The average speed of an airliner. How fast do passenger planes fly: maximum speed and required minimum. The speed of various aircraft

Everyone who used the services of civil aviation wondered: at what speed does an airplane fly, take off and land? Aircraft speed It has great importance to move quickly and safely between destinations. The first passenger propeller-driven aircraft had a low speed, which gave air travel some discomfort. With the advent of jet engines, there has been a sharp increase in average speed aircraft.

To determine how fast an airplane is flying, you need to take the distance traveled by it and divide it by the time in flight. Since this value will change for the liner during the entire flight, naturally, we will eventually get an average value. That is, in order to obtain more accurate data, it will be necessary to take into account shorter periods of time. For example, during takeoff and landing of the liner, its speed will be in the range from 200 to 300 km/h. When it reaches the echelon height, it will be equal to the cruising height. Pilots passenger airliners they are guided by the readings of the instruments and transmit them to the passengers, displaying the data on the monitor screens.

If we consider the speed of aircraft during takeoff, then this indicator is individual for each airliner. Takeoff is carried out due to the lifting force, when a certain value of the takeoff run along the runway is reached. In addition, changing the configuration of the wing plays an important role in increasing the lift. This role is performed by flaps located on the wing. When taking off, they fall by 15 degrees and the liner begins to take off. As soon as the speed is reached at which the lifting force exceeds the weight of the liner, it will begin to take off.

From this it is clear that the heavier the liner, the higher the run-up value is required for it. For example, a Boeing 737 takes off reaching 220 km/h, a Boeing 747 needs 270 km/h, but a small Yak-40 needs 180 km/h. Approximately the same thing happens when landing a liner. Due to the flaps, the wing area increases and the speed decreases to 220-240 km / h and the liner begins to decline. One has only to increase its value, as it will take off again.

Watch an impressive video of an airplane taking off vertically.

Passenger aircraft speeds

Below we will consider some of the speed characteristics of aircraft in service at the moment, expressed in traditional and generally accepted units of measurement - km / h.

Tu-154. Due to the small supply of fuel, he flew over medium distances. So, when flying from Khabarovsk to Moscow, I had to make two landings for refueling. The speed of the aircraft reaches 950 km / h. Today it is not used for regular passenger traffic.
Tu-204. Also an airliner for servicing flights over medium distances, but with a larger capacity compared to the Tu-154. The optimal flight speed is 850.
Sukhoi Superjet-100. One of the new developments for maintenance local airlines. Air travel speed is 830 km/h.
IL-62. Today, it is practically out of service. Used for flights long distance. Average cruising aircraft - 850.
IL-86. An airliner with a capacity of more than 300 passengers. Although it was huge, it could reach speeds of up to 950.
IL-96. Transports up to 300 people over long distances. The indicator is 900.
Airbus A-310. Depending on the variety, it can fly over different distances. At the same time, it could reach 858.
Airbus A-320. An aircraft flying over medium distances, while developing 853.
Airbus A-330. Designed to carry nearly 400 passengers over long distances. Develops up to 925.
Airbus A-380. The largest double-decker aircraft in the world. Can carry up to 853 passengers. Due to its efficiency, at 900 km / h it can fly over a distance of up to 12 thousand km.
Boeing 747. Operated for long-haul flights at a speed of 917.
Boeing 777. Performs long-haul flights at 891.

And yet it is believed that these are low speeds for air transportation of passengers.

Attempts to outrun sound in passenger air travel

In the late 60s of the last century, the whole world learned about supersonic passenger aircraft. The first flight was made on the Soviet Tu-144. A year later, the French-English Concorde was raised into the air. The first could fly 2300 km / h, and the second - 2150 km / h. These indicators allowed passengers to go back in time. The plane, which took off at 9 am from England, arrived in America at 7 am. In total, 16 Tu-144s and 20 Concordes were produced in history.

