The main reasons for the migration of the population. External migration: Russian realities

The concept and factors of external migration

Sushkova Irina Vladimirovna,

post-graduate student of the Moscow Pedagogical State University.

External migration of the population is the territorial movement of people associated with the crossing of external borders in order to change their permanent place of residence or temporary stay in the territory for study or work, regardless of the factors under the influence of which it occurs.

In countries where external migrations of the population are becoming massive, they can have a significant impact on its total population. So, in the history of the USA, Canada, Australia there were separate periods when the mechanical increase in population exceeded the natural increase. In Israel, the migration influx provides up to 2/3 of the total increase in the number of inhabitants. The reverse example is Ireland, which has experienced three waves of mass emigration. The reason for the first of them was the "potato famine" of the 40s. 19th century As a result, only in 1840-1900. the population of this country decreased from 8.2 to 4.5 million people.

It is inaccurate to reduce migration processes only to labor migration. Although in periods of stable social development, the main type and driving force in territorial movement is the state of labor markets in various regions. However, there are quite long periods of so-called forced migration caused by the impact of push factors, which include military conflicts, political decisions, global economic reform.

The population or groups of people involved in the resettlement process have the same socio-economic and demographic characteristics as the resident population. However, the age and sex structure of the population participating in migration processes, structure by level of education and many other characteristics differ sharply from those possessed by the permanent population. Therefore, when migration becomes large-scale, it has a significant impact on all reproductive, as well as social and political processes.

Migration is a process that changes the "pattern" of settlement in individual countries, on continents and even around the world. She renders big influence on the demographic situation, both in the exit area and in the settlement area. Migration leads to shifts in the age structure of the population, in birth and death rates. Migrants, on the one hand, bring their demographic behavior to the places of settlement, and on the other hand, they perceive, to a certain extent, the demographic attitudes of the population of the areas of settlement. On the whole, migration is the factor that can create a more equal demographic situation in different regions.

If in the 20-30s. 20th century international migrations were mainly economic in nature, then mass population movements in the 40s. were associated with military operations, with a change in the borders of states and various political reasons. This type of migration took place in Central Europe, on the Hindustan Peninsula, in the Middle East, in some parts of East Asia. Most of these migrations were completed by 1950 or shortly thereafter. From the 50s. a period began when economic reasons again began to prevail in migrations (except for Asia and Africa).

VV Pokshishevsky proposed to distinguish between two types of migrations. Firstly, these are resettlement migrations directed to those countries where there were undeveloped territories. Most of these migrants (over 20 million) came from the UK, followed by Germany, Italy, Spain, France, the Scandinavian countries, Ireland, Poland, and Russia. And they settled in the USA, Canada, Brazil, Argentina, Australia, South Africa. Secondly, these are migrations associated with the contractual contracting of labor. Nowadays international migration labor force caused by overpopulation in dozens of weakly developed countries and districts, has assumed significant proportions. In the early 90s. in Western countries alone, there were at least 25 million migrant workers, half from developing countries. Other major centers originated in the USA, the countries of the Persian Gulf, South Africa.

Economic reasons underlie such a migration phenomenon as the “brain drain”. It began after the Second World War, when several thousand specialists in the field of physics, rocketry, etc. were taken from Germany to the USA. The culmination of the "brain drain" came in the 60-70s - mainly to the USA, but also to France, Great Britain, Canada. Along with the continued exodus of scientists from Europe, their outflow from developing countries has increased. Already by the beginning of the 80s. more than half a million scientists, engineers, doctors, and other specialists from Asia, Africa and Latin America; about half of them "settled" in the United States (Fig. 1).

Along with economic, external migration is often caused by political reasons. Examples of this kind are the emigration of almost half a million citizens, mostly "intellectuals" (Albert Einstein, Lion Feuchtwanger, Enrico Fermi, etc.) from fascist Germany and Italy, from Francoist Spain. Political emigration on a large scale also took place in pre-revolutionary Russia and the USSR, in Cuba, Vietnam, Cambodia, and many other countries.

After the defeat of Nazi Germany, almost 10 million Germans were resettled from countries of Eastern Europe in the FRG, the GDR and West Berlin. The collapse of the colonial system in the 50-70s. led to the outflow of the white population from the former colonies in the metropolis.

Rice. 1. International migrations in the world [translated by the author from 5].

Despite the extreme diversity of approaches to the classification and the classifications of migration factors themselves, all experts are unanimous that they encourage resettlement by the advantages in living conditions in the region of settlement compared to the region of departure.

The concept of "living conditions" unites the entire environment surrounding a person - natural and social. Factors are understood as only part of the conditions that affect the migration process. All these factors can be divided into two large groups:

factors attracting, encouraging the population to move to those regions where the quality of life, due to a set of natural and economic conditions, will be higher than in the region of previous residence;

· push factors that develop in the regions of permanent residence, the impact of which makes it impossible to continue living in this region.

As a rule, both groups of factors act simultaneously, but those belonging to the first group are of decisive importance. And when the factors of the second group become decisive, migration becomes forced.

To determine the methodological approaches to the development of migration policy, the most relevant is the one developed by L.L. Rybakovsky's theory of the three-stage migration process, which allows us to understand the essence of population migration. According to this theory, the migration process consists of three stages:

Initial, or preparatory stage, representing the process of formation of the territorial mobility of the population;

The main stage, or the actual resettlement of the population;

The final, or final stage, acting as the survival rate of migrants in a new place.

Of all the demographic statistics, it is the statistics on external migration that is least developed, which is poorer and less accurate than internal migration. Data obtained from border control, - the most used way of obtaining information.

On the other hand, the statistical information characterizing the migration movement is incomplete, since they refer to registered resettlement to a permanent place of residence. The difficulty lies in the state of research in the field of migration. There is very little special literature on the theory of factors and consequences of migration. Therefore, not only the theoretical foundations of modern migration policy are missing, but such a policy itself.

