Which rivers flow into the Kara Sea. East-Siberian Sea

There is also a polar bear in the Kara Sea. Significant role in life Kara Sea play and freshwater elements. The rivers that flow into the Kara Sea have a relatively low level of pollution. Actually, the Yenisei begins in the city of Kyzyl at the confluence of the Big Yenisei and the Small Yenisei.


Circulation surface water The sea is complex. In the southwestern part of the sea, a closed cyclonic water cycle occurs. In the central part of the sea, from the Ob-Yenisei shallow water, the desalinated waters of Siberian rivers spread to the north. During the cold period, sea ice has a great influence on the tides - the magnitude of the tide decreases, the propagation of the tidal wave is delayed.

EAST-SIBERIAN SEA

Ice formation begins in September. The water temperature near the sea surface in winter is close to −1.8 °C, i.e. freezing temperature. Water in shallow areas is well mixed from the surface to the bottom and has the same temperature and salinity (about 33 ppm). More than warm waters from the Barents Sea, therefore, at depths of 150-200 meters, a layer with a water temperature of up to 2.5 ° C and a salinity of 34 ppm is found in them.

The water warms up to 6 °C in summer (only up to 2 °C in the north) in the upper 50-70 meters (only 10-15 meters in the east). According to the British edition of the BBC, liquid waste with a low level of radiation allegedly simply merged into the sea. A lot of unicellular algae and phytoplankton, as well as zooplankton, which serves as the main food for the few cetaceans here, feel good and develop in the water.

The Germans managed to create several strongholds in the Arctic. In 1946-1947, a food warehouse was discovered on the shores of Volchiy Bay (the Nordenskiöld archipelago), and then a submarine base on about. Kravkov (Mona Islands). in the archipelago New Earth the Germans managed to build three runways: on about. Mezhdusharsky (1942), Capes Konstantin (1943) and Pinegin. A number of US intelligence documents indicate that an ultra-long-range air route ran over the Kara Sea from the Finnish Nautsi (English) Russian.

The Yenisei belongs to the type of mixed-fed rivers with a predominance of snow. The share of the latter is slightly less than 50%, rainfall 36-38%, underground in the upper reaches up to 16%, towards the lower reaches it decreases. The freezing of the Yenisei begins in the lower reaches (early October). Freeze up in the lower reaches from the end of October, in mid-November in the middle reaches and near Krasnoyarsk, and at the end of November - December in the mountainous part. In some areas in the channel there are powerful icing.

Arctic Ocean

The flood on the Yenisei begins in May, sometimes in April, on the middle Yenisei a little earlier than on the upper one, on the lower one in mid-May - early June. Spring ice drift is accompanied by traffic jams. The range of fluctuations in the level of the Yenisei in the upper reaches is 5-7 m in extensions and 15-16 m in narrowings, in downstream it is larger (28 m near Kureika), decreases towards the mouth (11.7 m near Ust-Port).

In terms of runoff (624 km³), the Yenisei ranks first among the rivers of Russia. The right tributaries of the Yenisei dominate over the left tributaries in terms of the amount of water brought in and the catchment area.

The Angara and Yenisei after the Strelka form a straight line, and the upper Yenisei flows into the Angara + Yenisei complex almost at a right angle. The Yenisei in the region of Krasnoyarsk, Divnogorsk, Sayanogorsk has ceased to freeze, in particular, an extended ice-free polynya below Krasnoyarsk can be up to five hundred kilometers long. The official website of RusHydro links the formation of such a long polynya “not so much with the operation of the hydroelectric power station, but with the discharge of warm wastewater in Krasnoyarsk.”

In 2001, a memorial cross was erected on the mountain in the place where the water hid the village of Byskar at the bottom of the Krasnoyarsk reservoir. The reactors had direct-flow cooling, that is, after water was taken and the reactor was cooled, the water was discharged back into the Yenisei without purification, which led to radiation pollution of the Yenisei. The image of the river in the prose of the late V. Astafiev // Russian literary criticism at the present stage: materials in the International Conference.

Atlantic Ocean

The Kara Sea belongs to the group of seas of the Siberian Arctic. The boundaries of this sea are land and imaginary lines. From the west, the sea is also limited by a number of islands (the largest of which is Novaya Zemlya) and several straits. From the east, the border of the sea runs along the archipelago Severnaya Zemlya and straits: the Red Army, Shokalsky and Vilkitsky.