Due to the fact that these were very uneconomical aircraft and after a series of accidents with their participation, they were removed from further operation in passenger air transportation. These days they are museum exhibits air travel history. In the seventies of the last century, the development of a new supersonic passenger liner Tu-244 was started in the USSR. But the attempt to create an ultra-fast, economical, and most importantly safe airliner has not yet been completed. Official data on the stage of the project is not yet known. By the way, in other countries, too, nothing is known about the success in creating this type of airliners.

The fastest planes

Below we will consider a number of domestic and foreign fighters.

MiG-25. The fighter is highly reliable and safe. Could develop up to 3 thousand km / h.
MiG-31. Began to be produced since 1973 as an interceptor. Could reach up to 2500 km / h.
Su-35. Multipurpose supermaneuverable fighter. Could develop up to 2500 km / h.
F-22 Raptor. American fighter of the 5th generation. Reached 2570 km / h.

Today, many countries are working on a new generation of fighters, trying to squeeze the maximum speed out of them.

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Aircraft speed is one of the main technical parameters, which affects the duration of the flight. The effect of air currents, the direction of the course and the level of altitude determine what the speed of the aircraft will be at the time of flight. Speed indicators play an important role in the normal functioning of the liner, as well as in modeling and creating new improved models.

First developments

"Ilya Muromets" - the first civilian aircraft. Previously, they flew no more than 105 kilometers per hour. Modern passenger aircraft fly, overcoming 500-900 kilometers per hour, while this figure is not the limit.

Supersonic developments move much faster and significantly save time, therefore they are called high-speed ones. Their maximum speed is 8200.8 kilometers per hour. Due to the inability to provide a reliable level of security, they are not used to transport people.

There are several good reasons for this:

The complexity of modeling, since it is problematic to fit the streamlined shape of the side to the dimensions of a passenger ship;
Uses a lot of fuel. Accordingly, the more fuel costs increase, the total cost of tickets increases;
A small number of airfields with landing sites equipped for supersonic models;
The need for unscheduled diagnostics or repairs.

Currently there are no functioning supersonic liners for transporting passengers. In the history of the structure of air transport, there were only two such models:

TU-144, flying about 2150-2300 kilometers in one hour. Was developed in the Soviet Union;
Concorde is a British development. He is able to overcome 2150 kilometers per hour.

Aircraft classification

Experts subdivide all models into different types depending on the parameters of the wings, their shape, location, type of chassis, engine, takeoff, etc.

Depending on the pace, movement is divided into four types:

Subsonic models - the Mach number is below 0.7-0.8 M.
Transonic models - is in the range of 0.7 (0.8) -1.2 M.
Supersonic models - is in the range of 1.2-5 M.
Hypersonic models - over 5 M.

IN modern aviation liners are used first, and in several European states- the second group.

Models of the transonic group move at the speed of sound, while supersonic and hypersonic ones exceed this figure by several times. These aircraft are used only in the military industry.

Passenger aircraft speed

The flight speed of airliners is divided into two indicators:

maximum (100%);
cruising (60-80% of the maximum).

The board with passengers is not able to reach the maximum speed, so the cruising value is used.

Additional Information! The developers indicate in the technical documentation for the model both values (maximum and cruising speed).

How fast is the plane flying

Liners overcome the same distance for a different period of time. The table below shows in more detail what speed a passenger aircraft can develop in flight and its purpose.

Characteristics of passenger air transport

Attention: The internal data of table “22” is corrupted!

The takeoff speed of the liner depends on its individual technical performance.

Takeoff sequence:

Set engine speed. The aircraft begins to move when the engine performs about 810 or more revolutions per minute.
Speed set. The movement of the vessel on three wheels with a gradual increase in power along the runway.
Separation from the surface of the earth. In order to take off, he needs to accelerate to the mark of 185 kilometers per hour.
Height is gaining. As soon as it reaches the mark of 225 kilometers per hour, takeoff begins.

Important! The speed at the time of takeoff directly depends on the weight of the model, for the Boeing 737 this parameter is 225 kilometers per hour, and for the Boeing 747 it should be 275 kilometers.

