The main characteristics of air transport. Types of vehicles, characteristics and purpose

Since ancient times, all the peoples inhabiting our planet have played an important role in transport. Concerning modern stage, the importance of means of transportation has grown disproportionately. Today, the existence of any country cannot be imagined without powerful transport.

New achievements of science and technology

The twentieth century was marked by gigantic transformations that took place in all spheres of human activity. Air transport is no exception. Its development was facilitated by the growth of the world's population, an increase in the amount of consumed material resources, urbanization, social, political and many other factors.

The scientific and technological revolution that has taken place has made it possible to change air transport not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. It is worth saying that at all times, human vehicles have been a special dynamic system. Exactly transport system served as practically the first consumer of various discoveries and achievements in the scientific field. In many cases, it was she who acted as the direct customer of advanced developments.

It is difficult to name any area of research that would not be related to the improvement Vehicle. For their progress, the results of physical and thermodynamic developments are used. Physicists and mathematicians take a considerable part in the development of transport. Mechanics and chemists, astronomers and geologists, biologists and many other scientists are involved in solving this problem. The development of transport, including air transport, is facilitated by the results of applied research carried out in the field of mechanical engineering and metallurgy, structural mechanics and automation, astronautics and electronics.

Need for further development

In modern conditions, air transport is one of the most dynamically developing means of transportation. It plays an important role in the main directions of development of the national economy and civil aviation. The development of air transport for the country is simply necessary.
The main goal pursued in this case is to increase the volume of transportation of goods and passengers over long distances and to hard-to-reach areas. At the same time, the requirements for air transport are increasing. It should become more economical and regular, comfortable and safe. To achieve these goals, new in-depth studies of various scientific branches will be required, as well as more serious experimental design.

Features of air transport

Aviation is the youngest and fastest direction, designed to carry out communication links between different regions. At the same time, it is the most expensive industry.

Air transport in Russia is an important part of the country's national economy. With its help, medicines and mail, industrial and food products are delivered to the most inaccessible corners.

It is worth saying that aviation is the most advanced mode of transport. She does not need roads and is not afraid of various obstacles. It was thanks to aviation that humanity got the opportunity to go into space.

Air transport has a number of undeniable advantages. First of all, it is high speed. At the same time, important maneuverability is achieved in the organization of passenger transportation. In addition, modern airlines provide non-stop flights over considerable distances.

What aircraft are used in modern aviation?

Types of air transport that are used in national economy countries are not so diverse. In modern aviation, aircraft are used, which are represented various models planes and helicopters. All of them are widely used for various tasks.

In the national economy big job assigned to helicopters. These are aircraft that rise in air space using rotating blades located on a vertical shaft. Helicopters use:

During construction and installation works;
- in the sanitary and medical service;
- in agriculture;
- during the construction of pipelines;
- to fight forest fires that have arisen;
- for the carriage of mail;
- to assist in geological exploration;
- as a means of monitoring traffic on the roads;
- to communicate with meteorological stations located in high mountainous areas.

Transportation of goods by air, represented by a fleet of helicopters, is carried out over short distances.

The principle of aircraft flight lies in the interaction of the traction force of the engine and the lifting force of the wing.

Differences in application

In modern aviation, the following types of air transport are distinguished:

For implementation passenger traffic;
- for the movement of goods;
- cargo-passenger (combined):
- educational and training;
- special purpose (sanitary, agricultural, fire, etc.).

This gradation is applied depending on the industry of application, as well as on the purpose of the aircraft.

The difference in technical and operational parameters

For passenger air transport, such a characteristic as capacity is used. For cargo aircraft, their carrying capacity is important. For combined air transport, the technical and operational parameter is the flight range without landing, as well as speed. According to the latter indicator, certain types of aircraft are also distinguished. The speed of the aircraft may be less than the speed of sound. There are also supersonic aircraft.

Government

Transportation by air of passengers and cargo is in Russia under the direct control of the state. There are linear departments and departments in the country that oversee the work of this industry. At the same time, each airline pays a tax on the service of dispatchers.

The main executive body that exercises control over air transport is the Federal Agency for Air Transportation. Its main tasks:

Provision of services that ensure the uninterrupted operation of air transport;
- issuance of licenses for admission to flights on international and domestic routes;
- certification of companies providing aircraft flights;
- supervising the work of educational institutions of the aviation industry.

Flight personnel

Air traffic management is not an easy task. The flight crew includes navigators and pilots, as well as cadets of flight schools who are fit for this work according to the conclusion of the medical commission and can perform their functional duties.

Each crew member during the flight must unquestioningly comply with all instructions given by the flight control authority. It is possible to deviate from the route only in case of a threat to the safety and life of people who are on board the aircraft.

Navigators and pilots must be issued permits:

For training flights that are carried out during the day or at night;
- to flights on a new modification of the aircraft;
- to special flights.

In this case, all tolerances must be entered in the flight book. Regardless of the position held, each of the crew members is required to undergo an annual check on various types of flight training. At the same time, its results must also be entered in the flight book.

