The volcano on Stromboli erupts frequently. Stromboli volcano eruptions

Stromboli(Stromboli) - one of the active volcanoes of Italy in the Tyrrhenian Sea in the north of Sicily, belongs to the group of Aeolian Islands. This is one of the Aeolian Islands. The name of the island comes from the ancient Greek word Στρογγυλή (Stroŋgulḗ), which is given to the island because of its round shape.

The height of Stromboli is 924 m. There are three active craters on the volcano. Essential geological feature volcano - Sciara del Fuoco ("Stream of Fire"), a large, horseshoe-shaped depression produced over the past 13,000 years by several destructions on the northwest side of the cone.

Type of eruption, geological features

The Stromboli type of volcanic eruptions is named after the volcano Stromboli. The Strombolian eruption is characterized by continuous explosive activity for several months or even years and not very great height a column of explosive material (rarely above 10 km). Cases are known when lava sputtered within a radius of ~300 m, but almost all of it returned to the crater.

Characterized by lava flows. Ash covers have a smaller area than during volcano-type eruptions. The composition of eruption products is usually basaltic, less often andesitic. The Stromboli volcano has been active for over 400 years. The structure of the vents and the nature of the eruptions of these volcanoes are very similar. Some strombolian-type eruptions produce cinder cones composed of basaltic or, less commonly, andesitic cinder. The diameter of the cinder cone at the base varies from 0.25 to 2.5 km, average height is 170 m. Cinder cones usually form during one eruption, and volcanoes are called monogenic. So, for example, during the eruption of the Paricutin volcano (Mexico) for the period from the beginning of its activity on February 20, 1943 to the end of March 9, 1952, a cone of volcanic slag 300 m high was formed, the surroundings were covered with ash, and lava spread over an area of ​​18 km2 and destroyed several settlements .

Current activity

For at least the last 2.5 thousand years, the Stromboli volcano has been erupting almost constantly, throwing out ash and volcanic bombs from the crater at intervals of 5 minutes to 1 hour. Stromboli Volcano is the benchmark for strombolian-type eruptions. With a periodicity of years and decades, large explosive eruptions occur on the volcano, causing the collapse of part of the crater, the appearance of new boccas and the outpouring of lava flows.

• On February 27, 2007, two new craters formed. From one of the craters flowed a lava flow that reached the sea.
• On April 5, 2003, a large explosive eruption reached the village of Ginostra, located near the volcano, destroying several buildings.
• During the 2002 eruption, part of the volcano's structure collapsed. A lava flow formed (December 29, 2002), which quickly reached the sea.
• During major eruption 1930 This eruption resulted in the death of several people and the destruction of many buildings due to volcanic bombs.

Stromboli - small island in the Tyrrhenian Sea (Mar Tirreno), belonging to the group of Aeolian (Eolian, Isole Eolie) islands to the north (Sicilia), unique in that it has a volcano that has been active for 20,000 years.

The area of ​​the island is 12.5 km². A population of several hundred lives in the villages of San Bartolo, San Vincenzo(San Vincenzo) and Ginostra (Ginostra).

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The small town will not let tourists get bored. There are restaurants, a small old church in Piazza San Vincenzo. Travelers can visit the Museum of Volcanology.

A cinematic legend is also associated with the town: in 1950, Roberto Rossellini's film "Stromboli, the Land of God" was filmed here with Ingrid Bergman in the title role, and the director's stormy romance with a young actress developed.

Not far from San Vincenzo is a beach with rare black and blue sand and pebbles. It is believed that the proximity of the volcano gives the tan an unusual shade, and the sand - healing properties.

It is from this city that the ascent to the vent is organized. famous volcano.

lighthouse mediterranean

The volcano on the island of Stromboli was originally underwater. When he appeared above the surface of the sea, he repeatedly fell into the scientific works of ancient scientists, lines in Homer's poem "Odyssey" are dedicated to him.

The island has an extinct and partially collapsed volcano, which is now a rock of basalt called Strombolicchio, on which a lighthouse was installed.

There is also a unique natural object, which is called Sciara del Fuoco ("Fire Stream"), - this is a depression that appeared as a result of the fall of large fragments of rock.

