Estonian name. The country Estonia is an administrative unit. Capital of Estonia – challenge title

They will be an excellent opportunity not only to relax in comfort, but also to learn a lot of interesting things about the Baltic neighbor.

Another interesting fact Ob is the country with the largest Wi-Fi access in Europe. More than 1100 access points have been created here, which for a country with such large area just unbelieveble.

Wi-Fi literally covers almost the entire country and you can connect to the network in any locality in almost any cafe or shop.

There are all conditions for excellent beach holiday and especially for families with children. The mass of playgrounds, the cleanest equipped beaches and wonderful ones attract a lot of tourists here.

Holidays in Estonian

The best observation deck, from where it opens up especially amazing, is located on the bell tower, and the view from here allows you to decorate the travel album with memorable panoramic photos.

The cultural capital of St. John is rightfully considered, in which one of the Europe's oldest. His main building- a historical and architectural landmark, which all guests of the city strive to visit. One of the most photographed places is this, as well as with its clay stucco ornaments, and the most visited is where a strong half of the tourist brethren is ready, without interrupting, to listen to the guide. In total, at least twenty museums are open, in which both children and adults find a lot of interesting things for themselves.

Mysterious Island

B has its own islands, rightly called unique nature reserves. The largest one is easily accessible by ferry.

Its pristine beauty overshadows all the creations of human hands. There are coves and rocky beaches, where fans of solitude and lovers of natural masterpieces like to relax. Comfortable hotels And guest houses offer visitors a real comfort and the opportunity to unite with nature. sand dunes, cool sea ​​waves, a tart pine aroma spreading in the air, is not in vain considered one of the best Baltic resorts.

The sights of the island are worthy of a separate story. The lighthouse of Sõrve has been lighting the way for sailors and fishermen for almost four hundred years, and since windmills tells inquisitive travelers about ancient folk crafts and gives you the opportunity to try to make a memorable souvenir with your own hands. One of the oldest in Europe, built in the 13th century, has been preserved in the capital of the island. His museum contains many interesting exhibits, among which are urban legends about the old fortress.

Tasty and healthy

Traveling around is not complete without visiting its restaurants with national dishes on the traditional menu. The main and favorite dishes of Estonians can be tasted in any local cafe. On the eve of Christmas, the menu will certainly include jellied meat and black pudding served with lingonberry sauce, and on Maslenitsa - buns garnished with whipped cream. Pickled Baltic herring, stew with sauerkraut and fragrant pates, soft cheeses and rich soups made from potatoes, cabbage or peas with smoked meats are always loved here.

Estonians love coffee and know how to make and drink it. After many hours of sightseeing, it is so nice to go to a cafe in any Estonian city, order a cup of a fragrant drink of light Scandinavian roast and, closing your eyes in unearthly bliss, remember the past day and relive its especially bright moments.
And then breathe a sigh of relief, remembering that this evening, fortunately, is not the last ...

goBaltia

Estonia is among three countries, which in Russia are usually called the Baltic republics. This is a small country that is part of the EU and NATO.

Estonia on the world map is located next to Russia. This is the northernmost Baltic state, bordering on the Leningrad region.

Estonia on the map of the world and Europe in Russian

The official name of the country - Republic of Estonia . This is a small state, occupying 134th place in the world in terms of its territory. The country lives in the same time zone with Eastern European time - GMT + 2, so there is no time difference with the capital of Russia.

The population of the Republic of Estonia is only 1.31 million people.

Capital

Capital of Estonia Tallinn is a major port city world heritage UNESCO. All major cities are concentrated in its old part. Many buildings in it date back to the 13th-15th centuries.

At the top of the old city is Toompea Castle. It was built in the 13th century by German knights. It currently houses the country's parliament. The tower located in the southern part of the castle Long German is the national symbol of Estonia.

