geographic events. Great Silk Road. West coast of Africa

AMUNDSEN Rual

Travel routes

1903-1906 - Arctic expedition on the ship "Yoa". R. Amundsen was the first to pass Northwest Passage from Greenland to Alaska and determined the exact position of the North Magnetic Pole at that time.

1910-1912 - antarctic expedition on the Fram.

On December 14, 1911, a Norwegian traveler with four comrades on dog sledding reached the South Pole of the earth, ahead of the expedition of the Englishman Robert Scott by a month.

1918-1920 - on the ship "Maud" R. Amundsen passed through the Arctic Ocean along the coast of Eurasia.

1926 - together with the American Lincoln Ellsworth and the Italian Umberto Nobile R. Amundsen made a flight on the airship "Norway" along the route Svalbard - North Pole - Alaska.

1928 - during the search for the missing expedition in the Barents Sea, U. Nobile Amundsen died.

Name on a geographical map

The name of the Norwegian traveler is carried by the sea in pacific ocean, a mountain in East Antarctica, a bay near the coast of Canada and a basin in the Arctic Ocean.

The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the pioneers: Amundsen-Scott Pole.

Amundsen R. My life. - M.: Geografgiz, 1959. - 166 p.: ill. - (Travel; Adventure; Fantasy).

Amundsen R. South Pole: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Armada, 2002. - 384 p.: ill. - (Green series: Around the world).

Booman-Larsen T. Amundsen: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Mol. guard, 2005. - 520 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

The chapter dedicated to Amundsen, Y. Golovanov called "Traveling gave me the happiness of friendship ..." (pp. 12-16).

Davydov Yu.V. Captains are looking for a way: Tales. - M.: Det. lit., 1989. - 542 p.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M., Blinov S.A. Roald Amundsen, 1872-1928. - M.: Nauka, 1997. - 201 p. - (Scientific biographical series).

Treshnikov A.F. Roald Amundsen. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976. - 62 p.: ill.

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. The Man Called by the Sea: The Tale of R. Amundsen: Per. from est. - Tallinn: Eesti raamat, 1988. - 244 p.: ill.

Yakovlev A.S. Through the Ice: A Tale of a Polar Explorer. - M.: Mol. guard, 1967. - 191 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Bellingshausen Faddey Faddeevich

Travel routes

1803-1806 - F.F. Bellingshausen took part in the first Russian circumnavigation under the command of I.F. Kruzenshtern on the ship "Nadezhda". All the maps that were subsequently included in the "Atlas of Captain Kruzenshtern's trip around the world" were compiled by him.

1819-1821 - F.F. Bellingshausen led a round-the-world expedition to the South Pole.

On January 28, 1820, on the sloops Vostok (under the command of F.F. Bellingshausen) and Mirny (under the command of M.P. Lazarev), Russian sailors were the first to reach the shores of Antarctica.

Name on a geographical map

In honor of F.F. Bellingshausen, a sea in the Pacific Ocean, a cape on South Sakhalin, an island in the Tuamotu archipelago, an ice shelf and a basin in Antarctica.

The name of the Russian navigator is the Russian Antarctic research station.

Frost V. Antarctica: History of discovery / Khudozh. E. Orlov. - M.: White City, 2001. - 47 p.: ill. - (Russian history).

Fedorovsky E.P. Bellingshausen: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2001. - 541 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel).

BERING Vitus Jonassen

Danish navigator and explorer in Russian service

Travel routes

1725-1730 - V. Bering led the 1st Kamchatka expedition, the purpose of which was to search for a land isthmus between Asia and America (there was no exact information about the voyage of S. Dezhnev and F. Popov, who actually discovered the strait between the continents in 1648). The expedition on the ship "Saint Gabriel" rounded the shores of Kamchatka and Chukotka, discovered the island of St. Lawrence and the strait (now Bering).

1733-1741 - 2nd Kamchatka, or the Great Northern Expedition. On the ship "Saint Peter" Bering crossed the Pacific Ocean, reached Alaska, explored and mapped its shores. On the way back during wintering on one of the islands (now Commander Islands), Bering, like many members of his team, died.

Name on a geographical map

In addition to the strait between Eurasia and North America, the islands, the sea in the Pacific Ocean, the cape on the coast bear the name of Vitus Bering Sea of ​​Okhotsk and one of the largest glaciers in southern Alaska.

Konyaev N.M. Revision of Commander Bering. - M.: Terra-Kn. club, 2001. - 286 p. - (Fatherland).

Orlov O.P. To unknown shores: A story about the Kamchatka expeditions undertaken by Russian navigators in the 18th century under the leadership of V. Bering / Fig. V.Yudina. - M.: Malysh, 1987. - 23 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Pasetsky V.M. Vitus Bering: 1681-1741. - M.: Nauka, 1982. - 174 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).

The last expedition of Vitus Bering: Sat. - M.: Progress: Pangea, 1992. - 188 p.: ill.

Sopotsko A.A. The history of V. Bering's navigation on the boat "St. Gabriel" to the Arctic Ocean. - M.: Nauka, 1983. - 247 p.: ill.

Chekurov M.V. Mysterious Expeditions. - Ed. 2nd, revised, add. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 152 p.: ill. - (Man and environment).

Chukovsky N.K. Bering. - M.: Mol. guard, 1961. - 127 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

VAMBERI Arminius (German)

Hungarian orientalist

Travel routes

1863 - A. Vamberi's journey under the guise of a dervish through Central Asia from Tehran through the Turkmen desert along the eastern shore of the Caspian Sea to Khiva, Mashhad, Herat, Samarkand and Bukhara.

Vambery A. Journey through Central Asia: Per. with him. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAN, 2003. - 320 p. - (Stories about the countries of the East).

Vamberi A. Bukhara, or History of Mavarounnahr: Excerpts from the book. - Tashkent: Lit. and lawsuit, 1990. - 91 p.

Tikhonov N.S. Vambery. - Ed. 14th. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 45 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

VANCOUVER George

English navigator

Travel routes

1772-1775, 1776-1780 - J. Vancouver as a cabin boy and midshipman participated in the second and third round-the-world voyages of J. Cook.

1790-1795 - A round-the-world expedition under the command of J. Vancouver explored the northwestern coast of North America. It was determined that the proposed waterway connecting the Pacific Ocean and Hudson Bay did not exist.

Name on a geographical map

Several hundred named in honor of J. Vancouver geographical objects, including island, bay, city, river, ridge (Canada), lake, cape, mountain, city (USA), bay (New Zealand).

Malakhovskiy K.V. In the new Albion. - M.: Nauka, 1990. - 123 p.: ill. - (Stories about the countries of the East).

GAMA Vasco yes

Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1497-1499 - Vasco da Gama led an expedition that opened for Europeans sea ​​route to India around the African continent.

1502 - second expedition to India.

1524 - the third expedition of Vasco da Gama, already as Viceroy of India. Died during the expedition.

Vyazov E.I. Vasco da Gama: Discoverer of the sea route to India. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Camoens L., de. Sonnets; Lusiads: Per. from Portuguese. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 1999. - 477 p.: ill. - (Home library of poetry).

Read the Lusiads.

Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama: A Tale / Per. from English Z. Bobyr // Fingaret S.I. Great Benin; Kent L.E. They walked with Vasco da Gama; Zweig S. The feat of Magellan: East. story. - M.: TERRA: UNIKUM, 1999. - S. 194-412.

Kunin K.I. Vasco da Gama. - M.: Mol. guard, 1947. - 322 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Khazanov A.M. The secret of Vasco da Gama. - M.: Institute of Oriental Studies RAS, 2000. - 152 p.: ill.

Hart G. Sea route to India: A story about the voyages and exploits of Portuguese sailors, as well as about the life and time of Vasco da Gama, admiral, viceroy of India and Count Vidigueira: Per. from English. - M.: Geographizdat, 1959. - 349 p.: ill.

GOLOVNIN Vasily Mikhailovich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1807-1811 - V.M. Golovnin leads the round-the-world voyage on the sloop "Diana".

1811 - V.M. Golovnin conducts research on the Kuril and Shantar Islands, the Tatar Strait.

1817-1819 - circumnavigation on the sloop "Kamchatka", during which a description of a part of the Aleutian ridge and the Commander Islands was made.

Name on a geographical map

Several bays, a strait and a seamount, as well as a city in Alaska and a volcano on Kunashir Island are named after the Russian navigator.

Golovnin V.M. Notes of the fleet of Captain Golovnin about his adventures in captivity with the Japanese in 1811, 1812 and 1813, with the addition of his remarks about Japanese state and the people. - Khabarovsk: Prince. publishing house, 1972. - 525 p.: ill.

Golovnin V.M. Voyage around the world, made on the sloop-of-war "Kamchatka" in 1817, 1818 and 1819 by Captain Golovnin. - M.: Thought, 1965. - 384 p.: ill.

Golovnin V.M. Journey on the sloop "Diana" from Kronstadt to Kamchatka, made under the command of the fleet of Lieutenant Golovnin in 1807-1811. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 480 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.

The chapter devoted to Golovnin is called “I feel a lot…” (pp. 73-79).

Davydov Yu.V. Evenings in Kolmov: The Tale of G. Uspensky; And before your eyes...: Experience of the biography of a sailor-marinist: [About V.M. Golovnin]. - M.: Book, 1989. - 332 p.: ill. - (Writers about writers).

Davydov Yu.V. Golovnin. - M.: Mol. guard, 1968. - 206 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Davydov Yu.V. Three Admirals: [About D.N. Senyavin, V.M. Golovnin, P.S. Nakhimov]. - M.: Izvestia, 1996. - 446 p.: ill.