There are certain norms for the rest and flight time of the aircraft crew. So, you can stay in the air for no more than twelve hours a day. Such a norm is established for the flight crew of air airliners. Helicopter crews must have a daily flight time of no more than eight hours.

Safety

In air transport, all measures must be taken to ensure that the flight does not pose a danger to passengers. In this regard, the Federal Air Transport Agency implemented a ban on carrying liquids on board the aircraft. This restriction applies to all airports in the country.

The Air Transport Administration - Rosaviatsia - notes that the threat of terrorist attacks on air transport has not been eliminated. In connection with this situation, a directive was sent to all organizations related to civil aviation, as well as to all airports, indicating the need to implement all measures to ensure flight safety. According to this document, the passenger does not have the right to carry in hand luggage any liquid. This ban also applies to personal hygiene products. They must be checked in as baggage, which is checked with the use of technical devices for screening. Only then can the liquid be placed on board the aircraft.

In the event that a passenger needs to carry medicines with him during the flight, they can be carried as part of hand luggage only after they have been inspected by the airport security services.

Passengers should treat such measures with understanding, because they are taken to ensure the safety of the flight.

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Vehicles. Air Transport

The purpose of the lecture is to review technical specification air transport

Keywords: aircraft, takeoff weight, flight range, layout, airfield, traffic corridor

1. Characteristics of fixed assets, technical means of the air fleet

performance helicopter air transportation

Air transport is the fastest and most expensive. The world network of air routes is constantly growing, and by the beginning of the 21st century it exceeded 8 million km. The main purpose of air transport is the transportation of passengers. Its share in the transport passenger turnover exceeds 10%, and in the freight turnover - 1%. Its importance increases for the delivery of passengers and goods to hard-to-reach areas (for example, remote northern regions Siberia and the Far East).

Air communication covers all continents, but the most intensive lines exist between North America and Europe. The geography of air transport is also characterized by a network of airports, there are more than 1000 international ones alone.

In terms of cargo transportation, the US airports (New York, Los Angeles, Chicago) are in the lead, the largest metropolitan airports Western Europe(London, Paris, Amsterdam), Japan (Tokyo). More than 70% of the planet's aircraft fleet is concentrated in the United States.

The structure of the aircraft fleet is dominated by American Boeing, Douglas, Lockheed aircraft, and the bulk of flights in European countries are made by aircraft of the same brands.

In Kazakhstan, air transport accounts for 9.6% of all intercity passenger traffic (in the US - 17%).

Among the trends in the development of air transport, the following can be noted: an increase in the speed and range of flights, an increase in the share of intercontinental transportation, and an increase in aircraft capacity. Air transport is characterized by a high degree of concentration of capital. US in control most air travel in the world.

The technical basis of air transport is: aircraft, airports and air lines (routes).

An aircraft is an aircraft supported in the atmosphere by interaction with air. Aircraft include aircraft heavier than air (airplanes, helicopters, gliders, rotorcraft) and lighter than air (blimps, balloons, both powered and free).

Aircraft do not include aircraft that move only due to jet thrust or inertia (rockets, spacecraft, as well as ships on air cushion, meteorological balloons).

The rolling stock of aircraft consists mainly of airplanes and helicopters and is the leading link in air transport. The classification of the rolling stock of air transport is shown in Figure 1.

As can be seen from the figure, aircraft (airplanes and helicopters) are heavier than air and their flight becomes possible due to the interaction of the thrust force of the engines and the wing, on which an aerodynamic lift force is created when moving in the air. When the aircraft moves in the air, the upper surface of the wing, being more convex than the lower one, flows around the air flow with more speed than the lower one, there is a pressure difference directed upwards, perpendicular to the flight speed. This pressure difference creates aerodynamic lift. If the lift force is equal to the flight weight, then the aircraft flies horizontally. If it is less than the flight weight, then the aircraft flies with a decrease. If the lift force exceeds the flight weight, then a climb occurs.

Each aircraft consists of an airframe, traction engines, landing gear and a set of units and instruments to ensure the functioning of all systems and control them.

A helicopter, unlike an airplane, has a propeller with blades mounted on a vertical shaft, thanks to which this aircraft is kept in weight.

Aircraft and helicopters are also divided by purpose and scope and carry out passenger, cargo and cargo-passenger transportation on local and international lines.

The main types of civil aviation aircraft fly at a speed of 900-1100 km/h at long distances and up to 500-700 km/h at medium distances.

On over long distance aircraft with supersonic speeds are used (TU, Boeing, Concorde, etc.).

Figure 1 - Air transport rolling stock classification

The main characteristics of aircraft:

takeoff weight;

Range of flight;

Layout scheme.

Take-off weight is the weight of a fully equipped, fueled and loaded aircraft. Aircraft are divided into four classes according to their takeoff weight: the first class includes aircraft with takeoff weight more than 76 tons, to the second - from 30 to 75 tons, to the third - from 10 to 30 tons, to the fourth - with a mass of less than 10 tons.

