What country is Vienna in? Vienna home of sounding fairy tales. Bread and spectacle

Helpful information for tourists about Vienna in Austria - geographical location, tourist infrastructure, map, architectural features and attractions.

The capital of Austria - the legendary Vienna - is located in the eastern part of Austria at the foot of the Alps, on the banks of the Danube, 60 km from the border with Slovakia. Vienna is one of the most beautiful capitals, where a romantic atmosphere always reigns, which is generated by the rich history of the city, the charm of the music of Mozart and Strauss, the splendor of ancient palaces and cathedrals, the Vienna Woods and the Danube.

Vienna has been an architectural gem and a musical center since the Middle Ages. Among the beauties of the city - Imperial Palace The Hofburg and the adjacent Augustinian Church are also worth a visit in Vienna Museum Fine Arts, Belvedere Palace and Sigmund Freud Museum.

If you want to ride through the Viennese streets in a cab, you will see baroque palaces and impressive buildings of the Kaiser times, drive along picturesque medieval lanes. They belong to the "old" Vienna as well as the Gothic St. Stephen's Cathedral, the Hofburg Treasure Chamber, the Spanish Riding School, the world-famous Schönbrunn Palace.

The "new" Vienna was embodied in modern architecture Haas-Haus on Stephansplatz, in the Vienna House of Art, created by the artist Hundertwasser, in the Museum of Applied Arts and discos, for example, "P1".

There are many interesting museums in the Austrian capital, such as the Mozart and Freud House Museums, the Museum of Art History, Technology, Folklore and Ethnography, Natural History, the Museum of the 20th Century, and the Austrian Gallery. In addition, it will be interesting to get acquainted with the town hall (1872 - 1883), the Burgtheater (1874 - 1888), the parliament buildings (1883) and the Vienna Opera (1861 - 1869). Both children and adults will be interested in visiting the oldest zoo in the world, founded in 1752.

Pride of Vienna - beautiful parks, varied in their appearance and purpose. Among them, the most famous park is the Vienna Woods, partly located in the foothills of the Eastern Alps.

Viennese merchants surprise guests with a variety of goods and souvenirs. While in Vienna, be sure to take a stroll through the Naschmarkt market. Here you will be kindly offered fresh vegetables and fruits, commenting on your purchase with funny jokes. Every Saturday, the popular food market turns into a flea market, where mostly cheap crafts are on display, but you can also find a real thing. Shipekk department store is a paradise for lovers of fashion jewelry.

It's hard to imagine life in Vienna without coffee shops. In a cozy cafe you can find out last news, show yourself and look at people. The most famous coffee houses are Demel, where the most diverse audience gathers, Zaher, where an atmosphere of respectability reigns and famous branded cakes are served, Havelka, a typical Viennese institution, and Do & Co.

Vienna is the capital of Austria and also administrative center district of Lower Austria, located in the eastern part of the country, at the foot of the Alps, on one of the banks of the Danube River, surrounded by the beautiful Vienna Woods. The main water arteries of the capital are the Donaukanal branch of the Danube and the small river Vienna. The capital of Austria is located in the very center of Europe, at the junction of its eastern and western parts. Only 60 kilometers separate Vienna from the border with Slovakia. Today, about 2 million people live in the city. For many centuries, Vienna has been the main center of classical music - at one time many recognized musical geniuses lived and worked here: Mozart, Haydn, Beethoven, Schubert, Brahms. The Vienna Choir, the Vienna State Opera, and such a bright musical event as the Vienna Ball have gained worldwide fame.

Vienna has the status of one of the most charming European cities. Being in the past the capital of the Austrian Empire, it impresses with its luxury, sophistication and grandeur at the same time. This splendor is surrounded by low hills, climbing which, you can see the architectural masterpieces spread below. At the same time, Vienna is the location of the headquarters of political organizations such as OPEC and the OSCE. One of the residences of the UN is also located here, and the Vienna International Center houses the offices of the UNODC, the IAEA, and the UN industrial development organization.

The Austrian capital is not only the administrative, but also the economic center of the country, which has concentrated enterprises in the electrical, metalworking, machine-building, food and textile industries. The head offices of the largest Austrian banks and insurance companies are located in Vienna, and twice a year the city becomes the center of international economic fairs. There are luxury hotels and branded stores of fashionable design houses.

To enter Austria Russian tourists, as well as guests from many other countries, a Schengen visa is required. The nearest international airport is located 16 kilometers from Vienna, in the small town of Schwechat. You can get from it to the capital by high-speed train, bus or taxi. Public transport of the city consists of the subway, electric trains, trams and buses. All modes of transport run strictly according to the schedule. Doors in buses and trams are not automatic, and in order to enter or exit, you must press the button next to the door.

Climatic features

The climate in this region is temperate continental, but the weather in Vienna is also determined by its proximity to Alpine mountains. January is considered the coldest month, with an average air temperature of -2 ... + 2 ° С, however, sometimes the thermometers drop to -18 ° С. IN winter time there is a lot of snow in the city. The warmest months are July and August, when the air warms up to +20°C, but on especially hot days, the thermometers rise to +30°C. During the winter months, foehns are often observed in the city - gusty warm mountain winds. The most favorable weather for travel begins in May and lasts until mid-October.

Historical reference

Archaeological finds indicate that the first settlements in this area appeared more than 20 thousand years ago. Modern Vienna was already a small provincial town in the 6th century AD. In the 10th century, it passed into the possession of the counts of Babenberg, and since 976, the name Ostarrich, meaning Austria, has been found in the surviving chronicles. From that time on, the city began to expand its borders and experienced its first architectural flowering. After the death of the last descendant of the counts of Babenberg, in the middle of the 13th century, power in the city fell to the Habsburgs, whose dynasty determined the course of historical events not only in Vienna, but throughout Austria until 1918, when the Austro-Hungarian monarchy fell. During the Second World War, Nazi troops were on the territory of Austria from 1938, turning the country into a province of Nazi Germany. After the end of hostilities in 1945 and the next 10 years, Vienna, divided into 4 sectors, was subject to the control of the Allied countries. Only in 1955 did Austria gain independence.

Modern Vienna is a real museum city, with many magnificent architectural monuments of the most different styles and directions. The ancient buildings in the city center were included in the UNESCO Cultural Heritage List in 2001.

St. Stephen's Cathedral

The pride of Vienna and its business card- St. Stephen's Cathedral, the construction of which dates back to 1340. Initially, on the site of the Cathedral there was a small parish church, built in 1137. From the moment of its foundation, the temple was subjected to numerous restructurings and acquired its finally formed appearance, which has survived to this day, only by 1523. The facade walls are lined with smooth large blocks of hewn stone and are moderately decorated with sculptures and carved masks. The portals of the cathedral are covered with a real carved carpet, plunging into the world of religious symbols and ancient legends - there is also a floral ornament, and images of people, birds, fabulous and mythical animals.

The cathedral has north and south towers. The height of the latter is 136 meters, you can get to the top by breaking the stairs with 343 steps. At the very top there is an observation deck, which offers magnificent views of the city and its surroundings. north tower remained unfinished, and in 1579 it was crowned with a Renaissance dome, under the arch of which was placed the Pummerin bell, which became the largest bell in Austria.

St. Stephen's Cathedral was badly damaged during the Second World War, and the famous Pummerin bell was broken. After 7 years of restoration work, the cathedral was completely restored. Today, a photo of this majestic Gothic temple is depicted on all souvenirs and tourist brochures that tell about Vienna.

The Vienna State Opera House is a musical Mecca, known not only in Austria, but all over the world. The building of the opera house was built in 1869 according to the designs of the talented architect August Sikkard von Sikkardsburg. After the premiere performance, it was recognized as one of the best in the world in terms of acoustic characteristics. Restored after the Second World War according to the surviving drawings, the opera house became the venue for the most significant dance event in the country - the annual Vienna Ball. This status event is attended by the President of Austria, as well as world celebrities, appearing in all their splendor.

Palace complex Belvedere

The huge Belvedere Palace was built in the 18th century by order of Prince Eugene of Savoy, who planned to use it as his summer residence. The complex consists of the Lower Belvedere, Upper Belvedere, and a beautiful garden between them, decorated with numerous sculptures and fountains. The halls of the Upper Belvedere were used for various celebrations and ceremonial receptions, so this palace is still associated with entertainment among local residents. After the death of Eugene, the entire complex, considered one of the most outstanding baroque examples in the world, was acquired by the Habsburgs. Today, in the premises of the Upper Belvedere, there is an art gallery with a large number of works by artists of the 19th-20th centuries.