Literature

1. Brook I. Population of the world: Ethno-demographic reference book. - M.: Nauka, 1986. - 828 p.

2. Kudryachenko A.I. The German question 1945 - 1990 - Kyiv: Acad. Sciences of the Ukrainian SSR, Institute of Philosophy, 1991. - 140 p.

3. Iontsev V.A. International population migration: theory and history of study. – M.: Dialog-MSU, 1999. - 19 p.

4.Population Economics: Textbook / Ed. V. A. Iontseva. - M: Infra-M.: Economics, 2007. - 361 p.

5.http://www.demoscope.ru .

6.http://www.ekonomgeo.ru .

7.

INTRODUCTION 3
1. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION. ARE COMMON
REGULATIONS. 4
2. MIGRATION IN RUSSIA 10
3. STATE MIGRATION POLICY IN RUSSIA 21
CONCLUSION 25
REFERENCES 26

INTRODUCTION
Population migration (from Latin migratio - resettlement) is understood as the movement of people (migrants) across the borders of certain territories with a change of residence forever or for a more or less long time.
Scientists consider the migration movement as "the totality of all territorial movements of the population, which ultimately determine the nature of settlement, density, seasonal and pendulum mobility of the population."
According to demographers, migration as a social phenomenon has three parameters:
- change by an individual of the coordinates of his stay (i.e., movement) (mobility factor);
- the individual's intention to improve his material and (or) social position (needs factor);
- the desire of the individual to settle down in a new place and consider it his "second home" (stability factor).
The main reasons for migration are:
- political (as a result of a change in form state government, political upheavals);
- socio-economic (movements in search of work, "brain drain" - the departure of people of intellectual labor);
- natural (movement of people due to natural Disasters);
- environmental (radiation contamination as a result of an accident at Chernobyl nuclear power plant led to significant migration processes);
- religious (persecution of Protestants by Catholics and resettlement of the latter in the USA, Australia, Canada);
- national (flight of citizens due to national persecution).
In this paper, we will consider external and internal migration.
1. EXTERNAL AND INTERNAL MIGRATION OF THE POPULATION. GENERAL PROVISIONS.

External migration subdivided into emigration - the departure of citizens from their country to another country for permanent residence or a long term, and immigration - the entry of citizens into another country for permanent residence or a long term.
External labor migration stands out separately. It means the voluntary movement on a legal basis of people permanently residing in the territory of the state, abroad, as well as foreign citizens and stateless persons permanently residing outside the state, to its territory for the purpose of their paid labor activity; subjects of external labor migration (migrant workers) are persons who have been engaged, are engaged or will be engaged in paid activities in a state of which they are not citizens.
Internal migration is the movement of a population across a country. Internal migration can be voluntary, forced and forced.
Migration can be returnable and irrevocable, as well as legal and illegal.
Return migration - resettlement for a sufficiently long, but limited period.
Irrevocable - resettlement with the final change of permanent residence.
Legal migration - entry, resettlement and stay on the territory of the country, carried out in accordance with the norms existing in its legislation.
Illegal migration - entry into the territory of a state, stay in this territory, as well as the departure from it of foreign citizens and stateless persons in violation of the legislation of this country, which regulates the procedure for entry, stay, transit passage and departure of foreign citizens, arbitrary change by them of their legal status during their stay in the territory of the state.
A combination of different types of migration is possible, for example, simultaneously external and pendulum, when migrants are frondilliers, i.e. people who live in one country and work in another and daily cross the state border on their way from home to work (many such migrants in Western European countries).
Or, at the same time, external and return migrants - repatriates, i.e. people (or their descendants) who once moved from their country and are now returning to their homeland.
In Russia, the subjects of external migration are:
a) immigrants, including:
- citizens of Russia moving for various reasons to other countries for permanent or temporary residence;
- persons from among those recognized in the prescribed manner as refugees or who have previously arrived in the territory Russian Federation and those who have received temporary asylum, leaving the territory of Russia for a place of residence in other states;
- citizens former USSR persons residing on the territory of the Russian Federation, but who are not citizens of the Russian Federation, leaving its territory;
b) transit emigrants - citizens of the former USSR, who are not citizens of Russia, permanently residing in the states - former republics of the USSR and arrived in Russia with the purpose of leaving for third countries;
c) immigrants, including:
- foreign citizens and stateless persons, citizens of the former USSR, permanently residing outside the Russian Federation, moving to Russia for permanent or temporary residence;
- foreign citizens and stateless persons arriving in Russia;
d) transit immigrants - foreign citizens and stateless persons arriving in Russia for the purpose of further departure to third countries.
The subjects of forced and illegal migration are:
a) citizens of the former USSR who have not acquired the citizenship of another state that was previously part of the USSR;
b) citizens of states - former republics of the USSR, including citizens of the Russian Federation;
c) foreign citizens;
d) stateless persons (stateless persons);
e) persons who have double citizenship(bipatrides).
Subjects internal migration are citizens of the Russian Federation and persons who are in Russia on legal grounds, as well as persons who do not have legal grounds for staying on the territory of the Russian Federation and moving around it.
The subjects of illegal migration are:
a) uncontrolled emigrants - citizens of the Russian Federation, leaving through the territories of the states - the former republics of the USSR to other foreign states;
b) illegal emigrants - citizens of the Russian Federation illegally crossing state border Russian Federation;
c) illegal immigrants, which include:
- foreign citizens and stateless persons entering the Russian Federation with invalid documents or without documents;
- foreign citizens and stateless persons whose declared purpose of entry does not correspond to their intentions;
- foreign citizens and stateless persons arriving in Russia illegally, including through the states - the former republics of the USSR [ 5, p. 39].
When considering the international migration of the population, it is advisable to single out six groups of migrants:
1) emigrants leaving for family or other reasons for permanent place residence in another country (moreover, with the preservation of citizenship at will, regardless of the country of entry);
2) migrant workers;
3) illegal immigrants;
4) refugees;
5) students, interns, researchers and teachers;
6) other - tourism, recreation, etc.
Under the influence of the internationalization of world economic relations, the system of "transit" migration is also developing significantly, which satisfies the needs for specific professions and qualifications that periodically arise in the national labor markets of developed countries. It is based on the movement of highly skilled labor through the channels of transnational corporations for a period of one to three years. Highlighting the priority of an economic nature, it is important to keep in mind and reverse side international migrations of the population - demographic, significantly influencing the dynamics of the total number, age, sex and other structure of the population of a particular country. In the 80s. the share of external migration in the total population growth, for example, in countries such as the USA, Canada, France, Australia, tended to increase, exceeding an average of 25%. In the United States, according to American experts, immigrants accounted for 50% of the annual population growth.
Another pattern of modern international migration of the population is a significant and constant increase in its scale. Multimillion-dollar interstate migration is becoming a typical phenomenon of the socio-economic life of modern society, increasingly turning from a factor into a constant of modern production.
Extremely challenging task is the forecasting of migrations, especially in a constantly changing socio-economic situation. The most direct dependence of migration on economic, political, social factors suggests that the scenario of the possible development of these factors in the future should be taken as the basis for the migration forecast. Analyzing the processes of migration, it is easy to see that a certain scenario of the socio-economic development of many countries has not yet been created, on the basis of which more or less reliable prospective estimates of migration can be developed.
However, a number of factors can still predict a further increase in international migration, although points of departure and destination may change.
According to the classical theory, immigration occurs when there are both push-supply and pull-demand factors, as well as networks to link the supply of migrants with the demand for them from employers and families in the receiving countries. Economic globalization and integration are spurring all parts of this equation. As for demand, enterprises - in particular, transnational corporations, but not only they are striving with all their might to gain access to the global labor market to hire workers. This applies to both skilled and unskilled labor. On the supply side, if rising expectations for economic progress are not met quickly enough, migration entices those workers who can earn much more in wealthier countries. In general, the people who are most inclined to migrate have some means that they can invest in the implementation of their plan.
Internal mass migrations of the population were caused primarily by urbanization. resettlement rural population hundreds of millions of inhabitants of the planet were captured in cities. The scale of this type of migration is so great that they are called the "great migration of the peoples of the 20th century." Rural residents in developing countries flock to cities in search of a better life, leading to "explosive" growth largest cities. In developed countries, this process ended at the level of approximately 80% of urbanization. Today there is some outflow to the countryside. In a number of developed countries, the process of de-urbanization has begun.
In the countries of the world, which were distinguished by an insignificant and very uneven population density, such a type of migration as the development of new areas, primarily due to internal migration, became widespread. Thus, the settlement of the territories of the USA, Canada, Brazil, China, and some other states began from the eastern coastal regions, and the inland and western territories learned later. Australia was also populated by Europeans, only the resettlement went from the southeast to the north and west. Russia also belongs to this type of country, in which settlement went from west to east and external migration was of less importance.
The growth of illegal immigration is due to many factors, among which the main one is that migrant workers who work illegally represent the cheapest labor force for entrepreneurs of small firms, which is an incentive to hire such workers.