Flight range - the distance measured on the surface of the earth that an aircraft can fly with the consumption of the entire fuel reserve, with the exception of the air navigation emergency reserve.

According to the flight range, aircraft are divided into main and local airlines. Trunk, in turn, are divided into:

Long-haul (flight range over 6000 km);

Medium-haul (flight range from 2500 to 6000 km);

Short-haul (flight range up to 2500 km).

The flight range of aircraft of local airlines does not exceed 1000 km.

The layout scheme of the aircraft is determined by the relative position of the fuselage, wing, plumage and engines. There are three types of aircraft layout:

Low-wing - the wing is located under the fuselage;

Sredneplan - the wing passes through the fuselage in its middle part;

Vysokoplan - the wing is located above the fuselage. Aircraft engines are installed in the wings, under the wings, on pylons and in the rear fuselage.

The speed of modern transport aircraft with turbojet engines 750-950 km/h, with turboprop engines 500-750 km/h.

Depending on the flight speed, aircraft are divided into:

Subsonic;

supersonic;

Hypersonic.

Subsonic - aircraft, the speed of which does not exceed the speed of sound, supersonic - the speed of which exceeds the speed of sound, hypersonic - the speed of which exceeds the speed of sound by 4-5 times.

According to their purpose, aircraft are divided into:

Transport (passenger and freight);

Educational and training;

sports;

Military;

Special.

Airport or aerodrome - is a complex of engineering structures that ensure the departure to the line and the reception from the lines of passengers and cargo, as well as the preparation and equipment of aircraft to perform transport functions. The airfield is the most important element of the airport. This is an airfield on which one or more airstrips, taxiways, aircraft parking areas, and runways are located. The number of runways depends on the capacity of the airport. One runway may have one or more runways.

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According to the volume of annual passenger service, airports are divided into five classes. The value and class of the airport depends on the size and level of its technical development and equipment.

Airports serving more than 7 million passengers a year (for example, Heathrow Airport in London and J. Kennedy in New York serve 25 million passengers; O "Hara in Chicago - 40 million; Vnukovo - 27 million, etc. .) are out of class, and less than 25 thousand people are not classified.

According to the time of use, airfields are divided into:

Permanent;

temporary,

Daytime and 24/7 operation.

By type of coverage:

With artificial turf runways;

Ground;

Hydroaerodromes;

Ice.

By nature of use:

Basic;

intermediate;

Basic;

Spare.

The cargo complex includes a cargo platform, cargo warehouses, post offices and other facilities. At airports with a large volume of cargo traffic, cargo terminals are provided, which differ from warehouses in their space-planning solution and work technology.

The main element of the passenger complex is the terminal, which sells tickets, checks in passengers, checks in and handles luggage, provides information and other types of passenger services.

The forecourt of the airport is intended for the movement, stopping and maneuvering of public transport.

The airport hotel is designed to accommodate passengers who stay overnight at the airport due to waiting for departure or flight delays.

Passenger apron - a place for short-term parking of aircraft during landing and disembarking of passengers.

Airport services solve the problems of integrated transportation services, for which they have various divisions:

Passenger and cargo transportation services;

Service for the reception, preparation and release of aircraft;

fuel service;

production and dispatching service;

Security Service, etc.

Airways are volumes of airspace in width and height that connect the airspaces of airfield areas and are intended for flights of civil aviation and other departments. Airways are served by means of air navigation and air traffic control.

The airway altitude is divided into lower airspace (up to 6100m) and upper airspace (above 6100m).

In order to make the most efficient use of airspace for flights by aviation of all departments, an air traffic control system is being created to control arriving, departing and transit aircraft with unconditional compliance with safety and flight regularity requirements.

The air traffic control system includes airport controllers (airfield control tower controller, taxi controller, start controller, circle controller and approach controller) and controllers of regional and zonal centers.

The movement corridor (track) is the estimated flight altitude and coordinate system in the horizontal and vertical flight planes.

The corridor system makes it possible to disperse aircraft in the air to exclude the possibility of their collision.

Aircraft are equipped with appropriate systems for measuring and maintaining flight altitude.

The technology of air transport operation - movement must be carried out strictly according to the schedule, which is associated with the complexity of organizing take-off and landing at the airfield, as well as the system for allocating each unit of the rolling stock with its own traffic corridor, depending on the carrying capacity and flight speed. IN common complex diverse and diverse technological processes, especially importance has the procedure and terms for the maintenance of aircraft and airports.

2. International air transportation

International air travel takes special place among foreign trade. Yielding in terms of traffic to other modes of transport, international shipping air transport compares favorably with them in other respects. International air transport is a type of international flight, which is defined as the operation of aircraft in the airspace of more than one state. The very same international air transportation is formulated in the Convention to unify some of the rules relating to international air transportation. International air transportation - transportation, in which the place of departure and the place of destination are located on the territory of two states or on the territory of one state, if a stopover (landing) is provided on the territory of another state. In order to coordinate the actions of international air carriers and provide them with the necessary organizational and legal framework, two large international air transport organizations were created in the mid-1940s: the International Civil Aviation Organization ICAO (ICAO) and the International Air Transport Association IATA (IATA).