Nuances at separation from the surface

The correct operation of the vessel depends on the accuracy of the calculation of its speed at the time of lifting into the air and climbing. This value includes the speed at all stages of movement, starting from the moment the aircraft moves along the runway and ending with its separation from the earth's surface. Average speed modern aircraft at the time of separation differs depending on the model. Some values of different types are shown in the table below.

The average speed of the liner at the time of takeoff from the ground

Attention: The internal data of table “23” is corrupted!

The acceleration index at the moment of separation from the earth's surface is affected by the following factors:

direction, as well as the rate of movement of air masses;
length runway, as well as its structure and state;
humidity level;
air pressure.

Due to strong gusts of wind of the opposite direction, it is not enough to develop the maximum acceleration of the vessel for a full take-off. To take off, you need to develop a speed twice the usual value. If the wind is fair, a minimum acceleration is sufficient.

Landing nuances

Landing an airplane is no less important than taking off. It includes several stages:

lowering the level of height;
unit alignment;
keeping it in a stable position;
mileage.

Aircraft with a large weight should start landing from a height of 25 m, and with a small mass - from 9 m. Their acceleration depends on the mass, as well as landing conditions. As soon as the lifting force is below the weight of the liner, it will begin to gradually lower its altitude, land on runway and will slow down to a complete stop.

Video

Knowing the cruising speed, you can independently calculate how long the flight of a passenger flight will take.

Passenger aircraft, as a rule, cannot boast of high-speed characteristics. Compared to fighters, they are real snails. And although usually the speed passenger liners ranges from 800 to 1100 km / h, some unique airliners can be supersonic. At that speed, they can get people from New York to London in about three hours. In this review, a story about the world's fastest passenger aircraft.

1. Hawker-Siddeley Trident HS.121 2

maximum speed 973 km/h
The British aircraft Hawker-Siddeley Trident or simply "Trident" made a real revolution in air traffic. It was operated from the 1960s to the 1990s.

2 Gulfstream G650

maximum speed 981 km/h
The twin-engine business jet is an upgraded version of the popular Gulfstream G550. It can reach a top speed of Mach 0.925 and the G650 has a range of 13,900 km.

3 Boeing 7478

maximum speed 988 km/h
Boeing 747 8 is the longest passenger aircraft in the world. Its length is 76.25 m, and its wingspan is 68.45 m. At a speed of 988 km/h, it can fly 14,100 km.

4. Convair 880

maximum speed 989 km/h
The Convair 880 jet airliner developed by General Dynamics was produced for only 3 years (65 units were produced in 1959-1962). Due to its low popularity, it was discontinued despite being considered the fastest airliner of its time.

5 Boeing 777

maximum speed 1036 km/h
Boeing 777 is considered one of the best airliners in the world today. These aircraft are equipped with the most powerful engines for passenger liners.

6 Boeing 787

maximum speed 1049 km/h
Boeing announced the development of the 787 Dreamliner in 2003. Made in the form wide-body airliner long range, the 787 can reach speeds of up to 1049 km/h.

7. Dassault Falcon 900 EX

maximum speed 1065 km/h
The French Dassault Falcon 900 EX is a corporate jet capable of transcontinental flights. Its design is notable for the fact that the Falcon 900 EX has three rear-mounted jet engines.

8 Bombardier Global 6000

maximum speed 1097 km/h
The Bombardier Global 6000 is an ultra-long range executive aircraft. It allows any entrepreneur to quickly travel the world and easily get to right place with a speed reaching 1097 km / h.

9. Dassault Falcon 7X

maximum speed 1110 km/h
This business jet was developed from the Falcon 900 and is designed to travel around the world in style and comfort. It is 2 such Canadian-made aircraft that are used in Russia to transport high-ranking state officials.

10 Airbus A380

maximum speed 1087 km/h
Designed in Europe, the Airbus A380 is a high-performance, double-deck, long-range airliner. It is considered the world's largest passenger aircraft.

11 Cessna Citation X

maximum speed 1126 km/h
Another favorite business jet is the Cessna Citation X. It is a turbofan, twin-engine, long-haul mid-range business jet. Citation X is operated by both individuals and companies.

