What facilities on river transport. Russian river transport

River transport is the oldest mode of transport. For many centuries, he played a huge role in the formation and development of states. With its help, relations were established, trade developed, troops were transferred.

Russia has a large and extensive network of river routes and lakes. However, it plays a significant role either in those regions where the directions of the main transport and economic links and river routes coincide (Volga-Kama river basin in the European part of Russia), or in poorly developed regions with an almost complete absence of alternative modes of transport (North and North- east of the country).

Inland river transport is located mainly in the currents of large rivers, the main requirement for which is navigation.
The advantages of river transport lie in the natural routes, the arrangement of which requires less capital expenditure than the construction of railways.

The main disadvantages of river transport are seasonal nature, limited use due to the configuration of the river network, and low speed. In addition, large rivers in our country flow from south to north and from north to south, and the main flows of bulk cargo have a latitudinal direction.
With the construction of a cascade of waterworks, the Volga and Kama turned into deep-water highways. The inter-basin connections of the White Sea-Baltic, Moscow-Volga, Volga, Volga-Don, Volga-Baltic make up the Unified Deep-Water System (UGS) with a total length of 6.3 thousand km.
With the growth of inland water transportation in the east of the country, the Volga-Kama basin still holds the leading position, the rivers of which account for more than half of the transportation of goods and passengers of river transport. The first place in terms of traffic in this basin was occupied by building materials (60%). Their transportation goes in both directions and is mainly intra-district.

The bulk of the timber is transported from top to bottom in rafts and ships. From the Kama to the Volga there is the Ural and Siberian forest, and through the Volga-Baltic route - the forest of Karelia, the Arkhangelsk and Vologda regions for the Volga regions, North Caucasus. Through the Moscow Canal, the forest is sent to Moscow and the Moscow region. Through the ports of Kama and Volga, Kuznetsk coal enters the basin and is transported by waterways to power plants.

A prominent place is occupied by the transportation of salt - from the Baskunchak salt mines up the Volga to the bases of the Volga region, the Center, the Urals, to the enterprises of the fishing industry of the North-West and for export. Gourds from the Astrakhan and Volgograd regions, fish from the Caspian Sea, chemical products from the Urals and the Volga region are also sent up the Volga. Oil and oil products, grain cargoes are delivered in both directions.
Kama with tributaries Belaya and Vyatka has importance in the transport links of the Urals with the Volga region, the Center, the North-West. The Kama is transported down mainly timber, oil, grain, mineral building materials, chemical cargoes. In the opposite direction - wood, cement, coal. Up the Kama, the traffic is much less.

The Volga-Don Canal has increased bulk cargo transportation along the Volga. Coal, grain, melons, mineral building materials, industrial products are transported from the regions adjacent to the Don along the Volga, and timber, cement, ore, and chemical products are transported from the Volga-Kama basin to the Don.
Of great importance in the development of transportation are water transport links with the North-West region and foreign countries Baltic Sea through the Volga-Baltic waterway. Along the Volga-Balt southbound timber, ore, apatite concentrate, building materials are sent, and oil products, grain, coal, chemical cargoes are sent to the north.

The main passenger flows are also concentrated in the Volga-Kama basin. There are many transit, local, suburban and intracity lines. River passenger ships are widely used for recreation and tourism. The longest transit lines are: Moscow - Rostov, Moscow - Astrakhan, Moscow - Perm, Moscow - Ufa.

In the Volga-Vyatka basin there are large river ports: Volgograd, Nizhny Novgorod, Moscow, Yaroslavl, Perm, Astrakhan, Kazan, etc.
Rivers have long served as important transport communications in the Northern and Northwestern economic regions. In the European North, the Northern Dvina with its tributaries the Vychegda and Sukhona, Mezen, Pechora, and in the North-West - the White Sea-Baltic Canal, Svir, Neva stand out for the transportation of goods.

A powerful stream of timber, oil and mineral building materials, as well as coal and grain flows along the northern rivers. Main ports: Arkhangelsk, Kotlas, Naryan-Mar, Mezen, Pechora.
The North-Western river basin provides transportation in the south direction of apatite concentrate from the Kola Peninsula, iron ore and timber from Karelia, and to the south reverse direction- oil products, grain, salt and manufactured goods. Transshipment points for cargo are St. Petersburg, Volkhov, Petrozavodsk.

Regular passenger lines are organized from St. Petersburg to Moscow and to the upper Volga. Great development has been local lines, especially with the increase in the number of high-speed vessels.

In the east of the country, the first place in terms of traffic is occupied by Western Siberia with its main Ob-Irtysh basin. The growth of river traffic in the basin is due to the development of oil and gas resources, as well as new forest areas. Transshipment transport hubs (Omsk, Tobolsk, Novosibirsk) along the Ob and Irtysh supply pipes and drilling equipment, building materials, coal, industrial and food products to the oil and gas fields Tyumen region. Cargoes are delivered to the deep regions of Siberia along the Northern Sea Route with transshipment at the mouths of the Ob, Pur, Taz on river boats.

More than half of the traffic in the basin is made up of timber coming in rafts to the port of Asino. From here and from some other points, the timber is already transported by ships to Tomsk, Novosibirsk, Omsk. More than a quarter of water transportation along the Ob and Irtysh is occupied by building materials coming from the south of the region to the north, to the centers of the oil and gas industry. A smaller, although significant role is played by water transport in the delivery of grain cargo, oil products, coal and salt.

On the Ob, along with the old ports, Novosibirsk and Barnaul, the ports that arose in connection with the formation of industrial centers, such as Surgut, Salekhard, Ob, Labytnangi.
The Yenisei connects the southern regions of Eastern Siberia with the Arctic. Timber transportation reaches 2/3 of the cargo turnover of the Yenisei. Grain, coal, oil products and mineral building materials are also transported along the river. On the upper Yenisei, from Minusinsk to Krasnoyarsk, the downward flow of freight predominates, and the main place in it is occupied by grain cargoes.

The mouth of the Angara, where a large amount of timber comes from, shares the direction of cargo flows on the Yenisei: most of the cargo goes up, and from the mouth of the Angara to Dikson, the cargo flow down the river prevails. Mostly timber is transported along the Angara and Lake Baikal. Transportation of mineral building materials and coal is also essential on the Angara.

