The most ancient buildings in the world. Famous buildings and buildings of antiquity. Ancient world

Building construction is defined as a structure of human production used or intended to support or shelter inclement weather or permanent residence. This article lists 10 the oldest buildings built in the world, which are a masterpiece of craftsmanship and handicraft of the people of that era. Today we are surprised to see these miracles, how in such distant ages without any modern technologies and machines, such masterpieces were created. So top 10 oldest buildings in the world.

10Dhamek Stupa, India

Dhamek Stupa is a massive stupa located in Sarnath, 13 km from Varanasi in Uttar Pradesh, India. It was built in 500 AD to replace earlier architecture commissioned by the great Mauryan king Ashoka in 249 BC, along with several other monuments, to commemorate the activities of the Buddha at this site. Dhamek Stupa originated as circular mounds surrounded by large stones. King Ashoka built the Dhamek Stupa to secure small pieces of calcined bone and other relics of the Buddha and his disciples. An Ashoka pillar engraved on it with an edict stands nearby.

9 Sanchi Stupa, India

Sanchi Stupa or the Great Stupa is oldest building in India, made of stone and was built by order of Emperor Ashoka the Great in the 3rd century BC. Its core was a simple hemispherical brick structure over the relics of the Buddha. From the outside, it looks like a crown, symbolizing a high rank, which was intended to honor his relics. The Sanchi Stupa has four carved decorative sluices with a balustrade surrounding the entire structure. The construction work of the Sanchi Stupa was supervised by Empress Devi, who was Ashoka's first wife.

8. Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak, Bulgaria

The Thracian tomb of Kazanlak has a vaulted brickwork "beehive", which is located near the city of Kazanlak in central Bulgaria. The tomb of Kazanlak is located near the ancient Thracian capital of Sevtopol. The tomb of Kazanlak is part of a large Thracian necropolis. It includes a narrow corridor and a circular burial chamber, which is decorated with frescoes representing a pair of Thracians at a ritual commemoration. The monument dates back to the 4th century BC and has been listed since 1979. world heritage UNESCO.

7. Parthenon, Greece

The Parthenon is a temple on Athenian Acropolis, Greece, dedicated to the goddess Athena, whom the people of Athens considered their patron. Its construction began in 447 BC, when the Athenian empire was at the height of its power. It was completed in 438 BC, although the decoration of the building continued until 432 BC. It is the most important surviving building from classical Greece. The Parthenon is considered a lasting symbol Ancient Greece, Athenian democracy, Western civilization and one of greatest monuments world culture. Ranked seventh in the top 10 oldest buildings in the world.

6. Minoan Palace of Knossos, Greece

The Minoan Palace of Knossos was solemn and political center Minoan civilization and culture. The palace was excavated and partially restored under the direction of Arthur Evans in the early years of the 20th century. His size far exceeds his original expectations, as does the discovery of two ancient scripts he called Linear A and B to distinguish their spellings from the pictogram. At some point at the end of the late bronze age the palace was abandoned (c. 1380-1100 BC). The incident is not known for certain, but one of the many disasters that befell the Palace was probably the refusal of the population to use it as an administrative building by the Mycenaean Greeks, who previously occupied the city-state.

5. Great Pyramid of Giza, Egypt

Also known as the Pyramid of Cheops is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids at Giza, Necropolis, Egypt. This oldest building of the seven wonders of the ancient world, and the only one that remains virtually untouched. Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the Fourth Dynasty. Egyptian pharaoh Cheops 10 to 20 year period 2560 BC Initially at 146.5 meters (481 ft), great pyramid has been the tallest man-made (man-made) structure in the world for over 3,800 years.

4. Pyramid of Djoser, Egypt

Located in Saqqara, Egypt, the Pyramid of Djoser was built in the 27th century BC. for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser by his architect Imhotep. This is the first Egyptian pyramid, which consists of six steps built on top of each other.

The size of the pyramid is 62 meters high, with a base of 109 m × 125 m. The core of the tomb is made of white limestone. The Step Pyramid is considered the earliest large-scale stone construction. The oldest known rough stone buildings. The construction of the pyramid dates back to 3000 BC.