The Kara Sea is well open to the waters of the Arctic Ocean. The coastline of the Kara Sea is uneven. In northern and eastern parts The sea is dominated almost all the time by clear and cold weather. Basically, the depth of water in the sea reaches 100 m. The southern and eastern zones of the sea, located near the land, are shallow.

The Kara Sea is considered marginal, cold and belongs to the Arctic Ocean. Located in the north of the Russian Federation.

Origin

Narzemsky - this name existed by the sea earlier. The reason for this interpretation has not been found. The name "Karskoe" came from the Baidaratskaya Bay. Why Karskoe? Because the river Kara used to flow into this area.

However, dictionaries define such a name as derived from the word in the Nenets language - "khara", it is called hummocky ice in translation. Some scientists say that this is the Ice Sea, others - the Arctic.

The first on the map called this sea Kara - the scientist Seliftonov. Even in etymology there is a definition as "kar" - this is a deepening in mountain systems. Marvelous! - but there are no mountains! However, in the Paleolithic era, there may have been powerful mountain systems, and coming out of this principle, the sea is called Kara. Since everything was different before - where the seas are now - there are mountains, and vice versa.

Characteristics of the Kara Sea

  • The most great depth- 620m
  • The smallest depth - 50m
  • Average depth 112m
  • Sea area - 893,400 square kilometers
  • Salinity 34 ppm
  • Climate - polar
  • The bottom of the sea is sand or silt
  • From the end of September to May, the sea is covered with ice. Thickness, in some places, can reach 4 meters

currents

There are very small, but different currents in the Kara Sea, which control all the life processes of organisms, and also affect temperature regime And climatic conditions. Among the currents, the largest ones should be distinguished:

  • Novaya Zemlya
  • Yamal
  • Ob-Yenisei.

All of them determine the hydrological regime of a given sea.

Historical events

It is not known when navigation on the Kara Sea began. The only known fact is that Russian sailors found Stephen Borrow, who was an English tourist. His sailors escorted him to the mouth of the Ob. This happened in 1556. Unfortunately, there is no other information about the first trips. They resumed navigation after short-term cruises of foreigners in the middle of the 18th century.

There are theories that German troops used this sea during World War II to encircle the USSR from the north. However, it was very difficult to get here. Although despite everything, they managed to create a couple of points for attack. There they used submarines. The whole struggle was sharpened near the island of Novaya Zemlya. At the end of 1943, the Soviet troops defeated the enemy. The remnants of the Nazi units were finished off until 1950, these invaders were hiding in the vicinity of the said island.

What rivers flow into the Kara Sea

The following rivers flow into the Kara Sea:

  • Yenisei;
  • Yuribei;
  • Lower Taimyr;
  • Hutudabigay;
  • Pyasina;
  • Mordeyakha.

Relief and minerals

The Red Sea is shallow. The shelf is located at a depth of about a hundred meters. According to paleontological studies, this region is promising for the extraction of oil and natural gas. Thanks to exploration data, it is possible in the future to produce gas and condensate on the shelf, the reserves of which are about 1 trillion cubic meters. Pretty much like this small sea. Is not it?

Anna's gutter is the most deep point sea ​​bottom. The depth is 620 meters. The East Zemelsky Trench and the Voronin Trench run along Novaya Zemlya Island. Between the trenches there is a shallow Kara plateau. Iron-manganese nodules were found in the central part of the sea shelf. The main part of the bottom is formed by silts of various origins from clayey to sandy types.

Cities

In addition to all these features, each sea has ports - the Kara Sea is no exception. There are few of them, but there are still a few:

  • Sabetta;
  • Igarka;
  • Dudinka;
  • Port Dickson;
  • Amderma.

Flora and fauna

There are many species of fish in the sea - 54. Char, saffron cod, smelt, capelin, flounder, pink salmon - this is only the minimum number of local inhabitants. Fish from the salmon class live in the rivers. Sometimes they sail out to sea. Although, according to research, they do not swim into the northern expanses, but stay near the mouths of the rivers. So they are safer.


Kara Sea. polar bear photo

Of the animals live here: whales, walruses, seals, polar bears. Little auks, auks and guillemots are the most widespread birds of the Kara Sea. Polar bear and arctic fox are the largest predators. Polar sharks are the only shark species here.

The flora is represented by brown, red and green algae.

  • There is an assumption that thanks to the existence of the Kara Sea, the idea arose to create the "Tale of Tsar Saltan"
  • It is the coldest sea in the world.
  • Secrets of bloody pagan images can be found on Vaygach Island. Tourists claim that visiting this island, all the ailments of the disease will disappear.
  • "Ice Cellar" is another name for the Kara Sea.
  • In winter, the air temperature is lower than 46 degrees below zero, in summer - 16 maximum.