The main ports are Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseisk, Igarka, Dudinka, and on the Angara - Irkutsk, Makaryevo, Bratsk, Ust-Ilimsk.
On the Lena, regular navigation is carried out from the port of Osetrovo to the river delta. Along the Lena, in addition to internal cargo, cargo is transported from the railway from Osetrovo and from Tiksi Bay, where they are delivered via the Northern Sea Route. In the structure of cargo transportation in the Lena Basin, 2/3 are dry cargo ships (mineral construction materials and coal), the rest is oil and timber. The bulk of the cargo follows the Lena from top to bottom. For navigation, a number of tributaries of the Lena are used - Vitim, Aldan, Olekma and Vilyui. Cargo operations are carried out in the ports of Yakutsk, Vitim, Kirensk, Osetrovo.

On Far East The Amur and its tributaries Zeya and Bureya are of transport importance. The main cargoes transported along the Amur are: grain, salt, fish, timber, oil, metal, coal. Direction - east, down the river. The largest ports: Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk, Komsomolsk-on-Amur.
In the eastern regions, in conditions of insufficient provision of land communications, river transport also plays an important role in the transportation of passengers. Local, intracity, suburban and tourist lines operate on large rivers. The main passenger transportation is carried out along the Yenisei River and the Bratsk Reservoir, relatively small in size - along the lower reaches of the Angara and Lake Baikal. Transit routes Krasnoyarsk - Dudinka, Irkutsk - Bratsk, port Baikal - Nizhneangarsk and tourist lines Krasnoyarsk - Dixon, Lake Baikal operate in the basin.
On the Lena, transit passenger routes pass in the directions Osetrovo - Yakutsk, Yakutsk - Tiksi. Tourist traffic is also growing, trips to the Lena Pillars are especially popular.

The further development of river transport is associated with the improvement of navigation conditions on inland waterways; improvement of port facilities; extension of navigation; increasing the capacity of waterways; the expansion of mixed rail-water transportation and transportation of the "river - sea" type.

Problems of river transport

Chasing the volume of cargo transportation and ton-kilometers, they built the world's largest river vessels and adjusted rivers for them (deepened, widened and straightened), arguing that river transport is the most economical, most environmentally friendly and safest mode of transport. It's hard to argue with this. All over the world, thanks to the listed characteristics, river transport is in demand and is developing rapidly. IN individual countries they transport up to 15 percent of the total volume of transported goods. But as far as Russia is concerned, the situation here is completely different. Building the world's largest river fleet, adjusting rivers and canals for it, and spending huge amounts of money, they overlooked the issue of the cost of transportation, as a result of which a significant part of the cargo flows belonging to river transport ended up with its main competitor - rail transport.

According to a number of scientists, in 1950 the cost of river transportation was about 23 percent less than that of the railroad. In 1970, the cost of river transportation exceeded the cost of rail transportation by 5 percent, and by 1990. - by 42 percent. Subsequently, the cost of river transport decreased somewhat, but still turned out to be approximately 25-30 percent higher than that of rail transport. As a result of the increase in the cost of river transportation, the cargo density of inland waterways has significantly decreased and is currently about 7 times lower than the average in the world. One km of inland waterways in Russia accounts for only 1,000 tons of transported cargo. In China, about 10,000 tons of cargo is transported per 1 km, in the USA - about 12,000 tons, and in Germany - more than 30,000 tons.

No less difficult situation has developed with passenger traffic. Almost all "Dawns", "Voskhods" and "Rockets", which were previously the pride of the river fleet, turned out to be unprofitable and decommissioned. Large tourist vessels, except for some attractive routes, are also not profitable. Having worked for 50 and sometimes more years, many tourist ships are morally and physically obsolete. The metal consumption of such vessels is significantly higher than that of foreign analogues. Fuel costs are 2 times, and sometimes 3 times more than modern foreign models.

The crews of the vessels also outnumber those of their foreign counterparts. Inherited from Soviet Union, Russian river vessels are increasingly being resold, gradually falling into disrepair and being decommissioned. The cessation of the work of most of these courts is a matter of the near future.
From the above data, it can be seen that Russia, having the longest and most modern inland waterways in the world, uses them extremely inefficiently. Moreover, it is impossible to explain this only by objective reasons, for example, a limited period of navigation or the rapid development of other modes of transport. A huge role in the inefficiency of river transportation is played by subjective factors: ill-conceived reform of river transport management, incorrectly chosen priorities for the development of river transport, unreasonable, and sometimes simply erroneous decisions related to the development of the fleet and inland waterways, etc.

If we analyze the development of river transportation, it turns out that the efficiency of river transportation began to decline from the end of the 60s, namely, from the decision in 1967 by the Russian Ministry of River Fleet to increase the guaranteed depth on the EGS from 365 cm to 400 cm. moment, the unreasonable construction of large-tonnage self-propelled vessels with a large draft began. The ships were being built, but the depths announced at the EGS were not provided, as a result of which the large-capacity fleet began to operate underload, and the small-capacity and medium-capacity fleet lost speed due to the operation of large-capacity vessels.

Despite the fact that 45 years have passed since 1967, the guaranteed depth of 400 cm at the EGS has not yet been reached, and, apparently, with a reasonable attitude towards nature and taxpayers' means, it cannot be achieved. Yes, and there is no need for it. Why destroy rivers and build new hydroelectric facilities if the volume of cargo transported by river transport does not exceed 1 percent of the total volume of cargo transportation in the country.
At the same time, we still hear that the EGS needs a guaranteed depth of 400 cm, that for this it is necessary to build new hydroelectric facilities and fill reservoirs in the central part of Russia, as well as increase the throughput of various locks and it will almost be a disaster, if this is not done.

The current situation in the river industry clearly confirms that river transport has practically left the transport system of Russia and does not have a significant impact on the country's economy. Moreover, it continues to lose ground and if drastic measures are not taken in the near future, it will actually cease to exist, which will be a shame for a country that has the longest, most extensive and very perfect network of inland waterways.

River port in Salekhard

State Technical University (MADI)

"ROAD TRANSPORTATION"

On the topic: "River and sea freight"

Completed by: Simonov I.S.

Group: 5VA

Lecturer: Filippova N.A.

Moscow 2017

Vehicles. Sea and river transport

Plan

1. Sea transport, general information

2. River transport, general characteristics

3. Transport vessels

Literature

Maritime transport, general information

Transport, sea, river, vessel.