3. Tarxien Temples, Malta

The Tarxien Temples are the archaeological site of Tarxien, Malta. They date back to around 3150 BC. The temples were accepted as a UNESCO World Heritage Site in 1980. The Tarxien temples consist of three separate, but attached, structures to each other. Main entrance has been under renovation since 1956 when the whole complex was restored. At the same time, many of the decorated slabs found at the site were moved to a safe house at the Museum of Archeology in Valletta. The first temple was built around 3100 BC. and is the most ornate of the temples of Malta. Third line among the oldest buildings in the world.

2. La Hougue Bie, Jersey

La Hug Bi - historical monument, with a museum, in Grouville County, Jersey. The monument was built around 3500 BC. It is a corridor tomb 18.6 meters long, covered with a 12.2-meter earthen rampart. The mound was first excavated in 1925 by the Jersey Society. In Western Europe, it is one of the largest and best preserved corridor tombs. Western Europe. During the 2nd World War, the chapel was used as an observation post, and an underground command bunker was located in and around the mound.

1. Tumulus of Bougon, France

The oldest building in the world, The Bugon Necropolis is a group of five Neolithic megalithic burial mounds (Mound A, B, C, D, E, F) discovered in a bend of the Bougon River, France. The opening of the necropolis in 1840 caused a great

scientific interest. In order to protect the monument, it was purchased by the De Sèvres department in 1873. Excavations resumed in the late 1960s. The oldest of the buildings of this complex date back to 4800 BC.

Original taken from d_popovskiy in 25 ancient wooden buildings of the world

I already wrote about the surviving wooden buildings in Manhattan. Today I propose to look at the old wooden buildings from different corners peace. Many of them have already been mentioned by me on Facebook. I did not have a special method for selecting buildings for the post, everything that accidentally fell into the field while surfing the Internet and seemed interesting to me was immediately sent to my wall. The only restriction is that the buildings had to be built no later than 1700, i.e. the end of the 17th century. Thus, in the post collected 25 buildings representing 10 centuries wooden architecture. Not being able to actively travel the world and shoot all these objects myself, I had to resort to the help of Wikipedia and Flickr.

VII CENTURY

1. Pagoda and condo in Horyu-ji
Ikaruga, Nara, Japan

The temple was founded by Prince Shotoku in 607. In 670, due to a lightning strike, the complex completely burned down and was rebuilt by 700. Several times the temple was repaired and rebuilt. The work took place at the beginning of the XII century, in 1374 and 1603. Despite this, it is believed that 15-20% of Kondo's buildings retained the original temple materials when reconstructed. This makes the Horyu-ji (pagoda and condo) the oldest surviving wooden buildings in the world.

XI CENTURY

2. Kirkjubøargarur
Faroe islands

Kirkjubøargarður is one of the oldest inhabited wooden houses in the world, dating from around the 11th century. In 1100, it housed an episcopal residence and a seminary. After the Reformation that took place in the Faroe Islands in 1538, all real estate catholic church was captured by the king of Denmark. Today this land is owned by the government Faroe Islands. The Patursson family has been renting the land since 1550. The house is a museum, but the 17th generation of Patursson still lives in it.

3. Grinstead Church (St Andrew's Church)
Grinstead, Essex, UK

Grinstead Church is the oldest surviving stave church in the world and one of the oldest stave buildings in Europe. Initially, it was believed that the church was built in 845, but recent dendrochronological studies have rejuvenated the building by two hundred years. The brick extension appeared in the 1500s, and White Tower- in the 17th century.

The church is an example of the traditional Saxon way of building.

4. Shakyamuni Pagoda at Fogong Temple
Shanxi, China

The Shakyamuni Pagoda at Fogong Temple is the oldest wooden pagoda in China. It was built in 1056-1195. It is alleged that during its 900-year history, the pagoda has survived at least 7 major earthquakes, and one of them almost completely destroyed the main temple complex. Until the 20th century, the building underwent 10 minor repairs.

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5. Stave Church in Urnes
Urnes, Luster, Norway

The stave church is the most common type of wooden medieval temples. From the 11th to the 16th centuries about 1,700 stave churches were built in Norway. Most of the buildings were demolished in the 17th century. In 1800, there were 95 such temples, and only 28 buildings have survived to this day. In Norway, the attitude of the people to the stave churches and the replication of their image is twofold. On the one hand, the government is pursuing an active protectionist policy in relation to cultural heritage, the majority of the population reveres them as shrines. On the other hand, militant representatives of youth subcultures, pagans and Satanists are methodically destroying these ancient architectural monuments. The only thing the Norwegian government can do to prevent arson is to install expensive tracking and fire extinguishing systems.