2. MIGRATION IN RUSSIA
Russia, along the entire path of its historical development, was characterized by, perhaps, the most active migration processes in the world.
Most often, scientists who have studied migration processes in Russia distinguish three main stages in the historical and geographical development of interregional migrations for more than 300 years: the first stage - until the 60s. 19th century; the second - the second half of the 19th and the beginning of the 20th century; the third is Soviet. At present, a fourth period is also being viewed - the post-Soviet period, including the 1990s. 20th century and the beginning of the XXI century. [ 9, p. 63 ]
The history of internal migration of the population of Russia at each historical stage had its own specific features, but on the whole was characterized by relative stability in directions. In the IX - XIII centuries. Slavic population Ancient Rus' gradually settled the territory in the basin Upper Volga, the movement of the population to the north and northeast has intensified [9, p. 65].
During the first stage, until the first half of the 19th century, migration did not differ on a large scale, since the serfdom restrained the free movement of peasants. During this period, there was a colonization of the European North, the mining settlement of the Urals, resettlement to "free-lands", "wild field" - to Novorossia, the Southern Cis-Urals and the Lower Volga region. The settlement went both by peasants who fled from serfdom, and by forcibly resettled (by the government or landlords) serfs.
The second direction of the development of new lands is the southern one. From the middle of the XVI century. after the annexation of the Kazan and Astrakhan khanates, the lands of the Volga region (access to the Caspian Sea) became part of Russia, and later, steppe regions North Caucasus.
The third direction of migration of the population of Russia was associated with the settlement of the Ural and Siberian lands, and the agricultural development of Siberia on a larger scale began in the 19th century.
The second stage was primarily associated with the consequences of the abolition in 1861 of serfdom in Russia, which created favorable conditions for the migratory mobility of the former serf peasantry.
Significant migratory mobility was noted during the First World War.
The third stage, which included the years of Soviet power, was characterized by high interregional migration mobility of the population. This was primarily due to the transfer of productive forces to eastern regions countries (for their uniform distribution and for the purpose of a more complete use of natural resources), which required the resettlement of huge human contingents. The main part of the settlers went to the Urals, to Western and Eastern Siberia, to the Far East. The settlement of the North of the European part continued, connected with the industrial development of the Kola-Karelian and Timan-Pechora regions. The target orientation of resettlement is changing radically: the vast majority of the flow is directed to industrial new buildings in cities, including to provide "assistance to the national outskirts" in the development of industry. Along with large interregional flows, migration from villages to cities, caused by the industrialization of the country, is becoming large. The scale of these flows is clearly characterized by the following indicator: over a 60-year period (from 1927 to 1988), more than 80 million rural residents moved to cities.
Significant population movements occurred during the Second World War and after its end: about 25 million inhabitants of the European part of the country were evacuated to the Urals and Siberia. In the post-war period, formed from northern regions East Prussia Kaliningrad region and about 800 thousand people were resettled to South Sakhalin, which used to belong to Japan.
But along the entire path of the demographic development of Russia, forced migration, complete or partial deportation of peoples (from Latin deportatio - “exile”, “exile”) was characteristic. The foundation was laid in 1918-1920. as a result civil war the exodus of the white army from the Crimea and to the Harbin region. There was also a partial subsequent repatriation with a continuation in the Gulag. In the 20s. mass deportation of the intelligentsia to the West was carried out. During the years of collectivization (late 20s - early 30s), hundreds of thousands of "kulaks" peasants and members of their families were deported to the eastern regions, and a little later (mid and late 30s) - repressed ¬ bathing townspeople (former privileged groups of the population, members of political parties, "oppositionists", etc.).
The deportation of the population continued during the Great Patriotic War. In 1941, Germans were deported from the territory of the North Caucasus, in 1942 - Greeks, in 1943 - Karachays (more than 60 thousand), in 1944 - Chechens and Ingush (about 400 thousand). In total, more than 600 thousand people were deported [9, p. 68].
Migration processes intensified significantly in the post-Soviet period.
Internal migration of Russia in the 90s. was characterized by the movement of the population from the regions of the North, Siberia and the Far East to European part countries. This is due to such factors as the lack of permanent earnings and benefits in the developed economic regions, the termination of financing of a number of state programs and the related curtailment of industrial and housing construction, as well as the growth of unemployment in these regions.
Departing from northern and eastern regions the population continues to concentrate in the Central and Central Black Earth parts of Russia, in the Volga region, in the North Caucasus, in separate regions of the Urals and the south Western Siberia. Such a spontaneous distribution does not always correspond to the geopolitical and economic interests of both the state as a whole and its individual regions.
In the 90s. the traditional exchange of population between the village and the city was restored and stabilized in favor of the latter. In 1996, due to the move to the city, the number of rural residents decreased by 110 thousand people, and the move was carried out, as a rule, to the cities of the same regions. Nevertheless, the amount of the outflow of the rural population of Russia to the cities is completely covered and even blocked by the migration inflow from the states - the former republics of the USSR. In the same year, 168,000 immigrants from neighboring countries settled in the countryside. At the same time, incoming migrants have a positive effect not only on the formation of the rural population, but also on the improvement of its demographic and professional-qualification structure.