Maritime transport is of paramount importance for the external economic relations of states. The share of maritime transport in the world's cargo turnover is more than 70%, in cargo transportation - about 5%. In the total volume of cargo transportation by sea, 56% is dry cargo, 44% - liquid cargo. The geography of maritime transport is determined not so much by a network of ocean and sea routes, but by a network of ports, sea channels, and also accessible to sea vessels inland waterways.

The world tonnage of sea vessels is approximately 430 million gross register tons (one gross register ton is equal to 2.83 cubic meters of displacement of a vessel). The leaders in sea tonnage are Panama (72 million tons), Liberia (65), Cyprus (25), Japan (19). Norway, the United States also have a significant fleet, Bahamas, Great Britain, Italy and France - The tonnage of the Russian sea fleet - 15 million barrels. reg. tons.

Countries such as Liberia, Panama, Cyprus, the Bahamas provide their flags to other states, which allows the owners of these ships to pay lower taxes, lower wages to crew members and have other benefits. About a third of the world's ships sail under such "cheap" flags.

Japan, China, Great Britain, Italy, France are leaders in the world cargo turnover of sea transport.

An important structure of maritime transport are ports, which, according to their purpose, are divided into universal and specialized. The largest universal port in the world is Rotterdam (Netherlands). Every year this port receives and sends about 280 million tons of cargo. Other major universal ports in the world are Chiba, Kobbe, Nagoya, Tokyo (Japan), New York, Long Beach, Philadelphia (USA), Shanghai (China). Among the specialized ports of the world, the largest are: liquid - Minael-Lhmadi, Ras-Tanura (Kuwait), Khark (Iran); coal - Hampton Roads (USA), Newcastle (Australia), Duoan (South Africa); iron ore - Tubaran (Brazil), Torch-Hedland (Australia); phosphorite - Tampa (USA), Casablanca (Morocco).

There are more than 2,000 seaports in the world as a whole, most of them (70%) are in the Atlantic Ocean basin. However, the Pacific Ocean is leading in terms of the number of goods transported from the messenger of the 80s of the XX century. Out of 15 major ports world 12 are located on the coast Pacific Ocean. The Indian Ocean plays a smaller role in transportation.

Channels play a special role in maritime navigation. The most important sea channels are: Suez, Panama and Kiel.

The following trends have emerged in the development of maritime transport:

The world is rapidly aging navy;

The construction of supertankers was stopped due to their high environmental hazard;

The share of specialized ships in the merchant marine fleet is increasing;

The transport process is concentrated on a smaller number of sea and ocean routes, ports;

Major ports are more likely to become international distribution centers;

More efficient interaction with other modes of transport is provided

River transport, general characteristics

River transport is one of the oldest modes of transport. Its development is influenced by physical, geographical and climatic conditions, the presence of natural and artificial waterways (rivers, lakes, canals, reservoirs). In the northern latitudes, the operation of this type of transport is subject to a strong influence of seasonality.

The world tonnage of river transport vessels is about 10% of that of sea transport. The length of inland waterways is more than 550 thousand km. Western Europe has an extensive system of inland waterways, the main river routes of which are the systems of the rivers Rhine and Seine. IN North America the main river system is the Mississippi - Ohio, there is also unique system Great Lakes. IN Asian countries the greatest importance belongs to the river systems of China (Huanhe and Yangtze), India (Indus and Ganges), countries of the Indochinese Peninsula (Mekong). In Africa, the most important are the river systems of the Congo, Niger, Nile, Zambezi.

The most important component of inland waterways are artificial waterways, the length of which is about 30 thousand km. Among the most important are the Coastal Canal (USA), the Middle German Canal, the Belomoro-Baltic, the Volga-Don and others.

The share of river transport in the internal freight traffic of countries is presented in Table. 1.

Table 1. Share of river transport in domestic freight traffic

The largest ports on the rivers are not inferior to sea ports in terms of the amount of received and sent cargo. These include Chicago, Toledo, Dunut, Detroit (USA), Frankfurt am Main, Mannheim am Rhein (Germany), etc.

The following trends are observed in the development of river transport:

Decreasing its share in freight turnover among other modes of transport, especially in developed countries;

Increasing use of river-sea vessels;

The growing role of river transport in foreign trade transportation;

Increasing the carrying capacity of river vessels.

River transport is a branch of material production that transports goods and passengers by river vessels along inland waterways.

The share of river transport in Russia's cargo turnover is a little over 3%. River transport serves 68 republics, territories, regions and national districts. In large riverside cities, such as Moscow, St. Petersburg, Nizhny Novgorod and others, up to 50% of all building materials are delivered by water.

The river transport of Russia has a transport fleet with a total tonnage of 13.6 million tons, including 2.0 million tons of tonnage of ships of mixed ("river-sea") navigation. The river transport of Russia has more than 7,000 shipping companies and more than 30,000 vessels, 110 cargo ports, 100 passenger stations and 500 pavilions. The industrial base of the industry includes 113 ship repair enterprises.

Hydraulic structures (GWP) include shipping channels, dams, locks and transport ship lifts.

Navigation channel (CS) - an artificial channel of the correct form, usually arranged in an open recess, providing navigation along this direction where previously it was not carried out either at all or for ships of the required dimensions. Channels by type are divided into connecting, bypass and approach.

Connecting canals are built between navigable rivers, lakes and seas. For example, the Volga-Don Canal connects the Volga and Don rivers; The White Sea-Baltic Canal connects the White Sea with the Baltic through the Onega and Ladoga lakes, the Svir and Neva rivers.

Bypass channels serve to bypass obstacles (rapids, waterfalls, lakes with heavy wind conditions, long meanders of the channel, etc.) on the main waterway. For example, canals bypassing Ladoga and Onega lakes.

Approach channels are built for the approach of ships to enterprises or settlements.

By type, shipping channels are divided into open and lockable. The former are erected when connecting waterways with the same water levels, the latter - when connecting sections with different water levels, using locks, ship lifts or intermediate reservoirs.