Divin V.A. The Tale of a Glorious Navigator. - M.: Thought, 1976. - 111 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Lebedenko A.G. The sails of the ships rustle: A novel. - Odessa: Mayak, 1989. - 229 p.: ill. - (Marine library).

Firsov I.I. Twice Captured: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 469 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel: Russian travelers).

HUMBOLDT Alexander, background

German naturalist, geographer, traveler

Travel routes

1799-1804 - Expedition to Central and South America.

1829 - a journey through Russia: the Urals, Altai, the Caspian Sea.

Name on a geographical map

Ranges in Central Asia and North America, a mountain on the island of New Caledonia, a glacier in Greenland, a cold current in the Pacific Ocean, a river, a lake and a series of settlements in USA.

A number of plants, minerals, and even a crater on the moon are named after the German scientist.

The university in Berlin bears the name of the brothers Alexander and Wilhelm Humboldt.

Zabelin I.M. Return to descendants: A novel-study of the life and work of A. Humboldt. - M.: Thought, 1988. - 331 p.: ill.

Safonov V.A. Alexander Humboldt. - M.: Mol. guard, 1959. - 191 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Skurla G. Alexander Humboldt / Abbr. per. with him. G. Shevchenko. - M.: Mol. guard, 1985. - 239 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

DEZHNEV Semyon Ivanovich

(c. 1605-1673)

Russian explorer, navigator

Travel routes

1638-1648 - S.I. Dezhnev took part in river and land campaigns in the area of ​​the Yana River, on Oymyakon and Kolyma.

1648 - a fishing expedition led by S.I. Dezhnev and F.A. Popov rounded the Chukotka Peninsula and reached the Gulf of Anadyr. Thus, the strait between the two continents was opened, which was later named Bering.

Name on a geographical map

A cape on the northeastern tip of Asia, a ridge in Chukotka and a bay in the Bering Strait are named after Dezhnev.

Bakhrevsky V.A. Semyon Dezhnev / Fig. L. Khailova. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 24 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

Bakhrevsky V.A. Walking to meet the sun: East. story. - Novosibirsk: Prince. publishing house, 1986. - 190 p.: ill. - (Destinies connected with Siberia).

Belov M. The feat of Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Thought, 1973. - 223 p.: ill.

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev - pioneer: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2002. - 444 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel: Russian travelers).

Demin L.M. Semyon Dezhnev. - M.: Mol. guard, 1990. - 334 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Kedrov V.N. To the End of the World: East. story. - L.: Lenizdat, 1986. - 285 p.: ill.

Markov S.N. Tamo-rus Maclay: Tales. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 p.: ill.

Read the story "Dezhnev's Feat".

Nikitin N.I. Pathfinder Semyon Dezhnev and his time. - M.: Rosspan, 1999. - 190 p.: ill.

DRAKE Francis

English navigator and pirate

Travel routes

1567 - F. Drake took part in the expedition of J. Gaukins to the West Indies.

Since 1570 - annual pirate raids in the Caribbean.

1577-1580 - F. Drake led the second round-the-world voyage of Europeans after Magellan.

Name on a geographical map

The name of the brave navigator is the widest strait on the globe, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Francis Drake / Retelling by D. Berkhin; Artistic L. Durasov. - M.: White City, 1996. - 62 p.: ill. - (History of piracy).

Malakhovskiy K.V. Circumnavigation of the Golden Doe. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 168 p.: ill. - (Countries and peoples).

The same story can be found in the collection of K. Malakhovsky "Five Captains".

Mason F. van V. Golden Admiral: Novel: Per. from English. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 474 p.: ill. - (Great pirates in novels).

Muller V.K. Pirate of Queen Elizabeth: Per. from English. - St. Petersburg: LENKO: Gangut, 1993. - 254 p.: ill.

DUMONT-DURVILLE Jules Sebastien Cesar

French navigator and oceanographer

Travel routes

1826-1828 - circumnavigation on the ship "Astrolabe", as a result of which part of the coast of New Zealand and New Guinea was mapped, island groups in the Pacific Ocean were examined. On the island of Vanikoro, Dumont d'Urville found traces lost expedition J. Laperouse.

1837-1840 - Antarctic expedition.

Name on a geographical map

The sea in the Indian Ocean off the coast of Antarctica is named after the navigator.

The French scientific Antarctic station bears the name of Dumont-D'Urville.

Varshavsky A.S. The Journey of Dumont-D'Urville. - M.: Thought, 1977. - 59 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

The fifth part of the book is called "Captain Dumont d'Urville and his belated discovery" (pp. 483-504).

IBN BATTUTA Abu Abdallah Muhammad

Ibn al-Lawati at-Tanji

Arab traveler, itinerant merchant

Travel routes

1325-1349 - Departing from Morocco on a hajj (pilgrimage), Ibn Battuta traveled to Egypt, Arabia, Iran, Syria, Crimea, reached the Volga and lived for some time in the Golden Horde. Then through Central Asia and Afghanistan he arrived in India, visited Indonesia and China.

1349-1352 - travel to Muslim Spain.

1352-1353 - a trip to Western and Central Sudan.

At the request of the ruler of Morocco, Ibn Battuta, together with a scholar named Juzay, wrote the book "Rikhla", where he summarized the information about the Muslim world that he had collected during his travels.

Ibragimov N. Ibn Battuta and his travels in Central Asia. - M.: Nauka, 1988. - 126 p.: ill.

Miloslavsky G. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 78 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Timofeev I. Ibn Battuta. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 230 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Columbus Christopher

Portuguese and Spanish navigator

Travel routes

1492-1493 - H. Columbus led the Spanish expedition, the purpose of which was to find the shortest sea route from Europe to India. During the voyage on three caravels "Santa Maria", "Pinta" and "Nina" the Sargasso Sea, the Bahamas, Cuba and Haiti were discovered.

October 12, 1492, when Columbus reached the island of Samana, is recognized as the official day of the discovery of America by Europeans.

During three subsequent expeditions across the Atlantic (1493-1496, 1498-1500, 1502-1504), Columbus discovered the Greater Antilles, part of the Lesser Antilles, the coasts of the South and Central America and the Caribbean Sea.

Until the end of his life, Columbus was sure that he had reached India.

Name on a geographical map

The name of Christopher Columbus is carried by a state in South America, mountains and plateaus in North America, a glacier in Alaska, a river in Canada and several cities in the United States.

In the United States of America there is Columbia University.

Travels of Christopher Columbus: Diaries, letters, documents / Per. from Spanish and comment. I. Sveta. - M.: Geographizdat, 1961. - 515 p.: ill.

Blasco Ibanez V. In search of the Great Khan: Novel: Per. from Spanish - Kaliningrad: Prince. publishing house, 1987. - 558 p.: ill. - (Marine romance).

Verlinden C. Christopher Columbus: Mirage and Perseverance: Trans. with him. // Conquerors of America. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1997. - S. 3-144.

Irving W. History of the life and travels of Christopher Columbus: Per. from English. // Irving V. Sobr. cit.: In 5 volumes: T. 3, 4. - M .: Terra - Book. club, 2002-2003.

Clients A.E. Christopher Columbus / Art. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2003. - 63 p.: ill. - (East novel).

Kovalevskaya O.T. Admiral's brilliant mistake: How Christopher Columbus, without knowing it, discovered New World, which was later called America / Lit. edited by T. Pesotskaya; Artistic N. Koshkin, G. Alexandrova, A. Skorikov. - M.: Interbuk, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).

Cooper J.F. Mercedes from Castile, or Journey to Cathay: Per. from English. - M.: Patriot, 1992. - 407 p.: ill.

Lange P.V. The Great Drifter: The Life of Christopher Columbus: Per. with him. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 224 p.: ill.

Magidovich I.P. Christopher Columbus. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 35 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Reifman L. From the harbor of hopes to the seas of anxiety: The life and times of Christopher Columbus: East. chronicles. - St. Petersburg: Lyceum: Soyuzteatr, 1992. - 302 p.: ill.

Rzhonsnitsky V.B. Discovery of America by Columbus. - SPb.: St. Petersburg Publishing House. un-ta, 1994. - 92 p.: ill.

Sabatini R. Columbus: Novel: Trans. from English. - M.: Respublika, 1992. - 286 p.

Light Ya.M. Columbus. - M.: Mol. guard, 1973. - 368 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.

Chronicles of the Discovery of America: New Spain: Book. 1: East documents: Per. from Spanish - M.: Academic project, 2000. - 496 p.: ill. - (B-ka Latin America).

Shishova Z.K. Great voyage: East. novel. - M.: Det. lit., 1972. - 336 p.: ill.

Edberg R. Letters to Columbus; Spirit of the Valley / Per. from the Swedish L. Zhdanova. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 361 p.: ill.

Krasheninnikov Stepan Petrovich

Russian naturalist, the first explorer of Kamchatka

Travel routes

1733-1743 - S.P. Krasheninnikov took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. First, under the guidance of academicians G.F. Miller and I.G. Gmelin, he studied Altai and Transbaikalia. In October 1737, Krasheninnikov went to Kamchatka on his own, where until June 1741 he carried out research, on the basis of which he subsequently compiled the first Description of the Land of Kamchatka (vols. 1-2, ed. 1756).

Name on a geographical map

An island near Kamchatka, a cape on Karaginsky Island and a mountain near Lake Kronotskoe are named after S.P. Krasheninnikov.

Krasheninnikov S.P. Description of the land of Kamchatka: In 2 volumes - Reprint. ed. - St. Petersburg: Science; Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky: Kamshat, 1994.

Varshavsky A.S. Sons of the Fatherland. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 303 p.: ill.