The active volcano has 3 craters, they rise 926 meters above the island. Volcanic activity makes itself felt every 15-60 minutes with mini-eruptions, accompanied by noise and small emissions of hot volcanic rocks, gas and ash. In this case, the lava is only sometimes thrown up in small quantities, but does not form streams flowing down to the foot.

Last time lava erupted in 2002, causing landslides rocks, the fall of large rock fragments and tsunamis. In 2003, a large fragment broke off and destroyed a nearby village. There are also strong eruptions, the last of which took place in 2009. A devastating eruption with human casualties occurred in 1930.

Basically, volcanic activity does not pose a danger to human life. Excursions are organized to the top of the volcano so that tourists can look into the fire-breathing crater. The volcano is visible from afar, especially in the evening and at night: fiery emissions glow over its top and clouds of white steam and gas flicker.

Walks to the mouth of the volcano

Climbing excursion groups to the top of the volcano are organized tourist centers in San Vincenzo. Climbing the volcano on your own, without an escort, is prohibited and subject to a fine.

For the ascent, special equipment is required, which can be rented for 7-8 EUR:

• Thick jacket and waterproof thick raincoat;
• Protective helmet;
• Sunglasses;
• Comfortable shoes with flat soles;
• A flashlight that is attached to the headdress.

Walks are organized in the afternoon to be at the top at dusk, when the spectacle is most spectacular and unique photographs can be taken. At the top, each group can stay for 1 hour, enjoy the views. There is a volcanological center on the island that monitors the activity of the crater and controls the safety of climbing.

According to forecasts of volcanologists, ascents can be canceled during the day or week.

If climbing is prohibited by the service of volcanologists or contraindicated due to age or health reasons, you can go to see the volcano by sea on a boat or a boat. The views from the water are no less remarkable than at the top of the crater. You can also take a boat ride to the rock of Stromboliccio and climb to the lighthouse at its top or go snorkeling at its foot.

Kitchen

The island has become famous in the culinary field. Stromboli, just like the island, is called a closed cheese pie. Before baking, a hole is made in the center of the top layer of the pie, and when the dish is cooked, steam comes out of this hole and flows of cheese lava flow like from a volcano crater.

Hotels

There are 31 accommodation options on the island of Stromboli. Large hotels are constantly working: Ossidiana Stromboli and Villaggio Stromboli. More common here are apartments and bed and breakfast options. We have selected for you the best according to the reviews of tourists.

3 stars

Affordable prices, sea and mountain views make 3-star hotels popular and unforgettable.

Hotel Ossidiana Stromboli

Travel time by pleasure boat is 3 hours, with stops at the islands along the way. If you plan to climb the crater, you need to leave on the morning flight.

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Detailed topographic map islands of Stromboli.

Stromboli Island (Italian version - Stromboli) is a small island in the archipelago of the Aeolian (Aeolian) Islands, located in the Tyrrhenian Sea in a northerly direction from the island of Sicily. The name of the island comes from the Latin strongulē and the ancient Greek στρογγύλη, which translate as "round".

Two kilometers northeast of Stromboli is the Strombolicchio rock (Italian version - Strombolicchio), which is the remnant of an ancient original stratovolcano.

total area The landmass of the island of Stromboli is approximately twelve and a half square kilometers.

Geographical coordinates of the island of Stromboli: 38°48′14″ s. sh. 15°13′24″ in. d.

The island of Stromboli is currently part of the commune of Lipari in the province of Messina and is territorially an integral part of Italy.

The island and volcano of Stromboli in a picture from space from a NASA satellite.

Story.

There are references to the volcano on the island of Stromboli even in the writings of the Etruscans. In these letters, in particular, mention is made of a volcanic eruption on this island and about ash emissions, the clouds of which even reached the coast of the Apennine Peninsula.

At times Greek colonies in Sicily, Stromboli and the Strombolicchio rock were repeatedly visited by the inhabitants of Syracuse, but they did not establish any permanent settlements here.

During the Roman Empire, Stromboli had a small number of inhabitants. They were mainly engaged in the cultivation of grapes, figs and olives.

In the Middle Ages, Stromboli, along with other islands in the Aeolian Islands, quite often changed hands.

On January 8, 1676, in the area of ​​​​the islands of Stromboli and Alicudi, during the Dutch War, a naval battle took place between the French squadron under the command of Vice Admiral Abraham Duquesne and the Dutch-Spanish squadron under the command of Admiral Michael de Ruyter, in which the French fleet defeated the Dutch-Spanish squadron.