Hofburg represents main residence Habsburg, founded in the XIII century and served until 1918. Built originally as a luxury medieval castle, the Hofburg expanded its borders and grew with the same proportionality as the power of the Habsburgs. Over the long centuries of the reign of this dynasty, the Hofburg has turned into a huge palace complex that combines a treasury with imperial crowns, several palaces and museums, a chapel in which the Vienna Boys Choir performs and an arena where you can see dancing Lipizzaner horses belonging to the Spanish Riding School. In total, the complex has about 2,600 halls; only a small part of the imperial chambers is open to tourists.

Schönbrunn is another summer residence great family Habsburg, one of the main attractions of Vienna and a must-see in the traveler's program. This palace can be compared with Peterhof and Versailles - here is the most beautiful natural Park is a harmonious continuation of the architectural masterpiece, made in the Baroque style. The palace complex consists of 1,400 halls, so it is very difficult to get around all the chambers open to tourists. Today in Schönbrunn there is an exhibition of carriages, with carriages, sleighs, palanquins and sedan chairs on display. The main place in the collection is occupied by a gilded, imperial carriage, harnessed by eight horses on the days of coronations. Also on the territory of the park is the Zoo and several museums. In summer, tourists can visit the palace theater, which hosts performances and musical concerts.

natural conditions

Vienna is located in the eastern part of Austria, on the banks of the Danube River. The highest altitude of the city above sea level is noted in the Germanskogel area (542 m), and the lowest - in Essling (155 m). The city is bordered by the Vienna Woods - an extensive recreation area - a rare phenomenon for large European cities. The mountainous and hilly surroundings of Vienna are a very picturesque sight.

In formation natural conditions The proximity of the Austrian capital to the Alps plays an important role: winds blow in the city at any time of the year, although the climate here, thanks to fens (warm winds from the mountains), is rather mild (subalpine). The average air temperature in the winter months is -1.5°C; frosts from -12 to -18 ° C are rare. In winter, snowfalls are often observed, and quite heavy. Precipitation in the form of snow also falls in the spring and autumn periods. In summer, the thermometer stays at around +20°C. The average annual rainfall reaches 700-2000 mm.

Population, language, religion

The main population of Vienna is Austrians. The Austrian nation was formed gradually, by mixing different nationalities. The Germans became its basis, although the Celts, Rets and Illyrians, who were later joined by the Slavs, played a significant role in the formation of the nation. More than 1.6 million people live in the Austrian capital.

The population of Vienna speaks German, which is the state language, but nevertheless, residents of the Austrian capital often use dialect words and expressions that are not found, for example, in Germany. English is fairly common.

Religion plays an important role in the life of the inhabitants of Vienna. The Austrian constitution guarantees its inhabitants freedom of religion, although there are some age restrictions. For children under the age of 10, the choice of religion is determined by their parents. At the age of 10-12 years, the opinion of a teenager should be taken into account by the rest of the family. After the age of 12, a person has the right to their own religious views. More than 80% of the capital's population professes Catholicism. Approximately 6% of the inhabitants of Vienna retain adherence to Protestantism.

History of development

The territory occupied by modern Vienna was first settled by the Celts. In Iv. n. e. Roman legionnaires camped here, giving it the name Vindobona. The mention of Vienna is first found in the annals of 881, then in some historical documents dating back to the 1030s. In 1137, under Leopold IV, Vienna became known in Europe as a fairly large city. Located at the crossroads trade routes, it was gaining more and more economic importance, and by the middle of the XII century. became the residence of the Austrian dukes Babenberg. The construction of the Stefanskirche, a church in the Romanesque style, dates back to the time of their reign.

Since 1278, Vienna has been a stronghold of the Habsburg dynasty, who during their reign showed a special love for the city. Thanks to Duke Rudolf IV, the Gothic reconstruction of Stephanskirche began, and in 1365 a university was opened in the city.

In 1469, an old dream of the Habsburg family came true: Pope Paul II gave Kaiser Frederick III permission to create the Bishopric of Vienna.

Kaiser Maximilian I (1493-1519) greatly expanded the influence of the House of Habsburg by taking Mary of Burgundy as his wife. As a result of this advantageous marriage, the Habsburg dynasty secured the right to own the territory of the Netherlands. In addition, the Kaiser increased his influence in Bohemia and Hungary by marrying his grandchildren to the royal heirs of these countries.

During the period of the XVI-XVII centuries. the entire population of Vienna experienced severe trials. The city repelled two Turkish sieges: one in 1529, the other in 1683. In 1679, a plague broke out in Vienna. Before that, there were about 100 thousand inhabitants in the city, and as a result of an outbreak of a terrible disease that claimed many human lives, the population decreased by a third. The plague column in the Graben still reminds us of the Black Death feast.

Kaiser Charles IV built the Karlskirche church in Vienna, thereby expressing his gratitude to God for the relatively small damage that was caused to the city during the epidemic. Some time later, Charles IV, having issued a "pragmatic" sanction, opened the way to the throne for his daughter Maria Theresa.

Although neighboring countries tried to challenge her dominance, Maria Theresa during her reign (1740-1780), being a supporter of education, introduced a compulsory 6-year education in the city and carried out a number of administrative reforms. The son and heir of Maria Theresa, Joseph II (1780-1790), was the largest reformer of the House of Habsburg. He issued a decree abolishing serfdom and proclaiming freedom of religion. During the reign of Maria Theresa, Schönbrunn Palace was completed. The first projects of the palace were developed by I. Fischer von Erlach. He intended to build Schönbrunn on a hill, but due to lack of funds, the original plan of the architect was changed. Some elements of this building are made in the Rococo style.

The Napoleonic Wars and the French Revolution of 1789, which significantly changed political situation in all European countries ah, they could not but affect the international status of Vienna. Kaiser Franz II founded the Austrian Empire in 1804 (he renounced the crown of the "Holy Roman Empire" two years later), and the center of political events in Europe moved to Vienna. After the end of the Napoleonic Wars, it became necessary to draw up a new map of Europe, which would reflect all the changes that occurred as a result of the accession or loss of their former territories by certain countries. Thus, Vienna acquired international significance, becoming the venue for the Congress of Vienna. As you know, the most important historical decisions were made at it on the consolidation of the monarchical system in France and the definition of new borders between the states that took part in the Napoleonic Wars.

First half of the 19th century was an era of change for the Austrian Empire, known as the Biedermeier. During this period, a police state system was created, the characteristic features of which were the presence of censorship, spying on the citizens of the country, etc. As a result of such arbitrariness of the authorities, public life in Vienna experienced a state of crisis. Significant progress was noted only in the field of culture and art: it was during this period that the Biedermeier style was born, the founders of which were famous Viennese composers, artists and theater figures.

In the first half of the XIX century. Vienna, located on the border between the romantic South and the modest North, in the very heart of Europe, at the crossroads of different cultures, and which has always attracted artists and musicians, has become a pan-European musical center. At that time, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, who moved here from his native Salzburg in 1827, lived and worked in Vienna, as well as Joseph Haydn, the founder of the classical symphony and the "father of the string quartet", and Ludwig van Beethoven. The activities of these composers left an indelible mark on the history and culture of the Austrian capital, and outstanding works were called "Viennese classics". During the Biedermeier era, the composer Franz Schubert (1797-1828) lived and worked in Vienna, who wrote about 600 songs in this city.

Thanks to the "king of the waltz" Johann Strauss, a new dance - the Viennese waltz - began its triumphal march around the world. The works of Johann Brahms (1833-1897), who also worked in Vienna, were preferred by musicians playing in symphony orchestras.

On March 28, 1842, the Vienna Philharmonic gave its first concert. Subsequently, in 1869, he moved into the building of the Musical Society. The National Opera was very popular, having a constant repertoire and probably the best opera orchestra in the world. In Viennese restaurants, as if competing with professionals, folk music ensembles performed skillfully arranged Viennese songs. Such ensembles have survived to this day. In the era of the Biedermeier, both the Viennese theater and the Viennese fine arts experienced their heyday. Works by Ferdinand Raimund, Johann Nestroy, Franz Grillparzer were staged on the stage. Every wealthy resident of Vienna considered it necessary to order his own portrait from the famous artist. Currently, paintings by Rudolf Alt, Friedrich Amerling, Georg Waldmüller, as well as furniture from the Biedermeier era, are foaming highly at international auctions.

The Biedermeier era ended with the revolution of 1848, in which the inhabitants of Vienna took an active part. After the revolutionary events in the city, Kaiser Ferdinand, who was in power at that time, was forced to renounce her. The throne was inherited by Ferdinand's nephew, 18-year-old Franz Joseph I, who ruled the House of Habsburg for the next 68 years. In 1857, by his order, it was demolished old center cities. The main street of Vienna, the Ringstrasse, was subsequently laid here, which officially opened in 1865. In general, during the reign of Kaiser Franz Joseph I, Vienna experienced an unprecedented economic and cultural upsurge.