The heart of the old city Town Hall Square. Along its perimeter are old houses. Since the 15th century, every year on Town Hall Square installed main tree countries. The lower part of the city is surrounded on one side by a 2 km long fortress wall with 20 towers. The height of the wall is 14-16 meters. The thickness of the fortress walls is 3 m.

Big cities

There are no cities in Estonia with more than a million inhabitants. The largest cities in the country, in addition to Tallinn: Pärnu, Narva and Tartu. The population of these cities is constantly decreasing.

On this moment, according to various estimates, in the most major cities less than 100,000 people live in the country.

According to the census Population cities is:

1. Tartu– 95,000 people (the city is located in Tartumaa County);
2. Narva– 62,000 people (the city is located in Ida-Viumaa county);
3. Parnu- a little over 40,000 people (the city is located in Pärnu County).

Most Old city country - Tallinn. Among the most beautiful settlements Estonia:

• Kuressaare. The city is surrounded by the moat of the old castle and fortress walls, has a cozy beach.
• Haapsalu. The main attraction of the seaside town is the medieval episcopal castle.
• Rakvere. The city is popular with tourists. Its main attraction is the ruined castle built on Vallimägi hill.

The exact location of Estonia on the map of Europe is in this video:

This is interesting:

In contact with

Republic - a state in the northwest of Eastern Europe. In the north it is washed by the Gulf of Finland, in the west by the Baltic Sea. In the east, the country borders on Russia, including on Lake Peipsi, in the south - on Latvia. Estonia owns more than 1500 islands, the largest of which are Saaremaa and Hiiumaa.

The name of the country comes from the ethnonym of the people - Estonians.

Official name: Republic of Estonia

Capital:

The area of ​​the land: 45,226 sq. km

Total population: 1.3 mln. people

Administrative division: Estonia is divided into 15 maakunds (counties) and 6 cities of central subordination.

Form of government: Parliamentary republic.

Head of State: The President is elected by Parliament for a term of 5 years.

Composition of the population: 65.% - Estonians, 28.1% - Russians, 2.5% - Ukrainians, 1.5% - Belarusians, 1% - Finns, 1.6 - others.

Official language: Estonian. The language of communication for most non-Estonians is Russian.

Religion: 80% - Lutherans, 18% - Orthodox.

Internet domain: .ee

Mains voltage: ~230 V, 50 Hz

Phone country code: +372

Country barcode: 474

Climate

Moderate, transitional from maritime to continental: along the Baltic coast - maritime, away from the sea - closer to temperate continental. average temperature air in January -4-7 C, in July +15-17 C. Precipitation falls up to 700 mm. per year, mainly in the autumn-winter period (the end of summer is also often rainy). Due to the influence of sea air masses, the weather is quite changeable, and can often change several times a day, especially in spring and autumn.

Due to the shallow water, the water in the sea and lakes warms up quickly and in July reaches + 20-24 C, beach season lasts from the beginning of June to the end of August. Best time to visit the country - from early May to mid-September.

Geography

State in northeastern Europe south coast Gulf of Finland Baltic Sea. It borders with Latvia in the south and Russia in the east. In the north it is washed by the Gulf of Finland, in the west - by the Gulf of Riga of the Baltic Sea.

The country's territory includes more than 1,500 islands (10% of the territory of Estonia), the largest of which are Saaremaa, Hiiumaa, Muhu, Vormen, Naisaar, Aegna, Prangli, Kihnu, Ruhnu, Abruka and Vilsandi.

The relief is predominantly flat. Most of the country is a flat moraine plain covered with forests (almost 50% of the territory), swamps and peatlands (almost 25% of the territory). Only in the north and in the central part of the country stretches the Pandivere hill (up to 166 m on the city of Emumägi), and in the southeastern part of the country there is a narrow strip of hilly hills (up to 318 m on the city of Suur-Munamägi). The lake network is also extensive - more than 1 thousand moraine lakes. total area country is about 45.2 thousand square meters. km. is the northernmost and smallest of the Baltic states.