In the 19th century, the population of the island of Stromboli increased to 4 thousand people. During this period, the island becomes a major exporter of olive oil to neighboring countries.

In 1930, the grandiose eruption of the volcano of the same name on the island leads to the destruction of vineyards and olive groves, which, in turn, led to a massive emigration of the island's population to immigrate to America and Australia.

During the Second World War, in the area of ​​​​the island of Stromboli, German aircraft attacked the American cruiser Savannah, which miraculously remained afloat, while in German reports it was considered sunk for a long time.

In 1949, the famous Italian director Roberto Rossellini (Roberto Rossellini) made the film "Stromboli" ("Stromboli") with Ingrid Bergman (Ingrid Bergman) in the title role. Filming took place at that time on the islands, and the extras took an active part locals.

On April 13, 2009, the last powerful volcanic eruption occurred, which even led to a partial temporary evacuation of the island's population.

View from the sea to the islands of Stromboli and Strombolicchio.

Origin and geography of the island.

By its origin, the island of Stromboli, as well as its remote part - the Strombolicchio rock, are volcanic islands, which, in fact, are part of an ancient underwater stratovolcano. The formation of both Stromboli and the rocks of Strombolicchio falls on a period remote from our days by about 200 thousand years ago, before the Stromboli volcano reached sea level, a little northeast of modern location islands formed active underwater volcano. The island of Stromboli itself began to rise above the water about 160 thousand years ago in the southernmost part of the current island. Meanwhile, the volcano in the northeastern part ceased its activity and began to erode. It was his remnant that became the rock of Strombolicchio, built of basalt blocks.

Stromboli Island has a convex, almost round shape with an average diameter of 4 kilometers. It is the round and convex shape of the island that gave rise to its name. The island is essentially a volcano with three craters, the highest point of which is one of the contours of the crater, 926 meters above sea level, which is absolute altitude and the volcano of the same name. Closer to the coast of the island, flat areas filled with lava are observed. The coast of the island is almost the entire length coastline gently sloping, but occasionally there are rocks and sharp cliffs. The shore line does not form large bays and bays, which complicates the mooring to the shore of large and medium-sized vessels. On the coast there are several beaches with black volcanic sand. It is worth noting that there are several natural springs on the island. fresh water in the form of small streams fed by groundwater and rainwater.

The island of Strombolicchio has geographical coordinates: 38°49′02″ s. sh. 15°15′07″ in. and is a sheer basalt rock protruding above the sea surface by about 49 meters. The total area of ​​the island of Strombolicchio does not exceed 0.004 square kilometers.

Strombolicchio island.

Climate.

The climate on the island of Stromboli is of a mild Mediterranean type. Winters in these places are mild and wet, characterized by precipitation a large number precipitation in the form of rains at average temperatures of + 12-15 degrees. In summer, the temperature can rise to + 30 degrees, but the heat is not felt here, as pleasant winds constantly blow from the sea, bringing a feeling of coolness. In summer, there is little precipitation, especially in July and August, during this period the island is most visited by tourists.

One of the craters of the Stromboli volcano during the 2009 eruption.

Population.

Currently, the island of Stromboli is inhabited by about 750 inhabitants, who are concentrated in three coastal villages: two more or less large ones (San Vincenzo and San Bartolo), which are located in the northeast of the island and one small Ginostra, located in the northwest. The island of Strombolicchio is officially considered uninhabited, although it has a lighthouse that has been operating offline since 1952. Administratively, the villages on the island of Stromboli are assigned to the commune of Lipari in the province of Messina. The islands of Stromboli and Strombolicchio are an integral part of the Italian Republic.

The currency in circulation on the island of Stromboli is the euro (EUR, code 978), consisting of 100 euro cents.

The coast of the island of Stromboli and the village of San Bartolo.

Flora and fauna.

On scarce volcanic soils, flora and fauna cannot be fragrant. Frequent volcanic eruptions do not contribute to this either. The natives of the island are several species of lizard and herbaceous plants.

Almost all animals on the island are domestic chickens, goats, sheep, dogs and cats, and the vegetation is represented by cultivated olives, black olives, figs, grapes and other agricultural crops.