In the era of Grunderism, which began in the second half of the 19th century, the main street of the city - the Ringstrasse - was decorated with their masterpieces by such prominent architects as Godfried Sempell and Karl Hasenauer, Friedrich Schmidt, Heinrich Ferstel, Theophil Hansen, August von Siggardsburg and Eduard van der Nüll. At that time, the buildings were built in the style of historicism, using as a basis the various styles of the periods preceding the era of Grunderism.

In 1867, Austria united with Hungary, and Vienna became the capital of the new state - Austria-Hungary. Despite the fact that the union broke up at the beginning of the First World War, to this day the concept of "Austro-Hungarian Monarchy" contains a deep historical meaning.

At the end of the XIX century. the city continued to magically attract artists and scientists who enriched its spiritual life. At that time, the University of Vienna and the Academy of Sciences were already world famous, in particular, scientists T. Billroth, I. Semmelseis and 3. Freud represented the school of medicine in the world community. In 1897, a group was founded by representatives of the Viennese bohemia

Secession, which included K. Moser, G. Klimt, K. Moll and O. Wagner.

In 1903, on the initiative of I. Hoffmann and K. Moser, Vienna Workshops were opened in Vienna, engaged in the manufacture of furniture, dishes, textiles and jewelry in the Art Nouveau style. The artists sought not only to embody their ideas, but to change the whole lifestyle of Vienna, offering the citizens a new direction not only in architecture, but also in interior decoration, furniture design and household items. The first decades of the XX century. were full of political: events in Europe, which became a turning point for the history of Vienna. The beginning of the collapse of the Habsburg dynasty was the First World War, which began in 1914. The reason for the outbreak of hostilities was the murder of the heir to the throne of the Habsburgs - Franz Ferdinand and his wife, which took place on June 28, 1914 in Sarajevo. Kaiser Franz Joseph I, who survived several more personal tragedies, died on November 21, 1916.

The First World War led to the fall of the House of Habsburg, and the creation of the First Republic caused an economic decline in Vienna, generated by inflation and internal political struggles. In 1928, mass civil unrest broke out in Vienna, and in February 1934 the country was engulfed in civil war.

On March 12, 1938, Vienna was occupied by Nazi troops, as a result of which Austria lost its state status for several years.

Vienna was liberated from the Nazi invaders by parts of the Soviet army. April 27, 1945 was followed by the declaration of independence of Austria and the formation of the Second Republic, the main city of which was Vienna.

The consequences of the war made themselves felt for another 10 years. Independence was fully returned to Austria and, accordingly, to Vienna on May 15, 1955, after the signing in Belvedere of the State Treaty on the withdrawal of allied troops from the country and its state sovereignty. On October 25 of the same year, a law was passed on the permanent neutrality of Austria.

Vienna is currently major center Western Europe both cultural and economic.

cultural significance

A large number of historical monuments, completeness of architectural ensembles, many cozy boulevards and parks - character traits the Austrian capital, making it one of the most beautiful cities in Europe. In that part of Vienna, which stretches on the right bank of the Danube, there are still elements of the radial-circular planning of the Middle Ages. Here are the ancient Ring and Gürtel boulevards, founded in the 19th century. on the site of the former city walls. The semi-rings of these boulevards are adjacent to the Danube coast and are intersected by several streets of the city.

The historic center of Vienna - the Old Town, surrounded by Ring Boulevard - is replete with narrow winding streets and very picturesque architectural structures, including many churches. Yes, here is famous cathedral St. Stephen, built in the XII-XV centuries. in Romanesque and Gothic styles. The height of the southern tower of the cathedral reaches 136 m. In addition, the church of St. Maria am Gestade (XV century) is located in the Old Town, the architectural forms of which are characterized by a pronounced Gothic style. The Hofburg Palace, where in past centuries the residence of representatives of the ruling Habsburg dynasty was located, was built in the 16th century. and acquired a new look in the late XVIII - early XIX centuries. thanks to an original design by the architects K. Hasenauer and G. Semper.

The building of the National Library, built in the 1720-1730s. designed by the architect I. Fischer von Erlach and is a monument of Viennese architecture, is also located in historical center cities. Between the two boulevards - the Ring and the Gürtel - there are four palaces built in the first half of the 18th century, during the heyday of the Baroque: Upper, Lower. Belvedere and Schwarzenberg. All of them are built according to original projects architect L. Hildebrandt. In the same area is the Church of St. Charles Borromeo, built according to the plan of the architect I. Fischer von Erlach in the 1730s.

Behind the Gürtel Boulevard is the Schönbrunn Palace, surrounded by a magnificent park. The construction of this building, which is an excellent example of Baroque architecture, was led by I. Fischer von Erlach and N. Pacassi.

The building of the Vienna Opera, built in 1869 by the architects A. Zikkard von Zikkardsburg and E. van der Nüll, is also located in the area of ​​Ring Boulevard. The architectural forms of this building are characterized by the features of front eclecticism, characteristic of European architecture of the second half of the 19th century. Elements of the same style were also used in the construction of the parliament building (1870-1880s, architect T. Hansen) and the City Hall (1870-1880s, architect F. Schmidt).

According to the projects of K. Hasenauer and G. Semper in Vienna in the second half of the 19th century. Two museums were built: Natural History and Art History, as well as the building of the Burgtheater. Outstanding examples of Jugendstal architecture are the buildings of the Vienna Secession (1890s, architect I. Olbrich), the Steinhof Hospital (1907, architect O. Wagner), the Austrian Museum (1913, architect I. Hofmann). A number of architectural landmarks of the city belong to the Art Nouveau style. These are Karl-Markshof (currently - Heiligenshtedterhof), built in 1929 according to the project of architect K. Ehn; West Station (1954, architect R Hartinger); Hall Stadthalle 1958, architect R Reiner); a number of structures at the Garden Exhibition (1960s). Stations of the city metro in Vienna were also built in the Art Nouveau style according to the designs of O. Wagner, the famous architect of this era. According to his own projects, a house with a majolica facade was erected on Linki Wienzeile Street, the building of the Savings Bank and the church Am Steinhoff.

Vienna is a city of museums and exhibitions. Currently, here you can get acquainted with the most interesting expositions presented in the Artistic-Historical, Natural-Historical, Historical Museum Vienna, as well as in the Albertina Museum, the Houses-Museums of W. Mozart, L. Beethoven, J. Haydn, F. Schubert, J. Strauss, J. Kalman. Collections of masterpieces of world art are stored in the Austrian Gallery and the Academy of Fine Arts, which are located in Vienna.

In addition, the capital houses the Austrian Museum of Applied Arts,

The Museum of Military History, the Austrian Ethnographic Museum, the Technical Museum of Industry and Crafts, the Clock Museum of Vienna, the Tin Museum, which presents a collection of tin products by R Vetter, etc. In the Vienna Art Gallery, along with the masterpieces of A. Dürer, P. Rubens, D. Velasquez and Titian, P. Brueghel's painting "Hunters in the Snow", familiar to many of our compatriots from A. Tarkovsky's film "Solaris", is exhibited.

University of Vienna- the oldest higher educational institution cities (posten in 1365). In addition, the Austrian capital has the Higher Technical School, the Academy of Fine Arts, the Academy of Music and Performing Arts, the World Trade Institute, the Conservatory, etc. The Austrian Academy of Sciences is located in Vienna, as well as a number of scientific societies and research institutes. The largest library in the city is the National. More than 1.9 million volumes are stored here; many publications are of great historical value.

The most famous theaters in Vienna- Vienna State Opera, Burgtheater and Volksoper. The productions of the Vienna Opera House are now known all over the world. The operetta theater also plays an important role in the life of the city, since it was in Vienna that the leading masters of the operetta genre worked.

Information for tourists

Vienna is a center of international tourism. A wonderful panorama of the city opens from the observation deck of St. Stephen's Cathedral, located at an altitude of 70 m above the ground. A very attractive place for tourists coming to Vienna is the famous Vienna Woods: a visit to the Hunting Estate is of particular interest here. Moreover, for those who want to admire magnificent views city ​​and the picturesque valleys of the Danube River, an observation deck is open, located on Mount Kahlenberg, in the northwestern part of the Vienna Woods.

To visit Viennese shops, you should choose the time from 6 a.m. to 6-7 p.m., and on Saturday - until 5 p.m. The main post office and the railway station post office are open seven days a week, around the clock.

Cash payments in Vienna are made in euros, since Austrian schillings have ceased to circulate in the country since March 1, 2002. Free exchange of Austrian schillings into euros can be made at the Austrian National Bank.

Vienna, the capital of Austria, is famous for classical music and composers who created it, pretentious architecture, centuries-old traditions and small cozy coffee houses where you can taste world-famous cakes or real Austrian strudel. Most people imagine it that way. However, Vienna cannot be described in a few words. This city does not fit into any framework, it strikes with its depth, beauty and mystery. Vienna attracts tourists from all over the world with a variety of sights that have been preserved over the centuries, a special atmosphere created by the commitment to science or art of individual citizens. All this makes the city unique, gives it a special charm and charm.