Flora and fauna

Vegetable world

Estonia is located in the zone of mixed coniferous-deciduous forests. Few primary forests remain. The most fertile soddy-calcareous soils, on which broad-leaved forests once grew, are now occupied by arable land. In general, about 48% of the country's area is under forests. The most characteristic forest-forming species are Scotch pine, Scotch spruce, warty and downy birch, aspen, as well as oak, maple, ash, elm, linden. As part of the undergrowth, mountain ash, bird cherry, and willow grow. Less often, mainly in the west, in the undergrowth there are yew berry, wild apple, Scandinavian mountain ash and aria, blackthorn, hawthorn.

Forests are most widespread in the east of the country - in central and southern Estonia, where they are represented by spruce forests and mixed spruce-deciduous forests. On sandy soils in the southeast of the country grow pine forests. In the west of Estonia, large areas are occupied by peculiar landscapes - a combination of upland meadows with areas of sparse forests. Meadow vegetation is widespread in the northwest and north of the country. The low-lying, periodically flooded coastal strip is occupied by coastal meadows. A specific flora that tolerates soil salinity is widespread here.

The territory of Estonia is heavily swamped. Bogs (mostly lowlands) are common in the valleys of the Pärnu, Emajõgi, Põltsamaa, Pedja rivers, along the shores of Lake Peipus and Pskov. Raised bogs are confined to the main watershed of Estonia. North of Lake Peipsi wetland forests are widespread.

Flora of Estonia includes 1560 species of flowering, gymnosperms and ferns. Of these, about three-quarters of the species are concentrated in the western coastal areas and on the islands. The flora of mosses (507 species), lichens (786 species), fungi (about 2500 species), algae (more than 1700 species) is distinguished by a large species diversity.

Animal world

The species diversity of wild fauna is small - approx. 60 species of mammals. The most numerous are moose (about 7,000 individuals), roe deer (43,000), hares, and wild boars (11,000). In the 1950s–1960s, maral, red deer, and raccoon dogs were introduced. In the largest forest areas brown bear (about 800 individuals) and lynx (about 1000 individuals) are found in many parts of Estonia. Foxes, pine martens, badgers, and squirrels are also found in the forests. The forest ferret, ermine, weasel are widespread, along the banks of reservoirs - the European mink and otter. Very common hedgehog, shrew, mole.

Coastal waters abound with game animals such as ringed seal (in the Gulf of Riga and off the West Estonian archipelago) and long-snouted seal (in the Gulf of Finland).

The avifauna is the most diverse. It has 331 species, of which 207 species nest permanently in Estonia (about 60 live all year round). The most numerous are capercaillie and hazel grouse (in coniferous forests), woodcock (in swamps), black grouse (in forest clearings), coot, bittern, shepherd, warblers, mallards and other ducks (on lakes and sea ​​coast), as well as the tawny owl, woodpeckers, larks, kestrel.

Such rare species of birds as white-tailed eagle, golden eagle, short-toed eagle, greater and lesser spotted eagle, osprey, white and black stork, gray crane are under protection. On the islands of the western archipelago, common eider, crested duck, shoveler, merganser, scoter, gray goose, gulls nest. Birds are especially numerous during the spring and autumn mass migration to summer nesting sites or wintering in tropical countries.

There are 3 species of lizards and 2 species of snakes, including the common viper.

More than 70 species of fish live in fresh water and coastal waters (carp, salmon, smelt, vendace, Chud whitefish, bream, roach, perch, pike perch, burbot, trout, crucian carp, tench, carp, herring, sprat, cod, flounder, sea ​​whitefish, eel, etc.). Many of them are of commercial importance.

In general, Estonia is characterized by a caring attitude towards nature. In order to study it, preserve the gene pool and protect landscapes, several national parks And state reserves and preservers. In total, approximately 10% of the territory of Estonia is under protection. In 1995, the parliament passed a law on the sustainable development of the country, and in 1996 the government approved a strategy for environmental protection.

