Natural brines and salt springs. Salt spring

Development salt industry in the USA began with the use of salt springs, then natural brines were mastered with the help of boreholes, and, finally, they began to receive artificial brines and lead salt mining .

Salt springs lost their practical significance many years ago. If natural brines were used only to produce sodium chloride, they would not have been able to compete with other sources of salt long ago. However, the presence in these brines of many other salts in some cases gives them serious industrial importance. At present, based on the use of natural brines, the chemical industry has received significant development in two regions: in the Ohio River basin (in the southeastern part of the state of the same name and in the western part of West Virginia), as well as in the central part of Michigan.

Ohio river basin

In southern Ohio and adjacent parts of West Virginia, the presence of brines has been established in eight or ten formations occurring at depth.

The brines in this area carry up to 10% of dissolved salts, and in some areas the content of the latter exceeds 20%. while in sea water it is only 3.5%. Salt content in different brines different. In general, the concentration of brines seems to increase with increasing age and depth of burial of the rocks containing them.

Other nearby plants use mixtures of brines from the Big Indian and Salt Sands horizons, or only process brines from the last horizon, which occurs at depths of 600 to 1000 feet. The same brines are processed at Pomeroy, Ohio, on the river of the same name, where the salt has been mined for over 100 years. The brines of the “First Water” and “Second Water” horizons have higher salt concentrations compared to the brines of the already mentioned horizons, and also have more speed expiration. The expansion of the use of brines of the lower horizons is hindered by their deep however, they are considered as an important potential source of chemical raw materials throughout the region.

The main substances extracted from brines are sodium, calcium and magnesium chlorides, as well as bromine, iodine and their compounds. The abundance of local hard coal plays an important role in the development of the chemical industry in the Ohio Valley. Description of brine-bearing formations and analyzes of West Virginia brines are given in Price et al.

Michigan fields

In this state, natural brines are produced in two districts. IN central Michigan, within Midland and Gratiot counties, brines are present in three zones: 1) the Napolion or Upper Marshall Sandstones (Mississippian, Osage Stage); 2) Dundee Formation limestone (Middle Devonian); and 3) Sylvania Formation sandstones (Lower Devonian). Highest value have Napolion Formation sandstones ranging in thickness from 75 to 90 feet and depth from 700 to 1200 feet. Salt, calcium and magnesium chlorides, and bromine are obtained from the brines associated with this formation. These brines are used as feedstock for the Midland-based chemical industry.

The second natural brine mining area is located in Mason and Manistee counties, located on the shores of Lake Michigan near the western border of the state. Here, the source of brines is Middle Devonian sandstone, assigned by the Michigan Geological Survey to the Filer horizon of the Detroit River Formation, and in the stratigraphic scheme proposed by Landes (Landes, 1951, p. 9), to the Amherstberg Formation zone of the same name. This horizon, 60-100 feet thick, lies at a depth of 2500 feet. Using the brines of this horizon, the chemical plants at Ludington and Manistee produce common salt, magnesium compounds, bromine, and other chemicals.

Chloride mineral waters— natural waters with a predominance of chlorine anions (Cl), having different ionic composition, salinity and temperature. Among chloride water according to the cationic composition, sodium (Na) (the most common), calcium-sodium (Ca-Na), magnesium-calcium-sodium (Mg-Ca-Na), sodium-calcium (Na-Ca), magnesium-calcium (Mg- Ca).

From the history of the use of chloride (salt) waters in the treatment of diseases

Sodium chloride or salt water has been used for salt extraction since ancient times. The discovery of the healing properties of such sources occurred empirically. From ancient times, the inhabitants of Staraya Russa, famous for its salt mines, noted that even during cholera epidemics among workers salt factory there were no cases of disease. By this water local population treated rubella, scrofula, aching bones, ulcers.

We used Staraya Russian salt mineral waters haphazardly, and, probably, for a long time the waters would have been known only to local residents, if the disease had not overtaken General Samsonov. The general during military campaigns visited overseas resorts, had an idea about mineral waters and how to use them. Wounded in battle, he suffered from articular rheumatism and, having learned from local residents about healing keys, I decided to try them on myself. He cleared one of the springs on the outskirts of the city, made a wooden frame and began to bathe in it. Many residents of Staraya Russa began to use Samson's spring to cure many diseases, sometimes on the advice of doctors, sometimes at their own discretion. The idea of ​​​​developing a resort belongs to the life physician Rauh. Having visited Staraya Russa in 1928, he reported this to Emperor Nicholas I, and soon an imperial decree was issued on the arrangement of the resort, and in 1834 a bathroom building for soldiers was built.