In the process of implementing socio-economic reforms in the agrarian sector, conditions are being created to curb the outflow of the rural population to the cities, to attract migrants to the countryside.
The most significant was the migration increase in Russia in the 90s; by the beginning of the XXI century. he began to decline. We note a certain stabilization of the outflow of the population from the village to the city: in the early 70s. it annually exceeded 800 thousand people, and in 2001 it decreased to 87 thousand.
In 1997, in the structure of Russian migrants, those who arrived from outside the country accounted for 18% (583.3 thousand people). This is significantly less than in 1990, when 913.2 thousand people arrived.
In 2001, the share of arrivals from outside Russia decreased to 8.3% of the total number of migrants.
The share of migrants who left Russia began to decrease noticeably: in 1997 it was 8.0%, in 2001 - 5.4%, and in 2002 - 5.8%.
In the last decade, internal migration flows have been developing according to the scheme of concentrating the bulk of the population within the European part of the country; according to the results of the census, more than 60% of the population lives in the Central (26.2%), Volga (21.5%) and Southern (15.8% ) federal districts, the smallest is the Far Eastern Federal District - 4.6% Potential for repatriation of the Russian population from the former republics Soviet Union, which ensured a massive migration influx in the first half of the 1990s, has now been exhausted.
According to the State Statistics Committee, gross migration (including Russians traveling abroad and foreigners entering Russia) for 1992-2007. exceeded 9.8 million people.
Let us consider the main indicators of international migration in Russia in the 1990s. and at the beginning of the XXI century. .
At the first stage (1948-1970), due to the closed nature of the country and in the conditions of severe restrictions on travel abroad, emigration was a little noticeable phenomenon in the life of society. According to available estimates, during this period, as a result of emigration, the former USSR lost about 60 thousand people. Traveling abroad was extremely difficult not only for military and economic reasons, but also mainly for political reasons, because the country in those years was considered to be the embodiment of the best model of social organization in history.
The second stage (1971-1980) - the period of the beginning of the liberalization of emigration policy. As a result, departure from the country abroad for permanent residence, compared with the previous period, has increased markedly - on average per year from 3 thousand to 35 thousand people. True, the easing in the procedures for traveling abroad affected only certain ethnic groups of the population, primarily Jews, Germans, Armenians and Greeks, whose migration was considered as a trip to their historical homeland or for family reunification.
In 1980, 780 thousand people left Russia, including 773.6 thousand to other republics of the USSR and 7 thousand to other countries (Israel - 4.1 thousand; Germany - 1.3 thousand .; Bulgaria - 0.5 thousand).
Despite the fact that the main motive for emigration during this period was repatriation or reunification with relatives, objectively people left, primarily as a result of increasing economic difficulties, a slowdown in the growth of living standards, and increased discontent. political system in the country.
At the third stage (1981-1985) there was a sharp decline in the development of emigration. During this period from Russia to countries far abroad on average, only about 4 thousand people left per year. Among the factors that "worked" for containment and almost complete cessation emigration, an important place was occupied by a change in the course of the country's leadership, the expansion of command and administrative, including prohibitive management methods. In 1985, compared with 1980, emigration to Germany decreased by 3 times, to Israel by 6.5 times, and to the USA by half. But within the USSR, migration was still active. In 1985, 702 thousand people left Russia for other republics of the USSR, including 325 thousand for Ukraine; to Kazakhstan - 115.8 thousand
The fourth stage (1986-1990) is a period of a rapidly growing flow of short-term trips, as well as emigration abroad for a permanent place of residence, associated with cardinal changes in the political and socio-economic system. The situation in the external migration of the population changed markedly at the end of the 80s, when in the course of perestroika the procedure and order from the country to abroad were significantly simplified. At the same time, not only the number of people going abroad for permanent residence increased sharply, but also the number of commuting and shuttle migrations.
The fifth stage (1991-1995) is the period of stabilization of emigration at a relatively high level (about 100 thousand people a year). Despite a clear change in growth dynamics, emigration has retained its problematic character. Thus, the number of those who left Russia for permanent residence abroad during this period amounted to more than 0.5 million people, or more than 70% of the total number of those who left the country in 1981-1995.
In the second half of the 90s. there were significant changes in the structure of the emigration flow: if in 1993 Germans made up 53.5% of emigrants, Russians - 24%, Jews - 15.8%, then in 2000 the share of Germans decreased to 36.2% of all those who left, Jews - up to 7.3%, and the share of Russians increased by 73%, reaching 41.5%.
In the 90s. the geography of emigration of Russians was much wider than that of Jews and Germans. About 50% of them went to Germany, more than 20% - to Israel, 12% - to the USA. The emigration of Russians to the USA tended to decrease - if in 1994 18% of Russian emigrants (4.4 thousand people) were sent to the USA, then in 2000 - only 12% (3.1 thousand people ). At the same time, the share of Russians in the emigration flow from Russia to the United States was constantly increasing - by 1994 it was 42.4%, in 1998 - 639%, in 2000 - 65% [13, p. 62 ].
Thus, during the 90s. XX century there have been significant shifts in emigration processes. If in the early 1990s emigration to far-abroad countries was generally of a pronounced ethnic character, then in the second half of the 90s. emigration gradually loses this specific feature.
An integral part of the problem of external labor migration is employment Russian citizens Abroad. It goes, as a rule, through three main legal channels: within the framework of international agreements, through intermediary organizations and independently. Russia has signed intergovernmental agreements on external labor migration with Germany, Finland, Switzerland, China, Poland, and Slovakia.