Attractions

Tourists come to Estonia primarily to get acquainted with the ancient and original culture this country, visit the wonderful song performances for which this land is so famous, and also relax on seaside resorts Baltic coast.

Banks and currency

The monetary unit is the euro (coins 1, 2, 5, 10, 20, 50 euro cents, 1 and 2 euros; banknotes 5, 10, 20, 50, 100, 200, 500 euros).

Banks operate in weekdays from 9:00 to 18:00 and in the morning on Saturday.

Currency exchange offices are open on working days from 9:00 to 18:00, on Saturdays - from 9:00 to 15:00. Some exchange offices open on Sunday too.

Useful information for tourists

Of interest to tourists are, first of all, numerous shops with folk art, needlework, jewelry, leather goods, souvenirs, and antiques. These shops are located mainly in the old parts of the cities and are usually open from 9.00 to 18.00. In large cities, department stores and supermarkets are open until 20.00. Many shops are also open on Sundays. IN Lately there were chain stores with a round-the-clock work schedule.

In restaurants, hotels and taxis, tips are included in the cost of services. But you have the right to reward the attendants for good service additionally.

Most residents Western Europe, and even more so Asia and the United States, are unlikely to be able to find Estonia on the world map. But so much the worse for them, because Estonia is not just small country in the Baltic. Estonia is an amazing Baltic nature, medieval fortresses, numerous museums, amber, the Baltic Sea, as well as balneological and beach resorts.

Estonia is located in the Baltic Northern Europe. In the south, Estonia borders on Latvia, in the east - on Russia. In the north and west, Estonia is washed by the waters of the Baltic Sea. The total area of ​​this country is 45,227 sq. km., including the islands, and the total length of the border is 1,450 km.

55% of the territory of Estonia is occupied by forests. The highest point in the country is Mount Suur-Munamägi on the Haanja Upland, whose height is only 318 meters.

There are a lot of lakes in Estonia, the largest of them are Lake Peipus in the east and Võrtsjärv in the south of the country.

The capital of Estonia is Tallinn, which is now home to more than 420 thousand people. Archaeologists believe that the first human settlements on the territory of modern Tallinn appeared about 2 thousand years ago.

The official language in Estonia is Estonian, which belongs to the Finnish branch of the Uralic language family.

About 14% of the Estonian population belongs to the Estonian Evangelical Lutheran Church, and about 10% of Estonians are Orthodox Christians. The rest of Estonians do not believe in God.

According to the 1992 constitution, Estonia is a parliamentary republic, headed by the President, who is elected by the country's Parliament.

The Estonian Parliament consists of 101 deputies who are elected for a 4-year term. Executive power belongs to the President, the Prime Minister and the Cabinet of Ministers.

The climate in Estonia is temperate, transitional from maritime to continental. Average annual temperature air is +5.2C. In general, the Estonian climate is determined by Atlantic Ocean and the Baltic Sea. The average amount of precipitation per year is 568 mm.

Average air temperature in Tallinn:

January – -5C
- February - -6C
- March - -3C
- April - +3C
- May - +8С
- June - +13С
- July - +16C
- August - +15C
- September - +11C
- October - +6C
- November - +1С
- December - -3C

In the north and west, Estonia is washed by the waters of the Baltic Sea (Gulf of Finland). The length of the Estonian coast of the Baltic Sea is 768.6 km. There are more than 1,500 islands in Estonia, the largest of which are Saaremaa, Hiiumaa and Muhumaa (Muhu).

The temperature of the Baltic Sea near the Estonian coast reaches +17C in summer. In the bays, the water warms up better in summer, and exceeds +20C.

There are 200 rivers and about 1,500 lakes in Estonia. Rivers in northern Estonia form picturesque rapids and waterfalls. The highest Estonian waterfall is Valaste (30.5 m).