For those who like to get acquainted with the history of cities, it is worth staying in Vienna for a longer time. After all, there are about 80 museums, each of which is ready to provide its visitors with interesting expositions. Here you can see both medical instruments from different eras and beautiful paintings by Austrian painters. Lovers of architecture will also like it here, for fans of palaces surrounded by parks, it's just a paradise here. There are really a lot of interesting places in Vienna. You can just go to a cafe and find yourself in a place with its own amazing history. For example, the Greichenbeisl restaurant is the oldest drinking establishment in Vienna; now it offers its visitors gourmet Austrian cuisine and drinks that can only be tasted in this city. And the fact that such people as Mark Twain, Beethoven and Strauss spent evenings here gives a special atmosphere to this institution. No less interesting is the place Landtmann, where Sigmund Freud often looked, Marlene Dietrich also visited here.

Weather in Vienna

Vienna is a sunny city, grapes are even grown on its territory. Here all 4 seasons are pronounced. Summer in Vienna is usually dry and hot, and the air temperature sometimes rises to +38°C. And the average air temperature is +20°C. The hottest month is July. If you don’t really like hot weather, then it’s best to go to Vienna in May or June, at this time there are a lot of sunny days but not so hot. September is also a pleasant month, but at this time it rains quite often in Vienna.

However, the inhabitants of this city do not have to be afraid of cold weather either. After all, the coldest month here is January, but during this period the minimum air temperature is -4°C.

Where is Vienna

About 600 mm of precipitation falls here annually.

Sights of Vienna

Tourists often strive to cover more cities in Europe in one tour, and they don’t stay in Vienna for a long time. In this case, you need to know what are the top ten attractions to visit here. Of particular interest to travelers is the so-called First District. It limits the area, which is also called the Old City. It is here that the main sights of Vienna are concentrated, and this part of the city is under the protection of UNESCO. Around this area is the Ring Street (Ringstraße), which was built in the 19th century and is also of interest.

Vienna is famous for its unusual architecture, in particular, palaces of various eras.. Perhaps the most popular among tourists is Schönbrunn Palace. The Habsburgs once lived here, one of the most powerful royal dynasties in Europe. Austria and some other territories were under their control for about 600 years. The palace itself is partly reminiscent of Versailles, a little - Peterhof. We can say that the architects took a little bit from everywhere. Of interest is the park surrounding Schönbrunn. But at the very beginning it was a small hunting lodge, which was later rebuilt into a summer residence with hunting grounds, and even later - into the palace of Louis XIV.

Another palace that is definitely worth a visit is the Hofburg. It also belonged to the Habsburgs, and now there are many museums on its territory. Among them are the Sissi Museum, the Imperial Apartments, the Kunsthistorisches Museum and the Silver Museum. The Sissi Museum got its name thanks to the Empress Elisabeth of Bavaria, whom close people called that way - Sissi. This woman had tragic fate about which many books have been written and films made.

Fans of the Baroque style in architecture should definitely visit the Belvedere Palace. Initially, it was conceived as a summer residence and belonged to Eugene of Savoy, but later this work of art passed into the hands of the Habsburgs. The garden surrounding the palace is filled with symmetry, it is decorated with sculptures and fountains that are reminiscent of France. Today, there is a unique collection of works of art. There is a gallery on the territory of the palace complex, where both paintings of past centuries and modern compositions are presented.

Of particular interest is the cathedral architecture of Vienna. It is worth paying attention to the church of St. Rupert, where until the 12th century the administration of the clergy was located. It was built in the 7th-8th centuries and named after the local saint. Rupert was considered the patron saint of Salzburg, but he was also revered in Vienna. And in the 12th century a new main church- St. Stephen's Cathedral, it is located on the square with the same name. Inside the cathedral now there are real monuments of antiquity - ancient catacombs, the core that broke through the wall of the cathedral during the war with the Turks, medieval standards of measures and much more. Saint Stephen is still considered the patron saint of Vienna.

Of course, you can’t visit Vienna and not go to any museum. Some of them are located in palaces, so you can combine admiring the palace and park architecture and studying the history and culture of the city. So, the Liechtenstein Museum is located on the territory of the Palace of the Princes, it has an extensive collection of European paintings. The Museum of Art History is located next to Maria Theresa Square and has one of the richest art collections in Europe. Here are paintings by Rubens, Van Eyck, Titian, Rembrandt, Caravaggio, Raphael, Veronese and Brueghel the Elder. On the second floor there is a pinakothek, on the rest - objects of Egyptian, Oriental art, applied art, sculpture. Here you can see products made of ivory, bronze, precious metals, Greek, Roman and Egyptian antiquities. Of particular interest is the Egyptian sarcophagus of the Ptolemaic era, made of black granite, the Roman copy of the Greek statue of Ephebe from Magdalensberg made of bronze, the sculpture of the Madonna from Krumau.

Opposite this huge collection of works of art is the Museum of Natural History. An interesting fact is that these two buildings are almost identical and were built at the same time. The Museum of Natural History presents such exhibits as the skeleton of a diplodocus, a figurine of Venus of Willendlof, made about 4 thousand years ago, extinct animals and much more.

Many people know that the founder of psychoanalysis, Sigmund Freud, lived in Vienna. Now in this city there is a museum entirely dedicated to him. It is located in the apartment where the great explorer lived with his family, there was also his study and reception room. Part of the interior of the dwelling has been preserved, and Freud's memorabilia is also presented here - his work accessories, a couch for consulting patients, and items from the antique collection. There is also an extensive library dedicated to psychoanalysis.

Tourists should also look into Parterre Park. After all, there you can see the most interesting building - the Ferris wheel, built back in the 19th century. The old design will surprise anyone. The world's oldest zoo is also located here.

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Vein

City: Vienna
Earth: Vein
Square: 414 sq. km.
Population: 1750 thousand people
Sights of Vienna
Vienna Map

A city that is as mesmerizing as the music itself. City of great musicians.

Vein. Location, weather and sights of Vienna

A city famous for great coffee and unique apple strudel. These words can only point to one single city in the world - Vienna. To get a true sense of what Vienna is, you need to live in it for a while.

You cannot get to know this city by walking around it with a guidebook in your hands. The history of this amazing place has more than one thousand years. During the reign of the Habsburg dynasty, the city turned into a large metropolitan settlement. And not only to the political capital: since the time of the Viennese classics, this city has been considered the world capital of music.

Musicians and music lovers all over the world strive to visit this place at least once in their lives. Such great composers as Joseph Haydn, Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Franz Schubert, Johannes Brahms and many others lived and worked in Vienna and its environs. The Vienna Boys Choir is known all over the world.

In addition, Vienna is famous for its musical and theatrical events.

The city is a great example of how well ancient monuments can be combined with modern trends in cultural development. So, for example, architecture here is represented, probably, by all styles - from Gothic and Renaissance to postmodernism.

Vienna has had a tremendous impact on the entire world culture. Magnificent architectural monuments, galleries that have collected unique treasures of world art of various eras and styles, museums, city universities, art schools, theaters and other attractions, all this - living history city, a confirmation of the role he played in the development of a culture of peace.

Today's Vienna is also an influential political center. People from different countries live here. The headquarters of many UN organizations are located in this city, thanks to which Vienna has become a traditional European venue for various conferences and congresses.

In addition, the city is also the economic center of Austria. Industry is represented here by such industries as metalworking, electrical engineering, and precision engineering. Various enterprises operating in these areas are concentrated here.

It is here that the best food is produced, fashionable clothes and shoes are produced. Various large firms, banks and insurance companies have their headquarters and central offices here. Twice a year people from all over the world come here to visit the famous Vienna International Fairs.

Major cities in Austria:

Map of Vienna in Russian

What country is Vienna in? detailed map Vienna in Russian. Map of metro, roads, streets, attractions, hotels and cafes on the interactive map of Vienna. Show Vienna on the map.

Where is Vienna located on the world map?

The city of Vienna is located in Austria, a state that is located in Central Europe and borders with Italy, Germany, Czech Republic, Slovakia, Slovenia, Hungary, Switzerland and Liechtenstein. Vienna is the capital of Austria and the largest city in the country.

Where is Vienna located?

The city from year to year is among the best in terms of living standards.

Where is Vienna located on the map of Austria and Europe?

Vienna is located in the east of Austria within the borders of the state of Lower Austria, being at the same time one of the nine independent administrative-territorial units of the state.

Interactive map of Vienna with streets, hotels, restaurants and cafes

On the interactive map you can find any street or house, hotel or museum marked with special icons. The map can be zoomed in and out, and if necessary, opened in a new window.