The largest shipping channels on the inland waterways of Russia today are:

The Belomaro-Baltic drip (included in the USS) connects the White and Baltic Seas. Commissioned in 1933. Total length 227 km. Of these, 37 km are artificial waterways. The channel includes

The Volga-Baltic Waterway (included in the USS) connects the Volga basin with the Baltic Sea. The Volga-Baltic waterway includes: The Volga-Baltic Canal (in operation since 1964). Lake Onega, r. Svir with two waterworks, Ladoga lake pr. Neva. The total length of the route is 1100 km.

Volga-Don shaking (included in the USS) connects the Volga and Don at the point of their closest approach. The length of the canal is 101 km. In operation since 1952, it has 13 locks.

Channel them. Moscow (included in the USS) connects the river. Moscow from the river Volga. In operation since 1937. The total length is 126 km. There are 8 reservoirs and 10 locks along the canal.

A navigable dam is an artificial hydraulic structure designed to regulate the water level in a reservoir and pass a flood.

Shipping lock - a structure consisting of one or more chambers and designed to overcome by ships afloat the pressure formed in a river or channel between the upper and lower levels. The movement of the vessel from the level of one chamber to the level of another is carried out by equalizing the water level in them.

Transport ships

Marine vessels are divided into:

Transport (cargo, passenger and cargo-passenger);

Commercial;

Service and auxiliary;

Special purpose ships.

Cargo ships are divided into dry-cargo and tankers, and dry-cargo, in turn, into universal and specialized; passenger ships for linear and cruise; cargo-passenger ships occupy an intermediate position between cargo and passenger; fishing vessels are divided into mining and processing vessels.

By sailing area:

Vessels of unlimited navigation area;

Vessels of the restricted area of navigation.

By type of power plant:

Motor ships (the main engine is internal combustion);

Turboboats (main engine - steam or gas turbine);

Electric boats (a propeller rotates an electric motor, and a different type of engine generates electrical energy);

Nuclear-powered ships (the source of thermal energy for generating steam is a nuclear reactor).

Linear dimensions:

Maximum length, m;

Maximum width, m;

Maximum height - the distance from the keel to the very high point, m;

Vessel's draft is the distance from the lower point of the keel to the waterline, m.

Vessel speed is measured in knots (1 knot - 1 nautical mile/hour). 1 nautical mile \u003d 1852 m - an arc length of 1 minute at a latitude of 44 degrees 30 minutes or 10 cables.

Universal dry cargo ships- for the transportation of general (piece) cargo, carrying capacity 4-8 thousand tons, sometimes 14-18 thousand tons, speed 14-18 knots.

Bulk cargo ships (bulk carriers) - for the transportation of bulk bulk cargo, carrying capacity 35-60 thousand tons, sometimes 200 thousand tons, speed 14-18 knots.

Container ships - for the carriage of goods in containers:

The first group - with a capacity of 300 containers in 20-foot terms;

The second group - 1000-1500 containers;

The third group - more than 2000 containers;

The speed of such vessels is 16-30 knots.

Ships with horizontal cargo handling - multi-deck vessels for the transport of wheeled vehicles and piece cargo. Loading is carried out through the stern or bow ramps, under its own power or by loaders. Inside the ship, cargo is moved from deck to deck using ramps. Such vessels are divided into the so-called "lo-lo" (loading and unloading with the help of loaders); "ro-ro" (loading and unloading on wheels on their own or by rolling); "ro-lo" (loading and unloading combined).

Lighter carriers are specialized vessels carrying barges (lifters) with cargo. LESH-type ships are widespread. carrying 40-90 lighters weighing 370 tons each, speed 8-22 knots. Another type of lighter carriers, the CB, can accommodate 26 or 38 barges with a carrying capacity of 1,300 tons each. Lighters are lifted out of the water and moved around the vessel by lifts and trolleys. Lighter carriers can carry containers instead of barges. A feature of lighter carriers is the delivery of goods to shallow and poorly equipped ports.

Refrigerated ships - designed for the transport of perishable goods. Carrying capacity is 10 thousand tons, speed is 18-22 knots.

Tankers are specialized vessels for the transportation of petroleum products and petroleum products.

Gas carriers are specialized vessels for the transport of liquefied gases.

Chemical tankers are specialized vessels for the transport of liquid chemical products.

Passenger ships- liners with a capacity of 500 to 1500 people. Speed - 22-30 knots.

cruise ships capacity from 200 to 500 people. Speed -16-20 knots.

Cargo-passenger ships occupy an intermediate position between cargo and passenger ships. These include ferries cargo ships, having premises for accommodating passengers (12 or more people), or passenger ships with cargo holds.

A river vessel is a floating vehicle specially designed to transport people, cargo or perform other work on the water.

Self-propelled vessel - a vessel set in motion power plant.

Non-self-propelled ship - a ship that does not have a mechanical installation for independent movement.

A fast craft is any self-propelled craft capable of a speed of 35 km/h or more.

Small size vessel - a vessel, the length of which is less than seven meters, and a rowing vessel, regardless of size.

Sailing vessel - any vessel under sail, including those with a mechanical engine, provided that the latter is not used.

A raft is a floating craft consisting of logs, pipes and other objects connected to each other, designed for transportation by water.

Towing structure - one or several interconnected vessels, rafts and other watercraft towed on a cable, including a vessel engaged in towing.

Vessel underway - any vessel, if it is not at anchor, not moored to the shore, to the berth and not aground.

According to the power of the power plant, river transport vessels are divided into six groups:

Small craft - less than 55 kW (less than 75 hp)

Vessels of the first group - from 110 to 330 kW (150-450 hp)

Vessels of the second group - from 331 to 550 kW (451-750 hp)

Vessels of the third group - from 551 to 850 kW (751-1150 hp)

Vessels of the fourth group - from 851 to 1620 kW (1151-2200 hp)

Vessels of the fifth group - 1621 kW and more (2201 hp and more).

By appointment, river vessels are divided into:

Transport;

Service and auxiliary;

Vessels of the technical fleet;

Commercial;

Vessels for special purposes.

Transport ships include:

Freight;

Cargo-passenger;

Passenger;

Tugs and pushers.

According to the type of cargo carried, transport ships are divided into:

Dry cargo:

bulk;

Combined (dry-cargo-bulk).

Dry cargo, in turn, are divided into:

Universal;

Combined;

Specialized.

Specialized courts include:

Container ships;

Vegetable carriers;

Car carriers;

Gas carriers;

Ships for transporting sand;

Vessels for the transport of heavy cargo.