Posted Thu, 23/04/2015 - 08:32 by Cap

IN old times sailing along the Kara Sea was equal to a deadly feat - it was called the "ice cellar". Until now, this sea is considered the coldest sea on Earth. It is not surprising, because in winter in these parts the temperature drops to -46 degrees, and in summer no more than +16.
The third part of the year is occupied by the polar night, and the rest of the time by the polar day. In winter, storm winds often blow, blizzards and snowstorms rage.
In the summer, fogs roll in, and North wind brings snow loads. Most the sea is completely covered with ice. Even modern nuclear-powered icebreakers do not always conquer this sea.
The Kara Sea can be safely called the most extreme sea in Russia!


There are many islands in the sea area, which are included in the Great Arctic State nature reserve. It is the largest in Eurasia. One of famous islands Vaygach Island in the Kara Sea is a special place where the secrets of bloody rites and pagan cults of the ancient peoples who inhabited these lands in ancient times are kept. According to their legends, it was here that the abode of the gods was located. Scientists call Vaygach Island anomalous mystery, which for a long time cannot be solved. Travelers note that health is restored here and mood improves.

The Kara Sea is a marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean.
Previously, the sea was called Nyarzomsky (Narzemsky) - this is how it was named in a 1601 story about a trip to Mangazeya by a resident of Pinega, Leonty Shubin (Plekhan) and in a petition by Andrey Palitsyn from 1630 (the etymology of this name is unknown). And the name "Kara" belonged to Baydaratskaya Bay, after the name of the river Kara flowing into it. According to the version cited by V. Yu. Vize, the name of the river comes from the Nenets word "hare", meaning hummocky ice. It is curious that the Dutchman N. Witsen calls the sea Ice, and the Frenchman J. Campredon Arctic, which echoes the Nenets word.
For the first time, the sea was named Kara on the map of V. M. Selifontov in 1736, compiled according to the results of the work of the Dvina-Ob detachment of the Great Northern Expedition.

schooner Polar Odysseus in the Kara Sea

Geography
Location
The sea is limited north coast Eurasia and Geiberg. In the northern part of the sea is Vize Land, an island theoretically discovered in 1924. Also in the sea are the islands of the Arctic Institute, the islands of Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee.

The sea is located mainly on the shelf; many islands. Depths of 50-100 meters predominate, the greatest depth is 620 meters. Area 883,400 km².

Fall into the sea deep rivers: Ob, so salinity varies greatly. The Taz River also flows into the Kara Sea.

The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia, only near the mouths of the rivers the water temperature in summer is above 0 °C. Frequent fogs and storms. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice.

Bottom relief
The sea lies almost entirely on the shelf with depths of up to 100 meters. Two gutters - St. Anne's with maximum depth at 620 meters (80°26′ N 71°18′ E) and Voronin with a depth of up to 420 meters cut through the shelf from north to south. The East Novaya Zemlya Trench, with depths of 200–400 meters, runs along the eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya. The shallow (up to 50 meters) Central Kara Plateau is located between the trenches.

The bottom of shallow waters and uplands is covered with sands and sandy silt. Troughs and basins are covered with gray, blue and brown muds. Iron-manganese nodules are found at the bottom of the central part of the sea.

Kara Sea Sibiryakov Island

Flora and fauna
The flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is formed under the influence of diverse climatic and hydrological conditions in the north and south. Big influence Neighboring basins are also affected by the penetration of some heat-loving forms (from the Barents Sea) and high arctic species (from the Laptev Sea) from them. The ecological boundary of their distribution is approximately the eightieth meridian. Freshwater elements also play a significant role in the life of the Kara Sea.

Qualitatively, the flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is poorer than the Barents Sea, but much richer than the Laptev Sea. This can be seen from a comparison of their ichthyofauna. 114 species of fish are found, in the Kara - 54, and in the Laptev Sea - 37. The following are of commercial importance in the Kara Sea: whitefish - omul, muksun and vendace; from smelt - smelt; from cod - saffron cod and saithe; from salmon - nelma. Fisheries are organized only in the bays, gulfs and lower reaches of the rivers. There are pinnipeds in the sea different types: seals, sea hares, less often walruses. IN summer time in large numbers, the beluga whale comes here - a herd animal that makes regular seasonal migrations. There is also a polar bear in the Kara Sea.