The stave church in Urnes is the oldest surviving stave church in Norway, built around 1130, a UNESCO World Heritage Site.

Ornament on one of the walls of the Urnes Stave Church:

6. Stave Church Hopperstad
Vikoyri, Norway

The Stave Church was built in 1140.

Interior:

XIII CENTURY

7. Stave Church in Heddal
Heddal, Notodden, Telemark, Norway

The Stave Church in Heddal is the largest surviving frame church. The exact year of construction is unknown, the building dates from the beginning of the 13th century. The church was repeatedly rebuilt and reconstructed.

The last major reconstruction, carried out in the 1950s, returned the appearance of the stave church as close as possible to the original. The church building still contains about a third of the wood used in construction in the 13th century.

XIV CENTURY

8. Kapellbrücke Bridge
Lucerne, Switzerland

The Kapellbrücke Bridge was built in 1365 and is the oldest wooden covered bridge in Europe. Under the ridge of the roof along the entire bridge there are 111 triangular paintings that tell about the most important points in the history of Switzerland. In 1993, Kapelbrücke was badly damaged in a fire believed to have been started by a cigarette not extinguished. 78 out of 111 paintings were destroyed. The bridge and part of the paintings were restored according to the preserved inventory list.

9. Church of the Ascension of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Michael the Archangel in Haczuv
Haczow, Poland

Church of the Assumption of the Blessed Virgin Mary and St. Michael the Archangel - a gothic wooden church in the village of Chaczów, along with others wooden churches southern Małopolska and Podkarpattya included in the UNESCO World Heritage List. The church was built in the XIV century, presumably in 1388. In 2006, work began on updating the shingle. The cost of the work is more than 100 thousand euros.

The interior of the church is also valuable, including: baroque main altar end of the 17th century, vessels of the 17th-18th centuries, gothic sculptures of the 15th century, stone font of the 16th century, gothic portals. In addition, the interior is decorated with a unique polychrome of 1494. It is probably the oldest polychrome of its kind in Europe.

10. Church of the Resurrection of Lazarus
Kizhi, Russia

The exact date of construction of the church is unknown, but it is believed that it was built before 1391. The building was erected by the Monk Lazar, who lived 105 years and died in 1391. The church became the first building of the future Murom Monastery. After the revolution, on the site of the Murom Holy Assumption Monastery, the authorities organized an agricultural commune named after. Trotsky, after 1945 - a home for the disabled, and in the 1960s the place was deserted. In 1959, the Church of the Resurrection of Lazarus was dismantled and transported to Kizhi, where it was restored in 1960.

The iconostasis has been preserved in the church, consisting of 17 icons of the 16th-18th centuries and representing the oldest type of two-tiered iconostasis.

XV CENTURY

11. Het Houten Huys
Amsterdam, Netherlands

Apart from the suburbs that entered the city boundaries later, two wooden buildings. The oldest of them is Het Houten Huys built in 1425.

12. Church of St. Nicholas the Wonderworker in Kolodnoe
Kolodnoe, Transcarpathia, Ukraine

The church was built in 1470. This is the oldest wooden temple in Ukraine and one of the oldest monuments in Europe. wooden architecture. In 2007-2008, restoration work was carried out, as a result of which the roof was replaced, the arcade on the bell tower was closed with a bird net, the doors were repaired, all holes and cracks in the log cabins were plugged with wooden stakes.

13. Church of the Deposition of the Robe from the village of Borodava
Kirillov, Russia

The Church of the Deposition of the Robe is the oldest precisely dated preserved monument of wooden architecture in Russia. The building was built in 1485 in the village of Borodava, located near the famous Feropontov Monastery. In 1957 the church was moved to the city of Kirillov. Currently, it is located on the territory of the New City of the Kirillo-Belozersky Monastery.

14. Rothenburgerhaus
Lucerne, Switzerland

Rotenburgerhaus was built around 1500 and is the oldest residential wooden building in Switzerland.