Map of Vienna with attractions

The capital of Astria has a huge number of attractions, the most popular of which are: about 80 museums for every taste (Sigmund Freud Museum, Vienna Gallery street art, the Kunsthistorisches Museum and the entire MQ Museum Quarter), palaces and palace complexes(Hofburg, Belvedere, Schönbrunn), cathedrals (St. Stephen's Cathedral), the Vienna Zoo, attractions for children and adults, and, of course, the Vienna Opera. The map was provided by BigBusTours Vienna, which offers tours around the city on double-decker buses.

Vienna metro map

The metropolitan area of ​​the city consists of five lines and more than a hundred stations. Underground lines do not have names - they are designated by letters from U1 to U6, highlighting in different colors. The subway operates from 5 am to 12 am, and on holidays and weekends and at night. The metro system is connected to the general Vienna transport system, namely tram, bus and railway network, so tickets for various transport in the capital are universal. Metro map provided by the Vienna Pass website. Vienna Pass (Vienna Travel Card) will allow you to save not only on moving around the city, but also on visiting museums.

Vienna airports on the map

Vienna Airport (Vienna-Schwechat) - one of the largest and busiest airports in Austria is located eighteen kilometers from Vienna in the suburb of Schwechat.

The airport has four terminals: 1 (airlines Nikki, Air Berlin), 1A (low cost airlines), 2 (international flights) and 3 (the largest terminal serving most flights). Vienna airport map provided by the official website of the Vienna Airport (Vienna-Schwechat).

Vienna on the world map

Vienna on the map of Europe

Vienna on a map of Austria with federal states

Map of Vienna with sights and museums

Vienna metro map

Vienna Airport Map: Terminal Locations and Parking Map

Flag of Vienna

Coat of arms of Vienna

Viennese Waltz: castles and parks of a charming city

16.373333° E (G) (O) (I) 48°13′00″ s. sh. 16°22′24″ in.  / 48.216667° N sh. 16.373333° E d. (G) (O) (I)

Vienna (German Wien, Bav. Wean, lat. Vindobona) is the federal capital of Austria and at the same time one of the nine federal states of Austria, surrounded on all sides by the territory of another land - Lower Austria. Located in the eastern part of the country. The population of Vienna is 1.68 million (mid-2008); together with the suburbs - about 2.3 million (more than 25% of the population of Austria), and thus Vienna is the largest city in Austria in terms of population, while ranking ninth among the largest cities in the European Union. cultural, economic and political center Austria.

Vienna is the third UN seat city after New York and Geneva. Viennese international center(the so-called UNO-City) includes the IAEA, UNODC, the UN Industrial Development Organization, etc. Vienna is home to the headquarters of international organizations such as OPEC and the OSCE.

For many centuries, Vienna was the residence city of the Habsburgs, and during their reign, respectively, the capital of the Holy Roman Empire of the German nation, turning into the cultural and political center of Europe. In 1910, two million people lived in Vienna, and the city ranked fourth among the largest cities in the world, behind only London, New York and Paris. After the First World War, which led to the final collapse of the empire, the population of Vienna decreased by almost a quarter and stopped growing.

Vienna's Old Town and Schönbrunn Palace were inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in December 2001.

According to the Mercer international study published in May 2010, which compared the quality of life in 221 cities, Vienna was ranked first in the world in terms of quality of life for the second time in a row.

Story

St. Stephen's Cathedral

The history of the settlement of the territory of today's Vienna begins during the Neolithic, with the spread of agriculture and cattle breeding along the Danube (6th millennium BC), for which the Vienna Basin provided optimal conditions: fertile soils, an abundance of water sources and a favorable climate. The most significant pre-Roman settlement was the one on Mount Leopoldsberg, whose history begins in the middle of the Bronze Age and ends just two generations before the arrival of the Romans.

The history of Vienna as a settlement begins in the middle of the 1st century AD with the beginning of the construction of an outpost of the 15th Roman legion on the territory of today's old city. This outpost received the name of the Celtic origin "Vindobona", which means "the land of Vindos", where "Vindos" is a Celtic name. In parallel with the military camp, a civilian city began to develop. Archaeological excavations do not confirm the version of the presence of any pre-Roman settlement on the territory of today's old city.

At the beginning of the 5th century, Vindobona survived a strong fire, and by the end of the 5th century, the Romans left these places.

The fact that until now the topography of the center of Vienna includes almost the entire topography of the Vindobona camp suggests that immediately after the departure of the Romans, people lived there who took refuge near the then still standing walls and used the materials left after the Romans to build dwellings.

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national nicknames.

About 1500 different peoples live on our planet, which have their own individual names that distinguish them from each other. But in addition to official names, many peoples also have nicknames given to them at one time by their friends, neighbors or, conversely, opponents. Of course, they are not mentioned in international treaties and other important documents.

Each of these nicknames, sometimes mockingly joking, sometimes sarcastically offensive, has its own history and its own destiny. Some of them are known only to historians, while others, on the contrary, exist to this day.

Some nicknames even became the official names of peoples in the languages ​​in which they originated. Everything depends on the historical situation that contributed to their appearance, and further relations between peoples.

Where did the barbarians come from?

The appearance of the first national nicknames dates back to ancient times. Even the ancient Greeks, and later the Romans, used the word "barbarians" in relation to the peoples surrounding them. They were called peoples belonging to different ethnic groups and speaking different languages: Slavs, Germans, Celts and many others. For Greece and Rome, with their developed culture, these peoples looked very backward. And their language was incomprehensible.

It seemed to the Greeks and Romans that, communicating with each other, they utter some strange sounds - “bar-bar”. Hence the nickname, which has existed for many centuries. Later, this word lost its original meaning and became a household word. Now it means a rude, ignorant person who destroys what was created by the labor of others, regardless of his nationality.

Who are the freaks?

National nicknames also appeared in Rus'. In the second half of the 15th century, on the initiative of Grand Duke Ivan III, many foreigners came to the Russian state, mainly from southern Europe, mainly from Italy. These were architects, engineers, gunsmiths and other craftsmen. Here the Italians received the nickname "fryagi", "fryazi" or "fryaziny".

This word was borrowed with some distortion from the Serbian language, where it meant "Latins", that is, Catholics. Accordingly, any item of Italian import was designated by the word "fryazhsky". In the official documents of that time, the nickname “Fryazin” was added to the names of the Italian masters, with which many of them went down in history.

How did the Germans become Germans?

Pronouncing the words "German", "German", we do not even think about their origin. And it has its interesting story also dating back to the Middle Ages. In addition to the Italians, who received “their” nickname, residents of other European countries also came to us. These were diplomats, merchants and masters of various professions. Naturally, immediately upon arrival, none of them knew Russian and could not communicate with the local population without an interpreter.

Having met a foreigner on the street and asked him some question, a Russian person did not receive any answer from him. So the opinion appeared that all foreigners are dumb and cannot speak. That's why they called them Germans. Moreover, this concept included not only the inhabitants of Germany, but also the Dutch, the British and many others. Gradually, this word began to designate precisely the Germans, and it established itself in the Russian language as a generally accepted norm.

Boches, Fritz and Hans.

Nicknames appeared at a later time. Especially "got" the same Germans, who were often given contemptuous nicknames by other nations. In the 19th century, Prussia, the largest German state, often waged wars with its neighbors. France was one of the main targets of its aggression. The evil-tongued French came up with a nickname for their opponents. They disparagingly called them bosses.

This word also existed in the 20th century, especially during the two world wars unleashed by Germany. During the First World War, Russia also had to face the Germans in a military confrontation. And in the Russian language, it was not long before another nickname for them appeared - Fritz. This word comes from one of the common names in Germany, which can be both independent and diminutive of the name Friedrich.

This nickname of the Germans became especially popular in 1941, when Germany again attacked now on Soviet Union. There was at that time another nickname - the Hans, also derived from a common German name. However, now these nicknames, which are not very pleasant for the German people, are already a thing of the past, and our countries have maintained friendly relations for many years.

Chub against beard.

Anything can be the basis for the appearance of national nicknames. Some features of the appearance of people can become an occasion. The most famous is a kind of "exchange" of nicknames between the two fraternal Slavic peoples - Russian and Ukrainian.

At one time, the Zaporizhzhya Cossacks shaved their heads, leaving a forelock in front, which the Russians called "khokhol". The carriers of such a hairstyle themselves were also called Khokhols, and from them the nickname passed to all crests in general. Of course, they did not remain in debt and also came up with a nickname for the Russians, associated with their appearance.

Unlike Ukrainians, Russians wore beards, which gave the first reason to call them katsaps. In Ukrainian, the word "tsap" means a goat, which, as you know, has a "beard". The Ukrainian phrase "yak tsap" literally meant "like a goat". Later it was transformed into the well-known word "katsap". Both of these nicknames have long become comic, and people with a sense of humor are not offended by them.