COAST OF THE KARA SEA
The coastline of the Kara Sea is complex and winding. Eastern Shores Novaya Zemlya is indented by numerous fjords. Significantly dissected, the mainland coast, where the Baydaratskaya and Obskaya bays protrude deep into the land, between which are located far to the east large bays: Gydansky, Pyasinsky, starting from which the coastline outlines many small bays. Less tortuous West Coast Northern Earth.

Diverse in external forms and structure, the coast of the Kara Sea in different areas belongs to different morphological types of coasts (). The sea is framed mainly by abrasion, but there are accumulative and ice shores. The eastern shores of Novaya Zemlya are steep and hilly. The mainland coast is low-lying and gently sloping in places, steep in places. Mostly low shores

Gydan Bay, Kara Sea

ATMOSPHERIC PHENOMENA AND WINDS
Located in the high latitudes of the Arctic and directly connected with the Northern Arctic Ocean The Kara Sea is characterized by a polar maritime climate. Relative proximity Atlantic Ocean somewhat softens the climate of the sea, in the way of warm Atlantic air and waters, therefore the Kara Sea is climatically more severe,. The large extent of the Kara Sea from the southwest to the northeast creates noticeable differences in climatic indicators in its different areas in all seasons of the year.

The location, intensity and interaction of the main centers of atmospheric action largely determine the state of the weather and the magnitude of meteorological elements throughout the year. In the autumn-winter time, the Siberian anticyclone forms and sets, the Polar High intensifies, and the action of the Icelandic Low trough extends to the sea. At the beginning of the cold season in the northern part of the sea, the north wind prevails, and in the south - the winds are unstable in direction. The wind speed at this time is usually 5-7 m/s. The winter baric situation determines the predominance of southern, southwestern and southeastern winds in most of the sea. Only in the northeast winds of the northern rhumbs are often observed. The average wind speed is 7-8 m/s, often it reaches storm force. The largest number storms fall on western part seas. Off the coast of Novaya Zemlya, a local hurricane wind- Novaya Zemlya Bora. It usually lasts several hours, but in winter it can last 2-3 days. Winds southern directions, as a rule, they bring continental air strongly cooled over the mainland into the Kara Sea. The average monthly air temperature in March at Cape Chelyuskin is −28.6°, at Cape Zhelaniya −20°, and the minimum air temperature in the sea can reach −45–50°. However, with southerly winds, relatively warm polar sea air sometimes also enters the western part of the sea. It is brought by cyclones coming from the west and deviating to the south and southeast, as they meet the chain of Novaya Zemlya mountains on their way. The most frequent inflows of warm air occur in February. These intrusions and the Novaya Zemlya bora make the winter weather unstable in the western part of the sea, while in its northern and eastern regions the weather is relatively stable, cold and clear.

In the warm season, the Siberian High collapses, and the low-pressure trough disappears. The polar maximum is shifting to the north. In this regard, winds blow in the spring, which are unstable in direction, the speed of which usually does not exceed 5-6 m/s. The cyclonic activity is weakening. Spring warming occurs quite quickly, but does not lead to significant increases in air temperature. In May average monthly temperature air keeps about -7 ° in the west and about -9 ° in the east of the sea.

Formed over the sea in summer local area increased pressure, which leads to the predominance of northern winds with speeds of 4-5 m/s. In the warmest month (July), the average air temperature is 5–6° in the western part of the sea and 1–2° in the east and northeast. In some areas of the mainland coast, the air temperature can rise to +18 and even +20°. There can be snowfall in any summer month. In general, summers are short and cold with overcast rainy weather. Strong winter cooling and weak summer warming, unstable weather in the cold season and a relatively calm state of the atmosphere in summer - character traits climate of the Kara Sea.

Baydaratskaya Bay Kara Sea

DRAIN OF THE KARA SEA
This sea accounts for an average of about 55% (1290 km3/year) total runoff to all seas of the Siberian Arctic. The Ob annually brings about 450 km3 of water, the Pyasina - 80 km3, the Pur and Taz together - about 86 km3, and other rivers - about 74 km3. With such a significant river runoff, it is distributed very unevenly in time and space of the sea. Approximately 80% of river water enters the sea in late summer - early autumn (June - September). In winter, in very small quantities, only the most water flows into the sea. major rivers. Almost all continental runoff enters the Kara Sea from the south. Under the influence of mainly prevailing winds, river water spreads over the sea, its distribution is not the same from year to year. Based on the generalization of long-term observations for the Kara Sea, western, eastern and fan-shaped variants of the distribution of freshened waters in it have been established.
In general, almost 40% of the area of ​​this sea is under the influence of continental waters. They have very different effects on natural conditions seas. The heat they bring slightly increases the temperature of the water on the surface in the estuarine areas, which contributes to the breakup of fast ice in spring and somewhat slows down ice formation in autumn, river waters reduce the salinity of sea waters; mechanically, river runoff affects the direction of movement of sea waters, etc. Continental runoff is an important factor in the formation of the features of the Kara Sea.