For combined:

Dry cargo;

Barge platforms.

Most tankers are designed to carry light and dark oil products and crude oil. Passenger ships include:

Tourist (for transporting tourists over a long distance);

Passenger;

Excursion.

The passenger capacity of such vessels is up to 400 people (beds), length up to 135 m, speed up to 30 km/h.

Vessels of the technical fleet include vessels intended for the maintenance of ships, port facilities and waterways:

Dredgers;

floating docks;

floating cranes;

Vessels for cleaning the water area.

Literature

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transportation; thanks to it, it continues to occupy an important place in the transport system, despite low speeds and seasonality.

At the same time, the share of passenger transportation by river transport is very low. This is due to the fact that being very cheap at low speeds (20-30 km / h), the cost of transportation by river transport increases significantly when transporting at speeds of 50-60 km / h, which allow them to compete with other modes of transport (road and rail). ).

Story

The history of river transport has more than one thousand years. It is believed that the first large river vessels began to be built in Ancient Egypt as early as the fourth millennium BC. e. Ancient riverboats were rowboats or sailboats. Later, they began to use traction with the help of horses or people (barge haulers) walking along the shore. There were also ships propelled by horses on the ship itself (see horse-breeding ship).

In the 19th century, steamboats began to be used on inland waterways, and the first river ship (and in general the first ship in the world) was built in Russia in the year.

Freight transportation

Since the speed of cargo river ships is 10-20 km / h, inland waterways transport mainly goods that do not require fast delivery - building materials (for example, sand), coal, coke, grain, etc. Oil is also transported along rivers and petroleum products. There are also ships carrying trucks along with their cargo and river container ships.

For cargo transportation, either self-propelled ships or barges pushed by a tug are used (tugs-tractors for escorting barges are practically not used anymore). Barges are mainly used for bulk cargo.

The largest cargo river vessels can be over a hundred meters long and carry about five thousand tons of cargo. For example, Russian vessels of the Volgo-Don type have a length of 138.5 m, a width of 16.7 m, a draft of 3.5 m and a carrying capacity of 5,000 tons.

However, such large vessels can not be used everywhere. IN Western Europe quite common (primarily in France, Belgium and the Netherlands) are relatively small cargo ships called penises. They are built in accordance with the minimum dimensions of locks and canals adopted in France and, therefore, can be used on almost all the waterways of this country. The maximum dimensions of the peniche are 40 m long, 5.2 m wide, 2.5 m draft and 3.5 m above the waterline. The peniche takes on board 300-400 tons of cargo. As a rule, the crew of a peniche consists of two people - a husband and wife, who are also the owners of the vessel. They constantly live on the ship and acquire housing on the shore only when they retire (their children go to boarding schools).

Passenger Transportation

Traditional river boats, even of modern construction, are characterized by low speed by modern standards (rarely more than 25 km / h), so they cannot compete on equal terms with automobile and by rail. Therefore, large passenger ships today are almost always used to transport tourists (river cruises), as well as to transport passengers to hard-to-reach areas with no road or rail links.

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River transport is an important part of the country's ETS. It occupies one of the leading places in servicing the large industrial centers of the riverine areas.

Russia has the most extensively developed network of inland waterways in the world. The length of inland waterways is 101 thousand km. Of the greatest importance are the tracks with guaranteed depths, which allows uninterrupted transportation of goods and passengers.

River transport is one of the oldest in the country; it is of particular importance for the northern and eastern regions, where the density of railways and roads is low or they do not exist at all. In these regions, the share of river transport in the total cargo turnover is 3.9%.

River transport has a small share in freight and passenger traffic - 4th place in Russia.

This is due to reasons:

1). The meridional direction of river transport (while the main cargo flows are carried out in the latitudinal W-E direction; C-3, this circumstance makes it necessary to combine modes of transport, using, for example, mixed rail-water transport).

2). The seasonal nature of river transport (which is limited by weather conditions, and sometimes by the time of day, for example, a high-speed passenger fleet is not operated at night).

The duration of navigation on the inland waterways of Russia ranges from 145 days (in the East and North-East of the country) to 240 days (in the South and South-West).

In the inter-navigation period, ports work in cooperation with rail and road transport, despite the fact that low-speed river transport is inferior to other modes of transport in terms of speed, but it has its own advantages.

Advantages of river transport:

1. Low cost of transportation

2. Requires less cost for the arrangement of tracks than in land modes of transport.

The importance of water transport for the Northern and Eastern regions countries where the railway network is insufficient, the density of the network of inland waterways is 2 times greater than the average for the Russian Federation.

Hence, the share of river transport in the total cargo turnover of these regions is 65-90%, in Russia as a whole this figure is 3.7%.

The role of river transport in the country's economy is determined not so much by the scale of transport work, but by the special significance of the functions they perform.

In addition to transport services for the regions of Siberia, the Far East, including the Arctic, river transport performs complex and expensive transportation along small rivers in hard-to-reach areas, as well as highly profitable transportation along small rivers in hard-to-reach areas, as well as highly profitable transportation of foreign trade cargo by vessels of mixed (river-sea) navigation .

Currently, inland waterways are operated by 5,000 shipowners of various forms of ownership.

The length of inland waterways is 101 thousand km.

The main types of cargoes of river transport:

Mineral building materials/sand;

fertilizers;

Grain and other agricultural products.

According to the Ministry of Transport of the Russian Federation, the total volume of inland waterway freight traffic in 2007 navigation amounted to 152.4 million tons, which is 9.5% more than in 2006. The increase in this volume was mainly due to an increase in the navigation period. The transportation of dry cargo (cement, metal, timber and building materials) increased by 12.5%. At the same time, the volume of transportation of oil and oil products decreased by almost a third. More than a third of the total volume of river transportation is carried out in the Volga Federal District. The country's river ports handled 15% more cargo than in 2006.

Capital investments of the state in 2007, intended for the development of the infrastructure of inland waterways, amounted to almost 2.6 billion rubles, which is 1.6 times more than in 2006. This made it possible to reconstruct a number of lock facilities on the Volga-Baltic waterway. way, the Volga-Don Canal, in the Kama basin, the Samara hydroelectric complex.

In 2008, 4 billion rubles were allocated from the state budget for the overhaul of navigable hydraulic structures of river transport. They are aimed at the reconstruction of 47 objects.