Mixon I.L. The Man Who...: East. story. - L .: Det. lit., 1989. - 208 p.: ill.

Fradkin N.G. S.P. Krasheninnikov. - M.: Thought, 1974. - 60 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Eidelman N.Ya. What is there beyond the sea-ocean?: A story about the Russian scientist S.P. Krasheninnikov, the discoverer of Kamchatka. - M.: Malysh, 1984. - 28 p.: ill. - (Pages of the history of our Motherland).

KRUZENSHTERN Ivan Fyodorovich

Russian navigator, admiral

Travel routes

1803-1806 - I.F. Kruzenshtern led the first Russian round-the-world expedition on the ships "Nadezhda" and "Neva". I.F. Kruzenshtern - author of the "Atlas of the South Sea" (vols. 1-2, 1823-1826)

Name on a geographical map

The name of I.F. Kruzenshtern bears the strait in the northern part Kuril Islands, two atolls in the Pacific Ocean and the southeast passage of the Korea Strait.

Kruzenshtern I.F. Travel around the world in 1803, 1804, 1805 and 1806 on the ships Nadezhda and Neva. - Vladivostok: Far East. book. publishing house, 1976. - 392 p.: ill. - (Dalnevost. ist. b-ka).

Zabolotskikh B.V. To the glory of the Russian flag: The Tale of I.F. Kruzenshtern, who led the first trip of Russians around the world in 1803-1806, and O.E. Kotzebue, who made an unprecedented voyage on the Rurik brig in 1815-1818. - M.: Autopan, 1996. - 285 p: ill.

Zabolotskikh B.V. Petrovsky Fleet: East. essays; To the Glory of the Russian Flag: A Tale; The Second Journey of Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Classics, 2002. - 367 p.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M. Ivan Fyodorovich Kruzenshtern. - M.: Nauka, 1974. - 176 p.: ill.

Firsov I.I. Russian Columbuses: The history of the round-the-world expedition of I. Kruzenshtern and Yu. Lisyansky. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 426 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).

Chukovsky N.K. Captain Kruzenshtern: A Tale. - M.: Bustard, 2002. - 165 p.: ill. - (Honor and courage).

Steinberg E.L. Glorious sailors Ivan Kruzenshtern and Yuri Lisyansky. - M.: Detgiz, 1954. - 224 p.: ill.

COOK James

English navigator

Travel routes

1768-1771 - round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Endeavor" under the command of J. Cook. The insular position of New Zealand has been determined, the Great Barrier Reef and the east coast of Australia have been discovered.

1772-1775 - the goal of the second expedition led by Cook on the ship "Resolution" (to find and map the southern mainland) was not achieved. As a result of the search, the South Sandwich Islands, New Caledonia, Norfolk, South Georgia were discovered.

1776-1779 - Cook's third round-the-world expedition on the ships "Resolution" and "Discovery" aimed to find the Northwest Passage connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans. The passage was not found, but were opened Hawaiian Islands and part of the coast of Alaska. On the way back J.Cook was killed on one of the islands by natives.

Name on a geographical map

The highest mountain in New Zealand, a bay in the Pacific Ocean, islands in Polynesia and the strait between the North and southern islands New Zealand.

James Cook's first circumnavigation of the world: The Endeavour, 1768-1771. / J.Cook. - M.: Geographizdat, 1960. - 504 p.: ill.

Second circumnavigation of the world by James Cook: Voyage to the South Pole and around the world in 1772-1775. / J.Cook. - M.: Thought, 1964. - 624 p.: ill. - (Geographic Ser.).

James Cook's third circumnavigation of the world: Sailing in the Pacific 1776-1780. / J.Cook. - M.: Thought, 1971. - 636 p.: ill.

Vladimirov V.I. Cook. - M.: Spark of Revolution, 1933. - 168 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

McLean A. Captain Cook: History of geogr. discoveries of the great navigator: Per. from English. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 155 p.: ill. - (Great geographical discoveries).

Middleton H. Captain Cook: The famous navigator: Per. from English. / Il. A. Marx. - M.: AsKON, 1998. - 31 p.: ill. - (Great names).

Light Ya.M. James Cook. - M.: Thought, 1979. - 110 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Chukovsky N.K. Frigate Drivers: A Book of Great Navigators. - M.: ROSMEN, 2001. - 509 p. - (Golden Triangle).

The first part of the book is titled "Captain James Cook and his three voyages around the world" (pp. 7-111).

LAZAREV Mikhail Petrovich

Russian naval commander and navigator

Travel routes

1813-1816 - circumnavigation on the ship "Suvorov" from Kronstadt to the coast of Alaska and back.

1819-1821 - commanding the Mirny sloop, M.P. Lazarev participated in a round-the-world expedition led by F.F. Bellingshausen.

1822-1824 - MP Lazarev led a round-the-world expedition on the frigate "Cruiser".

Name on a geographical map

A sea in the Atlantic Ocean, an ice shelf and an underwater trench in East Antarctica, a village on the Black Sea coast are named after M.P. Lazarev.

The Russian Antarctic Research Station also bears the name of MP Lazarev.

Ostrovsky B.G. Lazarev. - M.: Mol. guard, 1966. - 176 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Firsov I.I. Half a century under sail. - M.: Thought, 1988. - 238 p.: ill.

Firsov I.I. Antarctica and Navarino: A Novel. - M.: Armada, 1998. - 417 p.: ill. - (Russian commanders).

LIVINGSTON David

English explorer of Africa

Travel routes

Since 1841 - numerous trips to the interior regions of South and Central Africa.

1849-1851 - Research of the area of ​​Lake Ngami.

1851-1856 - Research of the Zambezi River. D. Livingston discovered the Victoria Falls and was the first European to cross the African continent.

1858-1864 - Exploration of the Zambezi River, Lakes Chilwa and Nyasa.

1866-1873 - several expeditions in search of the sources of the Nile.

Name on a geographical map

The waterfalls on the Congo River and the city on the Zambezi River are named after the English traveler.

Livingston D. Travels in South Africa: Per. from English. / Il. author. - M.: EKSMO-Press, 2002. - 475 p.: ill. - (Wind rose: Epochs; Continents; Events; Seas; Discoveries).

Livingston D., Livingston C. Traveling the Zambezi, 1858-1864: Per. from English. - M.: Tsentrpoligraf, 2001. - 460 p.: ill.

Adamovich M.P. Livingston. - M.: Mol. guard, 1938. - 376 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Votte G. David Livingston: The Life of an African Explorer: Per. with him. - M.: Thought, 1984. - 271 p.: ill.

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).

MAGELLAN Fernand

(c. 1480-1521)

Portuguese navigator

Travel routes

1519-1521 - F. Magellan led the first round-the-world voyage in the history of mankind. Magellan's expedition discovered the coast South America south of La Plata, circled the continent, crossed the strait, later named after the navigator, then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached Philippine Islands. On one of them Magellan was killed. After his death, the expedition was led by J.S. Elcano, thanks to which the only one of the ships ("Victoria") and the last eighteen sailors (out of two hundred and sixty-five crew members) were able to reach the coast of Spain.

Name on a geographical map

The Strait of Magellan is located between the mainland of South America and the Tierra del Fuego archipelago, connecting the Atlantic and Pacific oceans.

Boytsov M.A. Way of Magellan / Khudozh. S. Boyko. - M.: Malysh, 1991. - 19 p.: ill.

Kunin K.I. Magellan. - M.: Mol. guard, 1940. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Lange P.V. Like the sun: The life of F. Magellan and the first circumnavigation of the world: Per. with him. - M.: Progress, 1988. - 237 p.: ill.

Pigafetta A. Journey of Magellan: Per. with it.; Mitchell M. El Cano - the first circumnavigator: Per. from English. - M.: Thought, 2000. - 302 p.: ill. - (Travel and travelers).

Subbotin V.A. Great discoveries: Columbus; Vasco da Gama; Magellan. - M.: Publishing house of URAO, 1998. - 269 p.: ill.

Travinsky V.M. Navigator's Star: Magellan: East. story. - M.: Mol. guard, 1969. - 191 p.: ill.

Khvilevitskaya E.M. How the earth turned out to be a ball / Art. A. Ostromentsky. - M.: Interbuk, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Zweig S. Magellan; Amerigo: Per. with him. - M.: AST, 2001. - 317 p.: ill. - (World classics).

Miklukho-Maclay Nikolay Nikolaevich

Russian scientist, explorer of Oceania and New Guinea

Travel routes

1866-1867 - travel to the Canary Islands and Morocco.

1871-1886 - study of indigenous people South-East Asia, Australia and Oceania, including the Papuans of the Northeast coast of New Guinea.

Name on a geographical map

The Miklouho-Maclay Coast is located in New Guinea.

The Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology of the Russian Academy of Sciences also bears the name of Nikolai Nikolaevich Miklukho-Maclay.

Man from the moon: Diaries, articles, letters of N.N.Miklukho-Maclay. - M.: Mol. guard, 1982. - 336 p.: ill. - (Arrow).

Balandin R.K. N.N.Miklukho-Maclay: Book. for students / Fig. author. - M.: Enlightenment, 1985. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Miklouho-Maclay is titled “I do not foresee the end of my travels…” (pp. 233-236).

Greenop F.S. About the one who wandered alone: ​​Per. from English. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 260 p.: ill.

Kolesnikov M.S. Miklukho Maclay. - M.: Mol. guard, 1965. - 272 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Markov S.N. Tamo - Russian Maclay: Tales. - M.: Sov. writer, 1975. - 208 p.: ill.

Orlov O.P. Come back to us, Maclay!: A story. - M.: Det. lit., 1987. - 48 p.: ill.

