World geography of the country and the capital. Capitals of European countries in alphabetical order

Europe is part of the world, which, together with the other part of the world, Asia, forms a single continent - Eurasia. On its vast territory there are 44 independent states. But not all of them are included Foreign Europe.

Foreign Europe

In 1991 was established international organization CIS (Commonwealth of Independent States). Today it includes the following states: Russia, Ukraine, the Republic of Belarus, Moldova, Azerbaijan, Armenia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan. In relation to them, the countries of Foreign Europe are singled out. There are 40 of them. This figure does not include dependent states- possessions of a state that are not formally its territory: Akrotili and Dhekelia (Great Britain), Aland (Finland), Guernsey (Great Britain), Gibraltar (Great Britain), Jersey (Great Britain), Isle of Man (Great Britain), Faroe islands(Denmark), Svalbard (Norway), Jan Mayen (Norway).

In addition, this list does not include unrecognized countries: Kosovo, Transnistria, Sealand.

Rice. 1 Map of Foreign Europe

Geographical position

The states of Foreign Europe occupy a relatively small area - 5.4 km2. The length of their lands from north to south is 5000 km, and from west to east - more than 3000 km. extreme point to the north is the island of Svalbard, and to the south - the island of Crete. This region surrounded by seas on three sides. In the west and south it is washed by the waters Atlantic Ocean. Geographically, Foreign Europe is divided into regions:

• Western : Austria, Belgium, Great Britain, Germany, Ireland, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Monaco, Netherlands, Portugal, France, Switzerland;
• Northern : Denmark, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Finland, Sweden, Estonia;
• South : Albania, Andorra, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Vatican, Greece, Spain, Italy, Macedonia, Malta, Portugal, San Marino, Serbia, Slovenia, Croatia, Montenegro;
• Eastern : Bulgaria, Hungary, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Czech Republic.

From ancient times to the present day, the development of Greece, Spain, Italy, Portugal, Great Britain, Norway, Iceland, Denmark, the Netherlands is inextricably linked with the sea. In the west, it is difficult to find a place that would be more than 480 km away from the water, and in the east - 600 km.

general characteristics

The countries of Foreign Europe vary in size. Among them are large, medium, small and "dwarf" states. The latter include the Vatican, San Marino, Monaco, Liechtenstein, Andorra, Malta. As for the population, one can mainly observe countries with a small number of citizens - about 10 million people. By shape state government the vast majority of countries are republics. In second place are constitutional monarchies: Sweden, the Netherlands, Norway, Luxembourg, Monaco, Denmark, Spain, Great Britain, Andorra, Belgium. And at the last step in the singular - the theocratic monarchy: the Vatican. The administrative-territorial structure is also heterogeneous. The majority are unitary states. Spain, Switzerland, Serbia, Montenegro, Germany, Austria, Belgium are countries with a federal structure.

Rice. 2 The developed countries Europe and their capitals

Socio-economic classification

In 1993, the idea of ​​European unification received a new breath: that year the treaty establishing the European Union was signed. At the first stage, some countries opposed joining the ranks of such an association (Norway, Sweden, Austria, Finland). The total number of countries that make up the modern EU is 28. They are united not only by the name. First of all, they "confess" general economy(single currency), common domestic and foreign policy as well as the security policy. But within this alliance, not everything is so smooth and uniform. It has its leaders - Great Britain, France, Germany and Italy. They account for about 70% of the total GDP and more than half of the population of the European Union. The following are small countries, which are divided into subgroups:

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• First : Austria, Denmark, Finland, Luxembourg, Belgium, Netherlands, Sweden;
• Second : Greece, Spain, Ireland, Portugal, Malta, Cyprus;
• Third (developing countries): Poland, Czech Republic, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Estonia, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia.

In 2016, the UK held a referendum to leave the EU. The majority (52%) was in favor. So, the state is on the verge of a difficult process of leaving the big "European family".

Rice. 3 Rome is the capital of Italy

Foreign Europe: countries and capitals

The following table provides a list of countries and capitals of Overseas Europe in alphabetical order:

What have we learned?

In this article, we talked about the countries and main cities of Foreign Europe. Foreign Europe is a region of Europe. What is included in its composition? It includes all countries located in the European part of Eurasia, except for the states belonging to the CIS. On the territory of foreign Europe there is an association European Union, which rallied 28 states under its roof.

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How many capitals European states Can an adult say? Without prior preparation, perhaps no more than twenty. Full list capitals of European states, not everyone can verbally provide. There are forty-four in all. This article presents the capitals of European states in alphabetical order.

A small introduction

Before naming the capital of a European state, which ranks first in our list, it is worth saying that cities can be classified according to various criteria. And by area, and by population, and by age. But in this article, we will not give preference to any city. All of them will be named exclusively in alphabetical order. About capitals European cities There's a lot to be said, but the following is just a summary.