For the period 1995-2007: the number of Russian citizens employed abroad increased by almost 3 times. At the same time, despite the rather rapid growth in the export of labor from Russia, their number is less than 6 times the number of foreign citizens attracted to work in Russia.
However, the real scale of Russian labor migration (both exports and imports of labor) significantly exceeds official data due to self-employment and illegal migration. The rapid growth of the scale of labor migration of highly qualified specialists in the context of globalization contributes to the formation and development of science-intensive and high-tech sectors of the economy. In modern conditions, the specificity of this process lies in the fact that this flow practically has one vector directed to developed countries or between these countries.
As for immigration processes, due to the current political, economic and social situation, Russia does not attract people living in the far abroad, especially in countries with a developed market economy.
A small number of immigrants (12 thousand people) came from these countries. Thus, 1832 people arrived from Germany, 1620 from Israel, 455 from the USA, and 226 from Greece. age - 85.2%.
From 1994 to 1999, 669.6 thousand legally arrived workers were attracted to work in Russia from the CIS countries. Their main exporter is Ukraine (66.4% in 1999). 9% came from Moldova, 5.5% from Armenia, 4.4% from Tajikistan, 3.6% from Uzbekistan, 3% from Azerbaijan, and 1.8% from Kazakhstan. Less than one percent is the number of people who came to work from Kyrgyzstan (0.6), Turkmenistan (0.2). The number of employees from Belarus decreased from 8.2% to zero. (Giving these figures, scientists and migration officials note that external labor migration can also be illegal, which is not reflected in official statistics.)
In 1994-1998 584.3 thousand labor migrants from non-CIS countries arrived in our country. In 1998, the share of citizens of Turkey was 14.7%, China - 9.6, the countries of the former Yugoslavia - 5.8, North Korea - 3.9, Poland - 1.4, USA - 0.9, Slovakia - 0 ,5%. Of the total number of labor migrants, 37.3% were persons aged 30-39; 27.6% - 40-49 years old, 23.5% - 18-29 years old, 8.4% - 50-55 years old, 3% - over 55 years old, 0.2% - 16-17 years old. Among the sectors of the economy where they are employed, construction prevailed - 51.5%, industry, wholesale and retail trade, catering, transport and communications, agriculture, general commercial activities to ensure the market and real estate operations accounted for 6 .0 to 9.5%. In forestry, geology and exploration of mineral resources, geodesy and hydrometeorological service, education, culture and art, science and scientific services, their share ranged from 1.1 to 2.4%. Less than 1% accounted for housing and communal services, non-productive types of consumer services, health care, physical culture and social Security, as well as finance, credit, insurance, information and computing services, management. Foreign citizens worked mainly in Moscow and the Moscow region, Yamal-Nenets and Khanty-Mansiysk autonomous regions, Primorsky Krai, Belgorod and Rostov regions.
In the 90s. the number of refugees increased significantly. Since July 1, 1992, 1.6 million people have acquired the status of forced migrant and refugee. Some of the forced migrants were removed from the register, many of them, for various reasons, did not receive this status. At the beginning of 2001, their number was 808.3 thousand people: 291.4 thousand came from Kazakhstan; 102.1 - from Uzbekistan; 85.1 - from Tajikistan; 140 thousand people were forced migrants in the subjects of the Russian Federation. In 1999, 530 people who received refugee status previously lived in Rwanda, Afghanistan, China, Macedonia, Iran, Sudan, Uganda, and the former Yugoslavia. IN total number forced migrants included 157.4 thousand people who lived on Russian territory and received this status.
In total, since the beginning of registration on January 1, 2003, there were 505.7 thousand forced migrants and refugees in Russia, including 492 thousand forced migrants and 13.8 thousand refugees.
The largest number of migrants and refugees was noted in Ingushetia - 29.3 thousand; North Ossetia-Alania - 31.4 thousand; Stavropol Territory - 18.7 thousand; Orenburg region- 23.7 thousand; Altai Territory - 22.2 thousand; Novosibirsk region- 23.4 thousand; Kemerovo region - 13.9 thousand; Samara region- 14.5 thousand; Krasnodar Territory- 15.5 thousand; Voronezh region- 15.4 thousand.
The main share of migrants moving to the Russian Federation from neighboring republics is formed by Russians, whose number in 1989 in these republics was 25.3 million people. According to official data, for the period 1989-2002. net migration of the Russian population to Russia from the CIS and Baltic countries amounted to about 3.3 million people. Real migration was much higher.
During the years of reforms, our country has become one of the three leading immigration centers in the world (after the USA and Germany). On average in 1992-2007. over the year, the United States "absorbed" 925 thousand people, Germany - 865 thousand. For Russia, the corresponding figure was at the level of 610 thousand. The main factors in the development of this trend are:
- geopolitical reorganization of the post-Soviet space, a change in the national-political orientation in the states of the old and new abroad;
- the collapse of large industrial enterprises in the republics of the former USSR (especially in high-tech industries), which employed mainly the Russian-speaking population;
- a stronger economic position and a higher standard of living in Russia compared to the countries of the CIS, Asia, Africa, the Near and Middle East;
- development as a result of economic reforms in Russian market labor alternative forms of employment associated with the expansion of the private sector, self-employment, mixed forms of ownership with the participation of foreign capital.
The growth of immigration for the recipient country, as world practice shows, has both positive and negative consequences. For Russia, such positive consequences were:
- at the expense of foreign citizens, the shortage of labor in labor-deficient sectors of the economy and regions of the country is largely solved (oil and gas production in Western Siberia, maintenance and development of infrastructure, construction);
- migratory influx of population from abroad made it possible to more than half compensate for the "natural" decline in the population of Russia in 1992-2007.
The main goal of the state migration policy is the regulation of migration flows, overcoming the negative consequences of spontaneously developing migration processes, creating conditions for the unhindered exercise of rights.