Putilov B.N. NN Miklukho-Maclay: Traveler, scientist, humanist. - M.: Progress, 1985. - 280 p.: ill.

Tynyanova L.N. A friend from afar: a story. - M.: Det. lit., 1976. - 332 p.: ill.

NANSEN Fridtjof

Norwegian polar explorer

Travel routes

1888 - F. Nansen made the first ever ski crossing through Greenland.

1893-1896 - Nansen on the Fram ship drifted across the Arctic Ocean from the New Siberian Islands to the Svalbard archipelago. As a result of the expedition, extensive oceanographic and meteorological material was collected, but Nansen failed to reach the North Pole.

1900 - expedition to study the currents of the Arctic Ocean.

Name on a geographical map

An underwater basin and an underwater ridge in the Arctic Ocean, as well as a number of geographical objects in the Arctic and Antarctic, are named after Nansen.

Nansen F. To the country of the future: The Great Northern Route from Europe to Siberia through the Kara Sea / Authoriz. per. from Norwegian A. and P. Hansen. - Krasnoyarsk: Prince. publishing house, 1982. - 335 p.: ill.

Nansen F. Through the eyes of a friend: Chapters from the book "Through the Caucasus to the Volga": Per. with him. - Makhachkala: Dagestan book. publishing house, 1981. - 54 p.: ill.

Nansen F. "Fram" in the polar sea: At 2 o'clock: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Geographizdat, 1956.

Kublitsky G.I. Fridtjof Nansen: His Life and Extraordinary Adventures. - M.: Det. lit., 1981. - 287 p.: ill.

Nansen-Heyer L. Book about the father: Per. from Norwegian - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1986. - 512 p.: ill.

Pasetsky V.M. Fridtjof Nansen, 1861-1930. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 335 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).

Sannes T.B. "Fram": Adventures of polar expeditions: Per. with him. - L .: Shipbuilding, 1991. - 271 p.: ill. - (Remarkable ships).

Talanov A. Nansen. - M.: Mol. guard, 1960. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Holt K. Competition: [About the expeditions of R.F. Scott and R. Amundsen]; Wandering: [On the expedition of F. Nansen and J. Johansen] / Per. from Norwegian L. Zhdanova. - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).

Please note that this book (in the appendix) contains an essay by the famous traveler Thor Heyerdahl Fridtjof Nansen: A Warm Heart in a Cold World.

Tsentkevich A., Tsentkevich Ch. What will you become, Fridtjof: [Tales about F. Nansen and R. Amundsen]. - Kyiv: Dnipro, 1982. - 502 p.: ill.

Shackleton E. Fridtjof Nansen - researcher: Per. from English. - M.: Progress, 1986. - 206 p.: ill.

NIKITIN Afanasy

(? - 1472 or 1473)

Russian merchant, traveler in Asia

Travel routes

1466-1472 - A. Nikitin's journey through the countries of the Middle East and India. On the way back, stopping at the Cafe (Feodosia), Afanasy Nikitin wrote a description of his travels and adventures - "Journey beyond the three seas."

Nikitin A. Journey beyond three seas Athanasius Nikitin. - L.: Nauka, 1986. - 212 p.: ill. - (Lit. monuments).

Nikitin A. Journey beyond three seas: 1466-1472. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2004. - 118 p.: ill.

Varzhapetyan V.V. The Tale of the Merchant, the Pinto Horse and the Talking Bird / Fig. N. Nepomniachtchi. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 95 p.: ill.

Vitashevskaya M.N. The wanderings of Athanasius Nikitin. - M.: Thought, 1972. - 118 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

All peoples are one: [Coll.]. - M.: Sirin, B.g. - 466 p.: ill. - (History of the Fatherland in novels, stories, documents).

The collection includes the story of V. Pribytkov "The Tver Guest" and the book of Afanasy Nikitin himself "Journey Beyond the Three Seas".

Grimberg F.I. Seven songs of a Russian foreigner: Nikitin: East. novel. - M.: AST: Astrel, 2003. - 424 p.: ill. - (Golden library of the source of the novel: Russian travelers).

Kachaev Yu.G. Far away / Fig. M. Romadina. - M.: Malysh, 1982. - 24 p.: ill.

Kunin K.I. Over Three Seas: The Journey of the Tver Merchant Athanasius Nikitin: Ist. story. - Kaliningrad: Amber Tale, 2002. - 199 p.: ill. - (Cherished pages).

Murashova K. Afanasy Nikitin: The Tale of a Tver Merchant / Khudozh. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2005. - 63 p.: ill. - (East novel).

Semenov L.S. Travel of Athanasius Nikitin. - M.: Nauka, 1980. - 145 p.: ill. - (History of science and technology).

Soloviev A.P. Journey beyond three seas: a novel. - M.: Terra, 1999. - 477 p. - (Fatherland).

Tager E.M. The Tale of Afanasy Nikitin. - L .: Det. lit., 1966. - 104 p.: ill.

PIRI Robert Edwin

American polar explorer

Travel routes

1892 and 1895 - two trips through Greenland.

From 1902 to 1905 - several unsuccessful attempts to conquer the North Pole.

Finally, R. Piri announced that he had reached the North Pole on April 6, 1909. However, seventy years after the traveler's death, when, according to his will, the diaries of the expedition were declassified, it turned out that Piri could not actually reach the pole, he stopped at 89˚55΄ N.

Name on a geographical map

The peninsula in the far north of Greenland is called Piri Land.

Piri R. North Pole; Amundsen R. South Pole. - M.: Thought, 1981. - 599 p.: ill.

Pay attention to the article by F. Treshnikov "Robert Pirie and the conquest of the North Pole" (pp. 225-242).

Piri R. North Pole / Per. from English. L. Petkyavichute. - Vilnius: Vituris, 1988. - 239 p.: ill. - (World of discoveries).

Karpov G.V. Robert Peary. - M.: Geographizdat, 1956. - 39 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

POLO Marco

(c. 1254-1324)

Venetian merchant, traveler

Travel routes

1271-1295 - M. Polo's journey through the countries of Central and East Asia.

The memoirs of the Venetian about wanderings in the East made up the famous "Book of Marco Polo" (1298), which for almost 600 years remained the most important source of information for the West about China and other Asian countries.

Polo M. A book about the diversity of the world / Per. from old French I.P. Minaeva; Foreword H.L. Borges. - St. Petersburg: Amphora, 1999. - 381 p.: ill. - (Personal library of Borges).

Polo M. Book of Wonders: An excerpt from the "Book of Wonders of the World" from the Nat. libraries of France: Per. from fr. - M.: White City, 2003. - 223 p.: ill.

Davidson E., Davis G. Son of Heaven: The Wanderings of Marco Polo / Per. from English. M. Kondratiev. - SPb.: ABC: Terra - Book. club, 1997. - 397 p. - (New Earth: Fantasy).

A novel-fantasy on the theme of the wanderings of a Venetian merchant.

Maink W. The Amazing Adventures of Marco Polo: [Ist. story] / Abbr. per. with him. L. Lungina. - St. Petersburg: Brask: Epoch, 1993. - 303 p.: ill. - (Version).

Pesotskaya T.E. Treasures of a Venetian merchant: How Marco Polo wandered around the East a quarter of a century ago and wrote a famous book about various miracles that no one wanted to believe in / Khudozh. I. Oleinikov. - M.: Interbuk, 1997. - 18 p.: ill. - (The greatest journeys).

Pronin V. Life of the great Venetian traveler Messer Marco Polo / Khudozh. Yu.Saevich. - M.: Kron-Press, 1993. - 159 p.: ill.

Tolstikov A.Ya. Marco Polo: Venetian Wanderer / Art. A. Chauzov. - M.: White City, 2004. - 63 p.: ill. - (East novel).

Hart G. Venetian Marco Polo: Per. from English. - M.: TERRA-Kn. club, 1999. - 303 p. - (Portraits).

Shklovsky V.B. Land Scout - Marco Polo: East. story. - M.: Mol. guard, 1969. - 223 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Aers J. Marco Polo: Per. from fr. - Rostov-on-Don: Phoenix, 1998. - 348 p.: ill. - (Mark on history).

Przhevalsky Nikolai Mikhailovich

Russian geographer, explorer of Central Asia

Travel routes

1867-1868 - research expeditions in the Amur region and the Ussuri region.

1870-1885 - 4 expeditions to Central Asia.

The scientific results of the expeditions N.M. Przhevalsky outlined in a number of books, giving a detailed description of the relief, climate, vegetation and wildlife of the studied territories.

Name on a geographical map

The name of the Russian geographer is given to a ridge in Central Asia and a city in the southeastern part of the Issyk-Kul region (Kyrgyzstan).

The wild horse, first described by the scientist, is called Przewalski's horse.

Przhevalsky N.M. Journey in the Ussuri region, 1867-1869 - Vladivostok: Far East. book. publishing house, 1990. - 328 p.: ill.

Przhevalsky N.M. Travel in Asia. - M.: Armada-press, 2001. - 343 p.: ill. - (Green series: Around the world).

Gavrilenkov V.M. Russian traveler N.M. Przhevalsky. - Smolensk: Mosk. worker: Smolenskoe department, 1989. - 143 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.

The chapter devoted to Przhevalsky is called "The exceptional good is freedom ..." (pp. 272-275).

Grimailo Ya.V. Great Pathfinder: A Tale. - Ed. 2nd, revised. and additional - Kyiv: Young, 1989. - 314 p.: ill.

Kozlov I.V. Great traveler: Life and work of N.M. Przhevalsky, the first explorer of the nature of Central Asia. - M.: Thought, 1985. - 144 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).