On "A"

Amsterdam is the capital of the European state of the Netherlands. The exact date of foundation is unknown, but the first information about the city dates back to the beginning of the 13th century. In the 14th century, Amsterdam became a major trading center.

Andorra la Vella- chief and most Big City country called Andorra. A little more than 20 thousand people live here and are interesting monuments architecture dating back to the Middle Ages.

Which city is the capital of Greece? Even a child can answer this question. Athens is the city where the government of the country sits, in which, according to legend, there is everything.

On "B"

Belgrade is the capital of a European state, founded earlier than Berlin, Paris and others famous cities. Under modern name first mentioned in the ninth century.

There are many European states and their capitals. But there is a city in whose history there is incredible fact. For several decades, it was divided into two parts by a high wall. This is the city of Berlin.

What is the name of the capital of the state in which the best chocolate and cheese are produced? Berne! And it is perhaps one of the most picturesque cities in the world. However, the one named below is not inferior to him in the beauty of urban landscapes.

In the center of Europe is a city that was once the capital of Hungary, but today it leads Slovakia. This is Bratislava.

Capital of Belgium - Small town With difficult history— Brussels. About 150 thousand people live here. At the same time, the population is quite heterogeneous in ethnic terms.

Budapest was founded at the end of the 19th century. It is the largest city in Hungary.

In Bucharest, the main events in the cultural and economic life of Romania take place. Its population is 180 thousand people.

On "B"

There is a very tiny country in Europe in which they speak exclusively German. It gained independence in the sixties of the XIX century. In the capital of this state - Vaduz - only five and a half thousand people live.

Valletta is the economic and political center of Malta.

Warsaw is an old European city that was almost completely destroyed during the most terrible war of the 20th century.

The name of which capital is consonant with the name of the state in which it is located? Of course, the Vatican.

Which city hosts the most famous music festivals? Certainly in Austrian capital- in Vienna.

And finally, which Baltic city starts with "B"? Many of these can be named. But only one of them is the capital. This is Vilnius.

From "G" to "L"

by the most big city of those located on the island of Ireland is Dublin. And the largest in Croatia is Zagreb. On the picturesque banks of the Dnieper lies the ancient majestic Kyiv. And on the river Bic, which flows into the Dniester, is Chisinau. The cultural, governmental and economic center of Denmark is Copenhagen. The capital of Portugal is Lisbon.

Even schoolchildren, for whom geography is the most hated subject, know that the main city in the country, so often called Albion, is London. But they are unlikely to be able to answer the question of where the main political and economic institutions of Slovenia are located. And they are all concentrated in Ljubljana. Another capital whose name coincides with the name of the state is Luxembourg.

From "M" to "O"

Madrid is located in the central part of the Iberian Peninsula - main city countries of bullfighting and flamenco. And on southeastern slope of the Minsk Upland stands Minsk, founded in the tenth century. The next item in this long list the capital is coming big state in the world. It is sometimes called White Stone, although in architectural ensemble, located in the very center, completely different shades prevail. Just like Rome, it stands on seven hills. Of course, this is Moscow. And after it in our list is the largest Norwegian city - Oslo.

From "P" to "X"

The Eiffel Tower, the Champ de Mars, the Seine River are all symbols of Paris. And what associations do people have when they hear the name of the Montenegrin capital? If he has been to Podgorica, then perhaps he will remember the Cathedral Church or palace complex King Nikola I Petrovich-Negosh. But the symbols of Prague are considered to be St. Vitus Cathedral, Charles Bridge and the Powder Tower.

Among European capitals there is one whose name can be translated into Russian as "smoking bay". This is Reykjavik, a city located on the Seltjadnarnes peninsula. Political center Latvia - Riga. And the capital of Italy bears the name of the once powerful empire, the birthplace of Julius Caesar: Rome.

San Marino is the capital of the state of the same name. Sarajevo is the political and economic center of Bosnia and Herzegovina. Skopje is the birthplace of the famous Mother Teresa and the capital of Macedonia. And what can be said about the Swedish capital? Several decades ago most of residents of our country associated this city with self-confident Carlson. Today, Russian citizens have a deeper knowledge of the culture of Stockholm.

Our list has come to an end. It remains to name only three cities. We are talking about the capitals of Estonia, Albania and Finland. political, economic and cultural centers these states are Tallinn, Tirana and Helsinki respectively.

World famous for architectural monuments And interesting history. It is difficult to answer the question of which one should be visited first. This article briefly discusses some of them, namely the most beautiful capitals ah European states.

Prague

This city, according to generally accepted opinion, is the most beautiful among the capitals of European countries. Abundance here medieval streets, lined with paving stones, a lot unique monuments and Charles Bridge - one of the symbols of the Czech capital. Its length is more than five hundred meters. The famous Prague bridge is associated with important historical events, including the attack of the Swedes, which took place in the middle of the 17th century.