Currently, a draft subprogram "Inland waterways" is being developed, which should become part of the Federal target program"Development of the transport system of Russia in 2010-2015". The total amount of funding for this subprogram is set at 235 billion rubles. As a result of its implementation, the share of deep water areas in the total length of navigable rivers in the European part of our country will increase to 86%. Almost 2.5 km of new berths will be built in river ports.

River systems and ports.

The economy of the river fleet of Russia has 178 joint-stock companies of an open type, including 27 shipping companies, 50 ports, 46 ship repair and shipbuilding enterprises, etc. 96 enterprises are state-owned, of which 27 are state-owned enterprises, 17 are state institutions, 14 are shipping inspections, 14 - inspections by the River Register, 24 - educational institutions.

Fourteen ports of river transport accept foreign ships.

The main one in Russia is the Volga-Kama river basin, to which the economically developed part of the country gravitates (40% of the cargo turnover of the river fleet). Thanks to the Volga-Baltic, White Sea-Baltic and Volga-Don navigable canals, the Volga became the core of the unified water system of the European part of Russia, and Moscow became the river port of five seas.

The most important transport rivers in the north of the European part of Russia are: Sukhona, Northern Dvina with tributaries, Onega, Svir, Neva.

Siberia and the Far East have huge navigable river routes. Here flow greatest rivers Russia - Amur, Yenisei, Lena, Ob and their tributaries. All of them are used for shipping and timber rafting, transportation of food and industrial goods to remote areas. The importance of river transport for Siberia is very great, since the network of railways (especially in the meridional direction) is still insufficient there.

Currently, about 5 thousand shipowners of various forms of ownership operate inland waterways, including about 30 joint-stock shipping companies (river shipping companies). river fleet Russian Federation serves 68 republics, territories, regions and national districts.

Technical equipment for river transport.

The material and technical base (MTB) of river transport is formed by:

Waterway (with associated facilities and equipment);

Ports and marinas;

Shipyards (shipyards and shipyards);

The classification of the rolling stock is shown in the figure.

The fleet (similar to maritime transport) is the basis of MTB, the main part of the technical equipment of river transport consists of ships different type:

Transport purpose(for the carriage of goods and passengers) with a total tonnage > 14 million tons, of which< 1,5 млн. т приходится на суда смешанного плавания (река-море).

Service and auxiliary (tugboats, icebreakers, tankers) total capacity of tugboats - 1.6 million tons.

Technical (dredging, cranes, etc.) a sharp increase in their construction cost stopped renewal.

River routes are divided depending on the depth and capacity into 7 classes and 4 main groups: superhighways (1st class), highways (2nd class), ways local importance(4th, 5th grades), small rivers (6th, 7th grades). In river transport, there are various technical facilities that ensure the efficiency and safety of work. These are, first of all, locks for the passage of ships from one water level to another, buoys - signs to indicate dangers on the way or fairway fencing, alignments - signs in the form of tower structures or pillars installed on the fairway line to indicate the direction, places of turns, etc. d.

Deep-water inland waterways have a large carrying capacity, they can be compared with multi-track railways, and they are adapted to the mass transportation of goods and passengers. Transportation of some goods by river transport along the main inland waterways is 2-3 times cheaper than by parallel railways.

The main differences between river vessels and sea vessels:

a) less draft;

b) dimensions(due to shallow depths and sinuosity of most of the river routes, as well as the narrowness of the fairway);

c) the absence of a number of elements in the structure and equipment (required for sea ships, which is due to the specific conditions of navigation on the rivers), while river ships leaving in large lakes and on sea routes, in design, they almost do not differ from sea vessels. The average age of river vessels is 20 years, about ½ of all transport vessels (except dry cargo barges) are over 20 years old.

The river fleet consists of:

Self-propelled ships (passenger, cargo, cargo-passenger);

Non-self-propelled vessels (barges for various purposes);

Tugs (pushers - vessels without their own cargo spaces, but with a power plant for traction (towing) of non-self-propelled vessels);

Specialized vessels (vegetable carriers, a / mobile carriers, oil and ore carriers, river-sea vessels, barges, refrigerators).

The waterway is the navigable part of rivers, lakes, reservoirs and artificial canals with hydraulic structures.

The waterway is characterized by:

Depth;

latitude;

The radius of curvature (rotation);

According to the dimensions of the ship's passage, waterways are distinguished:

Superhighways - with guaranteed depths up to 4 m;

Highways - with guaranteed depths up to 2.6 m;

Local roads - with guaranteed depths up to 1 m.

Waterways are:

Navigable (on which safe navigation of ships is possible);

Floating (for timber rafting).

Shipping distinguish: - natural (rivers and lakes);

Artificial (canals and reservoirs).

Ports are the basis of the river transport coastal economy, where ships are loaded and unloaded, passengers are boarded and disembarked, and ships are maintained.

River ports are:

Universal (perform all types of work);

Specialized (only certain types of work - cargo or passenger).

The most important elements of the port - berths - equipped with mechanization for loading and unloading ships, there are warehouses and storage areas for bulk cargo.

A pier is an intermediate point where vessels have a short stop for embarkation and disembarkation of passengers and partial loading and unloading of cargo.

The main indicators of the work of inland water transport.

Vessel productivity - transport work in ton-kilometers or passenger-kilometers per unit of time (usually a day), calculated per 1 hp. or 1 ton load capacity. Distinguish between net and gross productivity of the vessel. Net productivity characterizes the use of the vessel while moving in a laden condition. It is determined by dividing the total amount of ton-kilometers of this type of work by the force-day (tonnage-day) of the course in the loaded state. Gross productivity is an indicator that characterizes the use of the vessel during the entire operating time spent, i.e. the time of movement in laden and empty states, the time of all stops and non-transport work - is determined by dividing the total ton-kilometers by the force-day (tonnage-day) of the vessel in operation.

Vessel utilization rates by load reflect the degree to which the vessel's carrying capacity and power are utilized.