3. STATE MIGRATION POLICY IN RUSSIA

The main objectives of the state migration policy are:
- protection of the rights and interests of migrants;
- development of the immigration control system;
- observance of state interests in the development and implementation of migration programs and activities;
- regulation of migration flows, taking into account the socio-economic development and environmental situation in the regions, national compatibility, the specifics of the psychology of migrants and climatic features places of settlement;
- creation of conditions for the reception and accommodation of migrants, stimulating their active participation in the process of adaptation to the existing socio-economic situation. Based on the tasks set, the state migration policy at present should be carried out in accordance with the following principles:
- stimulation of rational territorial distribution of flows of forced migrants;
- inadmissibility of discrimination against migrants on the basis of race, religion, citizenship, belonging to a certain social group or political opinions;
- personal participation of internally displaced persons in the arrangement at a new place of residence, carried out with state support;
- regulation of the placement of refugees and forced migrants in areas that have the necessary conditions for this, in accordance with federal and regional migration programs;
- regulation of migration processes, taking into account the strategic tasks of the development of regions and their geopolitical position, curbing the outflow of the population from the northern and eastern regions of the country;
- regulation of flows of forced migrants and refugees, creation of conditions for their rational placement on the territory of the Russian Federation;
- implementation of economic and social measures aimed at increasing life expectancy and population growth in the regions of Russia.
The "Concept of the demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015" identifies the priorities of demographic development in the field of migration, which include:
- attracting immigrants to Russia, primarily from the CIS and Baltic states;
- creation of economic conditions for reducing emigration and preserving the scientific, technical, intellectual and creative potential;
- implementation of a set of legal, organizational and financial measures aimed at legalization and adaptation of immigrants in the Russian Federation;
- improvement of legislation concerning the protection of the rights of forced migrants and the regulation of migration processes.
In May 2002, the Federal Law "On Citizenship of the Russian Federation" was adopted, and in July 2002, the Federal Law "On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation". Extracts from these laws are given in the Appendix. In August 2004, the Government of the Russian Federation introduced new Rules for the use of migration cards.
In 2004, by decree of the President of the Russian Federation, the Federal Migration Service (FMS) was established in the country, subordinated and controlled by the Ministry of Internal Affairs of Russia. The structure of the central office of the FMS includes the director, deputies of 11 departments (for citizenship; for organizing visa and registration work; legal support and international cooperation; control and record keeping; immigration control; external labor migration; organizational and analytical; financial - economic and resource support, crisis situations, passport work and registration of the population, information resources) and 3 centers - passport and visa information resources; appeals of citizens on passport and visa issues; issuing invitations for foreign citizens.
On September 22, 2004, the Government of the Russian Federation adopted the corresponding resolution “Some Issues of the Federal Migration Service”. In Russia, at the end of 2004, liability for violating immigration rules was considerably toughened. The Federal Law “On Amendments to the Code of the Russian Federation on Administrative Offenses” was adopted. Under the new law, fines are imposed not only for violating the rules for the stay in Russia of foreign citizens and stateless persons, but also for violating the rules for using foreign workers.
Let us note the main features of the migration situation at the turn. According to ISEPN scientists, they are characterized by:
- a decrease in the registered migration growth of the population of Russia, a decrease in the compensating role of the migration influx in reducing the volume and intensity of irrevocable migration;
- a steady migration outflow of the population from the northern and eastern regions of the country;
- one-way orientation of migration flows in favor of Russia in migration exchange with the former Soviet republics;
- gradual replacement under the influence of labor markets and demographic imbalance of forced migration from the former Soviet republics to economic migration, their merging in the structure of the immigration flow to Russia;
- activation of temporary labor migration from the CIS, South-East Asia and some other far-abroad countries to Russia;
- a decrease in emigration flows for permanent residence with a simultaneous increase in the number of Russian citizens working in non-CIS countries;
- the expansion of unregistered migration flows, various forms of illegal migration and criminal migration practices, such as human trafficking and the use of migrant slave labor.
Among the reasons for the increasing role of the migration factor in the economic and social development of the Russian Federation, both in the near future and in the long term, are demographic development features characterized by low natural population growth, a reduction in demographic potential and an expected sharp decline in population of working age; the emerging trend towards economic growth, activation of market processes, trade, investment climate; uneven development Russian regions; the presence of large national diasporas within the Federation and Russian diasporas in other countries; the need for a deeper integration of Russia into the world economic space, the development of economic and socio-cultural ties with other countries.
Russia continues to be the center of migration attraction in the former USSR. For the intercensal period 1989-2002. migration growth of the country's population amounted to 5.6 million people [11, p.13].