The name of the city that ranks first in the list of the most picturesque capitals European states, translated from Czech as "threshold". There are many legends about the founding of Prague, including legends about the wise ruler Libusha.

Paris

The capital, which was once ruled by one of the world's greatest generals, is famous for Champs Elysees And eiffel tower. In fact, of course, the list of attractions in Paris is quite extensive. We will not list everything here, but we will briefly outline the history of the famous symbol of the French capital.

The metal tower, whose height is more than three hundred meters, cannot be called an ancient monument. It was built only at the end 19th century. According to statistics, among all the attractions of the world is the most visited. Every tourist visiting Paris, first of all, seeks to be photographed against the backdrop of the Eiffel Tower.

In 1889, the world exhibition dedicated to the anniversary of the French Revolution was held in Paris. A few years before this event, a competition was organized, the winner of which was to create a project for the structure. The monument reflects the technological and engineering achievements of the country. The authors of the project were employees of the G. Eiffel bureau.

Rome

The third place in the list of the most capitals of European states, photos of which are known all over the world, is occupied by the main city of Italy. Many talented feature films have been created here, among them Fellini's La Dolce Vita. This city is considered one of the most romantic in the world. To the most interesting historical monuments also applies to Piazza Navona, the Pantheon.

Perhaps, it is incorrect to talk about which of the cities in Europe is the most beautiful. For some, this is Moscow. to someone closer Berlin or Athens. But, according to a rating compiled not so long ago based on the reviews of tourists and published in the media, the fourth place belongs to the German capital, the fifth - to the Greek one. Moscow occupies the sixth position in this list. The list of the most beautiful capitals also includes Madrid, Helsinki, Amsterdam.

The most famous cities in Europe can be arranged in a list based on various features. Both alphabetically and geographic location, and by age. Below are two more lists, which include the above-mentioned cities.

states from north to south

This list should start with Helsinki. Among European capitals, this city is the northernmost. The list can then be compiled as follows:

• Stockholm.
• Oslo.
• Tallinn.
• Copenhagen.
• Moscow.
• Warsaw.
• Dublin.
• Prague.
• Paris.
• Belgrade.
• Sofia.
• Skopje.

Capitals of European countries in alphabetical order

If you make a complete list, then it will include forty-four cities. The first place is European capital, which tourists perceive differently. For some, this city is the focus of debauchery. For others, it is the place where great painters worked. We are talking, of course, about Amsterdam. Second in the list, in alphabetical order, is Andorra la Vella. The third is Athens. Then there are cities whose names start with "B".

First of all, the capital of Germany comes to mind. But in this list, Berlin is preceded by Belgrade. And then follow the capitals of such states as Switzerland, Slovakia, Belgium, Hungary. Which cities are the political and economic centers of these countries? Bern, Bratislava, Brussels and Budapest.

The full list also includes the capitals of small states, such as Liechtenstein. main city dwarf state is Vaduz. But then we list the most famous capitals:

• Brussels.
• Warsaw.
• Vein.
• Dublin.
• Copenhagen.
• London.
• Madrid.
• Moscow.
• Oslo.
• Paris.
• Prague.
• Stockholm.
• Tallinn.
• Helsinki.

This article will help you understand the geography of Europe in more detail.

Geography is a fascinating subject that comes easily to many at school. But for some people it can be difficult, especially in memorizing geographical names. Do not despair. You just need to want.

This article is intended for persons over 18 years of age.

Are you over 18 already?

In order not to forget

Why study capitals?

The world is becoming more open, boundaries are blurring and distances are shrinking. Therefore, knowledge of countries and the names of their capitals from the category of brilliant erudition turns into a vital necessity. Today, not understanding this issue means becoming a modern Mitrofanushka, who argued that geography is not needed, because there are cabbies.

If you know the states and main cities, you will be able to:

• easily solve crossword puzzles;
• surprise the company with your knowledge by offering a game or competition;
• easy to navigate in the world of news;
• get excellent grades in geography;
• not "blink" eyes in a travel agency, and when your friend will talk about a fun vacation.

And just be a modern knowledgeable person.

How to quickly learn the capitals?

There are several ways to quickly memorize the countries of the world and their capitals. Some are more suitable for individual training, others will be effective if you team up with friends. We will talk about the most popular, interesting and simple techniques.

c"> Use visual memory

If you have a good visual memory, use it to learn all the capitals and countries. For this you will need:

• geographical atlas;
• contour maps;
• colored pencils and a pen.

Sign up for contour map the name of the state and its center, and then carefully paint over this area with a colored pencil. Not only the names will remain in your memory, but even the outlines of the border by association with the selected color. Can you still draw National flag, it will also be fixed in your memory.