Scientific studies of the beneficial effects of salt water were made by the doctors of the Starorussky military hospital. Their reports, dissertations, practical observations remain valuable to this day. They could get such results thanks to hospital treatment that did not exist at other resorts. The health resort helped many sick soldiers to get on their feet, more than a third fully recovered and were able to return to duty. In 1854, the resort was transferred to a civil department. Count Muravyov, who at that time headed the Ministry of State Property, left his name in the history of the health resort: with his assistance, the first stone building was built here and the most powerful self-flowing mineral water fountain in Europe was drilled, which became the symbol and decoration of the health resort. The resort hosted both the Grand Dukes and the Queen of Greece Olga Konstantinovna, writers and artists, musicians and artists. The flourishing of the resort was largely facilitated by the fact that in the homeland of the wife of Alexander I - Elizabeth Alekseevna, nee Princess Louise of Baden-Baden, the resort flourished, and, perhaps, it was this circumstance that prompted the decision to build a luxurious "royal" resort in Staraya Russa.

The opening of the Bad Ischl salt spring resort in the Salzkammergut region, which means “Salt pantry” in German, happened at the beginning 19th century. At this time, mineral baths were arranged on sea ​​coast. After examining the composition of the sources, local doctors came to the conclusion that mineral composition very similar to sea ​​water, and higher mineralization will contribute to a greater therapeutic effect. so small provincial town began to turn into popular resort. However, it owes its truly universal recognition to the stay and successful treatment Habsburg couple, Archduke Karl and Princess Sophie. Previously fruitless marriage after medical procedures turned into a joyful opposite: three sons were born, whom popular rumor dubbed “salt princes”.

Some resorts built on salt mines use not only lakes formed after the flooding of salt mines, such as Lake Razval and Tuzluchoe in Sol-Iletsk, but also used salt mines. IN salt mines built underground clinics. These are the sanatoriums Soligorsk in Belarus, Solotvino and Salt Symphony (Soledar) in Ukraine, Chon-Tuz in Kyrgyzstan, the Avan-Arinj salt mine in Armenia, Berchtesgaden in Germany, Velichka in Poland, speleological clinics in the salt mines of Praida and Tirgu Okna in Romania. Cm. .

There are also unusual salt spas. On South salt desert Altiplano, in Bolivia, at an altitude of about 3700 m is the Uyuni salt marsh (Spanish. Salar de Uyuni), where the hotel was built from salt blocks. These blocks are mined here. Salar de Uyuni is the largest salt lake in the world. Only during the rainy season does it become a lake, and the biggest mirror: when the Salar de Uyuni is covered with water, every cloud is reflected in it. Its area is 10.5 sq. km. The Hotel de Sal Playa in the vicinity of Uyuni was built in 1993. In it, not only the walls are made of salt blocks and fastened together with a solution of salt and water, which the builders used as cement. Everything is made of salt: chairs, tables, beds, walls, floors. The hotel consists of 15 bedrooms, it has a dining room, a lounge-lounge and a restaurant in which everything except food is made from salt.

Deposits of chloride (salt) waters, resorts

Salt waters are often called the waters of ancient seas brought to the surface. One of the largest underground seas is located in the center of the East European Plain - with an area of ​​\u200b\u200babout 360 thousand km2. In the deepest parts artesian basin there is a zone of slow water exchange, where salt brines high concentration.

The waters of the Moscow Basin include the springs of Central Russia, on which the resorts of Kashin in the Tver region, Staraya Russa in Novgorod region. Opened by deep wells (some over 1000 m), they are used to drinking cure, baths and other balneological procedures in sanatoriums and rehabilitation centers in Moscow and the Moscow region. The waters of the "underground sea" with mineralization from 50 to 270 g/l are predominantly sodium chloride in composition, other cations - potassium, calcium, as well as trace elements are contained in these waters in smaller quantities, but they also determine the therapeutic effect of the waters. For example, the waters of the Staraya Russa resort contain an increased amount of bromine, so the sedative effect is more pronounced.