The International Civil Aviation Organization - this organization, headquartered in Montreal, is still the main forum for aviators around the world. Now it brings together 188 countries, officially referred to as the Contracting States. The activity of ICAO is determined by the Chicago Convention on Civil Aviation - a legal act and a fundamental source of international air law.

All ICAO regulations are aimed at ensuring flight safety, aviation security (protection against terrorism) and the maximum simplification of the process of air transportation between states. Of the many specialized agencies operating under the auspices of the UN, ICAO is not only the largest, but also the most efficient organization, ensuring uniformity and order in the transportation of more than 1.6 billion passengers and 30 million tons of cargo annually by air. Unlike ICAO, another international air transport association - IATA (International Air Transport Organization), founded in 1919, is engaged in the financial management of air travel. The clearing system, for example, allows airlines to manage financial flows centrally. During the year, 34 billion US dollars transferred by more than 300 airlines pass through the IATA financial chamber. The settlement system for the sale of passenger transportation simplifies the process of issuing tickets and reduces the costs associated with their sale.

There are seven standing committees within IATA:

Advisory for transportation;

Technical;

Combating aircraft hijacking and theft of cargo and luggage;

Legal;

Financial;

Conjuncture of world commodity and transport markets;

Medical.

One of the activities of IATA is to develop and adopt recommendations on the organization and conditions of transportation, as well as on the principles for constructing tariffs and determining their level. This activity is carried out at regional transportation conferences, for which the whole world is divided into three zones. The first is Western, which includes all the countries of the Western Hemisphere. The second is the Euro-African-Asian zone, which includes countries to the west of Iran. The third is the Asia-Pacific zone, which also includes Australia and Oceania.

Flights on international airlines according to the form of their performance can be classified:

On regular (carried out in accordance with the terms of agreements on air communication between states);

For non-scheduled (performed on the basis of special permits for single flights):

a. additional,

b. special,

c. charter.

International air fares can be subdivided into:

Passenger;

luggage;

Freight.

3. Air transport performance

In air transport, in addition to those common to all modes of transport, the following performance indicators are calculated.

Aircraft passenger seat occupancy rate? kps characterizes the use of aircraft seats. It is determined by dividing the passenger-kilometres performed?Plpas by the limit passenger-kilometres (seat-kilometres) ?Pmaxps:

The actual speed of delivery of passengers from the point of departure to the point of destination v is determined by dividing the length of the air line between these points L by the time spent by passengers on the trip by air? T:

The time spent on the trip is the sum of the time of transportation from the settlement to the airport tt1; waiting at the airport of departure t01 ; flight, including stops at intermediate airports tn; waiting at the destination airport t02 ; transportation from the airport to the locality tt2:

T= tt1 + t01 + tn + t02 + tt2 (3)

From the above formula it can be seen that the total time spent on a trip by air is the sum of flight and ground. Ground time on average is about 3-3.5 hours.

The technical flight range LTECHN is the maximum distance that an aircraft (helicopter) can fly in calm relative to the ground, having completely used up the fuel filled in its tanks by the time of landing.

The practical flight range Lact is the distance that an aircraft (helicopter) can fly relative to the ground with the remainder of the fuel provided for the navigational reserve in the tanks by the time of landing of the aircraft.

Cruise speed VKP is the distance traveled per unit of time with uniform, rectilinear horizontal flight of the aircraft and the operation of the engines in cruise mode and the calculated flight altitude and aircraft weight.

Flight speed Vp -- the average distance traveled by the aircraft per unit time (excluding landing time en route) in calm. It is calculated taking into account the cost of flight time at all stages of flight from takeoff to landing.

Commercial speed VKOM is the distance traveled per unit of time from the takeoff run at the initial airport to landing at the final airport, taking into account stops at intermediate airports.

The productivity of the aircraft and helicopter P is the volume of transport products performed by the aircraft (helicopter) in 1 hour.

This indicator can be determined for the entire fleet of aircraft and for each type.

Transportation of passengers and cargo by air transport is carried out by regular and non-scheduled carriers. Scheduled carriers are airlines that carry passengers, cargo, mail, both on a regular and contract basis. Scheduled services include flights scheduled and operated in accordance with the published schedule for a fee, as well as additional flights caused by the overload of scheduled flights.

Non-scheduled carriers are enterprises that carry out commercial transportation of goods and passengers for the needs of enterprises and the population on an irregular basis (charter flights, special flights, tourist routes).

Accounting for completed shipments is kept separately for these groups of carriers. Within groups, transportation is divided into local, domestic and international.

Local transportation - both points of the flight, i.e., the initial and final ones, which are located on the territory of the republic, territory, region.

Domestic transportation - between the points of the flight, located within the territorial boundaries of the Republic of Kazakhstan.

International transportation includes transportation, in which one of the points of the flight is outside the state border of the Republic of Kazakhstan; they include shipments to countries far abroad and CIS countries.