Overclocking L.E. “Ascetics are needed like the sun…” // Razgon L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - S. 35-72.

Repin L.B. “And again I return ...”: Przhevalsky: Pages of life. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 175 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Khmelnitsky S.I. Przhevalsky. - M.: Mol. guard, 1950. - 175 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Yusov B.V. N.M. Przhevalsky: Prince. for students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1985. - 95 p.: ill. - (People of science).

PRONCHISHCHEV Vasily Vasilievich

Russian navigator

Travel routes

1735-1736 - VV Pronchishchev took part in the 2nd Kamchatka expedition. A detachment under his command explored the coast of the Arctic Ocean from the mouth of the Lena to Cape Thaddeus (Taimyr).

Name on a geographical map

The name of V.V. Pronchishchev is part of east coast the Taimyr Peninsula, a ridge (hill) in the north-west of Yakutia and a bay in the Laptev Sea.

Golubev G.N. “Descendants for the news…”: Ist.-dokum. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1986. - 255 p.: ill.

Krutogorov Yu.A. Where Neptune Leads: East. story. - M.: Det. lit., 1990. - 270 p.: ill.

SEMENOV-TIAN-SHANSKY Petr Petrovich

(before 1906 - Semyonov)

Russian scientist, researcher of Asia

Travel routes

1856-1857 - Expedition to the Tien Shan.

1888 - expedition to Turkestan and the Transcaspian region.

Name on a geographical map

A ridge in Nanshan, a glacier and a peak in the Tien Shan, mountains in Alaska and Svalbard are named after Semenov-Tyan-Shansky.

Semenov-Tyan-Shansky P.P. Journey to the Tien Shan: 1856-1857. - M.: Geografgiz, 1958. - 277 p.: ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. For you, Russia: Tales. - M.: Sovremennik, 1983. - 320 p.: ill.

Aldan-Semenov A.I. Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Mol. guard, 1965. - 304 p.: ill. - (Life is noticed by people).

Antoshko Ya., Solovyov A. At the origins of Jaksart. - M.: Thought, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Dyadyuchenko L.B. Pearl in the wall of the barracks: a novel-chronicle. - Frunze: Mektep, 1986. - 218 p.: ill.

Kozlov I.V. Pyotr Petrovich Semenov-Tyan-Shansky. - M.: Enlightenment, 1983. - 96 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Kozlov I.V., Kozlova A.V. Pyotr Petrovich Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky: 1827-1914. - M.: Nauka, 1991. - 267 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).

Overclocking L.E. Tien Shan // Acceleration L.E. Seven lives. - M.: Det. lit., 1992. - S. 9-34.

SCOTT Robert Falcon

English explorer of Antarctica

Travel routes

1901-1904 - Antarctic expedition on the ship "Discovery". As a result of this expedition, King Edward VII Land, the Transantarctic Mountains, the Ross Ice Shelf were discovered, and Victoria Land was explored.

1910-1912 - Expedition of R. Scott to Antarctica on the ship "Terra-Nova".

January 18, 1912 (33 days later than R. Amundsen) Scott and four of his companions reached the South Pole. On the way back, all travelers died.

Name on a geographical map

An island and two glaciers off the coast of Antarctica, part of the western coast of Victoria Land (Scott Coast) and mountains on Enderby Land are named after Robert Scott.

The US Antarctic Research Station is named after the first explorers of the South Pole - "Amundsen-Scott Pole".

The name of the polar traveler is also the New Zealand scientific station on the coast of the Ross Sea in Antarctica and the Institute of Polar Research in Cambridge.

The last expedition of R. Scott: Personal diaries of Captain R. Scott, which he kept during the expedition to the South Pole. - M.: Geographizdat, 1955. - 408 p.: ill.

Golovanov Ya. Etudes about scientists. - M.: Mol. guard, 1983. - 415 p.: ill.

The chapter dedicated to Scott is called "Fight to the last cracker ..." (pp. 290-293).

Ladlem G. Captain Scott: Per. from English. - Ed. 2nd, rev. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1989. - 287 p.: ill.

Priestley R. Antarctic Odyssey: Northern party of R. Scott's expedition: Per. from English. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1985. - 360 p.: ill.

Holt K. Contest; Wandering: Per. from Norwegian - M.: Physical culture and sport, 1987. - 301 p.: ill. - (Extraordinary travel).

Cherry-Garrard E. The most terrible journey: Per. from English. - L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1991. - 551 p.: ill.

STANLEY (STANLEY) Henry Morton

(real name and surname - John R o l e n d s)

journalist, African researcher

Travel routes

1871-1872 - G. M. Stanley, as a correspondent for the New York Herald, participated in the search for the missing D. Livingston. The expedition was successful: the great explorer of Africa was found near Lake Tanganyika.

1874-1877 - GM Stanley crosses the African continent twice. Explores Lake Victoria, the Congo River, looking for the source of the Nile.

1887-1889 - G. M. Stanley leads an English expedition that crosses Africa from West to East, and explores the Aruvimi River.

Name on a geographical map

In honor of G.M. Stanley, waterfalls are named in upstream rivers of the Congo.

Stanley G.M. In the wilds of Africa: Per. from English. - M.: Geographizdat, 1958. - 446 p.: ill.

Karpov G.V. Henry Stanley. - M.: Geografgiz, 1958. - 56 p.: ill. - (Remarkable geographers and travelers).

Columbus; Livingston; Stanley; A. Humboldt; Przhevalsky: Biogr. storytelling. - Chelyabinsk: Ural LTD, 2000. - 415 p.: ill. - (Life of remarkable people: Biogr. F. Pavlenkov's library).

KHABAROV Erofey Pavlovich

(c. 1603, according to other sources, c. 1610 - after 1667, according to other sources, after 1671)

Russian explorer and navigator, explorer of the Amur region

Travel routes

1649-1653 - E.P. Khabarov made a number of campaigns in the Amur region, compiled a “Drawing of the Amur River”.

Name on a geographical map

A city and a region in the Far East are named after the Russian explorer, as well as railroad station Erofey Pavlovich on the Trans-Siberian Railway.

Leontieva G.A. Explorer Erofey Pavlovich Khabarov: Book. for students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1991. - 143 p.: ill.

Romanenko D.I. Erofei Khabarov: A novel. - Khabarovsk: Prince. publishing house, 1990. - 301 p.: ill. - (Far East library).

Safronov F.G. Erofey Khabarov. - Khabarovsk: Prince. publishing house, 1983. - 32 p.

SCHMIDT Otto Yulievich

Russian mathematician, geophysicist, Arctic explorer

Travel routes

1929-1930 - O.Yu. Schmidt equipped and led the expedition on the ship "George Sedov" to Severnaya Zemlya.

1932 - expeditions led by O.Yu. Schmidt on the icebreaker "Sibiryakov" managed for the first time to pass from Arkhangelsk to Kamchatka in one navigation.

1933-1934 - O.Yu.Shmidt led the northern expedition on the steamer "Chelyuskin". The ship caught in ice captivity was crushed by ice and sank. The expedition members, who had been drifting on the ice floes for several months, were rescued by the pilots.

Name on a geographical map

The name of O.Yu. Schmidt is given to an island in the Kara Sea, a cape on the coast of the Chukchi Sea, the peninsula of Novaya Zemlya, one of the peaks and a pass in the Pamirs, a plain in Antarctica.

Voskoboynikov V.M. On an ice trip. - M.: Malysh, 1989. - 39 p.: ill. - (Legendary heroes).

Voskoboynikov V.M. Call of the Arctic: Heroic Chronicle: Academician Schmidt. - M.: Mol. guard, 1975. - 192 p.: ill. - (Pioneer means first).

Duel I.I. Lifeline: Dokum. story. - M.: Politizdat, 1977. - 128 p.: ill. - (Heroes of the Soviet Motherland).

Nikitenko N.F. O.Yu. Schmidt: Book. for students. - M.: Enlightenment, 1992. - 158 p.: ill. - (People of science).

Otto Yulievich Schmidt: Life and work: Sat. - M.: Publishing House of the Academy of Sciences of the USSR, 1959. - 470 p.: ill.

Matveeva L.V. Otto Yulievich Schmidt: 1891-1956. - M.: Nauka, 1993. - 202 p.: ill. - (Scientific biographical series).

Period of great geographical discoveries began in the 15th century and continued until the 17th century. During this period, the inhabitants of Europe, mainly through sea routes, discovered and explored new lands, and also began to colonize them. During this period, new continents were discovered - Australia, North and South America, trade routes were laid from Europe to the countries of Asia, Africa, and the islands of Oceania. Navigators played a leading role in the development of new lands Spain and Portugal.

The impetus for the great geographical discoveries, in addition to scientific interest and curiosity, was an economic interest, and sometimes a direct thirst for profit. In those days, distant India seemed to Europeans a fabulous country in placers of silver, gold and precious stones. In addition, Indian spices brought caravan routes Arab merchants to Europe, cost a fortune in Europe. Therefore, the Europeans sought to reach India and trade with the Indians directly, without the mediation of Arab merchants. Or rob them...

In 1492 Christopher Columbus, who was looking for a direct sea route to India, America was discovered. Shortly before this, the Portuguese found a sea route to the Indian Ocean and reached it for the first time. But the desired India remained all the same unattainable. A whole century after Columbus Vasco de Gama nevertheless managed to be the first European to reach India by sea circumnavigating the African continent. And soon Marco Polo reached China.

Completely destroyed the idea of ​​​​believers about a flat earth Ferdinand Magellan, who made the world's first trip around the world on his ships in 1522. Now it has become clear even to the most backward inhabitants of the Earth that the Earth is round and is a sphere.