Salt waters of underground sources are the basis of the resorts Usolye-Sibirskoe, Angara in Irkutsk region, sanatoriums "Obolsunovo" and "Green Town" in the Ivanovo region, "Big Salts" in Yaroslavl region, as well as sanatoriums of the Green Town near Nizhny Novgorod (Nizhny Novgorod Region) and etc.

Resorts on salt lakes are very popular: Lake Yarovoe in the Altai Territory, Lake Uchum in the Krasnoyarsk Territory, "" in Kurgan region, « » in , Sol-Iletsk in Orenburg region, Tinaki, Baskunchak, Elton in the Volga region. Cm.

Chloride waters of high and medium mineralization are used externally for baths, irrigation, in therapeutic pools. Low-mineralized waters are mainly used as medicinal table waters, less often - medium mineralization.

Drinking treatment with chloride mineral waters

Indications for the use of chloride waters

• Inflammatory diseases in subacute and chronic stages.
• Diseases (neurocirculatory dystonia of cardiac and hypertensive types, stage I-II hypertension, hypotension, chronic venous insufficiency, Raynaud's disease).
• Diseases (polyarthritis, damage to ligaments, tendons, bones, deforming osteoarthritis).
• Peripheral diseases: plexitis, sciatica, neurological manifestations of osteochondrosis, consequences of injuries and injuries of the spinal cord.
• Diseases. The Staraya Russa resort has developed a method for early (7 days after the operation) rehabilitation after surgical treatment for diseases of the digestive system.
• against the background of unchanged hormonal function and hypoestrogenia.
• Diseases: hypothyroidism, obesity of the 1st degree, gout..

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Salt springs, which give water with a high content of NaCl, deposit table salt as a result of the evaporation of water. Its deposits are known in Staraya Russa, Kirov, Perm and other regions.

Salt springs often accompany oil fields. It is no coincidence that the first finds of West Siberian oil in the Uray and Shaim region turned out to be very close to the Pelym salt springs: in a straight line, the distance from Pelym to Uray is no more than 100 km, and underground gas emissions are observed throughout the territory from Tavda to the Ob.

Numerous salt springs of Usolye (Ural) provide significant amounts of evaporated (table) salt.

Evaporation of brines from salt springs or underground brines is mainly used to obtain edible salt. Such salt is much more expensive than rock or self-planting. In some cases, the evaporation of the brine is also necessary in the production of chlorine by the method of electrolysis with a mercury cathode, when the anolyte needs to be resaturated with solid salt. In the process of evaporation, pure salt is released, most of the impurities remain in the mother brine. Modern plants use single or multi-vessel vacuum evaporators. The mother liquor after separating the released salt is returned to the evaporator together with fresh brine. When the concentration of sodium sulfate in the mother brine reaches 50 g/l, the brine is withdrawn from the cycle.

Concentrated salt spring waters used in therapy (eg Kreuznach waters); mixtures of salts prepared for therapeutic baths (sulphuric, iodine and other baths), including those with the addition of flavoring substances.

Obtaining table salt from natural salt sources, from brines extracted through wells and wells, as well as from sea ​​water became an important area of ​​human activity long before our era in Egypt, in China and a number of European countries.

In Michigan, thanks to the presence of salt springs, the production of chlorine and organochlorine products has received significant development. major center chemical industry is Detroit, where, along with the production of basic inorganic and organic chemicals, chemical industries serving the automotive industry are especially developed: the production of paints and varnishes, the production of synthetic resins and plastics, and plastics processing.

In ancient fragmented Germany, the presence of salt springs in one or another of its territories was considered quite sufficient and convincing reason for the military invasion of neighbors.

Ancient peoples often had wars over salt springs.

These terms refer to salt obtained from salt springs or sea water.

Sodium chloride dihydrate is released into winter time in salt springs of the Yakut Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic, as well as in many other lakes. The released dihydrate does not contain impurities, and its freezing from brine is one of the methods for obtaining pure salt.

Everyone knows the Dead Sea for its miraculous properties, but not everyone knows that there are many similar places in Russia. Many salt lakes, so beneficial to human health, are located in many corners of the vast homeland. Deposits based on water and mud therapy have long been national treasure Russia, and mineral (salt) lakes are unique in their composition, temperature regime and medicinal property.

AND history of development of therapeutic mud, rock salt, brine and others natural resources lakes are more than one century old. Lakes have a huge bioenergy. For example, salt lakes are sacred to Muslims and, due to their healing qualities, are places of worship. Legends say that the lakes have a powerful healing energy that cleanses people from damage and the evil eye, granting them recovery. Vacationers who are on the territory of salt lakes, the aura is restored, and the body is cleansed of negative energy.