The village of San Vincenzo and the Strombolicchio rock in the background.

Tourism.

The islands of Stromboli and Strombolicchio are regularly visited by tourists from almost all over the world. You can only get here sea ​​view transport in the form of hydrofoils and small private yachts. Tourists arrive here, as a rule, from Sicily, are accommodated in the villages on Stromboli in small hotels and inns, and then carry out tours of both Stromboli and the rock of Strombolicchio. Over the past three years, the volume of tourists visiting these islands has almost doubled and now stands at about 6,500 per year.

Northeast coast of the island of Stromboli and the villages of San Vincenzo and San Bartolo on its coast.

The name of Stromboli is also the island on which the volcano is located. The island is part of the Aeolian (Aeolian) Islands. volcanic origin in , they are located to the north of the island. The island of Stromboli is inhabited, and this is the first characteristic of its volcano; it is not dangerous, although it is active.
Volcanoes are usually classified according to the nature of the eruption. Stromboli gave the name large group volcanoes of the strombolian type as the most characteristic of them for a certain type of eruptions - occurring regularly, often, at intervals from several minutes to an hour, but having a small force. At the same time, erupted lava, which is called magma before it reaches the earth's surface, is viscous in consistency, and its flows
short. Together with it, pieces of hot slag accompanied by smoke, ash and gas and the so-called volcanic bombs are ejected from the mouth of the volcano - lumps of lava, frozen during rotation in the air in the form of ellipsoids. Like all volcanoes located in the sea, the main part of Stromboli is under water. This is more than 1000 m, and, thus, its entire height is about 2000 m, of which 926 m above the sea. seabed occur where the protrusions of the continental plates converge and create stress points in the earth's crust. In this case, these are the edges of the Eurasian and African plates. The main natural attraction of the Stromboli volcano. deep depression in the shape of a horseshoe, formed as a result of the repeated collapse of the cone of the volcano in this place. The depression is called Chiaradi del Fuoco ("stream of fire") and is approximately 13,000 years old. The volcanic activity of Stromboli began about 200,000 years ago, but then it came out to the surface of the sea two kilometers from the current island. From the first Stromboli, a 50 m high rock, called Strombolicchio, remained. The continuous eruption of the active volcano Stromboli is measured by a period of 2000 to 3000 years, according to various methods, they were recorded in handwritten documents about 1000 years ago.
The island of Stromboli is an example of such creation. They live here - on a narrow coastal strip from 400 to 850 people, depending on the season, in several villages, of which only two are relatively large - San Bartolo and San Vincenzo, where there is a church. What draws native Sicilians here? Firstly, the extremely fertile soil fertilized by volcanic ash, and secondly, fishing spots. Life on this island is calm and comfortable: there are almost no cars, and those that are, the smallest, people move mostly on foot and rarely on scooters. There are also small hotels on Stromboli, equipped beaches and moorings for boats, boats and yachts. From November to March, it becomes almost deserted: there are no tourists - there is no work, the demand for fish in local trattorias is falling, and people are moving to Sicily. They are also evacuated there in those cases when the habitually harmless outbreaks of the volcano become stronger, higher, their frequency and duration increase, and, therefore, an explosive eruption can be expected. The strongest such explosion occurred in 1930 - several people died, houses were destroyed by volcanic bombs, a 30 m high tsunami wave rose. The last time volcanic bombs flew here and lava flowed (17 years after its previous eruption) during the 2002 explosion Then Stromboli was closed to tourists for several months, and the locals themselves left. In 2003, a powerful explosion at one of the three craters provoked a split in the rock, a fragment of which destroyed several buildings in the village of Ginostra.
In ancient times, sailors and fishermen bypassed Stromboli: flashes of fire, clouds of gas, the smell of sulfur instilled superstitious fear in them, but then they appreciated the benefits of the volcano: its fire showed them the way in the night, and they began to call it the “Tyrrhenian Lighthouse”.

general information

State affiliation: Italy.

Administrative affiliation: commune of Lipari in the province of Messina.

Type: active stratovolcano.

Most big eruption in the foreseeable past: 1930

Language: Italian.

Currency unit: Euro.
Settlements: San Bartolo, San Vincenzo, Ginostra.
Nearest airports: international airports Falcone Barsellino in Palermo and Fontanorossa in Catania (both on the island of Sicily).