15. Huis van Jan Brouckaerd (House of Jan Brouckaerd)
Ghent, Netherlands

Medieval houses with wooden facades have been preserved in the Netherlands. One of them is Huis van Jan Brouckaerd built in the 16th century.

16. De Waag and De Steur
Mechelen, Belgium

The buildings De Waag and De Steur were built on the Salt Wharf in the first half of the 16th century. They can be seen on an old postcard in the center of the frame.

The buildings were restored in 1927.

17. Church of St. Catherine
Ostrava, Czech Republic

The building was the oldest wooden church Central Europe. The original church was built in 1543. However, in 2002, a misfortune happened - from a short circuit in the electrical wiring, the church flared up and burned down in a few minutes. So Ostrava lost one of its oldest buildings.

Residents of the Ostrava region are considered people who are indifferent to religion. Nevertheless, more than two million Czech crowns were collected for the restoration of the temple. There were also donations from entrepreneurs, parishioners from other cities of the country, and even from Polish believers. Rector Jiří Strnište says that an old woman from Ivano-Frankivsk came to visit him, who came to visit her daughter, who works at a construction site in Ostrava, and donated two hundred crowns for the restoration of the church.

The construction took about two years. During the restoration of the church, an old tree that survived the fire was used so that the church of St. Catherine was not deleted from the list of architectural monuments. According to the abbot, they had to "literally on sticks, pieces of wood and planks, almost crawling on their knees, to collect pieces of unburned wood." The temple was restored using traditional methods of building wooden buildings. The grand opening took place on October 30, 2004.

18. De Duiveltjes
Mechelen, Belgium

The house was built in 1545-1550 and restored in 1867.

The building has a unique wooden facade, decorated with carved monsters - satyrs and devils, which gave the house its nickname.

19. Oude Huis
Amsterdam, Netherlands

As mentioned above, only two wooden buildings have survived in Amsterdam. One of them is Het Houten Huys, and the second is Oude Huis, located at Zeedijk 1. The building was built in the 1550s.

XVII CENTURY

20. Pitstone Windmill
Pitstone, Buckinghamshire, UK

The mill was built presumably in 1627 and is considered the oldest windmill England. In 1902, the building was seriously damaged by a monstrous storm. In 1922, the destroyed mill was bought by a farmer whose land was located nearby. In 1937, he donated the building to the National Trust, but it was not until 1963 that renovation work began. Moreover, they were carried out by volunteers at their own expense. The mill is currently open to the public on Sundays in the summer.

Flickr

Over the centuries, the house was rebuilt, central part building is the oldest.

24. Wurlezer House
Staten Island, New York, USA

The Dutch word "voorlezer" (reader) was applied among the Dutch colonists to active people who took on semi-official duties associated with active participation in local legislation, education and religious life. After the capture of the Dutch colonies by the British, the wurlezers continued to keep records and documentation. The last person to be given such a title retired in 1789. His successor already held the rank of clerk.
The building, located on Staten Island, was built around 1695 and is the oldest wooden school building in the United States. On the ground floor were living room And Big hall for church services. The second floor was occupied by a bedroom and another large hall, which, it is believed, was intended for school classes.

25. Spaso-Zashiverskaya Church
Baryshevsky Village Council, Novosibirsk region, Russia

How old is architecture? Experts are sure that the first structures on Earth appeared long before our era. At the same time, ancient buildings sometimes look simply amazing. Even the question arises - who really built the most ancient buildings, fragments of which have survived to this day.

Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara recognized as the most ancient building planets. The building was built by the Egyptians, and it is even known that the name of the ancient architect was Imhotep. The pyramid was built around 2650 BC. This is the first such structure, other Egyptian pyramids arose much later. The height of the building is 62 meters, and the size of the base is 121 * 109 meters.

Pyramid of Djoser at Saqqara

In Europe, the oldest is settlement of Skara Brae. This is an amazing architectural monument, which is located on the islands of Scotland. The settlement is very well preserved, and allowed scientists to learn the details of the life of ancient people. There are 10 houses here that were built around 2500 BC. Ancient dwellings struck with their well-equipped. The researchers claim that there were covered passages, heating, bathrooms and water supply.

Skara Brae, Scotland

Stonehenge in England is not only very ancient building, but also an architectural mystery of all times. The age of the buildings is from 1100 to 3500 BC.