IN Ancient Rus' in gratitude for the healing received along the lake, the nomads put on spears shreds of bright fabric with coins wrapped in a bundle. The healers performed the ceremony by bathing naked in the salty brine of the lake. Since the middle of the 20th century, folk custom in gratitude for the recovery, throw into the water with the words of a prayer coins, gold and silver jewelry, which to this day are stored at the bottom of the lakes in countless quantities. But not only people thank the lakes for their medicinal properties, lakes also give people health and good luck for caring for them. And who disrespectfully treated the healing waters of salty lakes, those lakes did not help in strengthening and did not bring recovery.

The legend says that Emperor Alexander III in 1888 in Kharkov got into a railway accident, while holding the roof of the car on his shoulders and saving his family: his sons and wife. As a result, his health was damaged. Upon returning to Moscow, messengers were sent to all points of the Earth to search for therapeutic agents. Rumors reached the Imperial Court about the miraculous healing mud located in the steppes of the Orenburg Province. An expedition was sent to unique salt lakes, which later delivered to Moscow healing mud and salt water "Beshofit", which helped in the treatment of the Emperor. In gratitude for the healing gift, a decree was issued on the creation in 1888 of a medical and recreational zone in the city of Sol - Iletsk. The news of the miraculous healing of Emperor Alexander III spread to all ends of vast Russia.

The great Russian scientist M.V. Lomonosov was the first to produce physical and chemical analysis of salt from the Iletsk salt dome. The scientist came to the conclusion: “Iletsk natural salt is harder than all other salts, and if it is not crushed, it gets a very white color, and does not absorb moisture from the air. For such properties, it is necessary to prefer this salt in hardness, strength and arrogance to other salts. WITHAt the end of the 19th century, the rapid development of salt lakes began in Russia. Salt mud began to be delivered to all resorts in Russia. As a result, salt mining and mud deposits began to actively develop, gaining worldwide fame as a country of salt lakes, generously giving people health and well-being.

According to the established tradition, every first Saturday of June, the Russian Orthodox Church, accompanied by a church choir, consecrates lakes in various parts of Russia. And all vacationers, sprinkled with blessed water, are blessed for recovery and prosperity.

Eat interesting tradition at the Muslims. According to tradition in unique places in the summer, the "folk - small hajj" of the Muslims of Russia begins. Every year on the third Saturday of June, a sacrifice (sadaqah) is offered on Mount Tuz-Tube ( salt mountain). At its very top, elders read prayers for the recovery and well-being of people, and pilgrims are treated to the broth of a sacrificial ram, who must drink three sips, having received a blessing to improve their health.

Elton - golden lake among the steppes Volgograd region. The appearance of the lake is quite unusual- golden pink the surface of the reservoir fascinates and attracts many. Note that the Polovtsian khans knew about the existence of the lake, and it was considered sacred by them. And not in vain, today many examples have proven the healing properties of local mud and lake waters. The reason for this, of course, is not clear to scientists. But there are suggestions that the whole point is in the properties of the Elton rocks, preserved from the Jurassic period (not without reason in local mountains— Ulagan and Presny estuary, scientists find fossilized remains of fossil plants and animals).

Health resorts built on the base healing factors, lakes have no analogues all over the world. Already at the beginning of the century there were original health resorts, popular among many. And the treatment was quite simple: a hole was dug out on the lake, where the patient was placed. His body was covered with mud, and after an hour spent in this state, the person was washed in a brine. PAfter the Second World War, medicine established that balneotherapy (treatment with mud and mineral waters) is a unique type of treatment based on the deep use of natural resources. For this reason, a kind of boom in visiting salt lakes began. And now Elton is visited by thousands of tourists, eager to rejuvenate and heal from ailments. Yes, and the prices of the tour for a unique salt Lake only rejoice.

Bitter-salty lake Bulukhta(from Kolmyk "spring") - the second largest bitter-salty lake, after Elton, located in the Volgograd region. Essentially ethat swamp, but with spring water. Another unique property of the lake is the bizarre shape of the shore and the ever-changing boundaries of the lake. Lake Bulukhta is a part of wildlife, its uniqueness is that it is far from civilization, it is not so easy to get here.