CONCLUSION

The migration of the population has played and is playing a very large and many-sided role in the development of mankind. Being one of the forms of people's adaptation to the changing conditions of community life, migration significantly affects the geography, structure and dynamics of the world's population - from individual settlements, regions to entire countries and continents. In the past, mass displacements of human masses are known for a variety of reasons, both natural and socio-economic. It is known, for example, that the vast majority of the population of America and Australia consists of the descendants of immigrants.
Modern migration is a complex social process. They are closely related to the level of development of the productive forces and their distribution in different areas.
A high level of population mobility ensures a more complete use of the labor force, its redistribution between industrial centers and developed territories, contributing to economic progress, since the degree of population mobility usually reflects the general level of development of the country.
At the same time, the results of migration are contradictory, since a massive influx of migrants can cause an increase in unemployment, put excessive pressure on the social infrastructure, or, for example, contribute to the concentration of criminal elements.
The negative side of migration can also be significant depopulation and economic regression of areas of mass exodus of the population.

BIBLIOGRAPHY
1. Federal Law No. 62-FZ of May 31, 2002 “On Citizenship of the Russian Federation” (as amended by Federal Law No. 151-FZ of November 11, 2003).
2. Federal Law of July 25, 2002 No. 115-FZ “On the Legal Status of Foreign Citizens in the Russian Federation”.
3. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of September 24, 2001 No. 1270-R. "On the concept of the demographic development of the Russian Federation for the period up to 2015" // SZ RF. 2001. No. 40. Art. 3873.
4. Alisov N.V., Khorev B.S. Economic and social geography of the world ( general review). M., 2006. S. 145.
5. Boldyreva S.K., Kolesov D.V. Migration. Essence and phenomenon. M. - Voronezh, 2004. S. 39.
6. Breeva E.B. Basics of demography. M., 2004. S. 148.
7. Butov V. I. Demography: Textbook. Ed. V. G. Ignatova. third ed., revised. and additional - M.: ICC "Mart", 2008.
8. Ignatov V.G., Butov V.I. Regional studies: economics and management. M., Rostov n / D., 2004. S. 265.
9. Krasinets E., Tyuryukanova E., Shevtsova T. Population migration in the Russian Federation: development trends and regulation problems // Power. 2004. No. 10. S. 63-69.
10. Oreshkin V.A. Russia and international migration of labor resources // ME and MO. 2004. No. 3. S. 75-79.
11. Main results of the 2002 All-Russian population census. M., 2003. S. 13.
12. Russian Statistical Yearbook 2007. M., 2008. P. 128.
13. Topilin A.V., Malakha I.A. Migration of highly qualified personnel // Population. 2008. No. 2. S. 62-65;

By definition, internal migration is the movement of people within a country from one region to another. As a rule, this flow is caused by economic and social reasons. Internal displacement is the opposite of external displacement, where residents leave their country and settle abroad.

General trends

Urbanization is a key driver of internal migration worldwide. The scale of the consequences of urban growth is so great that some researchers refer to this process as the “great migration of the peoples of the 20th century”. In search of a better life, they quickly leave their native villages. This process also applies to Russia. About her tendencies we will talk below. As for most developed countries, their urbanization has stopped at around 80%. That is, four out of five citizens of Germany or the United States live in cities.

In countries where the population is small or characterized by uneven density, internal migration takes the form of settling in new areas. Human history knows many such examples. In Canada, the USA, Brazil and China, the population was at first concentrated in the eastern regions. When the resources of those places began to run out, people naturally went to develop the western provinces.

History of internal migration in Russia

In each historical era internal migration in Russia had its own specific features, while always remaining a stable process. In the IX-XII centuries. Slavs settled in the basin of the Upper Volga. Migration was directed to the north and northeast. Until the second half of the 19th century, it was notable for its small scale, as it was held back by serfdom in the countryside.

Colonization affected the European north, as well as the Urals, where the resettlement took on a "mining" character. From the Lower Volga region, Russians migrated south to Novorossia and the Caucasus. Large-scale economic development of Siberia began only in the middle of the 19th century. In Soviet times eastbound became the main one. In a planned economy, people were sent to remote areas where new cities or roads were to be built. In the 1930s forced Stalinist industrialization began. Together with collectivization, it pushed many millions of citizens of the USSR out of the countryside. Also, the internal migration of the population was caused by the forced deportations of entire peoples (Germans, Chechens, Ingush, etc.).


Modernity

IN modern Russia internal migration manifests itself in several trends. First of all, it is visible in the division of the population into rural and urban. This ratio determines the degree of urbanization of the country. Today, 73% of the inhabitants of Russia live in cities, and 27% live in villages. Exactly the same figures were during the last in the Soviet Union in 1989. At the same time, the number of villages increased by more than 2,000, but the number of rural settlements with at least 6,000 people has halved. Such disappointing statistics suggests that by the end of the 90s. internal migration has led to the risk of disappearance of more than 20% of the villages. Today the indicators are more encouraging.

In Russia, there are two types of urban centers - urban-type settlements and cities. How are they defined? According to the criteria locality is recognized as urban if the share of residents employed in agriculture does not exceed 15%. There is another barrier as well. The city must have at least 12,000 inhabitants. If internal migration leads to a decrease in population and a fall below this bar, the status of the settlement can be changed.


"Magnets" and outskirts

The Russian population is distributed extremely unevenly over the vast territory of the country. Most of it is concentrated in the Central, Volga and Southern federal districts (26%, 22% and 16% respectively). At the same time, very few people live on Far East(only 4%). But however skewed the numbers may be, internal migration is a constant ongoing process. Over the past year, 1.7 million people took part in movements around the country. This is 1.2% of the country's population.

The main "magnet" where internal migration of the Russian Federation leads is Moscow and its satellite cities. Growth is also observed in St. Petersburg with Leningrad region. The two capitals are attractive as employment centers. Almost all other regions of the country are experiencing a migration decline (more people leave there than arrive there).


Regional dynamics

The largest is noted in Tatarstan, in the South - in the Krasnodar Territory. In the Urals, positive figures are observed only in Sverdlovsk region. People go there from the Siberian and Far Eastern regions, where there is a migration decline everywhere. This process has been going on for decades.

