful executive naval officer.

The sailors of the "St. Apostle Paul" faced the same difficulties as the crew of the "St. Apostle Peter", commanded by Bering. But Chirikov never wavered. Exactly following the instructions of the Admiralty Colleges, he led the packet boat to the east. And he won.

It is quite natural that Chirikov's confidence in the correctness of the course he defended at the meeting and taken after the cessation of the search for the flagship guaranteed the success of the voyage of the St. Apostle Paul packet boat through the very bad weather that brought death to Bering.

Found in secret archives and first fully published in 1941 in the collection of documents "Bering's Expedition", Chirikov's authentic report confirmed the primacy of the sailors of the "St. Apostle Paul" packet boat in the discovery of the northwestern coast of America and explained why Chirikov managed to reach the American mainland before Bering on eleven degrees north and spend not ten hours near the mainland coast, like Bering, but ten days.

It was not a matter of favorable circumstances or a happy occasion, which historiographers usually referred to when comparing the results of the Campaign of both ships.

For the first time, Chirikov's report was mentioned in the "Naval Collection" No. 5 for 1893.

The iron will of the explorer, the consciousness of duty and excellent knowledge of navigation allowed A. I. Chirikov and his companions to fulfill in the most difficult conditions everything that the Admiralty Board instructed the sailors "not without hope in that expedition of good fruit."

After inspecting the coast of the American mainland and passing along it 400 kilometers to the north, Chirikov was forced to turn the ship back across the ocean much earlier than expected. There was a misfortune. Two groups of sailors sent by Chirikov to the shore (one led by navigator Dementyev, the second led by boatswain Savelyev) went missing. It was impossible to establish the reason for their disappearance, since both boats disappeared with them, and the ship could not come close to the shore. The disappearance of fifteen people and the loss of rowboats immediately worsened the situation of the crew.

The sailors did not have any means to communicate with the shore, even if only to replenish fresh water supplies. Nevertheless, Chirikov led the packet boat and mapped the coast of the American mainland as long as circumstances allowed. He turned the packet boat back to the Peter and Paul Harbor only because of the lack of water and provisions, but he led the ship in a different course, hoping to meet new lands on the way. And this deed, worthy of a true researcher, fully justified itself. The choice of a new course for the return crossing of the ocean made it possible for the members of the expedition to discover a number of islands in the Aleutian ridge (Umnak, Adah, Agattu and Attu).

Chirikov and his companions experienced the most difficult trials on the way back, however, deep navigational knowledge and confidence in the correctness of the course allowed the sailors of the "St. Apostle Paul" to successfully complete their historic voyage, and it ended a month faster than the trip of "St. Apostle Peter" from America to the Commander Islands, located three hundred miles northeast of Kamchatka.

"... On July 15, he crossed from the mouth of Avacha Bay to the east with a distance of 2178 minutes or miles of Italian miles, and Russian versts, which are in degrees one hundred four versts and a half - 3793, in northern latitude 55g 36mn received the land, which we recognize without a doubt, that this part of America ... And how this land extends, it is clear from the log bearing and our navigation in parallel to it, and the map attached to it is obvious ...

At the end of the 26th of July, we reached the northern width of 58 degrees and 21 minutes ... And in this place at the beginning of the 27th ... later, we didn’t have a single small vessel left with the packet boat and there was nothing to send ashore for proper reconnaissance, also, there is nothing to get in addition to water to your livelihood. For that sake, according to *; me, lieutenant Chikhachev, navigator in the rank of fleet lieutenant Plautin, navigator Ivan Elagin was put ... to return this date ...

... On the 21st of August, seeing that the winds are against us for a long time, I ordered to cook ... for two days, one porridge, and only on the third day of her porridge and for drinking, give water to each person with a measure that Logly only thirst to quench ... on rainy days, the servants collected the baking water from the sails, which tastes smo-py and bitter from the admixture from the gear ... But the nasty winds continued very much, then I ordered that people should be given one porridge every other day ...

And from September 14, he was forced to order to cook and give people only one porridge a week ... scurvy disease came to many, and with great difficulty the officers, in the position of their department, corrected ordinary work, and some already completely fell ill and did not go upstairs. .., and those who did go, then by force they corrected what was due to them; and from the 16th day of this month, until our return to the harbor, six people died ... On October 6, Lieutenant Ivan Chikhachev died: on October 8, the navigator with the rank of naval lieutenant Mikhail Plautin died. And due to illnesses, their shifts were no longer supported until the death of their Chikhachev for pri, and Plautin for two weeks. At the same time, I was very exhausted from scurvy and, as usual, was prepared for death, and I could not go upstairs on September 21 until our return to the harbor ... only navigator Ivan Yelagin remained in control of the ship, and even that he was very sick, but at least he overcame his weakness, he was almost dissimilar to the management at the top, to whom there was only help from me, that, looking at the calculations on the journal of our path, I ordered him what course to take ...