12 Cessna Citation X+

maximum speed 1153 km/h
This is an improved model of the previous aircraft. The Citation X+ has received significant improvements, as well as a much more powerful engine. Today this aircraft is the fastest civil and business aircraft.

13. Concorde

maximum speed 2179 km/h
The Concorde was a supersonic marvel of its time as it traveled twice the speed of sound. The Concorde was primarily used by wealthy people for fast air travel in an atmosphere of luxury. However, despite the aircraft having been in service for decades, the Concorde was discontinued in 2003.

14. Boom Supersonic

maximum speed 2335 km/h
Boom Supersonic is currently under development. It's supersonic commercial airliner, capable of reaching speeds of Mach 2.2 or 2,335 km / h. However, unlike the Concorde, the Boom Supersonic will be a low-cost airliner for all passengers, not just the wealthy.

15. Tupolev TU 144

maximum speed 2430 km/h
The Tupolev TU 144 was the first supersonic aircraft in the world developed by the USSR Soviets, and immediately after it came the Concorde. Although this aircraft was withdrawn from commercial use, the Russian space program used it for training purposes until 1999.

Today, airplanes are gradually turning into individual transport. Recently appeared.

It seems that the distances from the Earth to other planets and celestial bodies are not so great. "Inexperienced cosmonauts" even suggest that the distance from the Moon to the Earth takes only a few days.

But the Moon is not of much interest to earthlings. Mars is unexplored and mysterious, which leads to many questions.

What is interesting is how long the flight can take, and what is the distance between Earth and Mars.

In the night sky, you can see a star that has a bright red color. This is Mars, which is not far from the Earth, given the length of the path to other planets in the solar system.

The shortest distance between Mars and Earth is determined by the position of the planets in their orbits.

This position is called opposition. Opposition arises once every 2 years.

How is the distance from Earth to Mars determined in kilometers:

At the moment of opposition between the two planets, the gap is 55 million km.
The largest gap may be 401 million kilometers.
The average distance is approximately 225 million kilometers.

Space agencies of all countries of the World are engaged in constant calculations that help determine the minimum number of kilometers between our home and the "red planet".

Using such data, it is possible to launch shuttles and rovers to study the red neighbor.

How long does it take for a person to fly to Mars?

If you determine the mileage between the planets, it is possible to calculate the flight time too.

Many are interested in why humanity has not visited a nearby planet? There are many reasons, but basically everything concerns the flight time.

How much to fly to Mars for a person, taking into account certain nuances:

When calculating the time, scientists indicate the flight time is approximately 150-300 days.
The flight time depends on the speed of the planets in their orbit.
The speed of the spacecraft will depend on the quantity and quality of the fuel - the more fuel, the faster the flight will be.

Science videos talk about all the nuances and problems of a human flight to Mars. Unfortunately, these are exclusively computer models and calculations.

Attention! Human flight to Mars is not carried out for various reasons, which are associated with the imperfection of spacecraft, the poor knowledge of the planet and the huge cost in the preparation process.

In the near future, a human flight to the “red planet” is planned, which means that discoveries will occur that, in terms of historical value, will exceed even the achievements of Columbus.

How far is the planet in light years

To determine the distance between planets in light years, it is worth considering a few basic concepts and features.

The concept of a light year is rarely used in astronomy. In 2008, the definition was partially changed, but the principle remained the same.

Light years are measured in meters, so the value is used to determine vast distances.

What should be considered when determining the distance in light years:

It is worth considering the distance of each orbit. More often take the average value: 225 million kilometers or 225×〖10〗^9 meters.
1 light year is approximately 9.46×〖10〗^15 meters.
Mathematical calculation is performed: (225×〖10〗^9)/(9.46×〖10〗^15). We get 23.8×〖10〗^(-6) years.

Determining the distance between Earth and Mars in light years is incorrect; parsecs and their derivatives are more often used.

Other units of measurement are not included in the official system of measurement.