When accounting for transportation, the unit of observation is the aircraft departure. The primary document is a consolidated loading sheet, which certifies the boarding of passengers and the delivery of cargo to the aircraft at the airports of departure, the acceptance from the aircraft of its entire load at the airports of destination and the carriage by the aircraft. Completion of the consolidated load sheet is made in triplicate on the basis of the passenger and baggage check-in sheet, as well as the postal and cargo sheet. The first copy of the consolidated load sheet is handed over to the crew and serves to record their work, the second copy is transferred to the transportation department of the nearest landing airport (where a new sheet will be issued for the next flight segment), the third copy remains at the initial airport to record the completed flights.

The summary loading sheet indicates the airports of departure and destination, type, number, aircraft affiliation, flight number, date of departure, airport of first landing, for each airport of destination data on the number of initial and transit passengers, weight of baggage, mail, cargo are entered.

Initial shipments are those that depart from this airport. Transit includes such shipments that were originally sent from another airport, and from this airport, which is intermediate, are sent in the direction of further travel.

The loadsheet data is used to compile the “flight report” and calculate the performance of airlines.

Literature

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Gadzhinsky, A. M. Logistics: a textbook for higher educational institutions in the direction of preparation "Economics" / A. M. Gadzhinsky. - Moscow: Dashkov i K?, 2011. - 481 p.

Golubchik, A. M. Freight Forwarding Business: Creation, Formation, Management / A. M. Golubchik. - Moscow: TransLit, 2011. - 317 p.

Ivanov, D. A. Supply chain management / D. A. Ivanov. - St. Petersburg: Polytechnic University Publishing House, 2010. - 659 p.

Integrated logistics systems for resource delivery: (theory, methodology, organization) / I. A. Elovoy, I. A. Lebedeva. - Minsk: Law and Economics, 2011. - 460 p.

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Kurochkin, D.V. Logistics: a course of lectures / D.V. Kurochkin. - Minsk: FUAinform, 2012. - 268 p.

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Logistics: a textbook for students of higher education institutions in economic specialties / V. I. Margunova et al. - Minsk: Higher School, 2011. - 507 p.

Logistics: textbook / B. A. Anikin et al. - Moscow: Prospekt, 2011. - 405 p.

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Logistics: integration and optimization of logistics business processes in supply chains / V. V. Dybskaya - Moscow: Eksmo, 2008. - 939 p.

Warehousing logistics: textbook: specialty 080506 “Logistics and supply chain management” / VV Dybskaya. - Moscow: Infra-M, 2012. - 557 p.

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1.2. AIR TRANSPORT TROUBLESHOOTING

Features of air transport are quite clearly manifested, in particular, in some of its shortcomings. The most significant of them are the following:

The security of air traffic is not always high enough;

Due to difficult weather conditions, the regularity of flights is disrupted, and, consequently, the schedule of aircraft movement;

Adverse impact on the environment;

Relatively high cost of air transport services.

The probability of death of one person in the air is characterized by a value of 1:500,000 flights, which gives every reason to assert that aviation remains the most safe view transport. However, this was not always the case. Created, for example, in 1927 in the United States, the Air Mail Service lost 40 pilots from the first set of 41 people in a short time. Gradually, the realization came that air transport, as well as the speeds it uses and the operating conditions of the equipment, impose very special requirements on aircraft and their crews.

Today, the struggle to maintain the highest possible level of flight safety begins at the stage of creating an aircraft. Aircraft manufacturers even have a special term - "safely damaged structure" - which characterizes the degree of operational survivability of an aircraft. Flight safety is the main concern of the ground engineering and technical personnel of airlines, all support services - from meteorologists to air traffic controllers and, of course, crews and flight attendants. Even such a seemingly ordinary procedure as the preparation of the liner itself and the pilots serving it for starting off from the parking lot on the platform is scheduled according to the points that are read aloud in turn in the cockpit until all the mandatory operations are carried out in the proper sequence.

The complexity of managing a modern high-speed airliner with a large passenger capacity sometimes exceeds the psychophysiological capabilities of a person. Suffice it to say that the pilot has to simultaneously control about a hundred flight parameters. The on-board electronics, which has turned the dashboard into essentially one big computer, requires constant attention. The fatigue of crews on long-haul flights is so great that US aviation doctors issued a special directive instructing pilots to sleep in turns during many hours of flight.

And yet, in the practice of domestic civil aviation, more often than other causes of flight incidents, elementary indiscipline, neglect of the rules and instructions for the operation of aircraft, or simply “undereducation” of pilots appear.

The next unpleasant feature of air traffic is its increased, compared with other modes of transport, dependence on the weather and meteorological conditions in general (the threat of icing on the structure during flights, a serious complication of piloting conditions due to poor visibility during landing, etc.). By the way, up to 50% of all flight accidents and disasters happen at the landing and landing stages. However, special technical means have already appeared and are operating, which are designed to reverse this situation. So, in addition to the device at airfields of light fields with powerful lamps, in addition to radar equipment, special radio means of the so-called automated landing have been developed and are being put into operation, consisting of a pair of ground-based radio beacons and their corresponding on-board radio receivers and accurate radio altimeters. Of course, to use this ingenious system, the crews must have the appropriate skills, high qualifications and experience.