On the 8th of October at 7 o'clock in the morning we saw Kamchatka land, and on the 10th of the afternoon at 9 o'clock we entered the Avacha Bay and anchored, moreover, the already available fresh water they spent it all, only two barrels remained, which they expelled from sea ​​water through cauldrons with fire... On the 12th, the Apostle Peter and Paul arrived in the local harbor. And the captain-commander, and on the date written below, has not yet returned ... "

These excerpts, and even more so the full text of a detailed and informative report, which has lain under a bushel in secret archives for two hundred years, give a clear idea of ​​​​at what price the sailors of the St. Apostle Paul packet ship got the success of their historical campaign.

The report testifies to many things worthy of admiration: the correct calculation and excellent navigational knowledge of Chirikov himself and his subordinate officers; about the qualities of real researchers that the sailors of the packet boat possessed - perseverance, patience and discipline in the name of duty; about the courageous overcoming by the crew of unheard of work. for one hundred and twenty-eight days of uninterrupted sailing; about the heroic endurance of all the participants in the campaign, who performed their duties even under conditions of such a terrible test as constant, for more than a month and a half, day after day, thirst, with which hunger cannot be compared. The Russian people overcame everything.

Aleksey Ilyich Chirikov owed his successful campaign not to blind chance, but to the remarkable qualities of the Russian people. It is precisely his deep faith in the sailors of the “St. Apostle Paul” that explains the fact that he, with only one officer-navigator Elagin and forty-seven servants (sailors) instead of seventy, after waiting out the winter in the Peter and Paul Harbor, ventured on a second trip across the ocean to the shores of America. Exhausted by scurvy and consumption, in 1742 he again led his packet boat to the east and again reached the Aleutian Ridge (Attu Island).

The extreme exhaustion of the crew forced Chirikov to interrupt the second voyage and the search for Bering. Taking a reverse course, he led the packet boat to Avacha Bay, passed from the south at a visibility distance past the Commander Islands, not assuming that the sailors of the flagship were in distress on one of them, and again safely returned to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky.

The honor to report on the fulfillment of the tasks assigned to the expedition rightfully went to the one from whom the Admiralty Board expected "good fruit": an enlightened navigator, brave innovator who selflessly fulfilled his duty as a researcher.

Captain-Commander Aleksei Ilyich Chirikov was justly known as such among his contemporaries, and thus he entered the history of our country.

Chirikov survived Bering by eight years. Tsynga, which he fell ill on his way back from America to Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky, had a detrimental effect on his health. Therefore, Chirikov sent to the name of Empress Elizabeth from Yeniseisk (where he lived for some time after the end of the expedition) a petition for dismissal due to illness or for transfer to St. Petersburg "to such matters that he, due to the weakness of his health, could not bear".

Containing these lines, officially retelling them, the decision of the Admiralty Colleges, found by the historian V. Verkh among the papers of Admiral Nagaev, a school friend of Chirikov, documented the fact that the navigator's petition was granted and he was summoned to St. Petersburg. In the resolution addressed to Nagaev, it was said: "... And this April 18 day / 1746) ... The Admiralty Board determined: the aforementioned Chirikov, until the fleet is completed with captains, to be here and determine him to be present on the Academic Expedition to look over the schools in your place; for this you with him, Chirikov, to make a change ... and about the same to Captain Chirikov, and decrees were sent to Kronstadt for knowledge, and it was reported to the Expedition of the Academy and Schools ... "

Appointed instead of Nagaev as the head of all educational institutions of the fleet, promoted to captain-commander, Chirikov, however, did not stay long in St. Petersburg. The sailor's health continued to deteriorate.

The climate of the Baltic places was unsuitable for him. Trying to save the captain-commander, exhausted by many years of deprivation, the Admiralty Board transferred him to Moscow to the position of Commissioner for Fleet Affairs. Unfortunately, climate change could no longer help anyone else, and in 1748 "Holy Week" he died "at the extreme abomination of his health, upset by consumption and scurvy disease", as was said in the article devoted to Chirikov in the Monthly Works, which was then published in St. Petersburg.

A number of places in the northern part of the Pacific Ocean are named after Chirikov, Cape Chirikov at the entrance to the Tauiskaya Bay on the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, Chirikov Island in the Gulf of Alaska, Cape Chirikov on Attu Island in the Aleutian Ridge, and others. These names, which have survived to this day, confirm what was said about Chirikov by the expedition member, historian Miller: "Everyone has his memory ... it will not go into oblivion."