Hypothetical time of flight at the speed of light of the satellite and rocket

The speed of light is fast enough to quickly cover vast distances. The distance is constantly changing and the flight time is determined.

At worst conditions it will take several hours to fly to the destination. The satellite will travel at a slower speed than the rocket. The rocket holds more fuel.

Note! In each case, the time depends on how far away the neighboring planet is at a certain moment. The Elon Musk rover flew for about 9 months.

If we move to a neighboring planet, measuring time and distance in earth years, then the flight will last 5-12 months.

The speed of the object must be at least 20 thousand kilometers in 1 hour. Need to focus on modern technologies and achievements of astronautics.

When the device moves at a speed of 299,792 km / s, it will be possible to reach the surface of the red planet faster.

The flight time will be …. at the speed of light:

How much to fly by plane

The dream of many space agencies is not only to send people to the red planet, but also to master it.

Space agencies plan to build prototype aircraft for space travel to the red planet and other objects.

Before calculating the time, it is worth deciding on the speed of the aircraft, the type of fuel and the amount of fuel. Only then will the data be as accurate and relevant as possible.

Fly on different types aircraft:

If you travel on a conventional plane, then the flight time may take several years.
On a supersonic aircraft, the distance can be covered in about 1 year, as well as on a rocket.
A cargo plane flies slower than a passenger plane, so the flight time will be more than 5 years.

In an individual case, it is necessary to take into account secondary factors that affect the speed: solar storms, space debris, radiation.

So far, flights on this type of transport seem to be an invention from the verge of fantasy.

Useful video

Live in modern world inseparable from air travel. Due to the high speed of movement, aircraft are the most convenient mode of transport that will take a passenger to any corner of the planet in the shortest time. And it will be done with a high level of comfort and a minimum of stress. That's why civil Aviation so important to modern society. It is an integral part of the functioning of the world economy.

Note! Speed of movement passenger aircraft can be summarized in several indicators: maximum and cruising speed, as well as the pace during landing and takeoff. During the flight, the pilot always notifies passengers of the current pace of the aircraft. The speed of an airliner may differ depending on its type and the external conditions in which the flight is carried out.

Separation of aircraft according to speed characteristics

The modern classification of aircraft is based on their speed in comparison with the speed of sound, which, in accordance with the law of physics, is 1224 km / h. This is a very high figure, but today it is already overcome by many models of aircraft, including civilian ones.

So, the following types of winged machines are divided:

Subsonic. These include all flying machines that do not fly faster speed sound.
Supersonic. These machines are faster than the speed of sound. That is, they are able to develop the speed of transonic or transonic.
Hypersonic. Such aircraft can accelerate so much that they exceed the speed of sound several times in flight. On this moment such indicators are available to military models.

The speed of a passenger aircraft, and any of modern models does not exceed the speed of sound. Therefore, according to the above classification, all of them are subsonic. We will not take into account such supersonic civilian models as Concorde and Tu-144, because they have not been flying with passengers for a long time due to unpredictability emergencies in flight.

Disclosure of the concept of speed

Speed indicators aircraft advertised by their manufacturers are actually relative. Their agility can depend on various factors. In addition, the speed indicator is divided into maximum and cruising. The maximum is an indicator that a winged machine can develop in certain conditions that are close to ideal. Therefore, the maximum rate is a purely technical criterion.

It goes without saying that during flights with passengers, airliners never accelerate to maximum speed. They fly at cruising pace, which is usually about 2/3 of their maximum. It is also called the average speed of the aircraft.

It is also possible to distinguish such indicators as the speed of acceleration of the aircraft along the runway, the speed of the aircraft during takeoff and landing.