Great geographical discoveries made great cultural exchange between different countries and civilizations. It also changed the biological balance of the planet. In addition to getting to know culture, traditions and inventions different countries, Europeans also transported animals, plants, slaves around the planet. Races mixed, some plants and animals crowded out others. Europeans brought smallpox to America, to which the locals had no immunity, and they died en masse from the disease.

GREAT GEOGRAPHICAL DISCOVERIES, the term accepted in the literature to refer to the largest geographical discoveries made by European travelers in the period from the end of the 15th century (when the idea of ​​a continuous sea route to the countries of the East first appeared in Europe) to the middle of the 17th century (when only sea routes to these countries were already discovered, and as for others, it has been established that they, if they exist, cannot be of practical importance). Other dates are found in foreign literature, usually the middle of the 15th - the middle of the 16th centuries. The term "Great geographical discoveries" is conditional, but there are reasons for its use: the most important geographical discoveries have never been made with such intensity and had such significance for the development of Europe and the whole world as during this period. Since the end of the 20th century, on the eve of and during the celebration of the 500th anniversary of the discovery of America and the sea route to India, a sharp controversy has unfolded around the role of the Great Geographical Discoveries. In particular, public figures and scientists in a number of Latin American, Asian and African countries refused to "celebrate the beginning of their oppression" and denied the term "discovery" itself, replacing it with a "meeting of cultures" or "concealment" of one culture by another.

Background of the Great geographical discoveries. A number of reasons contributed to the Great geographical discoveries. The growth of cities and the development of commodity-money relations in Europe led to a shortage of precious metals, which necessitated the search for new lands, where they hoped to find gold, silver, as well as spices, ivory (in southern countries), valuable furs and walrus tusks (in the north). The development of the European economy assumed closer trade ties with the East, which was considered the center of all wealth. In the middle of the 15th century, trade routes to the East through Asia Minor and Syria were blocked as a result of Ottoman conquests; there was an urgent need to open direct sea routes for trade without intermediaries. Religious and political reasons also played their role. After the fall of Byzantium, the Ottomans threatened all of Europe, and in search of allies, Christians hoped to find fellow believers in the East. The legend about the Christian state of Prester John, known since the 12th century, was revived, which from the 15th century began to be identified with Christian Ethiopia. The Europeans sought to find this power and conclude a military alliance with it against the Muslims in order to stop the Ottoman offensive, recapture Constantinople and, resuming the Crusades, return the Holy Sepulcher.

Great geographical discoveries became possible thanks to the achievements of European science and technology. High-speed and maneuverable sailing ships- caravels; instruments and tables that made it possible to plot the desired course and determine the location of the vessel (astrolabe, compass, Regiomontanian tables). Geographic maps have become more accurate. An important role was played by the assumption that the Earth was spherical, which had spread towards the end of the 15th century. At the same time, the invention of printing in Europe in the middle of the 15th century made reference literature on navigation and descriptions of the latest discoveries relatively accessible, provoking further searches. The successful expansion was facilitated by the naval superiority of the Europeans over the peoples they encountered.

During this period, Spain and Portugal were the most prepared for the Great geographical discoveries, which had convenient ports, a long and rich maritime tradition; their geographical position promoted navigation in the Atlantic Ocean. Portugal, having completed the Reconquista on its territory in the middle of the 13th century, was ready for significant maritime expansion by the beginning of the 15th century. By the end of the 15th century, with the completion of the Spanish Reconquista and the unification of the country, Spain also prepared for sea voyages, using the captured Canary Islands, which became a convenient base for further expeditions.

Traditionally, the Great geographical discoveries are divided into 2 periods: the end of the 15th - the middle of the 16th century - the period of the most important discoveries, in which Portugal and Spain played the main role; the middle of the 16th - the middle of the 17th centuries - the period of the predominance of the geographical discoveries of England and Holland. At the same time, Russian explorers made outstanding discoveries in Siberia and the Far East.

First period. By the beginning of the 1st period of the Great Geographical Discoveries, the Portuguese, having been moving south along the western coast of Africa for several decades, were mastering the wealth of the occupied territories (reached the Gulf of Guinea). An outstanding role in organizing their voyages for 40 years (until 1460) was played by Enrique the Navigator. It is possible that the turn of the coastline to the east at the entrance to the Gulf of Guinea, which was not provided for on the maps of that time, is associated with the emergence of the very idea of ​​a sea route to the countries of the East, which contradicted the views of the ancient geographer Claudius Ptolemy. In the 1460-70s, the advance of the Portuguese to the south was temporarily suspended, since it took time to develop the riches of the coast of the Gulf of Guinea (gold, ivory, etc.); it resumed in the 1480s at a faster rate. In two expeditions in 1482-84 and 1484-86 (or 1487), D. Kahn advanced 2500 km southward, reaching the coast of the Namib Desert (22° south latitude). In 1487-1488, B. Dias rounded the southern tip of Africa and entered the Indian Ocean.

In the 1480s, H. Columbus put forward a project for a western route to the countries of the East. In the voyage of 1492-93 under the Spanish flag, he first crossed the Atlantic Ocean in subtropical latitudes and discovered lands beyond the ocean - the Bahamas, the island of Cuba, the island of Haiti. 10/12/1492, when he first landed in the Bahamas, is considered the official date of the discovery of America. Later, Columbus made 3 more voyages (1493-96, 1498-1500, 1502-04), during which the discovery of the Greater Antilles was completed, many Lesser Antilles were discovered, as well as sections of the coast of the mainland near the mouth of the Orinoco River and from the Yucatan Peninsula to Darien Gulf. The differences between Spain and Portugal regarding the rights to open lands were settled by the Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494. However, other countries, whose interests the treaty ignored, did not want to recognize it, in 1497 England joined the Great Geographical Discoveries: J. Cabot, trying to reach Japan and China, discovered the island of Newfoundland (1497) and the coast of North America (1498).

Further discoveries are connected, first of all, with the Portuguese expeditions in the basin indian ocean, Spanish and Portuguese expansion in Latin America. In the voyage of 1497-99, Vasco da Gama discovered an uninterrupted sea route from Western Europe around South Africa to India (1498). In 150, the Portuguese P. Alvaris Cabral, on his way to India, discovered a section of the coast of Brazil, after which its colonization by the Portuguese began; in the same voyage, the island of Madagascar was discovered. Having established themselves under the viceroys of Almeida and Albuquerque on the east coast of Africa and the west coast of India, having crushed the resistance of Egypt in the naval battle of Diu (1509), the Portuguese captured Malacca in 1511, which became the base for further advancement. In 1512 they reached the Spice Islands (Moluccas), later China and Japan. The Spaniards were more active in the New World: A. de Ojeda and A. Vespucci (1499-1500), V. Yanes Pinson (1499-1500), D. de Lepe (1499-1500), R. de Bastidas (1500-1502) and others traced the coast of South America from the Gulf of Darien to 16° north latitude. In 1509-28, the Spaniards explored the coast of the Yucatan Peninsula and Gulf of Mexico; in 1513, H. Ponce de Leon, in search of the legendary "fountain of youth," discovered the Florida peninsula and the Gulf Stream. A. Alvarez de Pineda in 1519 passed along the entire northern coast of the Gulf of Mexico. But already at the beginning of the 16th century, it became obvious that the lands discovered across the ocean were not Asia, but a new, previously unknown, part of the world. But while the wealth of America was not yet discovered, it was perceived as an obstacle on the way to the countries of the East. In 1513, V. Nunez de Balboa crossed the Isthmus of Panama and went to the Pacific Ocean, which he called South Sea. In search of a strait leading to this sea, D. Diaz de Solis in 1515-16 explored the Gulf of La Plata. The Spanish expedition of F. Magellan managed to find the strait, whose ships then crossed the Pacific Ocean and reached the Philippines and the Moluccas, realizing the plan of Columbus - to pave the western route to the countries of the East. After the death of Magellan, part of his companions, led by J. S. Elcano, returned to Spain through the Indian and Atlantic oceans, making the first ever circumnavigation of the world (1519-22).

At the same time, a conquest unfolded in America. After the expeditions of F. Hernandez de Cordova and J. Grijalva in 1517-18 explored the way to Mexico, the Aztec power located in its central part was conquered by E. Cortes (1519-21). In the 1520-30s, the Spaniards (Cortez, P. de Alvarado, K. de Olid, etc.) conquered other regions of Mexico, Guatemala and Honduras, traced the Pacific coast of Central America from the California peninsula to modern Panama. In 1527-29, A. de Saavedra sailed from Mexico to the Moluccas and China, he could not return due to headwinds, but discovered part of the Admiralty, Marshall and Caroline Islands. A. Nunez Caveza de Vaca (1529-36), E. de Soto (1539-42) and F. Vasquez de Coronado (1540-42) explored the southern part of the modern USA. In 1526-35, conquistadors led by F. Pizarro reached the Inca state of Tahuantinsuyu and conquered its central regions. In 1535-37, D. de Almagro made a trip to the south from Peru, he was the first European to cross the Andes and reach 36 ° south latitude. In 1540-53, P. de Valdivia, trying to conquer Chile, moved south to 40 ° south latitude. In 1536-37, G. Jimenez de Quesada, in search of the gold-rich country of Eldorado, discovered and conquered mountainous Colombia, where the highly developed civilization of the Chibcha Muisca was located. The lower and middle reaches of the Orinoco River were explored in 1531-32 by D. de Ordas, and F. de Orellana in 1541-42 crossed South America in its widest part along the Amazon. Other conquistadors, advancing from the Gulf of La Plata, examined the course of the Paraná and Uruguay rivers.