There is another nickname for Russians in Ukraine, which has a more negative connotation - Muscovites. Naturally, it comes from the name of the capital of Russia. Initially, this was the name of the officials who, after the unification of Ukraine with the Russian state, came there to establish new orders. Then this nickname began to be called all Russians. It is in this meaning, and extremely dismissive, that it still exists in the west of Ukraine.

Potatoes, pasta and frogs.

Finally, some nicknames originated from the characteristics of a particular national cuisine. It is known that in Italy one of the favorite national dishes- pasta.

City of Vienna (Austria)

"Good" neighbors immediately responded to this fact, calling the Italians pasta. However, this does not prevent residents of all countries of the world from visiting numerous Italian restaurants and eating spaghetti with pleasure.

The French were not left without a nickname, in national cuisine which some types of frogs are used. They became known as frogs. True, the French themselves are not very pleased with this nickname. Moreover, in French cuisine there are enough other dishes from a variety of products.

With regard to the nickname, the Belarusians were the most fortunate. In their cuisine there are many varied and delicious dishes made from potatoes, which are rich in Belarusian land. In Belarusian, potatoes are called "bulba". So the Belarusians were nicknamed by their neighbors - Russians and Ukrainians - Bulbash. However, the Belarusian people are not at all offended by such a nickname. Cheerful, good-natured and hospitable Bulbash has long become something of an unofficial symbol of Belarus.

In russian language.

Abrek is a Chechen, Dagestan, in a broad sense, a representative of any nation North Caucasus male. Among the Caucasians themselves, there is an outcast mountaineer.

Azer, aizer is an Azerbaijani.

Azeri is also one of the self-names of Azerbaijanis, probably originating from the name of the disappeared Indo-European language a northwestern subgroup of Iranian languages ​​that existed on the territory of Southern Iranian Azerbaijan presumably until the 17th century.

Amerikos, Amer, Pindos (this word originally denoted the Greeks) - an American.

Ara is Armenian (does not carry an offensive connotation).

Afro-ass, afro-mazy, afro-black-ass - Negro. It arose as a sharply negative reaction to the politically correct "African American".

An Afro-Russian is a Negro living in Russia.

Baibak is the nickname of the Karelians or the inhabitants of Karelia in general. It has a contemptuous tone, hints at the negative qualities inherent in the steppe marmot - laziness, stupidity.

Basurman (Busurman, Busarman, Basurman, Busarman) - in the old days in Rus': a Tatar, a person of a different religion, mainly from the East. Initially, the nickname has a religious meaning: "basurman" - obviously, a distorted "Muslim" - that is, a non-believer.

Biralyukas (Bralyukas) are Lithuanians. Origin from "brolis" - "brother", "brolyukas" - "brother".

Bulbash (from Bel. Bulba - "potato") - Belarusian.

Hans is German.

Guran - usually used in relation to the descendants of mixed marriages of Russians and Buryats in Transbaikalia, also to the Transbaikal Cossacks. It came from the name of a male roe deer, which is one of the main game animals in Transbaikalia. Gurans in Transbaikalia have a special "brotherly" (semi-Mongoloid) appearance, thick black hair, wide cheekbones and swarthy skin, and also speak a special, Transbaikalian dialect of the Russian language.

The Jew is a Jew.

Beast, animal (came out of thieves' jargon) - a contemptuous nickname for visitors mainly from Transcaucasia or from Central Asia, less often - from the North Caucasus.

Labuses (Hans) are Latvians. Comes from the Lithuanian greeting "labas", "laba diena" - "good afternoon"

Lyakh (obsolete) - Pole.

The frog is French.

Lapps are Saami.

Myrk, Moor - a derogatory nickname for uncultured, uncouth, rude people in Kyrgyzstan. Synonym - "cattle". The nickname is used by the population living in the capital of Kyrgyzstan - Bishkek in relation to rural residents.

Pasta is Italian.

Mambet - formerly widespread male name, derived from the word "Mahambet" Kazakh pronunciation of the word "Muhammad". It is used both by the non-Kazakh population and by urban Kazakhs in relation to rural Kazakhs or recent immigrants from the village. A priori, a Kazakh who does not speak Russian well is considered a mambet in Kazakhstan.

Muscovites - Russians (outdated).

Non-Russian - used disparagingly in relation to anyone who is not Russian.

Ниггер — заимствованное из США оскорбительное наименование чернокожего.

Pindos (sometimes "pendos") - from about the 19th century Russian Empire, as now in the south of Russia and Ukraine, as well as in Kazakhstan, are Greeks. However, it is now increasingly used in relation to Americans.

Psheki (pshek) - Poles. It arose due to the "hissing" nature of Polish speech.

Rusaki, Rusapets, Rusopyats - an outdated self-name of Russians.

Samoyeds (obsolete) - Nenets.

Seldyuk is a Siberian nickname, roughly the same as chaldon.

Fritz is the name of the Germans. Origin - shortened form of the name "Friedrich"

Tungus (outdated) - Evenks.

Narrow-eyed is a disrespectful nickname for the Mongoloids (Chinese, Koreans, Vietnamese, etc.).

Khach, Khachik is an Armenian (in recent years, any native of the North Caucasus and the Transcaucasian countries is mistaken).

Chaplashka is a Tatar (approx. in Tatarstan).

Chah (i) (obsolete) - Czech.

Black-assed (from hair color or dark skin) - absolute brunettes, people from the Caucasus, Central Asia, the Middle East. It is a kind of backronym for the American Wog, which is also used to refer to residents from the Middle East, Southern Europe and the Balkans: Italians, Moroccans, Latin Americans, Macedonians, Greeks or Spaniards. The nickname, originally referring to blacks, has now mostly been transferred to black-haired or dark-skinned foreigners.

The first meaning (from hair color or swarthy skin) is a pejorative designation by the predominantly Russian population of representatives of the Transcaucasus, Central Asia and the Middle East. In Russia, this term has a different meaning in contrast to the United States, that is, people are meant not literally “black”, but precisely “black-haired”, brunettes, people who are Caucasian in their type, but still with skin slightly darker than that of northern Europeans. This nickname denotes Armenians, Azerbaijanis, Tajiks, Moldovans, etc.

The second meaning (by skin color) is the same as African Americans, Negroes, blacks belonging to the Negroid race.

Khokhols are crests (from the Cossack custom of wearing a forelock).

Cheldons, chaldons - the old name of the Don Cossacks who remained to live in Siberia after its development. Cheldon is a man from the Don. It was used among Russian Siberians in relation to other Russian Siberians with an emphasis on the stupidity and “valenkovnost” of a person. At present, the use of the word is rare even in Siberia, it is found mainly among the older generation.

Black dishes (by skin color) are representatives of the black race, blacks, the designation "black" is also common.

Czech (derivative, army slang) - a Chechen, mostly a Chechen fighter.

Chocks, chumps, chureks, chebureks, babakhans, rhinos, chuchmeks, saxauls - a contemptuous designation of representatives of the peoples of Central Asia. This word has penetrated into colloquial speech from the criminal jargon, obviously, from the Turks.

Chukhonets, chukhon, chukhna - a disrespectful nickname, used mainly by the Russian population in relation initially to the Ingrian Finns, later to the Finns of Finland and other representatives of the Finno-Ugric peoples. Chukhna, Chushka - Finland.

Hellenes are Greeks.

Yankees are Americans.

in other languages.

Ami (Ami) - the nickname of the Americans by the Germans (simplification / reduction).

Aleman - lit. "German" (Spanish) - in Cuba, all white Europeans.

Ak-kulak, ash-kuloh (literally white-eared) - an insulting nickname for the Slavs in Central Asia, an analogue of the Russian "black-assed".

Boches are Germans. Borrowed from the French language, the lexicon of the First World War, it also got into Russian.

Bosha is the nickname of the Gypsies among Armenians.

Burla (burlak) is an insulting nickname for Russians in Central Asia.

Wessy - residents of the FRG (before the unification of the FRG and the GDR). It comes from the German Westdeutschland - West Germany.

Gaijin (from gaikokujin, foreigner) is a disrespectful nickname for non-Japanese in Japan.

Goy - (a word from the Torah) means a non-Jew. It is used in both humiliating and neutral meanings.

Gringos are foreigners, most often of Caucasian appearance, often Americans (in Latin America and Mexico).

John Bull is an Englishman.

Kafir - all non-Muslims (identical to the Jewish goy, Russian infidel, impious, non-Christ).

Latino is a nickname for Hispanics in the United States, the word has also been transferred to Russian.

Nazaris (Arabic lit. "Nazarenes") are Christians among the southern Arabs.

Ora - the treatment of men among themselves among the Abkhazians.