Air transport, like its other counterparts, has a harmful effect on the environment. But even here it has its own specific features. The undesirable impact of aviation on the natural environment comes down mainly to two factors: the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere by operating engines, contained in exhaust gases, and the noise generated by the operation of power plants. In principle, this differs little from the impact on the natural environment of other transport vehicles, such as cars, in whose engines hydrocarbon fuel is also burned. But the specifics of aviation in this case lies, firstly, in more fuel burned per car, and secondly, in the dispersion of exhaust gases in much larger volumes of airspace, extending up to stratospheric heights. The latter feature, it would seem, should reduce the harm caused to the nature of specific regions during the operation of aviation equipment, but here there is a specific feature of some types of aircraft, in particular high-altitude aircraft, which contribute to the destruction of the planet's ozone layer. This threat may become fatal in the near future. True, the nature and mechanism of the interaction of ozone and exhaust gases of aircraft engines in the atmosphere is still unclear to the end. Apparently, there is a need for detailed scientific research in this area at the international level.

The noise generated by the operation of the power plants of modern aircraft during takeoff and landing adversely affects the human body. Since airports are usually located close to large cities and have a very high air traffic density, residents of such cities, especially their areas located in close proximity to airports, experience significant discomfort. With increasing volume air communications With increasing engine power and aircraft mass, the need to suppress aircraft noise has grown into a complex problem.

In addition to external noise acting in the environment, aircraft engines generate strong internal noise that affects passengers and crew members on board. External noise affects people for a short time, while internal noise affects the entire flight, sometimes lasting several hours. This circumstance was one of the reasons, firstly, for the rejection of the widespread use of power plants with propellers, and secondly, the use of structural layouts of aircraft with engines placed in the tail. In addition to some improvement in fire safety, this arrangement significantly reduces the noise level in passenger cabin and in the cockpit.

Increasing the economic efficiency of air transport is a constant concern for all airlines in the world. Unfortunately, due to objective conditions, civil aviation transport services consistently remain the most expensive compared to the services of any other types of ground or water transport. main reason the high cost of civil aviation services - the need for aviation science to carry out complex research and development work on the design and construction of new types of aircraft, as well as to perform complex and diverse test flights and labor-intensive finishing work. To conduct research and testing at the modern level requires the availability of expensive and complex special scientific and technical equipment. infrastructure - the largest modern institutes with wind tunnels, numerous bench and other special installations, well-equipped test airfields with a set of complex and specialized flying laboratories. Sometimes it is necessary to create and test simplified analogue aircraft.

In addition, the highest quality and most expensive materials are used to build modern aircraft, their engines and complex communications and air navigation equipment.

The nineties of the last century were a kind of “black streak” for Russian air transport.

However, after a recession in the 1990s of the last century, Russian air transport began to restore its volumes. In 2008, 33.8 million passengers were transported, which is 9.4% more than in 2007.

In 2008, the total number of passengers carried exceeded the 1998 volumes. at the same time - in international traffic twice as much was transported, and only 3/4 in the internal. For the period since 1998. there is a pronounced trend towards an increase in the share of passengers in international traffic. In 2008 – their share was 44.1%, having increased in comparison with 2003. by 4.3%.

The statistics of the last three years allow us to be optimistic about the prospects for air transport in Russia. Steady growth in recent years in the main sectors of the country's economy, GDP growth, an increase in wages and pensions, create a basis for a positive assessment of the growth rate of air transport in Russia. However, the increase in fuel prices also affects the value of tariffs - Russian airlines are forced to increase tariffs every month, and a further increase in fuel prices, according to experts, will lead to a further increase in tariffs, which will affect the volume of air transport.

According to the GosNIIGA calculations, the volume of passenger traffic on Russian air transport for the period up to 2015 will increase and amount to 43.2 million people, with more than 62% of domestic flights. Apparently the last conclusion - the share of traffic on domestic routes - is overestimated, since in recent years traffic on international airlines has increased at a faster pace.

As of September 2008, there were 199 registered operators in the country, of which 24 companies account for 85% of Russia's air transport traffic.

For the normal operation of the airline great importance has a fleet of aircraft at its disposal. From total number about 80 airlines have a fleet of 5 to 10 ships and about 60 airlines or almost 30% have less than 5 ships at their disposal. Small airlines do not have financial resources for their development and the policy of the Ministry of Transport, based on world experience, to reduce the number of airlines is understandable, which, according to the head of the Federal Air Transport Agency N. Shipel, is dictated by the need to ensure proper safety for passengers.