French explorers have been participating in the Great Geographical Discoveries since the 1520s. In search of a passage from Atlantic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean G. Verrazzano in 1524 walked along east coast North America from 34 to 46 ° north latitude, and in 1534-36, J. Cartier explored the bay and the St. Lawrence River (before the Ottawa River flows into it). Having received information about the Great Lakes, he decided that we were talking about the Pacific Ocean or about the passage to it. The lakes were discovered by the French in the 1620s and 30s (S. Champlain and others).

Second period. At the beginning of the 2nd period of the Great geographical discoveries, Spain and Portugal, having captured vast territories, began to develop them and lost the initiative to England, and then to Holland. Since the already open sea routes to the countries of the East around Africa and America were controlled by Portugal and Spain (and the latter was also too long and risky), at that time the search for the Northwest Passage and the Northeast Passage was especially active. In 1553, the English expedition of H. Willoughby and R. Chancellor was sent in search of the Northeast Passage, establishing trade relations with Russia. At the end of the 16th century, an active search for the Northeast Passage was conducted by Holland, which equipped three expeditions in a row (1594, 1595, 1596-97). V. Barents played a key role in them, although he did not officially lead them. However, the Dutch could not advance further than Novaya Zemlya (where the first polar wintering known in history took place in 1596-97), and navigation in this direction was stopped. In search of the Northwest Way, the Englishmen M. Frobisher, J. Davies, G. Hudson, R. Bylot, W. Buffin, L. Fox and others from the 1570s to the early 1630s discovered in the polar part of North America many islands, straits, bays, including Hudson Bay (1610). However, they failed to find either a passage to the Pacific Ocean or special riches. In the 1630s and 1640s, navigators came to the conclusion that the Northwest Passage, if it existed, was of no commercial importance. In general, the search for the Northeast and Northwest passages, although not successful (they were discovered only in the 19th and 20th centuries), contributed to the accumulation of knowledge about the northern seas and lands; rich areas of fishing and whaling were discovered. The English pirate F. Drake made his contribution to the Great geographical discoveries: having completed the second round-the-world voyage after Magellan in 1577-80, he discovered the strait that separates Antarctica from Tierra del Fuego, and a section of the Pacific coast of North America.

The Spaniards in the 2nd half of the 16th - early 17th centuries organized three voyages from Peru across the Pacific Ocean in search of the biblical country of Ophir, as well as the Unknown Southern Land (which, as it was then believed, occupies vast spaces in the hard-to-reach southern latitudes). In 1568, A. Mendanya de Neira discovered the Solomon Islands, but he erroneously determined their longitude, and therefore tried in vain to find them in 1595. During the expedition of 1605-07, which was also looking for them, led by P. Fernandez de Quiros, the New Hebrides archipelago was discovered, and L. Vaes de Torres, who commanded two ships, for the first time passed through the strait between New Guinea and Australia, mistaking the latter for the northeastern ledge Unknown Southern Land. The discovery of Torres was classified and became known only in the 18th century. An important discovery was made by members of the expedition of M. Lopez de Legazpi, which marked the beginning of the colonization of the Philippines: in 1565, when returning to Mexico, A. de Urdaneta found that about 40 ° north latitude, in contrast to southern latitudes, winds and currents favor the crossing of the Pacific Ocean in eastbound. Thanks to this, regular communications between Asia and America became possible.

At the turn of the 16th and 17th centuries, the Dutch ousted the Portuguese from Indonesia. In the voyage of 1605-06, the Dutchman V. Janszon was the first to reach the coast of Australia, mistaking it for the island of New Guinea. In search of convenient ways from southern Africa to the island of Java, H. Brouwer in 1611 discovered optimal route, lying south of the former. Using it, the Dutch from time to time reached the western coast of Australia and in 1616-36 discovered a significant part of it. In 1642-43, the Dutchman A. Tasman circled Australia without approaching its shores, established that it was not part of the Unknown Southern Land, and discovered the island, later named after him. During the voyage, the South and North Islands (New Zealand) were also discovered. In a voyage of 1644, Tasman traced an unbroken line of the northern coast of Australia for 5,500 km, proving the existence of a new continent. But these lands did not interest the Dutch, and further searches were abandoned.

Simultaneously with the sea expeditions of the countries of Western Europe, Russian explorers penetrated Siberia at the end of the 16th century, crossed all of Northern Asia in the first half of the 17th century and reached the Sea of ​​Okhotsk, tracing the course of all the great Siberian rivers, and Russian sailors went around everything north coast Asia. In 1648, the expedition of F. Popov - S. Dezhnev for the first time passed from the Arctic Ocean to the Pacific Ocean through the Bering Strait. It was proved that Asia does not connect with America anywhere, but this discovery did not receive wide popularity and was later again made by V. Bering.

Significance of the Great Geographical Discoveries. As a result of the Great geographical discoveries, the Europeans' understanding of the world has significantly expanded. Europeans discovered for themselves two parts of the world, America and Australia, as well as the Pacific Ocean, basically determined the contours of all inhabited continents. As a result of the first world travel it was proved in practice that the Earth has the shape of a ball, it was established that all the continents are washed by a single World Ocean, many of its currents were discovered. It became obvious that, contrary to the opinion of ancient scientists, there is much more water on the earth's surface than land. At the same time, many inland areas of America, Africa and Australia, as well as the depths of the World Ocean, remained unexplored.

The great geographical discoveries provided extensive new material for the natural sciences, ethnography, and history. Knowing the life of societies with different religions and customs, Europeans were convinced of the diversity of the world. Reflections on the golden age and the uncorrupted faith of the inhabitants of America echoed the ideas of the Renaissance, the Reformation, and social utopia. At the same time, acquiring the experience of communicating with overseas residents, Europeans were more clearly aware of their cultural and historical identity. The information received about distant countries enriched European literature and art.

The great geographical discoveries had a profound impact on the socio-economic processes in Europe, contributed to the initial accumulation of capital. The colonies served as sources of raw materials and markets for European goods. With the movement of the main trade routes from the Mediterranean to the Atlantic, some regions fell into decline (Italy, Southern Germany), while others, on the contrary, became noticeably stronger (Spain and Portugal, later England and Holland). The large-scale importation of American precious metals doubled the amount of gold in circulation in Europe and tripled the amount of silver in circulation, contributed to the rapid rise in prices for essentials throughout Europe, ruining some sections of the population and enriching others (see Price Revolution). The expansion of trade links, first between Europe and other parts of the world, then between America, Asia and Africa, led to the formation of a world market. An important part international relations there was a rivalry for control over trade routes, the desire of the intensified powers to acquire their own colonies, the struggle for their redistribution. Thanks to the wealth of the colonies, the mother countries strengthened their positions in Europe. At the same time, the rate of economic development depended on the method of using the imported wealth. As a result, England and Holland began to move forward, while Spain and Portugal fell behind. However, the Great Geographical Discoveries also had a negative meaning for Europeans: mass emigration to the colonies led to an outflow of productive forces from Spain and Portugal. Europeans got acquainted with new agricultural crops (potatoes, corn, tomatoes, tea, coffee, cocoa, tobacco, cotton), which markedly changed their diet. Especially great was the importance of the potato, which, partly replacing bread for the poor, significantly reduced the threat of famine in modern Europe.

The colonial system that arose during the Great geographical discoveries as a whole united the world, at the same time dividing it into two main groups of countries: on the one hand, the metropolises that grew rich quickly, on the other, the colonies, the impact on which European expansion was rather destructive. Influence of the Great Geographical Discoveries and colonial conquests on the fate of the peoples of Asia, Africa and America was not the same. In Asia, until the 18th century, Europeans established their control only over strategically important points, but their influence gradually went far beyond these territories. The trade monopoly regime established by the Portuguese was based on inciting and maintaining political and religious contradictions, which influenced the situation in Western and South Asia as a whole. The most devastating was the impact of European expansion on Africa, where the slave trade devastated entire areas, increasingly influencing the historical path of the continent's development. In Latin America, the cruelty of the conquistadors and the diseases introduced by Europeans initially led to a marked reduction in the local population. Subsequently, a more reasonable policy led to the emergence of a Latin American society and culture that absorbed both European and Indian features, but processed them into a new whole.

The great geographical discoveries contributed to noticeable changes in the geography of religions. Christianity, as a result of the grandiose activities of European missionaries, spread widely in Asia, Africa, and especially in America. Where the Spaniards and the Portuguese preached, Catholicism was established, where the British and the Dutch were various reformist movements, mainly of the Calvinist persuasion.