The speed of various aircraft

Civil aircraft can be not only passenger. They participate in sports competitions, are engaged in the transportation of various goods (for example, the Ukrainian model An-124 Ruslan, which is considered one of the most load-bearing), can be used to extinguish fires or for agricultural needs (spray insecticides or irrigate). Military steel birds can reach speeds that exceed speed passenger ships several times. This is due to their direct purpose and requirements. If convenience, safety and minimum costs are important for the transportation of passengers, then military winged vehicles must develop maximum agility at the expense of other indicators in order to effectively perform combat missions. The same aircraft carrier ship that sails at a pace of 35 knots has a very short runway and the military iron bird must accelerate quickly in order to take off successfully.

Below are the maximum and cruising rates in km/h of the most famous passenger airliner models:

An-148 cruising - 750, the largest - 870.
Boeing 747: cruising - 900, largest - 990.
Airbus A320: cruising - 840, largest - 900.
IL-14: cruising - 345, the largest - 430.
Tu-154: cruising - 900, the largest - 950.

The above list shows that speed performance can vary significantly. So, the Il-14 aircraft was developed more than 60 years ago and its pace is significantly lower than modern and typical for that time. The most modern and powerful airliners have a similar level of maximum and cruising pace. They are equipped with a very similar jet engine with the same power. In addition to speed, what matters for passenger airliners is how far they can cover without refueling.

Important! It must be understood that the agility of a passenger aircraft also depends on the external atmospheric and weather conditions. Different air density, wind strength and direction can significantly affect the current agility of the flight: reduce or increase it.

There is another concept of the flight speed mode - this is the stall speed. There is a minimum flight rate below which there is a risk of falling. For each aircraft model, manufacturers calculate this indicator so that pilots can control the flight and bring it to a safe landing at the destination.

But it is especially important for pilots to control this indicator during takeoff of the aircraft. Again, the wind can affect the stall speed. Any experienced pilot is well aware of all these details and knows how to cope with different weather conditions so that nothing bothers passengers on board during the flight.

Summarizing all the above about the speed of aircraft, we can conclude that the average cruising speed of passenger airliners is in the range from 600 to 900 km / h. You should rely on such figures when choosing a flight and an airliner model.

Takeoff speed

A very important indicator for the implementation of passenger flights is the rate at which the aircraft takes off from the ground, that is, it takes off. In order for a heavy liner to be able to break away from the earth's surface, it is necessary to develop a sufficiently high pace. Then the wings will receive the necessary lift. In this regard, more large ships develop great speed when climbing than their lighter younger brothers. For example, the Boeing 747, in order to get off the ground, must accelerate to 270 km/h, while the Yak-40 only needs to accelerate to 180 km/h. On average, the speed of a passenger aircraft during takeoff is 200-270 thousand meters per hour.

Takeoff speed can be affected by the following factors:

direction and speed of the wind;
runway length;
Atmosphere pressure;
air humidity;
the quality of the runway surface.

An example is the takeoff order. Boeing aircraft 737. First, the pilot accelerates the engines to a speed of 810 revolutions per minute and only after that removes the brake from the liner, starting acceleration along the runway. Acceleration occurs when the airliner is on all three wheels. Upon reaching an acceleration of 185 thousand meters per hour, the pilot raises the nose of the aircraft and he rides along the runway already on two wheels. And only at a rate of 225 km / h the aircraft rises into the air completely and begins to gain altitude.

landing speed

At the end of the flight, the pilot must safely land the flying machine. This is the most important stage of the entire flight, when the pilot successfully lands a multi-ton colossus, and it easily rolls along the runways.

When landing on the runway, the pilot performs the following actions:

reduces flight altitude;
reduces the liveliness of the flight;
aligns the aircraft to a certain position;
withstands it until it touches the runways;
reduces the speed of the run to a complete stop.

For large airliners, direct landing starts from approximately 25 meters above the ground. Smaller aircraft start landing at a lower altitude. The liveliness of the landing depends on the size, weight of the aircraft and external weather conditions. On average, the landing speed is slightly lower than the take-off speed of the aircraft and ranges from 150 to 230 kilometers per hour.

Now that the main parameters of the pace of passenger aircraft, such as cruising, landing and taking off, are known, anyone can feel more confident on board. It will also always be possible to more effectively select a flight for yourself, knowing the model and class of the airliner.