The lucky ones who have been here will have the opportunity to see numerous populations of ground squirrels and steppe birds. The most unforgettable sight is the flight Imperial Eagle, listed in the Red Book of Russia, its nests are often found, sometimes very close to the road. A dangerous phenomenon - the salt marsh barely holds the weight of a person, it can meet under your feet right here. Going to the lake will be easy exciting journey, during which you can find yourself among the wild, unexplored nature!

Lake Razval in Sol-Iletsk considered e another unique salt lake.Important integral part The history of the Iletsk deposit is the history of Lake Razval, which made the resort famous. The concentration of salt is very high here, so drowning in it is a difficult task.Razval Lake was formed at the site of the salt production of Mount Tuztube. The depth of the lake is 18 meters. On east coast The lake has a beach of fine sand with salt. The salty spring “Salty Tears” has been flowing through Mount Tuztube for a long time.

The salt concentration here is almost 10 times higher than the concentration of salts in the water of the Black and mediterranean seas. In addition to sodium chloride, the lake contains other salts. Salty water has predominantly hyperosmolar, locally irritating and antimicrobial effects, in connection with this, the cleansing reaction to the skin and mucous membranes, as well as the adaptogenic reaction, is most pronounced. Bathing in the lake is recommended for patients with skin diseases, internal organs, musculoskeletal apparatus and many other factors.

Look

Indications for bathing in salt lakes and taking salt procedures:

1. Atopic dermatitis and children's eczema, psoriasis (without exacerbation); including in children.

2. Diseases musculoskeletal systems: arthritis, and polyarthritis of non-tuberculous origin (rheumatoid arthritis, infectious arthritis of a certain nature, osteoarthritis, osteoarthritis, traumatic arthritis); spondylosis, spondylarthrosis, osteochondrosis, ankylosing spondylitis, spondylopathy, diseases of bones, tendon muscles; osteomyelitis that does not require surgical intervention, trophic ulcers after long-term treatment of non-healing wounds of traumatic origin. Heel spur.

3. Diseases of the nervous system: diseases and consequences of injuries of the peripheral nervous system in the stage of fading exacerbation, complete or incomplete remission (radiculitis, plexitis, neuritis, myelitis); the consequences of injuries and other injuries of the spinal cord and its membranes in the absence of disorders of the function of the pelvic organs and with the patient's ability to move independently;
dyscirculatory encephalopathy up to 2 degrees.

4. Diseases of the female genital area: chronic cervicitis, chronic metroendometritis, uterine deviation with limited mobility; chronic inflammatory diseases of the uterine appendages of various etiologies, with the exception of tuberculosis, chronic pelvic peritonitis, perimetritis; infertility due to inflammatory disease of the tubes and uterus, as well as mildly pronounced underdevelopment of the uterus; functional insufficiency of the ovaries on the basis of their primary lesion with the normal size of the uterus; postoperative infiltrates at the end of the acute period; erosion of the cervix (subject to the exclusion of malignancy); primary and secondary infertility of various origins.

Indications for referring children:

Long-term and frequently ill children (secondary immunodeficiency); cerebral palsy, enuresis, scoliosis of 1-4 degrees, joint contractures (after burns, fractures), diseases and consequences of injuries of the central and peripheral system, neuroses, cerebroasthenic syndrome. Children are admitted for treatment together with one of the parents.

(!!!) CONTRAINDICATIONS: on contraindications, it is strongly recommended to consult a specialist!

1. General contraindications, under which spa treatment(tumors, bleeding of any localization, especially repeated ones, infections, venereal and mental diseases, diseases in the acute phase, for balneotherapy, foreign bodies (plates, artificial joints, a single kidney);
2. Tuberculosis of any localization;
3. Nephrites and other diseases of the kidneys with impaired function;
4. Hypothyroidism and diabetes mellitus;
5. Polyarthritis with a progressive course, with a tendency to ankylosis and contractures in the exacerbation of the process;
6. Diseases of the cardiovascular system with circulatory failure 2−3 st (heart failure);
7. Chronic ischemic heart disease with arrhythmia, conduction, with angina pectoris above functional class 2;
8. Hypertension above II A stage;
9. Exacerbation of atopic dermatitis and childhood eczema with the presence of erosions on the skin (with ESR above 35 mm/h);
10. Bronchial asthma in exacerbation, hormone-dependent bronchial asthma;
11. Epilepsy and convulsive conditions;
12. Constant and long-term use of hormonal drugs.