Lit .: Peschel O. History of the Age of Discovery. 2nd ed. M., 1884; Atlas of the history of geographical discoveries and research. M., 1959; Hart G. Sea Route to India. M., 1959; Svet Ya. M. History of discovery and exploration of Australia and Oceania. M., 1966; Bakless J. America through the eyes of the discoverers. M., 1969; First images of America: The impact of the New World on the Old/Ed. F. Chiappelli. Berk. A. o., 1976. Vol. 1-2; Chaunu R. European expansion in the later Middle Ages. amst. A. o., 1979; Sanz C. Descubrimientos geograficos. Madrid, 1979; Godinho V. M. Os descobrimentose a economia mundial. Lisboa, 1981-1983. Vol. 1-4; Magidovich IP, Magidovich VI Essays on the history of geographical discoveries. M., 1982-1983. T. 1-2; Albuquerque L. de. Navegadores, viajantes e aventureiros portugueses: séculos XV e XVI. Lisboa, 1987. Vol. 1-2; Gil J. Mitos at utopias del descubrimiento. Madrid, 1989. Vol. 1-3; Cortesdo J. Os descobrimentos portugueses. Lisbon, 1990; Three caravels on the horizon. M., 1991; Découvertes et explorateurs: Actes du colloque international, Bordeaux 12-14 juin 1992. R.; Bordeaux, 1994; Implicit understandings: observing, reporting and reflecting on the encounters between Europeans, and other peoples in the early modern era / Ed. S. W. Schwartz. Camb., 1994; El Tratado de Tordesillas su época. Valladolid, 1995; Pagden A. Lords of all the world: Ideologies of empire in Spain, Britain and France. L., 1995; La época de los descubrimientos y las conquistas, 1400-1570 / Ed. J. Perez. Madrid, 1998; Martinez Shaw C., Alfonso Mola M. Europa y los nuevos mundos: siglos XV-XVIII. Madrid, 1999; Parry J H. The age of reconnaissance: discovery, exploration and settlement, 1450-1650. L., 2000; Randles W.G.L. Geography, cartography and nautical science in the Renaissance: the impact of the great discoveries. Aldershot, 2000; Voyages and exploration in the North Atlantic from the Middle Ages to the XVIIth century. Reykjavik, 2001; Kofman A.F. America of Unfulfilled Miracles. M., 2001; Ramsey R. Discoveries that never happened. St. Petersburg, 2002; Soler I. El nudo y la esfera: el navegante como artifice del mundo moderno. Barcelona, ​​2003.

They are always attracted by the horizon line, an endless strip that goes into the distance. Their faithful friends are ribbons of roads leading to the unknown, mysterious and mysterious. They were the first to push the boundaries, opening up new lands to mankind and amazing beauty metrics. These people are the most famous travelers.

Travelers who made the most important discoveries

Three-quarters of Columbus' life was spent sailing. He traveled on Portuguese ships, managed to live in Lisbon and on British Isles. Stopping for a short time in a foreign land, he constantly drew geographical maps, made new travel plans.

It still remains a mystery how he managed to plan the shortest route from Europe to India. His calculations were based on the discoveries of the 15th century and on the fact that the Earth is spherical.

Gathering 90 volunteers in 1492-1493, on three ships he set off on a journey across the Atlantic Ocean. He became the discoverer of the central part of the Bahamas, the Greater and Lesser Antilles. He owns the discovery northeast coast Cuba.

The second expedition, which lasted from 1493 to 1496, already consisted of 17 ships and 2.5 thousand people. He discovered the islands of Dominica, the Lesser Antilles, the island of Puerto Rico. After 40 days of sailing, having arrived in Castile, he notified the government of the opening of a new route to Asia.

After 3 years, having collected 6 ships, he led an expedition across the Atlantic. In Haiti, because of the denunciation of the envious of his successes, Columbus was arrested and shackled. He received liberation, but he kept the chains all his life, as a symbol of betrayal.

He was the discoverer of America. Until the end of his life, he mistakenly believed that it was connected to Asia by a thin isthmus. He believed that it was he who opened the sea route to India, although history later showed the fallacy of his delusions.

Vasco da Gama. He was lucky to live in the era of the great geographical discoveries. Perhaps that is why he dreamed of traveling and dreamed of becoming a discoverer of uncharted lands.

He was a nobleman. The family was not the most noble, but had ancient roots. As a young man, he became interested in mathematics, navigation and astronomy. Since childhood, he hated secular society, playing the piano and French, which noble nobles tried to "shine".

Decisiveness and organizational skills made Vasco da Gama close to Emperor Charles VIII, who, having decided to create an expedition to open a sea route to India, appointed him the main one.

At his disposal were provided 4 new ships specially built for the voyage. Vasco da Gama was supplied with the latest navigational instruments and provided naval artillery.

A year later, the expedition reached the shores of India, stopping in the first city of Calicut (Kozhikode). Despite the cold meeting of the natives and even military clashes, the goal was achieved. Vasco da Gama became the discoverer of the sea route to India.

They discovered the mountainous and desert regions of Asia, made bold expeditions to Far North, they "wrote" history, glorifying the Russian land.

Great Russian travelers

The famous naturalist Ernst Haeckel became interested in the 19-year-old guy, inviting him to his expedition to study marine fauna.

In 1869, having returned to St. Petersburg, he enlisted the support of the Russian Geographical Society, went to study New Guinea. It took a year to prepare the expedition. He swam ashore coral sea, and stepping on the ground did not even guess that the descendants of this place would be named after him.

Having lived for more than a year in New Guinea, he not only discovered new lands, but also taught the natives how to grow corn, pumpkin, beans and fruit trees. He studied the life of the natives on the island of Java, the Louisiades and Solomon Islands. He spent 3 years in Australia.

He died at 42. Doctors diagnosed him with severe deterioration of the body.

Afanasy Nikitin is the first Russian traveler to visit India and Persia. Returning back, he visited Somalia, Turkey and Muscat. His notes "Journey Beyond Three Seas" have become valuable historical and literary aids. He simply and truthfully outlined medieval India in his notes.

A native of a peasant family proved that even a poor person can make a trip to India. The main thing is to set a goal.

The world has not revealed all its secrets to man. Until now, there are people who dream of opening the veil of unknown worlds.

Notable modern travelers

And let the era of great discoveries be long behind us. It doesn't matter that the Earth has been photographed thousands of times from space. Let travelers and discoverers open all places the globe. He, like a child, believes that there is still a lot of unknown things in the world.

He has 40 expeditions and ascents to his credit. He crossed the seas and oceans, was in the North and south poles, committed 4 circumnavigation, crossed the Atlantic 15 times. Of these, once on a rowboat. Most he traveled alone.

Everyone knows his name. His programs had millions of viewers. He is the one great person who gave this world the unusual beauty of nature, hidden from view in the bottomless depths. Fedor Konyukhov visited different places on our planet, including the hottest place in Russia, which is located in Kalmykia. The site has Jacques-Yves Cousteau, perhaps the most famous traveler in the world

Even during the war, he continued his experiments and studies of the underwater world. He decided to devote the first film to sunken ships. And the Germans, who occupied France, allowed him to engage in research activities and filming.

He dreamed of a ship that would be equipped with modern technology for filming and observation. He was helped by a complete stranger who gave Cousteau a small military minesweeper. After repair work, it turned into the famous ship "Calypso".

The crew of the ship were researchers: a journalist, a navigator, a geologist, a volcanologist. His assistant and companion was his wife. Later, 2 of his sons also took part in all expeditions.

Cousteau recognized the best specialist underwater research. He received an offer to head the famous Oceanographic Museum in Monaco. He not only studied the underwater world, but also engaged in activities to protect the marine and ocean habitats.
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Everything that we now know was once discovered by people - pioneers. Some have crossed the ocean for the first time and found new land, someone became the discoverer of space, someone was the first to dive in a bathyscaphe into the world's deepest cavity. Thanks to the ten pioneers below, today we know the world for what it really is.

• Leif Eriksson/Leifur Eiriksson is the first European of Icelandic origin who, according to some scholars, was the first to visit the continent of North America. Around the 11th century, this Scandinavian sailor lost his course and landed on some coast, which he later called "Vinland". Documentary, of course, there is no evidence of exactly in which part of North America he moored. Some archaeologists claim that they managed to discover Viking settlements in Newfoundland, Canada.

• Sacajawea, or Sacagawea / Sakakawea, Sacajawea is a girl of Indian origin, on whom Maryweather Lewis and his partner William Clark completely relied on during their expedition, the path of which ran through the entire American continent. The girl walked with these researchers more than 6473 kilometers. On top of that, the girl had a newborn baby in her arms. During this journey in 1805, Sacagawea found her lost brother. The girl is mentioned in the movie "Night at the Museum" and "Night at the Museum 2".

• Christopher Columbus / Christopher Columbus - a navigator of Spanish origin who discovered America, but due to the fact that he and his expedition were looking for a sea route to India, Christopher believed that the lands he had discovered were Indian. In 1492, his expedition discovered the Bahamas, Cuba and a number of other islands in the Caribbean. Christopher set sail for the first time at the age of 13.

• Amerigo Vespucci is the man after whom the continent America was named. Although, in fact, Columbus made this discovery, it was American Vespucci who documented the “find”. In 1502, he explored the shores of South America, and it was then that the well-deserved fame and honor came to him.

• James Cook / James Cook - the captain who managed to swim in southern waters much further than any of his contemporaries. Cook owns a proven fact about the falsity of the northern route through the Arctic from the Atlantic to the Pacific. It is known that Captain James Cook made 2 round-the-world expeditions, mapped the islands in the Pacific Ocean, as well as Australia, for which he was later eaten by the natives. That's how gratitude is.

• William Beebe is a 20th century naturalist explorer. In 1934, he descended 922 meters on a bathysphere and told people that "the world under water is no less strange than on another planet." Although how does he know how to live on other planets?

• Chuck Yeager is a general in the US Air Force. In 1947, the first one broke the sound barrier. In 1952, Chuck flew at twice the speed of sound. Chuck Yeager, in addition to setting speed records, was a trainer for pilots of such space programs as Apollo, Gemini and Mercury.

• Louise Arne Boyd / Louise Boyd is also known to the world under the nickname "Ice Woman". She got this nickname thanks to her explorations of Greenland. In 1955, she flew over the North Pole and was the first woman to do so in an airplane. She also has the discovery of an underwater mountain range in the Arctic Ocean.

• Yuri Gagarin / Yuri Gagarin - April 12, 1961, the first of all people living on our planet, was in space. His first flight lasted as much as 108 minutes. It was a real achievement in astronautics.

• Anousheh Ansari is the first female space tourist. She made her flight in September 2006. To her achievements, one can add the fact that she was the first of all those who have been in orbit to blog on the Internet from space.