The growth of air travel in Russia in recent years turned out to be higher than it was predicted in federal program"Modernization of the transport system of Russia". The positive result of the growth of air transportation coincides with another unpleasant fact - the increasing rate of decommissioning of the fleet of aircraft and helicopters in airlines. The fleet, which is operated by Russian airlines, went to them in the early 90s. during privatization, and these are aircraft and helicopters designed in the 70-80s. of the last century and by now are outdated both morally and physically.

The outdated fleet needs to be replaced. However, the difficult financial situation of most airlines does not allow the latter to make such a replacement. The operating air fleet has significantly depleted its resource.

According to experts, by 2012 Russian airlines will need 200 mainline, 300 regional and 80 cargo aircraft.

Piece production not only does not meet the needs of Russian airlines, but also leads to an increase in the cost of manufactured products, and, as a result, to a decrease in the competitiveness of domestic manufacturers.

Airlines have to solve the problem of replenishing the fleet. Domestic aircraft, in addition to the fact that their production is still piecemeal, they have a significant drawback compared to imported ones - Russian aircraft manufacturers do not provide high-quality maintenance.

The problem of ground infrastructure for Russian airlines is quite acute.

Russia currently has 423 civil airports. They include 63 airports of federal importance, which practically form the backbone of civil aviation, since they cover the entire territory of the country and meet the needs for air transportation both within the country and with foreign countries far and near abroad. 70 airports are admitted to regular international flights.

The growth of air transportation in Russia, which has been observed in the country in recent years, should be ensured by the corresponding development of the ground-based production base.

So far, insufficient provision of airports with modern equipment, especially air terminals and cargo complexes, leads to a violation technological process transportation, reducing the comfort and quality of passenger service, violation of storage periods, and delivery of goods.

The main reason for the low technical level of Russian airports is the insufficient amount of investment in the maintenance and development of airports. At the same time, due to lack of funding, a number of facilities under construction were frozen.

The main investments in the development of airports over the past decade are non-budgetary sources, 50-70% of which are the own funds of enterprises. It is clear that this source for modernization at most airports is insufficient.

The working group of the State Council in the preparation of the project for the development of transport in Russia until 2025. involves the gradual withdrawal of the state from the transport business. In particular, the program of reforming airports is supposed to privatize them and transfer them to private hands.

In the main directions of the socio-economic development of Russia in the long term, the role of civil aviation in the transport complex is especially emphasized. Security constitutional rights citizens to freedom of movement regardless of their place of residence, the geographical features of Russia, the geopolitical and state security of the state, and, finally, the role of individual regions cannot be solved without air transport, which is accessible to the majority of the country's population, although at present the income level of the majority of the country's population is compared to average air fares are extremely low.

If in 1992 the average tariff was at the level of 27% of the average salary, now it is more than 150%. This affected the situation that once a mass mode of transport - air - has turned into an elite one, which can be used by up to 5% of the population. Excessive competition in the air transportation market, privatization and restriction of investment opportunities for airlines, an excessive number of airports that carry out international flights also negatively affect the operation of air transport, as this leads to irrational spending budget money.

Airlines have to pay special attention even to the quality of service at the airport, although they do not have the opportunity to fully influence this. So, even minor omissions in the service at the airport (untimely filed ladder, baggage delay), passengers are often associated with the work of the airline.

The main part of the service provided to passengers by the airline is service on board. Having bought a ticket, the passenger must know what he will receive for it: whether they will be fed on board or not, what range of dishes and additional services on board will be offered. Sitting in cramped and uncomfortable seats for several hours in a limited space on board an aircraft, passengers only think about how to pass the time.

Therefore, the organization of leisure on board should not be reduced only (as it often happens) to the distribution of the press, which is not always enough. Provide additional types entertainment on board (audio, video) should at least be provided by long-haul airlines, despite all the difficulties associated with the re-equipment of Russian liners.

Meals on board. This factor is important from the point of view of some airlines, and less important from the point of view of others. Nevertheless, Russian air passengers consider it one of the main ones by which they judge the airline and its services. Information about meals on board is almost non-existent. And the photos and descriptions of the dishes offered, published on the websites of some airlines, mainly relate only to international flights. Saving on food (on a cake or an extra glass of juice) can negatively affect the image of the airline as a whole. It is necessary to save the airline's funds, but on other cost items at the entire stage of organizing the trip.

In order to better understand your passenger, to know and anticipate his preferences and expectations, you need to have feedback with him. This can be achieved not only through surveys of air passengers, but also through other channels, such as hotlines, data from quality control and quality services and other services that are in direct contact with the consumer. All passengers who use the services of the airline even once a year should be aware of these channels.

To improve the quality of service, airlines should regularly conduct market research to study the needs of passengers.

The overall impression of the passenger from the flight is determined mainly by the compliance with the flight schedule, and the lack of information regarding the cancellation of flight delays is the most painful point in relation to the airline.