Rusaki is the collective self-name of the Russian-speaking population in Germany.

Rushpans - Ukrainian. "Russians".

Sarybas, sarybash (literally "yellow-headed") - an insulting nickname for Europeans in Central Asia, used in the sense of "coward", "blunder", "fool".

Shoshka (chuchka) is a derogatory nickname for the Slavs (mostly Russians) in Central Asia, literally “pigs” is sometimes used in the sense of “pig-like”, “pig-eaters”, “pig people”.

Ivans are Russians (among the Germans and not only).

Kalbit - in the regions of Russia bordering Kazakhstan contemptuously - Kazakh.

Kizdym - Kazakh.

Katsapy (Ukrainian word) - Russians. Most often refers to the inhabitants of Moscow because of the unusual dialect common there. Most Russians, including Muscovites, are unaware of the existence of any nickname given by Ukrainians, in principle, let alone this specific one.

Cockney is a resident of the working-class districts of London. In English, from where it is borrowed, is not offensive.

Xenos is a word used by the indigenous population of Greece in relation to foreigners, foreign-speaking people, emigrants, migrants and to all those who are alien Greek culture. The word is used in both derogatory and neutral meanings. Xenophobia is the same root word for hostility towards outsiders. A word similar in meaning in use in Russian is non-Russian.

Laowai is a colloquial Chinese term for any foreigners of European origin.

Laomaozi (maozi) is a vernacular designation by the Chinese of Russians.

Muscovites are Russians, more often immigrants from Moscow.

Ossi - residents of the GDR (before the unification of the FRG and the GDR) and the eastern part of present-day Germany. It comes from the German Ostdeutschland - East Germany.

Pakis is a derogatory nickname for people from Pakistan in the UK.

Persil is a contemptuous nickname for an Azerbaijani or a Turk in Turkmenistan.

Pifke is a nickname used by the inhabitants of Austria and especially Vienna to the inhabitants of part of Germany, at present it is mainly called tourists from Germany. In Germany itself, this nickname is used as a playful designation of a braggart or imaginary.

Raski is a contemptuous name for Russians (in the broad sense of all citizens from former USSR) for the Americans.

Ryussa - Russians among the Finns.

Sarts is a word used by the Karakalpaks, Kazakhs, Kyrgyz and Turkmens to people of Uzbek nationality, most often this word is perceived as humiliating and abusive.

Tibla is an offensive nickname for Russian speakers in Estonia.

Farang is a Thai word originally referring to the French. Is not offensive. In Thailand and Cambodia, farang (barang) refers to any foreigner of European origin.

Habibi is what Americans disparagingly call Arabs.

Shuravi - Originally the designation of Soviet soldiers in Afghanistan. At the moment, the neutral designation of all Russians in Arab countries.

Yahudiy is a colloquial designation by Uzbeks of a person of the Jewish faith, used both in a humiliating and in a neutral sense.

POM (Pommy) is a playful nickname for the English in Australia, New Zealand and sometimes South Africa.

Popular myths.

Popular facts.

Popular slang.

Austria Vienna

Vein(German Wien, Latin Vindobona, Vienna) is the capital of Austria, located in the eastern part of the country. It is one of the nine lands of Austria, surrounded on all sides by the territory of another land - Lower Austria. The population of Vienna is 1.68 million people (mid-2008); together with the suburbs - about 2.3 million.

Vienna is the third UN city after New York and Geneva. The International Vienna Center (the so-called UNO-City) includes the IAEA, UNODC, the UN Industrial Development Organization, etc. The headquarters of such international organizations as, for example, OPEC and the OSCE are located in Vienna.

The Old Town of Vienna was inscribed on the UNESCO World Heritage List in December 2001.

Geography

The area of ​​Vienna is 415 km. Thus, Vienna is the smallest federal state in Austria. The area of ​​the city is distributed as follows: Built-up land 11.3%
Road areas 11.1%
Railway areas 2.2%
Parks 28.4%
Water areas 4.6%
Vineyards 1.7%
forest areas 16,6 %
Agricultural area 15.8%
Other 8.3%

Location

The city is located in the eastern part of Austria at the foot of the Alps, on the banks of the Danube, 60 km from the border with Slovakia. The Danube flows through Vienna with its branch Donaukanal and the river Vienna. Historically, the city developed south of the Danube, but in the last two centuries, Vienna has grown on both sides of the river. The highest altitude of the city above sea level is noted in the Germanskogel area (542 m), and the lowest - in Essling (155 m). The city is bordered by the Vienna Woods.

The geographically advantageous position makes Vienna very convenient place to develop a multifaceted relationship with Eastern countries. This became especially noticeable after 1989, when the so-called iron curtain “fell”. For example, only 60 km separate Vienna from the capital of Slovakia, Bratislava - this is the shortest distance between two capitals in all of Europe, excluding the Vatican and Rome.

The shape of Vienna resembles a circle crossed by the chord of the Danube River. Since Roman times, the city has expanded in concentric circles. Its central part, the so-called inner city (Innere Stadt), almost coincides with the administrative boundaries of the first district. The ring is a chain of boulevards forming a ring. The history of the Ring began in 1857, when the emperor decided to destroy the fortifications that were no longer needed. The Gürtel, a belt forming a concentric circle around the Ring, originated in 1890. It swallowed up the villages surrounding Vienna and the churches built on the site of the parish churches that had surrounded the capital of the empire in the past. Behind the Gürtel is the so-called "Red Vienna", that is, the workers' quarters built by the socialists in 1923-1934.

Administrative divisions of Vienna

Vienna is divided into 23 districts:

1. Inner City (Innere Stadt) 2. Leopoldstadt (Leopoldstadt) 3. Landstrasse (Landstra?e) 4. Wieden (Wieden) 5. Margareten (Margareten) 6. Mariahilf (Mariahilf) 7. Neubau (Neubau) 8. Josefstadt ( Josefstadt 9. Alsergrund 10. Favoriten 11. Simmering 12. Meidling 13. Hietzing 14. Penzing 15. Rudolfsheim-Funfhaus 16. Ottakring 17. Hernals 18. Wahring 19. Dobling 20. Brigittenau 21. Floridsdorf 22. Donaustadt 23. Liesing

Climate

Winter: the average air temperature is -1.5 °C, occasionally there are frosts from -12 to -18 °, snowfalls are frequent.
Summer: average air temperature around +20°C.
Atmospheric precipitation: 700-2000 mm per year.

Story

Vienna was originally a Celtic settlement called Wien, derived from the Celtic Vedunia, meaning "river in the forests", founded around 500 BC. e. and located on the site of the modern central district of the city. In 15 BC. e. the city was conquered by the XX legion "Gemina" and turned into an outpost of the Roman Empire, defending the borders from the attacks of the Germanic tribes from the north. The Roman camp was originally called Vindobona. In the last period of Roman rule in Norica, Vindobona was called Fabiana (lat. Fabiana), named after the Fabian cohort (cohors Fabiana) who lodged in it. The Romans occupied Vindobona until the 5th century, after which it was burned.

Around the ruins of Vienna, dwellings begin to appear, and around 800, the Ruprechtskirche, the oldest surviving church in Vienna, is being built. In 881, the city was first mentioned under the name Wenia. The following references date back to the 1030s. Having withstood several attacks by the Slavs and Hungarians, by the 10th century Vienna had become an important trading city.

By the middle of the XII century, Vienna became the residence of the Austrian dukes Babenberg. In 1155, Duke Henry II of the Babenberg family built a house on Am Hof ​​square. In 1137-1147. the first church was built on the site of St. Stephen's Cathedral; the modern cathedral was built in the XIII-XV centuries. Vienna has been a stronghold of the Habsburg dynasty since 1278. In 1469, Emperor Frederick III obtained from Pope Paul II the establishment of a bishopric in Vienna (until 1469 Austria was spiritually subordinate to the Bishop of Passau).

In 1529, Vienna was unsuccessfully besieged by the Turks. With an almost 20-fold superiority of the enemy, the defenders of Vienna managed to win a decisive victory over him. The heavy defeat of the Turkish army, which she had not yet known, put an end to the rapid expansion of the Ottoman Empire into Europe. A century and a half later, in 1683, the allied forces of the Catholic countries inflicted an even more crushing defeat on the Turks, after which the Ottoman Empire forever abandoned aggressive campaigns, and it was after this defeat that its decline began.

In 1679, a plague broke out in Vienna. The population of the city, which was 100 thousand people, decreased by a third. In memory of the deliverance from the epidemic, the Plague Column was erected in the center of the city in 1693. But already 1713 brought new wave illness. Only in the catacombs under the Cathedral of St. Stephen are buried 11,000 victims of the epidemic. This event in the history of the city today is reminded majestic building Karlskirche.