They discovered new places and gave them names themselves, in other cases, they decided to perpetuate the discoverers in the geographical name of the rest. One way or another, there are quite a few similar names on the map. Studying them is very interesting and even useful, especially if you are planning a vacation and want to choose the most original route.

Mount Cook

Story geographical discoveries this navigator is quite tragic - he died in one of his voyages. His memory is preserved by the mountain of the same name, which is also known as Aoraki. It is located in the western part of the island in New Zealand, in places so well studied by the English traveler. The origin of the names of geographical objects is often directly related to their discoverer, a similar case here - James Cook really visited this mountain. This highest point Southern Alps 3754 meters high, covered with glaciers and snow and shaped like a saddle and steep slopes. Since 1953, the area around it has been considered a National Park, preserving protected species of vegetation and unique landscape. Here you can meet unique kea, alpine parrots, as well as skates and wagtails.

Strait of Magellan

Geographical features named after travelers can also be found in Southern Patagonia. The Strait of Magellan is the one that separates South America from the Tierra del Fuego archipelago. Its length is five hundred and seventy-five kilometers, and the smallest depth is twenty meters. The strait is named after the traveler who was the first European to cross it during his journey around the world. This happened in 1520. What is interesting: great geographical discoveries are also associated with this area (grade 7 studies this historical period, it is known to almost everyone), and it was here that Magellan discovered Cape St. Ursula. He named the strait in honor of the feast of All Saints, but the Spanish king renamed it in honor of the discoverer and his feat, accomplished in October 1520.

Drake Passage

Geographical objects named after travelers are associated with the most important events in world history. For example, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans. It is the widest in the world, measuring over eight hundred kilometers at its narrowest points. The current of the West Winds flows along the strait, due to which strong storms constantly occur here with waves up to fifteen meters high. You can also see drifting ice here. In addition, the most southern point of the mainland is located in the strait. South America, the legendary Cape Horn. It is named after an English navigator who first sailed here in 1578. The great geographical discoveries (the 7th grade passes them as part of the main program) were made before the appearance of this traveler, but his contribution still cannot be underestimated.

City of Livingston

There are various geographic features named after travelers, but they are all usually rivers, seas, or straits. There are few cities of this kind, and Livingston is one of them. It is located in Zambia, near famous waterfall Victoria. The history of geographical discoveries of the scientist is small, he made a greater contribution to the study of the customs of the local inhabitants, having arrived in Africa as a missionary. Until 1935, the city was the capital of the country, and now it is simply popular with tourists, who are attracted by the nearby Mosi-ao-Tunya National Park. There are many in Livingston interesting entertainment: from quad biking to elephant safari. In addition, there are many amazing museums that also attract a considerable number of tourists.

Laptev sea

Geographical objects named after travelers are also associated with Russian explorers. For example, the Laptev Sea, located in northern Siberia, next to It was named after Russian explorers of the North Pole, who were cousins. Prior to receiving the name perpetuating the Laptevs, the sea was known under the name of Nordenskiöld. This territory is distinguished by a cold climate with almost constant temperatures below zero. The sea has low salinity and is covered with ice for nine months of the year. Almost no people live on the shores, and the flora and fauna are extremely scarce. In ancient times, the tribes of Yukagirs, Evens and Evenks lived here, who lived off fishing and reindeer herding. Development by Russian travelers began in the seventeenth century. There are dozens of islands in the Laptev Sea, untouched by man. On some, the remains of mammoths were found. Biggest locality territory - the village of Tiksi.

Bering Strait

Geographic features named after travelers are most often water features. So, going from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific, it is just such. It separates Asia from North America, namely the capes - Dezhnev from the Prince of Wales. The smallest depth of the strait is thirty-six meters, and the minimum width is eighty-six kilometers. The name is associated with Bering, a native of Denmark, who passed here in 1728. Before him, the territory was studied by Semyon Dezhnev, after whom the Chukotka cape, the most east point Asia. In the center of the strait are the Diomede Islands, there are two of them. The first is a large one, Ratmanova. The second one is smaller. The first one is owned Russian Federation, and the second - the United States of America, separates them about four kilometers. In addition, there is a border of time zones between them and

From time to time, the possibility of building a tunnel or bridge that would connect Alaska and Chukotka is discussed at the government level, but the plans never go to the stage of implementation due to various reasons, both economic and technical. However, there is a possibility that in the future such a project will still be implemented with the cooperation of specialists from Russia and the United States.