Stonehenge in England

Is a real work ancient architecture. It was built around 1473 BC. The building was created by an incredibly talented architect. The temple rests on massive columns, its whole appearance is attractive and harmonious.

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut in Egypt

famous statue Great Sphinx appeared around 1400 BC. huge statue 20 meters high and 73 meters long stands on the banks of the Egyptian Nile River. Here are the tombs of the pharaohs - the Sphinx seems to guard their peace.

statue of the Great Sphinx

IN ancient city Rome preserved Mamertine dungeon. The countdown of its existence is from 578 BC. Criminals were kept here, but as it turned out, not all of them were guilty. According to legend, it was here that they held their last days Apostles Peter and Paul. The dungeon is located at the base capitol hill.

Mamertine Dungeon, Rome

It is the oldest building in Russia. The years of its construction from 1475 to 1479. The temple was built by Russian masters under the guidance of the Italian architect Aristotle Fioravanti. The building is well preserved thanks to numerous restorations. Sometimes services are held here even today.

Assumption Cathedral of the Moscow Kremlin

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Buildings - man-made structures for protection, prayer, lodging, gatherings, living, or any other use - were built long before the advent of our era. And, looking at the oldest buildings (or well-preserved picturesque ruins), one can only wonder how people created these masterpieces without modern technology, machines, or tools. The age of the oldest buildings in the world is estimated at several thousand years, and they - at least that! Shall we look at them?

They are from 3250 to 6800 years old: the oldest buildings on the planet

Treasury of Atreus: monument of Mycenaean Greece

The tomb, which is called the Treasury of Atreus, was built during the Bronze Age, around 1250 BC (over 3250 years ago). And this is only the first member of our top, so the oldest buildings on the planet should be called very ancient! Before the completion of the Pantheon, this tomb was famous for the highest and widest dome in the world. The monumental building and the area surrounding it is one of the most impressive monuments left over from the era of Mycenaean Greece.

Palace of Knossos: home of the Cretan Minotaur

Palace of Knossos (fallen into disrepair ancient city Crete) was the ceremonial and political center of the Minoan civilization. The palace was excavated and partially restored under the direction of Arthur Evans in the early 20th century (although attempts were made in the 1870s). It is believed that the very first palace in Knossos was built in 2000-1700 BC. It was destroyed by an earthquake, and a new, even more powerful and beautiful building, built in 1700 BC. In the XVI century BC. e. the palace was damaged by a volcanic eruption, and after about another half a century, a fire completed this dirty deed. Myths bind main building Knossos with Daedalus and his legendary labyrinth guarded by the Minotaur.

Great Pyramid: the tomb of Cheops

The Egyptian pyramids are also among the oldest buildings in the world, because this is not just a decorative building, there are chambers and corridors inside. great pyramid Egyptian city Giza (other names - the pyramid of Khufu or the pyramid of Cheops) is the oldest and largest of the three pyramids of this necropolis. Despite the fact that among the Seven Wonders of the World it was she who was the oldest, the pyramid is the only one that has survived intact to this day. Egyptologists believe that the pyramid was built as a tomb for the fourth dynasty pharaoh Khufu. The construction took about 10-20 years, and construction was completed around 2560 BC. The top of the pyramid was originally located at 146.5 m above sea level, so the Great Pyramid remained the highest man-made structure in the world for more than 3800 years.

Pyramid of Djoser built by Imhotep

Another pyramid of Egypt, bearing the name of Djoser (or the Step Pyramid), is located in the Saqqara necropolis and consists of six mastabas laid on top of each other. It was founded in the 27th century BC (approximately 2650 BC) for the burial of Pharaoh Djoser, the architect was his vizier (chati) Imhotep (not to be confused with the villain-priest Imhotep from the Mummy franchise). The pyramid is older than its "sisters" from Giza and is the first Egyptian pyramid. Initially, the pyramid of Djoser, “dressed” in polished white limestone, towered 62 meters, and its foundation was 109 x 125 meters in area. The step pyramid is considered the oldest large-scale stone structure.