Numbers

Population: ranges from 400 to 850 people.

Population density: an average of about 50 people / km 2.
The most high point: Peak Vankori (926 m).
Distance to the island of Sicily: 52 km.

Economy

Agriculture: viticulture, cultivation of olives, figs.

Fishing.

Service sector: tourism.

Climate and weather

January average temperature:+12°С.

July average temperature:+26°С.
Average annual rainfall: 600 mm.

Attractions

Curious facts

■ The recipe for a closed hearty Stromboli pie was invented, as they say, by Italian Americans - natives of Sicily. The filling options may be different, but any of them contains mozzarella. "Stromboli" are pierced before baking, and the melted cheese "erupts". Just like lava from the Stromboli volcano.

To the number unique monuments the nature of the Mediterranean includes the Aeolian Islands, which are a territory. The name of one of these patches of land scattered in the warm Tyrrhenian Sea, Vulcano, eloquently speaks of their origin. But the island of Stromboli, on which the cone of the active volcano of the same name rises, has earned the greatest fame since ancient times.

The essential feature of the Stromboli Volcano is a large horseshoe-shaped depression formed over the past few thousand years due to the destruction of rocks caused by numerous eruptions. The fire-breathing mountain itself rises to a height of 926 meters and hides under the surface of the sea for almost one and a half kilometers. There are small settlements at the foot of the volcano, and vineyards are planted on the slopes.

Among known to science Volcanoes of Stromboli stand out for their amazing constancy - for many centuries it has maintained constant activity. Doesn't happen here catastrophic eruptions, but every 5-20 minutes a small explosion is heard in the depths of its crater, throwing fragments of red-hot lava and ash to a considerable height. Those who have visited the top of the volcano cone say that due to the high concentration of sulfur dioxide, it is difficult to breathe there. And if you go down a narrow cornice to the gloomy abyss of the crater, you can hear how deaf peals are heard from its bottom. For short periods of time powerful explosions they shake the mountain, then for a moment there is silence, followed by another unusual sound - a rustle, reminiscent of the sound of a breaking wave, receding from the coast, carries with it stones, pebbles and sand. It is poured back into the crater fragments of lava, volcanic slag and small stones thrown out by the explosion.

But Stromboli is especially impressive at night. The column of steam and ash above the crater acquires a purple-reddish hue, which becomes brighter, becomes orange, then straw-yellow, after which there is another explosion in the crater. Dazzling fiery sparks fly up to the sky, and then again "return" to the abyss of the crater. For a short time, darkness envelops the top of the volcano, there is a brief lull, and after a few minutes the whole picture repeats itself.

A volcano in the Tyrrhenian Sea has been erupting continuously for more than two millennia, and its cone has become one of the most remarkable landmarks in the area. mediterranean sea. The fiery flashes of Stromboli help sailors, on their way to Sicily, not to go astray in the darkness of the night and during thick fogs. That is why the Stromboli volcano is deservedly called " lighthouse of the mediterranean».

Both the creators of ancient Greek myths and Homer in their Odyssey considered the neighborhood of Stromboli to be the home of the god of the winds - Eolus. This, most likely, means that already in former times, periodic explosions of the volcano were dependent on the state of the weather. The Greeks believed that it was Aeolus who taught sailors to navigate to Strait of Messina separating peninsula and the island of Sicily. In this belief, the connection with the "lighthouse of the Mediterranean" is clearly visible.

But like any volcano, Stromboli is sometimes “naughty”, and then its eruptions are far from being so harmless. Occur from time to time powerful eruptions, causing the collapse of the walls of the crater, and lava flows are directed into the “formed holes”, threatening the nearest villages and agricultural land. So, on February 27, 2007, during the eruption, two new craters formed, and the lava flow went down the slope of Stromboli and reached the seashore.

And the really unique property of Stromboli is that it is almost the only one in the world active volcano, to the crater of which even an unprepared tourist can climb. The fact is that volcanic emissions during explosions are directed almost vertically upwards, and almost all of the volcanic material falls back into the red-hot vent. The volcanic gases at the edge of the crater, while making it difficult to breathe, do not pose much of a danger.

However, this was not always the case - otherwise the cone of the famous volcano would not have been able to reach such a significant size.

Stromboli Volcano on the map