Do not try to get around the entire Earth. Psychologists say that a person cannot remember more than nine positions at a time. Therefore, first select nine countries of the world on different continents, the next day add one neighbor to each independent territory and thus move on. This method is also good because you will remember the relative position of the states and will forever learn that Austria lies between Germany and Italy, and Kenya is north of Tanzania.

d"> In a playful way

Now we will tell you how to learn the capitals of Europe and other continents during the game.

The easiest way involves the following steps.

1. Get your pieces of cardboard ready.
2. On one side write the country, on the back - its capital.
3. For each continent, choose a different background or font color.
4. Place the cards in a box or envelope.
5. Taking them out one by one, try to remember what is written on the back.

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It is exciting to compete in such a game with a company. The rules can be complicated: the one who answered incorrectly must tell something interesting about this state. If his knowledge is not enough, another player can replace the partner, earning extra points. A funny or curious fact about the state will be remembered by you along with geographical names.

There is another version of this game that will help you easily learn all the capitals. Prepare two sets of cards. On some write the names of the countries, on the other - their main cities. Divide the prepared game cards into two groups. Taking out a card from the first group, look for a pair for it in the second.

Similarly, you can play with a friend or a group of up to 5 people. In this case, the leader chooses a card from one box, then from another, and the players find pairs orally. Give points for each correct answer. The one with the most correct answers wins.

Mnemonics and associations

Associative thinking is one of the main advantages of a person. How to learn, for example, the republics and their capitals quickly and easily? Several ways can be suggested:

• break the list into several parts and compose a song for each part or pick up the motive of a famous hit;
• for each pair, think up or look for a rhyme, a counting rhyme, a saying;
• apply the mnemonics method.

You can find nursery rhymes to help you learn the main ones. European cities. For example, this: "The ships of tall Norwegians are sailing to the city of Oslo." If you can write poetry, try to come up with similar short couplets yourself. After such an exercise, you will never forget the capitals of the world.

A good technique is to pick up words in rhyme that are similar in sound. Take Gabon and Liberville. Remember: Gabon - trombone Liberville - vaudeville. Can't rhyme? Then find a phrase similar in sound: the country of Mali, the city of Bamako - a small shoe.

Mnemonics, as a way to quickly and permanently remember something, has been known since ancient times. It was used by ancient Greek orators, so as not to forget a pre-prepared speech. This method is based on phonetic associations.

Come up with a picture that is associated with a specific name. For example, you want to remember that the center of Bosnia and Herzegovina is Sarajevo. The word "Bosnia" is associated with the word "boss", "Herzegovina" - "duke", and "Sarajevo" - "barn". Now imagine a dilapidated barn in which a fat boss in an expensive suit and an arrogant aristocrat live. The brighter the picture you create in your imagination, the more reliable the association will be.

If you can draw, then learn all the countries and all the capitals even faster. Draw pictures to illustrate your associations. Just make them colorful, bright - it's better absorbed.

magic table

It has long been noticed that information in the form of a table is easier to remember. Make a table with the following columns:

• a country;
• capital;
• interesting fact.

On the Internet and encyclopedias, you can easily find an entertaining story or interesting event associated with this country. For example, the legend about the founding of the city or the history of its name. Enter in the column " Interesting fact» a summary of this information.

Here is a simple example. Asuncion is the capital of Paraguay, it is fully called in Spanish for a very long time: "the city of the Assumption of our Lady of St. Mary the Virgin." At home, this is extremely inconvenient. Therefore, from seven words, only the ending remained over time - Asuncion, which means "assumption". It is enough to write this word in a table so that the name of the metropolis is firmly entrenched in memory.

Almighty Internet

On the World Wide Web, you can find many games and quizzes on this topic. Download the appropriate application to your smartphone and train at any time. free time. There are also programs for desktop computers.

Here are a few resources to choose from:

• newtonenew.com;
• games.com.ua
• online.seterra.com;
• geo.koltyrin.ru.

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You can find many others as new specimens appear every day. Also on YouTube you will definitely find funny videos and cartoons, videos and trainings just for this purpose.

In order not to forget

Our brain is designed in such a way that unclaimed information is forgotten over time. If you do not want to forget what you have memorized so diligently, you need to periodically repeat the material. To do this, it is better to use a different method from which you taught. Suppose you learned all the states using the mnemonics method. Repeat with computer program or game cards.

will help you exciting game"Gallop across Europe". Use the same two sets of cards, choosing one from each box. Got, suppose, Spain and Minsk. All participants in the game, without looking at the map, must write a route from the capital city of Spain to the main city of Belarus. Specify the country to be traveled and its central city. Then check the routes on the map. The one who makes the shortest and correct path wins.

Find a site on the Internet where you can take the appropriate test. Ask friends or relatives to arrange an exam for you. Put in a little effort and you'll be fine!

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