Tarxien complex: a treasure of Malta

Malta is known for its impressive temples, which are great for our top oldest buildings. So, the “venerable age” is distinguished by the archaeological complex in Tarxien, dating back to approximately 3150 BC (“sunset” of the megalith). In 1980, this ensemble became a UNESCO World Heritage Site. Tarxien consists of three separate but connected temple structures. The main entrance is a reconstruction of 1956 (when the entire site was being restored). At the same time, many of the ornate tiles found at the site were moved to the Valletta Museum of Archeology.

Newgrage: the oldest in Ireland

5100 years ago (about 3200 BC) the oldest building in Ireland appeared. This is a prehistoric Newgrage monument built during the Neolithic period. He is older and Egyptian pyramids, and Stonehenge. The building consists of a large round mound-roof and internal stone passages and chambers. It is believed that the Scottish landmark has religious significance, but scientists did not come to a consensus - why the building was built. Human bones were found in his small rooms - perhaps Newgrage served as a place for offering sacrifices (or a tomb was built here). Now it is one of the most important megalithic structures Europe.

La Hoog Bee: A Curiosity on the Island of Jersey

The name of the next oldest building is perceived as something Asian - La Hougue Bie. However, it is located in the parish of Grouville on the island of Jersey (UK). The building dates back to 3500 BC, now it is a historical monument with a museum. This is an 18.6-meter walk-through chamber, covered with an earth embankment 12.2 meters high. La Hug Bi was discovered only in 1925. During World War II, this structure was an important strategic observation point; an underground command bunker was set up in the adjacent embankment.

Knap of Howar: part of a Neolithic homestead in Scotland

The oldest stone building in Scotland is called Knap of Howar. It is believed that it was part of a Neolithic manor. Radiocarbon analyzes showed that the house was built from 3700 BC to 3100 BC (or 5500 years ago). The building, consisting of two rooms, has been perfectly preserved: 1.6-meter walls, shelves for things, stoves, beds. Ancient farmers cultivated wheat and barley, kept pigs and sheep, and fished. This was evidenced by the debris found by archaeologists near the buildings and in them.

Ggantija: tower of the giants in Gozo

We have already mentioned the megalithic temples of Malta, but Tarshien is not the oldest building in the archipelago. Religious buildings on the island of Gozo is even older - the structures of Ggantiy were erected around 3600 BC. The name translates as "Tower of the Giants". This and other Neolithic buildings of the country are protected by UNESCO (under common name « Megalithic temples Malta"). Ggantija consists of an older South Temple and a North Temple (they stand side by side on the Shaara Plateau). The start of large-scale excavations falls on the year 1827, then the area was in private hands, which negatively affected the buildings. In 1933, Ggantija passed to the government of Malta, and the temples have already been restored and studied five times.

Bugon Necropolis: French sensation

The Bugon Necropolis (France) is a group of five Neolithic mounds (they are called Tumulus A, B, C, D, E, F). The oldest building in the world got its name in honor of the Bugon River, near which it is located. Scientists believe that Tumulus began to build around 4800 BC. The opening of the necropolis in 1840 made a splash in scientific world. To protect the monuments, they were bought (in 1873) by the Department of Deux-Sèvres (New Aquitaine region). Archaeological excavations started in the 1960s, at the same time dishes and household items, jewelry, human remains, and tools were found in the cells.

According to experts, architecture structures appeared long before our era. The ancient structures preserved on our planet are amazing, they amaze the imagination. We will find out which buildings are the oldest in the world. The structures of the ancient world that have come down to us are completely different from the structures of modern architecture.

Legendary buildings of the ancient world

Temple of Queen Hatshepsut (Egypt)

Mamertine Dungeon (Rome)

Pyramid of Djoser in Sakar

Greater Zimbabwe

The height of the ancient ruins reaches eleven meters. All structures were erected using the dry masonry method - granite slabs are laid in rows. This is surprising, since the standard material of Africa of that period was wood and clay.

Skara Brae Settlement

The oldest buildings in Russia

Spaso-Preobrazhensky Cathedral (Pereyaslavl-Zalessky)

Spaso-Preobrazhensky Monastery (Pskov)

Dormition Knyaginin Monastery

Church of Boris and Gleb (Kideksha village)

The oldest surviving building in the world

The necropolis consists of five megalithic burial mounds dating back to the Neolithic era. As a result of the excavations, it turned out that the oldest building of this complex was built in 4800 BC. e.

And the most Old city in Russia it is Derbent. The website site has a detailed and their history.
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