Internal migration is the main reason for the population decline in which, in exchange with other regions for 2000-2008. lost 244 thousand inhabitants. The numbers leave no doubt. For example, in the Altai Territory alone, over the same period, the decline was 64,000 people. And only two regions in this district differ in small migratory growth are the Tomsk and Novosibirsk regions.

Far East

More than other residents last years lost the Far East. Both external and internal migration work for this. But it is precisely the relocations of citizens to other regions of their native country that have led to the loss of 187,000 people over the past ten years. Most people leave Yakutia, Chukotka and the Magadan region.

The statistics of the Far East is logical in a certain sense. This region is located at the opposite end of the country from the capital. Many of its residents leave for Moscow in order to realize themselves and forget about isolation. Living in the Far East, people spend gigantic sums of money on occasional trips or flights to the West. Sometimes round-trip tickets can cost the entire salary. All this leads to the fact that internal migration is increasing and expanding. Countries with a vast territory, like air, need an accessible transport infrastructure. Its creation and timely modernization is the most important challenge for modern Russia.


Impact of the economy and climate

The primary factors determining the nature of internal migration are economic factors. The Russian bias arose due to the uneven level of socio-economic development of the country's regions. As a result, there was a differentiation of territories in terms of quality and standard of living. In remote and border areas, they are too low compared to the capitals, which means that they are unattractive to the population.

The vast territory of Russia is also characterized by the natural and climatic factor. If conditional Belgium is homogeneous in terms of its temperature indicators, then in the case of the Russian Federation, everything is much more complicated. A more livable and attractive climate draws people south and into the center of the country. Many northern cities arose in the Soviet era thanks to the system of distribution orders and all kinds of shock construction projects. In a free market, people born in these regions tend to leave them.


Social and military factors

The third group of factors is social, which are expressed in historical and family ties. They are a common cause of the so-called. "return migration". Residents of the eastern and northern regions, leaving for Moscow, often return home, because they still have family, relatives and friends there.

Another group of factors is the military threat. Armed conflicts force people to leave their homes and settle in safe regions, away from the seat of bloodshed. In Russia, this factor was of serious importance in the 1990s, when a fierce war continued for several years in the North Caucasus, and primarily in Chechnya.


prospects

The development of internal migration is hampered by uneven housing prices and the poor development of the housing market in the regions. To solve this problem, state support and funding for problem areas, republics and territories is needed. The regions need to increase the income of the working population, additional jobs, increase the revenue side of the budget, and reduce the need for budget financing.

Other measures would also be beneficial. The revival of internal migration is facilitated by the reduction of the negative impact of industry on environment and improving the demographic situation.

Every year, millions of people leave their homes to find a new place to live, study or work. Tens of thousands are looking for quality treatment or fleeing persecution or natural disasters. To define such types of migratory movement, the term "external migration" is used. This phenomenon does not bypass Russia either.

Causes and types of international migration

Migration flows are divided into external (between countries and continents) and internal (within the country). The main reasons for external migration of the population are as follows:

  • instability political situation in the state;
  • unemployment;
  • low standard of living;
  • ecological problems;
  • inability to realize their professional or creative potential;
  • military conflicts, etc.

In global migration processes, the main external factors of migration still have an economic background. Some people are fleeing unemployment, while others - scientists, artists, actors - are looking for a place where their work would be appreciated.

Depending on the reasons that cause a person's need to change their place of residence, one can distinguish different types external migration:

  • emigration - the departure of citizens from their native country to another state for permanent residence or a long term;
  • immigration - the entry of citizens into another country in order to settle there permanently or for a long time;
  • - legal movement outside their country for the purpose of employment (according to the UN classification, migrant workers are people who come to another country to work for a period exceeding one year).

As long as the socio-political and socio-economic situation in our country remains difficult, Russians will look for work abroad. Experts believe that the number of people wishing to leave for work can reach 5 million people annually.

Other types

Speaking about the movement of people outside the native country, we can mention a functional feature. The purpose of such a move may be tourism, business trip, treatment, study of culture. In addition to them, there are other groups of people heading to another country:

  • students;
  • teachers;
  • refugees;

But main feature external migration of the population - territorial. Its consequence is a change in the geography of human settlement.

Consequences of migration

Since the solution of organizational, legal, economic and other issues has not yet been established, external labor migration causes Negative consequences. In particular, the departure of representatives of scarce professions abroad leads to an imbalance in the domestic labor market, illegal labor migration reaches a huge scale.

Many organizations that send Russians to work abroad do not have permits to provide this service, which is why our compatriots working abroad cannot count on social protection.

The government of the Russian Federation could help to increase social status migrant workers and their households, if the national interests of the states exporting and importing labor resources are satisfied.

In this regard, it is necessary legal regulation external labor migration:

  • protecting the rights of migrants from Russia;
  • softening the situation in the domestic labor market due to the employment of our compatriots abroad;
  • protection of the national labor market from the chaotic flow of foreign migrants;
  • the inflow of foreign currency earned by migrant workers into domestic banks.

To regulate the above aspects, the authorities of the Russian Federation have introduced a system of quotas for foreign labor. A serious step is the licensing of the activities of companies involved in the international exchange of labor resources.

Discussing the problems of internal and external migration, Vyacheslav Postavnin, President of the Migration XXI Century Foundation, noted that in our country it is more acute than in the United States or Western Europe. He stressed that now the migration service is still using outdated, inefficient methods of controlling migrants.

Centers of attraction for migrants

Some geographic regions became places of mass attraction of workers from other states. These regions are called centers of attraction. There are several main centers of attraction for the labor force around the world, among which traditional and non-traditional ones stand out.

Traditional centers are:



In the early 1970s, non-traditional - new - centers of attraction for the labor force began to emerge. This phenomenon is associated with high growth rates of the local economy, the development of national industry, and an increase in foreign capital. These include the states of the Asia-Pacific region, the Middle East, Latin America, and Africa. This group also includes Russia.

Share with friends:
Similar posts