Several beautiful rivers- Piusa, Ahya and Vyhandu. By the way, Vyhandu is the most long river in Estonia (162 km).

There are a lot of lakes in Estonia, the largest of them are Lake Peipus in the east and Võrtsjärv in the ege of the country. In general, lakes occupy 6% of the territory of Estonia. On the shore of Lake Peipsi there is the longest Estonian sandy beach - 30 km.

People in the area modern Estonia appeared about 11 thousand years ago. The first state formations in Estonia began to appear in the 1st century AD. In the 9th-11th centuries, Scandinavian Vikings (mainly Swedes) often attacked the territory of modern Estonia.

Before the adoption of Christianity, Estonians were pagans who believed in a higher being - Tharapita.

From 1228 to the 1560s, Estonia was part of the Holy Roman Empire (it was conquered by the Livonian Order).

In 1629 most of Estonia came under Swedish rule. The first university in Estonia was founded in 1632 in Dorpat (Tartu).

In 1721, according to the Treaty of Nystadt, Estonia was included in the Russian Empire. Only after the First World War in 1918 was the independence of Estonia declared.

According to the 1939 agreement between Germany and the USSR, Estonia is included in the zone of interests of Joseph Stalin. On August 6, 1940, Estonia was incorporated into the USSR as the Estonian SSR.

Estonia's independence was restored on August 20, 1991. Estonia has been a member of the European Union since 2004.

Estonians, like other nations, are very proud of their culture. The government of the country is making efforts to preserve not only archaeological, historical and architectural monuments but also intangible monuments. Thus, in Estonia there are currently 7 government programs for the preservation of intangible traditional culture (we are talking about songs, music, dances, etc.).

Back in 1869, the first Estonian folk music and dance festival was held in Tartu. Now the tradition of this festival continues. Estonian Music and Dance Festival in Tartu is now listed as intangible cultural heritage UNESCO.

The most popular holidays among Estonians are New Year, Independence Day, Easter, Midsummer Day, Restoration of Independence Day and Christmas.

Estonian cuisine is quite simple, there are no gourmet dishes in it. But now Estonian cuisine already includes the most popular dishes of international cuisine. However, in Estonia the most typical products are still black bread, pork, potatoes, fish and dairy products.

We advise tourists in Estonia to definitely try the following traditional Estonian dishes: beer soup, bean soup, soup with dumplings and meat, brawn, black pudding, Baltic herring in vinegar, pike in oil, stewed pike with horseradish, herring casserole, mulgi porridge » with sauerkraut, honey cake, cabbage pie, baked apples.

In Estonia, the traditional non-alcoholic drink is kali made with yeast, to which juniper berries are added.

As for alcoholic beverages in Estonia, this is, of course, beer and vodka. Estonians have been making vodka since about the 15th century, but it still cannot compete with beer in popularity.

Estonians have always been sensitive to their history. Therefore, we advise tourists in Estonia to definitely see:

1. Toompea Castle in Tallinn
2. Kiek-in-de-Kök tower in Tallinn
3. Hermann Castle in Narva
4. Alexander Nevsky Cathedral in Tallinn
5. Rakvere fortress in northern Estonia
6. Kadriorg Palace in Tallinn
7. Lahemaa National Park
8. Oleviste Church in Tallinn
9. Dome Cathedral in Tartu
10. Open Air Museum in Tallinn

The biggest Estonian cities– Tartu, Pärnu, Kohtla-Jarve, Narva, and of course. Tallinn.

In Estonia, on the Baltic Sea, there are several good beach resorts. By the way, the beach season in Estonia usually starts in mid-May and lasts until mid-September. The most popular Estonian beach resorts are Pärnu, Narva-Jõesuu, Haapsalu, Toile and Kuressaare. There are also beaches on the shores of Lake Peipus.

But tourists come to Estonia not only to swim in the Baltic Sea and see local attractions. Estonia has some excellent balneological resorts. The most famous of them are Pärnu, Värska, Kuressaare, Pühajärve and Vimsi.