The indicator of the use of a cargo ship in terms of carrying capacity, t / t of tonnage, is determined by dividing the mass of cargo loaded into the ship, Q e, for the registration load capacity Q p:

The average load per 1 ton of carrying capacity of a cargo ship is determined by dividing ton-kilometers (where l xgr- the length of the course of the vessel with cargo) per tonnage-kilometers with cargo:

Average load per 1 hp the capacity of tugboats is determined by dividing ton-kilometers performed in laden voyages by force-kilometers with the composition of laden vessels and rafts:

Share of travel time with cargo a d is determined by dividing the tonnage-days of the vessel with cargo by the total number of tonnage-days in operation:

Average productivity of 1 ton carrying capacity of self-propelled and non-self-propelled vessels M egr is determined by dividing tonne-kilometres by the total number of tonnage-days in operation:

Vessel turnaround time - the time spent on the movement of the vessel from the point of loading to the point of unloading and back, including the time required for initial and final operations (loading, unloading, locking, etc.), delays in transit and technical operations. Determined by adding down the parking time t st; time spent on maneuvers t m; running time t x:

Consider the performance of river ports.

The total cargo turnover of the port is the total amount of cargo in tons sent from the port and received by the port. This indicator is planned and taken into account for all cargoes in general and with distribution by nomenclature: oil and oil products, timber in rafts, dry cargo ships (grain, ore, coal, ore, etc.). Particular attention is paid to the goods transported in containers, as well as to be transferred from river transport to rail transport and received from it.

Loading and unloading operations include all work performed by the means of ports at cargo berths and warehouses related to the reloading of goods transported by river transport. This includes port and off-port operations, as well as transshipment of bulk oil cargoes by oil refineries. Non-port activities include the economic work of the port, as well as work performed for other organizations in order to maintain a permanent staff of workers and make better use of fixed assets.

The volume of loading and unloading operations is planned and recorded in physical tons and ton operations. The volume of loading and unloading operations in physical tons corresponds to the cargo turnover of the port minus the total weight of various cargoes sent from the berths and received at these berths, as well as timber cargoes sent from the port and arrived at the port in rafts.

A ton operation is the movement of 1 ton of cargo according to a certain variant of loading and unloading operations. A variant is a completed movement of cargo, regardless of the distance, method and additional work(weighing, sorting, etc.). When determining the volume of transshipment work in ton-operations, any work associated with the movement of 1 ton of cargo in the port is taken into account, according to the following options: transport-warehouse; warehouse-transport; transport-transport; warehouse-warehouse; internal warehouse premises (performed in the course of the main work, but on separate orders).

The ratio of the number of ton operations performed by the port to the volume of loading and unloading operations in physical tons for a certain period is called the cargo transshipment coefficient.

Problems and prospects for the development of inland water transport.

It is necessary to improve the unified system of internal routes of Russia, which is possible during the construction of canals and locks. In the nineteenth century The Mariinsky system was built with 39 locks.

The system of internal routes is of defensive importance: the connection between the south of the country and the north (the path through the European water system from Odessa to St. Petersburg) is 8800 km, and along internal routes - 4500 km.

It is necessary to deepen the fairway for the passage of ships of greater carrying capacity in order to extend the time of navigation; development of a system of ro-ro ships ("Ro-Ro") of horizontal loading, ships of the "river - sea" type; sectional vessels (they are more economical than a heavy cargo of the same carrying capacity with a simplified reloading system and are re-formed depending on cargo flows); hovercraft and hydrofoils with a speed of up to 105 km/h; icebreakers and vessels with reinforced hulls for polar conditions; increase in the carrying capacity of ships (the cost is reduced by 25-30%); increasing the comfort of passenger ships; creation of automated complexes for reloading operations; reconstruction of existing ports (Temryuk, Yeysk, Rostov, Azov, Arkhangelsk, Murmansk, etc.); creation of dock ships for the transportation of heavy bulky cargo and for the delivery of cargo to places in the Arctic basin that do not have transshipment equipment, and much more.

Water (river) transport is a transport that transports passengers and goods by ships along waterways of both natural origin (rivers, lakes) and artificial (reservoirs, canals). Its main advantage is its low cost, thanks to which it occupies an important place in the federal transport system of the country, despite seasonality and low speed.

Advantages and disadvantages

The river transport of Russia plays an important role in the inter-regional and intra-regional transportation of our country. Its advantages lie in the paths of natural origin, for the arrangement of which a smaller amount of costs is used than for the construction of railways and highways. The cost of freight transportation by waterways is lower than by rail. And labor productivity is 35 percent higher.

However, river transportation has a number of disadvantages - seasonal nature, low speed of movement, limited use, which is due to the configuration of the water network. In addition, the major arteries of our country flow from north to south and from south to north, and the main cargo flows have a latitudinal direction.

Main highways

Thanks to the construction of cascades of hydroelectric facilities, the Volga and Kama rivers have turned into deep-water highways. Inter-basin connections Moscow-Volzhskoe and Volzhskoe today constitute the Unified deep-water system, the total length of which is 6.3 thousand kilometers. With the steady growth of inland water transportation in the eastern part of Russia, the leading position is still held by the Volga-Kama basin. Its rivers account for more than fifty percent of the transport of passengers and goods. The main place in this basin was occupied by the transportation of building materials by river transport (60 percent). Their transportation is carried out in both directions, it is predominantly intra-district.

And what is transported along the waterways of Russia?

River transport on these arteries mainly delivers timber, both on ships and in the old fashioned way, on rafts, by rafting. The Siberian forest is transported from the Kama to the Volga, and the forest of the Vologda and Arkhangelsk regions, Karelia for the regions of the North Caucasus and the Volga region. The river transport of Moscow is involved in the transportation of timber along the canal of the same name to the Moscow region and Moscow. Through the ports of Volga and Kama, Kuznetsk coal is transported to the basin, and then it is transported along waterways to power plants. In addition, a prominent place is occupied by the delivery of salt - from the Baskunchan salt mine up the Volga to the ports of the Volga region, the Urals, the Center, to the North-Western enterprises and for export. In addition, agricultural products from the Volgograd and Astrakhan regions, fish from the Caspian Sea, as well as chemical products from the Volga region and the Urals are sent up the Volga. Oil products and oil, grain cargoes are transported in both directions.