Pyasina, Upper and Lower Taimyr, Khatanga.

Portnyagino, Kungasalakh, Labaz, Kokora.

Major bays:
Middendorf, Pyasinsky, Sims, Taimyr Bay, Teresa Clavenes, Thaddeus, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay.
Administratively part of Krasnoyarsk Territory, forming in it a special Taimyr Dolgano-Nenets region.
The largest city is Norilsk.


NUMBER OF PEOPLES
The number of indigenous peoples of the North - as of 01/01/2008 - is 10,217 people or 27.0% of the total population, of which:
Dolgans - 5,517 people;
Nenets - 3,486 people;
Nganasans - 749 people;
Evenks - 270 people;
Enets - 168 people;
other nations - 27 people.

__________________________________________________________________________________________

SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Berman L.V. To the new Mangazeya. - L .: Krasnaya gazeta, 1930. - 189 p. — 50,000 copies.
Vasiliev N. Ya. Karskaya expedition. - M .: Editorial board of the NKVT publications, 1921. - 44 p.
Vize V. Yu. Kara Sea // Seas of the Soviet Arctic: Essays on the history of research. - 2nd ed. - L .: Publishing House of the Glavsevmorput, 1939. - S. 180-217. — 568 p. - (Polar Library). — 10,000 copies.
Vorobyov V. I. Kara Sea. - L.-M .: Publishing House of the Glavsevmorput, 1940. - 128 p. — 5,000 copies.
Gelvald F. and the Kara Sea // In the region eternal ice: The history of travel to the North Pole from ancient times to the present. - St. Petersburg: Ed. book. mag. "New time", 1881. - S. 812-828. — 880 p.
Dobrovolsky A.D., Zalogin B.S. Kara Sea // Seas of the USSR. - M .: Publishing House of Moscow State University, 1982. - S. 102-112. — 192 p. - 14,000 copies.
The history of the discovery and development of the Northern sea ​​route: In 4 volumes / Ed. Ya. Ya. Gakkelya, A. P. Okladnikova, M. B. Chernenko. - M.-L., 1956-1969.
Belov M.I. Arctic navigation from ancient times to the middle of the 19th century. - M .: Sea transport, 1956. - T. I. - 592 p. — 3,000 copies.
Pinkhenson D. M. The problem of the Northern Sea Route in the era of capitalism. - L .: Sea transport, 1962. - T. II. — 767 p. — 1,000 copies.
Belov M. I. Soviet Arctic navigation 1917-1932. - L .: Sea transport, 1959. - T. III. — 511 p. — 3,000 copies.
Belov M. I. Scientific and economic development of the Soviet North in 1933-1945. - L .: Hydrometeorological Publishing House, 1969. - T. IV. — 617 p. — 2,000 copies.
Kalinin V.M. The Kara Sea // Great Tyumen Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. G. F. Shafranov-Kutsev. - 1st ed. - Tyumen: Research Institute of Regional Encyclopedias of Tyumen State University; "Socrates", 2004. - T. 2. I-P. - S. 69-71. — 495 p. — 10,000 copies. — ISBN 5-88664-171-8.
Kanevsky Z. M. The price of the forecast. - L .: Gidrometeoizdat, 1976. - 128 p. — 50,000 copies.
Kara Sea / Nikiforov E. G., Shpayher A. O. // Italy - Kvarkush. - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia, 1973. - (Big soviet encyclopedia: in 30 tons / ch. ed. A. M. Prokhorov; 1969-1978, v. 11).
Kovalev S. A. Arctic shadows of the Third Reich. — M.: Veche, 2010. — 432 p. - (Marine chronicle). — 5,000 copies. - ISBN 978-5-9533-4348-0.
Kovalev S. Polar bases of the Kriegsmarine // Independent military review: newspaper. - M., March 29, 2002.
Kopylov V.E. Kara expeditions // Great Tyumen Encyclopedia / Ch. ed. G. F. Shafranov-Kutsev. - 1st ed. - Tyumen: Research Institute of Regional Encyclopedias of Tyumen State University; "Socrates", 2004. - T. 2. I-P. - S. 69. - 495 p. — 10,000 copies. — ISBN 5-88664-171-8.
Nansen F. To the Land of the Future: The Great northern path from Europe to Siberia across the Kara Sea. — Pg.: Ed. K. I. Ksido, 1915. - 454 p.
Rudnev D. D., Kulik N. A. Materials for the study of the Northern Sea Route from Europe to the Ob and Yenisei. — Pg.: Type. A. E. Collins, 1915. - VI, 127 p.
Sergeev A. A. German submarines in the Arctic 1941-1942. — M.: Russian Publishing House, 2003. - 304 p. — 2,000 copies. - ISBN 5-9900099-1-7.
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Kara Sea - marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean.