Tourists from Estonia usually bring handicrafts, iron ashtrays, wooden beer mugs, black Estonian chocolate, marzipan, dolls in traditional Estonian clothes, amber, and Vana Tallinn liqueur.

- this question is asked by those who are planning a visit to this country at the most favorable time for relaxation - from May to September. Summer is suitable for country rest, bathing and beach pastime, recovery. As for winter, those who wish can spend time in winter parks and ski centers on the basis of low slopes, as well as to take part in the celebration of the February 10-day Ice Festival.

Estonia: where is this Baltic country located?

Estonia (capital - Tallinn), with an area of ​​45227 sq. km (on coastline accounts for 3794 km) is European state in the north-east Baltic coast, which is washed by the waters of Riga and Gulf of Finland. WITH south side with Estonia ( highest point- 318-meter mountain Suur-Munamägi) borders, and on the east -. As for the maritime border, it runs along the Finnish coast.

More than 2350 islands belong to Estonia, among which are Muhu, Saaremaa, Hiiumaa and others. In addition, the country is divided into Pärnu County, Rapla County, Tartu County, Valgamaa, Harju County and other counties (there are 15 in total).

How to get to Estonia?

The flight is operated by Aeroflot, on board of which passengers spend a little more than 1.5 hours. A stop at the airport stretches the trip by 7.5 hours, - by 5.5 hours, Frankfurt - by 6.5 hours. Until you have to fly 6 hours if you transfer on board 2 aircraft in Tallinn or 7 hours in Riga. Those moving along the route Moscow - will stop for a rest at the airport terminal of the Finnish capital, because of which they will be able to be on the spot 8 hours after takeoff.

There is a train to the Estonian capital (departure - Leningrad Station) - he spends 14 hours on the road, as well as buses from St. Petersburg ("Ecolines" and BalticShuttle).

Holidays in Estonia

Estonian holidays can be spent in (Narva Fortress, Herman's Castle, Alexander Cathedral, Narva Bastions of the 17th century, art Gallery, where the festival of arts is held on the last May Sunday), Tallinn (famous for the house of the Brotherhood of the Blackheads, Dome Cathedral, Toompea Castle, Alexander Nevsky Cathedral, Niguliste Church, 314-meter TV tower, where you can climb to admire the breathtaking views, using telescopes, walk along edge observation deck at a height of 170 meters, have a bite to eat in a restaurant on the 22nd floor), Tartu (here it is worth seeing the Town Hall, the Church of St. John of the 14th century, the ruins of the Peter and Paul Dome Cathedral of the 13-15th centuries, climb Toomemägi Hill, visit the Oskar Luts House Museum, have fun in the Aura Keskus water park), Pärnu (guests are offered to treat joints, bones, heart, lungs, nerves, skin in the Estonia health and treatment center; relax on sandy beach where a play area is provided for children, surrounded by pine forest and dunes; see the Pärnus Town Hall, the Tallinn Gates, the Churches of the Transfiguration and Elizabeth).

Estonian beaches

• Pikakari beach: this beach is equipped with an ice cream shop, 3 cabanas, outdoor showers, a sanitary corner, a rental of sun loungers, umbrellas and equipment for games, a basketball, volleyball and barbecue area. There are 2 lifeguards and free rides for children.
• Pirita beach: a 2-kilometer beach, on which the Blue Flag flutters, pleases vacationers with the garbage containers available there (70), swings (17), changing cabins (40), toilets, sunbeds, showers, umbrellas (rental of beach equipment - 4 euros /day). In addition, there is a rescue team of 3 people and a surfers club.

Souvenirs from Estonia

Knitted mittens, hats and scarves, marzipan figurines, Kalev chocolate, almonds, handmade soap, Vana Tallinn liqueur, juniper products, amber can become Estonian souvenirs.