Main directions

The river transport of Russia is especially developed in the Volga-Kama basins, because the Kama with its tributaries - the Vyatka and the Belaya - is of great importance in the connections of the Urals with the North-West, the Center, the Volga region. Mainly grain, timber, oil, chemical cargoes, construction mineral materials are transported down the Kama. Coal, cement, timber are transported in the opposite direction. In the upper reaches of the Kama, the traffic is much less. In addition, the Volga-Don Canal contributed to an increase in bulk cargo transportation along the Volga. Thanks to him, from the areas adjacent to the Don, grain, coal, melons, industrial products and other goods are transported along the Volga. In the opposite direction - cement, ore, timber, chemical products. All this is transported by river transport. Samara, like other cities in the Middle Volga region, is the main consumer of these goods. An important role in the development of transportation is played by the water transport links of this basin with Northwestern region, as well as with foreign states of the Baltic Sea through the Volga-Baltic route. Apatite concentrate, ore, construction materials, timber are transported through it in the south direction, and chemical cargoes, grain, coal and oil products are transported to the north.

Passenger Transportation

The main passenger flows are also concentrated in the Volga-Kama basin. Any River Station will offer citizens a variety of local, transit, intracity and suburban destinations. Passenger ships are quite widely used in the organization of tourism or recreation. The longest are transit lines from Moscow to Astrakhan, Perm, Rostov and Ufa. The largest river station is located in the capital of Russia. In the Volga-Vyatka basin, the largest river ports are Nizhny Novgorod, Volgograd, Moscow, Perm, Astrakhan, Kazan, Yaroslavl.

northwest direction

Rivers have served as the central transport communications of the North-Western and Northern economic regions since ancient times. In its European part, the main water arteries for the transportation of goods are the Northern Dvina with its tributaries Sukhona and Vychegda, Pechora, Mezen, and in the North-West - Svir, Neva and the White Sea-Baltic Canal. A powerful flow of mineral construction and oil materials, timber, as well as grain and coal passes through the northern waterways. The main ports are Naryan-Mar, Pechora, Mezen, Arkhangelsk, Kotlas.

The North-Western basin ensures the delivery of forests to the south and from Karelia, apatite concentrate from the Kola Peninsula. In the opposite direction - manufactured goods, grain, salt and oil products. Transshipment points for various goods are Volkhov, Petrozavodsk and St. Petersburg. From here, permanent passenger lines are organized to Moscow and the Verkhnevolzhsky district. Local routes are also well developed here, this became especially noticeable with the increase in the number of high-speed ships.

East direction

In the east of Russia, the Ob-Irtysh basin of Western Siberia occupies the first place in terms of transportation. River transport here contributed to the development of gas and oil resources, as well as forests. From the main transport hubs (Tobolsk, along the Irtysh and the Ob) coal, drilling equipment and pipes, building materials, food and industrial goods are delivered to the oil and gas fields of the Tyumen region. Cargoes are delivered to the deep regions of the mainland via the Northern Sea Route with subsequent transshipment in the mouths of the Taz, Pur and Ob river ships. River port Asino. Then it is transported on ships to Novosibirsk, Omsk, Tomsk. More than a quarter of deliveries along the Irtysh and Ob are construction materials that come from the southern regions to the north, to the areas of the oil and gas industry. Besides, great importance has river transport in the transportation of grain cargo, salt, coal and oil products.

On the Ob, along with the ancient ports of Barnaul and Novosibirsk, an important role is played by the ports that arose in connection with the creation of industrial centers - Surgut, Ob, Labytnangi, Salekhard.

Yenisei and Angara

The river transport of the Yenisei connects the southern part of Eastern Siberia with the regions of the Arctic. Here, timber transportation reaches two thirds of the entire cargo turnover of the Yenisei. In addition, grain, oil products, coal and mineral building materials are transported along the river. The Upper Yenisei, from Minusinsk to Krasnoyarsk, is characterized by the predominance of downstream cargo flow, the main place in it is occupied by grain.

The mouth of the Angara: the main part of the forest comes from here, it divides the flow of goods on the Yenisei. The main part goes up, and from the mouth to Dikson - down the river. In addition to timber, transportation of building mineral materials and coal occupies a significant position. The main ports are Krasnoyarsk, Yeniseysk, Dudinka, Igarka, and on the Angara - Makaryevo, Bratsk, Irkutsk, Ust-Ilimsk.

Lena and Cupid

On the Lena, navigation starts from the port of Osetrovo and proceeds to the river delta. Here, in addition to domestic goods, goods are delivered that come from the railway - from Tiksi and Osetrovo bays. Two-thirds of the shipments are coal and building materials, the rest is timber and oil. Most of them go from top to bottom. Cargo operations are carried out in the ports of Kirensk, Osetrovo, Yakutsk, Vitim.

In the Far East, the Amur and its tributaries Bureya and Zeya are of great transport importance. The main cargoes are grain, salt, metal, coal, timber, oil and fish. Major ports- Komsomolsk-on-Amur, Blagoveshchensk, Khabarovsk. In these areas, due to insufficient developed infrastructure land communications river transport is also important in the transportation of passengers.

Sea transport

The main significance of maritime transport lies in the fact that it provides a very significant part of Russia's foreign trade. Cabotage is essential only for supplying eastern and northern coasts countries. Cargo turnover for maritime transport is eight percent. This is achieved as a result of the longest transportation distance - approximately 4.5 thousand kilometers. Passenger transportation by maritime transport is negligible.

Problems of maritime transport in Russia

On a global scale, maritime transport ranks first in terms of cargo turnover, standing out with the lowest cost of cargo delivery. In the Russian Federation, it is relatively poorly developed, this is due to the fact that the main economic centers of our country are far from seaports. In addition, most of the seas that surround the territory of Russia are freezing. This significantly increases the cost of using this. Another problem is the very outdated fleet of our country. Thus, the sea and river transport of Russia was built more than twenty years ago, which is unacceptable by world standards, such ships should be decommissioned. There are practically no modern types of vessels in the domestic fleet: lighter carriers, container carriers, gas carriers, vessels with horizontal unloading and loading, and others. Before the annexation of Crimea, Russia had only eleven large seaports, and this is not enough for such big country. As a result, about half of the goods going by sea served by foreign ports. These are mainly former Soviet republics: Ukraine (Odessa), Estonia (Tallinn), Lithuania (Klaipeda). The use of maritime transport shipping hubs of other states also contributes to large financial losses. If the situation with the Black Sea ports is more or less resolved, then on the coast Baltic Sea a new port is under construction.