Geographical position

The sea is limited by the northern coast of Eurasia and the islands: Novaya Zemlya, Franz Josef Land, Severnaya Zemlya, Geiberg. In the northern part of the sea is Vize Land, an island theoretically discovered in 1924. Also in the sea are the islands of the Arctic Institute, the islands of Izvestia of the Central Executive Committee. Full-flowing rivers flow into the sea: the Ob, the Yenisei, so the salinity varies greatly. The Taz River also flows into the Kara Sea.

Location of the Kara Sea

Temperature

The Kara Sea is one of the coldest seas in Russia, only near the mouths of the rivers the water temperature in summer is above 0 °C. Frequent fogs and storms. Most of the year the sea is covered with ice. The water temperature near the sea surface in winter is close to −1.8 °C, which is the freezing temperature. The average salinity is 35 ppm. River runoff and ice melt in summer lead to a decrease in salinity sea ​​water below 34 ppm, in the mouths of the rivers, the water becomes close to fresh. The water warms up to 6 °C in summer (only up to 2 °C in the north) in the upper 50-70 meters (only 10-15 meters in the east).

Flora and fauna

Qualitatively, the flora and fauna of the Kara Sea is poorer than the Barents Sea, but much richer than the Laptev Sea. This can be seen from a comparison of their fauna. There are 114 species of fish in the Barents Sea, 54 in the Kara Sea, and 37 in the Laptev Sea. The following are of commercial importance in the Kara Sea: whitefish - omul, muksun and vendace; from smelt - smelt; from cod - saffron cod and saithe; from salmon - nelma. Fisheries are organized only in the bays, gulfs and lower reaches of the rivers. Pinnipeds of different species are found in the sea: seals, bearded seals, less often walruses. In the summer, the beluga whale comes here in large numbers - a herd animal that makes regular seasonal migrations. There is also a polar bear in the Kara Sea.

Landscapes of the Kara Sea

Conditions for navigation

The Kara Sea in terms of its physical and geographical conditions is the most complex of the seas of the Russian Arctic. Swimming on it is fraught with great difficulties. The unfavorable conditions for swimming include the following factors:

  • a large number of underwater hazards and shallow areas;
  • almost constant presence of ice;
  • early freezing of estuarine sections of rivers flowing into the sea;
  • the absence of sheltered anchorages in many areas of the sea;
  • poor knowledge of sea currents;
  • a significant number of cloudy days, which exclude the possibility of visual and astronomical observations;
  • unreliability of gyroscopes and compasses.

Nature of the Kara Sea

Nuclear waste

In the years cold war The Kara Sea was the site of secret burials of nuclear waste of the Soviet Navy:

  • 1965-1988 - six sunk nuclear reactors Soviet nuclear submarines and ten other nuclear reactors
  • In 1981 in Stepovoy Bay on east coast Malaya Zemlya was flooded by the damaged nuclear submarine K-27. In violation of international rules, the boat was sunk at a depth of only 30 m (according to the rules of disposal sea ​​vessels flooding should be carried out at depths of at least 3 thousand meters).
  • According to data provided by the government of the Russian Federation to Norway, in addition to K-27, the Soviet military flooded a huge amount of other nuclear waste in the Kara Sea: 17,000 containers and 19 ships with radioactive waste, as well as 14 nuclear reactors, five of which contain hazardous spent fuel. According to the British edition of the BBC, liquid waste with a low level of radiation allegedly simply merged into the sea.

Minerals

In the southwestern part of the sea, off the Yamal Peninsula, large offshore deposits of natural gas and gas condensate have been explored. The largest of them are Leningradskoye gas reserves - more than 1 trillion m³ and Rusanovskoye - 780 billion m³. The development of offshore fields is planned to begin after 2025.

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