Since the 16th century, Vienna has become the capital of the multinational state of the Austrian Habsburgs; from the 17th century and especially in the 18th century, it became the focus of numerous court bureaucracy. Since the 18th century, the manufacturing industry (textile production and the production of luxury goods) has been developing in Vienna.

In the 18th and early 20th centuries, Vienna was an important center of world culture, especially music.

In 1805 and 1809 Napoleon's troops entered Vienna. In 1814, the Congress of Vienna was held in the city, which revised the political map of Europe.

In the first half of the XIX century. With the advent of the Biedermeier style, the founders of which were famous Viennese composers, artists and theatrical figures, progress in the field of culture and art is noted in Vienna. Vienna is turning into a pan-European music center. The Biedermeier era ended with the revolution of 1848, in which the inhabitants of Vienna took an active part.

At the end of the XIX century. culture, science and education continue to flourish in Vienna. The University of Vienna and the Academy of Sciences are world famous. In 1897, representatives of the Viennese bohemia created the Vienna Secession group, which included Koloman Moser, Gustav Klimt and Otto Wagner.

By the beginning of the XX century. Vienna has become the largest city in Europe with a population of more than 2 million people (now - 1.67 million people). However, political events in Europe became a turning point for Vienna: with the defeat of Austria-Hungary in 1918, Vienna loses its former influence.

World War I led to the fall of the House of Habsburg and was the cause of the decline of Vienna, generated by inflation and internal political struggles between socialists and conservatives. The municipality, balancing between the interests of the masses and the capital, implemented an extensive program of building affordable housing and urban infrastructure, but could not prevent clashes between the parties.

Vienna is the most beautiful capital of Europe

In 1928, mass civil unrest broke out in Vienna, claiming 89 lives; in 1934 the February Uprising broke out.

The Austrofascist regime that came to power in 1934 was unable to preserve the country's independence, and on the night of March 11-12, 1938, Nazi troops entered Vienna.

On April 13, 1945, during the Vienna operation, Vienna was liberated by the Soviet army. During the Anglo-American bombing and then street fighting, the city suffered significant damage, although the historical ensemble of the Old City was generally preserved. In July 1945, an agreement was signed on occupation zones in Austria and on the administration of Vienna. The city was divided into 4 sectors of occupation: Soviet, American, English and French; the center was allocated for joint quadripartite occupation. Karl Renner created the actual Austrian provisional government, which proclaimed separation from Germany. Soviet troops occupying the northeastern outskirts of the city left it in 1955, when Austria was declared independent and neutral.

In the second half of the 1950s. Vienna again launched mass construction of municipal housing, in the years 1970-1980 a serious reconstruction of the city center was carried out, as a result of which Vienna avoided the dangers of Brusselsization. The IAEA, UNIDO and many other international organizations are based in modern Vienna.

Transport

Vienna has a well-developed public transport system. It is based on the Vienna Underground and the Vienna S-Bahn, which are complemented by a network of tram and bus routes. There is a separate tram line Vienna-Baden. A network of autobahns and railways connects Vienna with other cities in Austria and Europe. Single main station is under construction, long-haul flights serve the main stations: South, North, West and Franz Josef Station. Vienna International Airport Vienna-Schwechat is located 18 kilometers southeast of the city center and is the largest and most important airport in Austria.

Culture, attractions

The United Nations International Center (VIC) is located in Vienna. The Vienna Opera is one of the most famous in the world. The Hundertwasser-Haus is a masterpiece of the architect Hundertwasser. The Hofburg is the seat of the Holy Roman Emperors.

Scientific institutions and universities

Austrian Institute for Economic Research
Vienna Institute for International Economic Studies
University of Vienna http://www.univie.ac.at
Vienna University of Technology http://www.tuwien.ac.at

Zoo

The zoological park of the Viennese aristocracy was registered in 1752 at the residence of the Habsburgs, based on a small menagerie known since 1540. It is located in the park of the Schönbrunn Palace, in the Hietzing district.

Music

The Vienna Philharmonic Orchestra is a world-famous orchestra that annually holds a traditional New Year's concert.
Mnozil Brass is a famous jazz brass ensemble.

Radio

The first Russian-language radio station in Austria "RU-fm" broadcasts in Vienna. It broadcasts Russian and foreign music, as well as news and entertainment programs. Radio website - www.rufm.my1.ru

Economy

In 2007 Mercer Human Resource Consulting published an annual study of the quality of life in the world. In terms of quality of life, Vienna is not the first time ranked first in the European Union. This city received the best marks in the areas of: infrastructure, public transport, banking and finance, security, culture and leisure. This remarkable figure pleased not only the inhabitants of Vienna, but also served as an impetus for international companies that are willing to work in this city.

Policy

Until 1918, Vienna's politics were shaped by the (now defunct) Christian Socialist Party, especially Karl Lueger, the city's longtime mayor. Today Vienna is a stronghold of the Austrian Social Democrats. They came to power during the First Republic (1918-1934) and carried out many long overdue social reforms, improving the quality of life for hundreds of thousands of workers. The policy of the city hall of those times was respected by socialists throughout Europe, who called the city "Red Vienna" (Rotes Wien). The only break in the rule of the Social Democrats in the city was 1934-1945, when Austrofascism, and then Nazism, reigned in the country, with the Anschluss of Austria by Germany.

Religion

Vienna is the seat of a diocese of the Roman Catholic Church. According to the 2001 census, the city's population is distributed by religion as follows: Catholicism 49.2%
Non-religious 25.7%
Islam 7.8%
Orthodoxy 6.0%
Protestantism (mainly Lutheranism) 4.7%
Judaism 0.5%
The rest or no answer 6.3%

Personalities

Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart, Ludwig van Beethoven, Franz Peter Schubert, Johann Strauss and others lived and worked in Vienna.

outstanding composers, writer Stefan Zweig, physicist Erwin Schrödinger, naturalist Gregor Johann Mendel, creator of psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud, creator of the system of individual psychology Alfred Adler, creator of the so-called Third Vienna School of Psychotherapy Viktor Frankl (Vienna can rightly be called the capital of psychoanalysis) and many other outstanding figures of science and culture. The patron saint of Vienna is the Catholic saint Clemens Maria Hofbauer.
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Wednesday, September 12, 2018

Several millennia BC, on the territory occupied by Vienna today, there were settlements of Illyrian tribes. In the 1st century BC e. These lands came under the dominion of the Romans. On a well-chosen place between one of the branches of the Danube and the river Vin, around the middle of the 1st century, a military camp called Vindobona arose. The famous Roman philosopher Emperor Marcus Aurelius died here in 180.

Since the middle of the 12th century, Vienna has been the largest city. In 1276 the city passes into the possession of the Habsburg dynasty. Vienna has been the capital of Austria-Hungary since 1867.

On 414 square kilometers occupied by the city, there are so many unique architectural monuments, museums and galleries with art treasures that Vienna is rightfully considered one of the most beautiful cities in Europe.

The inner city of Vienna is the oldest part of the capital. St. Stephen's Cathedral was built, rebuilt, renovated over the course of many centuries. It was founded in the 12th century and is the largest Gothic building in Austria. Its spire, 138 meters high, is clearly visible even in remote parts of the city.

The huge Hofburg Palace combines buildings of various times and styles; this is the former residence of the Habsburgs. On one of the inner squares of the Hofburg stands the majestic building of the National Library, founded in 1526.

The main thoroughfare of Vienna is a semicircle of the wide streets of the Ring. Along the Ring, created on the site of the fortress walls destroyed in 1856, there are the most important government and state buildings.

In the Baroque style, palaces of the late 17th - early 18th centuries were built, which are located outside the Ring. The most beautiful park palace Belvedere - the pearl of the Viennese baroque. It is called "small".

Vienna is said to be a "singing" city. Here lived the famous Franz Schubert, whom the Austrians affectionately call Franzle. Gluck, Haydn, Mozart, Beethoven, Brahms created in the beautiful city. It is no coincidence that the Vienna Opera - main character cities.

Vienna is also famous for its cafe-houses - coffee houses. The Austrians owe the appearance of coffee to uninvited guests. In July 1683, the 100,000-strong army of the great Turkish vizier Kara Mustafa wanted to conquer Vienna. The fight was fierce and exhausting. The cavalry of the Polish king Jan Sobieski arrived in time to help the besieged residents of the city, which also included detachments of Zaporizhzhya Cossacks. The Turks had to retreat, abandoning not only the loot, but also a significant part of their provisions. Among the booty that went to the winners were several bags of coffee beans. Their owner was a Pole named Kolchitsky. It was he who opened on February 27, 1684 the first cafe-house in Vienna called "At the Blue Bottle". This undertaking is not forgotten by the Viennese: one of the streets of the city bears the name of the Pole, and the most important monument to him is a lot of cafe-houses.