Air transport is used in the national economy for the transportation of urgent cargo, performs work in the construction of pipelines, bridges, power lines, participates in work for agriculture, geological exploration, and fisheries. In the regions of the Far North and territories equated to it, helicopters play an important role in the transportation of goods and passengers. They deliver cargo and passengers to oilfields and other production facilities, geological parties to their place of work, provide emergency medical care, etc. The geography of air transportation of passengers is determined primarily by the nature of the settlement and development of certain parts of the country, territorial organization urban settlement systems, the placement of large resort areas, scale and directions of international travel. The level of development of air transport is an indicator of the degree of scientific and technical potential of the country. In recent years, the pace of development of air transport has slowed down. Demand in transport work exceeded supply. Currently, the technical staffing of the ground base is 60%, and for air terminal complexes - no more than 50%. Depreciation of fixed assets is estimated at 70%. Therefore, the issue of technical re-equipment of air transport, the transition to new types of domestic aircraft with better flight and operational characteristics is acute.

1. www.aviatrans.ru

2. http://www.aviafond.ru/aviation. php? day=2005-11-22&number=10

3. www.transport.ru

4. http://www.raexpert.ru/researches/avia/part2/

5. http://www.krasair.ru: 8080/print_press. jsp? id=3856

6. www.natrans.ru

7. http://gruzotransport.ru/2009/10/06/tendencii_razvitija_vozdushnogo_transporta_rossii.html

8. Avetisov V.A. World transport. St. Petersburg: SpecLit, 2000;

Due to the size of the territory of Russia, air transport plays a special role in ensuring the transport accessibility of the regions and settlements. The main areas of use of air transport are domestic and international transportation of passengers over long distances, the delivery of urgent and expensive cargo, as well as transport services for territories devoid of other modes of transport. Air transport is of great importance in agriculture, forestry, geological exploration and search and rescue operations, in polar expeditions, meteorology, construction, etc.

Air transport has the following advantages:

The possibility of a significant reduction in the route (overhead lines are shorter in the direction of roads by 25%, river transport - by 40%);

High speed of delivery of passengers and cargo;

Greater mobility and flight autonomy;

Almost complete absence of investments in track works (requires 10-20 times less capital investments for the foundation of new lines);

Traffic safety is 2 times higher than a car.

Disadvantages of air transport:

Strong dependence on weather conditions;

The high cost of freight transportation (100 times higher than railway);

Airplanes significantly pollute the atmosphere. For 1 passenger-kilometer, an aircraft emits 386 grams of harmful substances, a car - 12 grams, and railway transport - 0.6 grams. During one transatlantic flight, the aircraft burns from 35 to 50 tons of oxygen - this is as much as a city with a population of 15-20 thousand people consumes during the year.

The state and development of air transport has an impact on many aspects of socio-economic relations in the country, including the provision of national security. The last decade has clearly shown that the functioning of air transport is significantly influenced, in addition to the state of the economy, by the industry management system.
The nineties of the last century were a kind of “black streak” for Russian air transport. Thoughtless privatization in civil aviation after the liquidation of the Ministry of Civil Aviation of the USSR led to the emergence of about 400 airlines instead of the "world's largest airline" Aeroflot, many of which owned aircraft units. The new airlines found themselves in an unfamiliar market environment with fierce competition. The difficult situation in the country's economy, rampant inflation led to a sharp rise in the cost of all resources and, as a result, to a sharp increase in air travel rates. Low wages, which was a consequence of the shock therapy carried out in the country, led to a limitation in the number of potential passengers and, as a result, to a drop in air transport volumes, which led to a significant change in the country's passenger transportation market. If in the 90s Since the last century, at a distance of 1500 km in the total transportation of rail and air transport, the share of air transport was about half and increased with increasing distance, but over the past decade, with a significant decrease in the total passenger traffic, the share of air transport has sharply decreased. However, after a recession in the 1990s of the last century, Russian air transport began to restore its volumes. In 2010, 45 million passengers were transported, which is 9% more than in 2009.

According to GosNIIGA calculations, the volume of passenger traffic on Russian air transport for the period up to 2015 will increase and amount to 50 million people, while more than 62% will be on domestic flights. Apparently, the last conclusion - the share of traffic on domestic routes - is overstated, since in recent years traffic on international airlines has increased at a faster pace.
In 2010, more than 180 operators were registered in the country, of which 15 companies account for 85% of air transport traffic. For the normal operation of the airline, the fleet of aircraft at its disposal is of great importance. Of the total number of airlines, about 80 airlines operate a fleet of 5 to 10 aircraft and about 60 airlines or almost 30% operate less than 5 vessels. Small airlines do not have financial resources for their development, therefore, they do not have prospects for successful competition in the market.

The growth of air transportation, which has been outlined in Russia in recent years, turned out to be higher than it was predicted in the federal program “Modernization of the transport system of Russia”. The positive result of the growth of air transportation coincides with another unpleasant fact - the growing rate of decommissioning of the fleet of aircraft and helicopters in airlines. The fleet, which is operated by Russian airlines, went to them in the early 90s. during privatization, and these are aircraft and helicopters designed in the 70-80s. of the last century and by now are outdated both morally and physically.
The outdated fleet needs to be replaced. However, the difficult financial situation of most airlines does not allow the latter to make such a replacement. The operating air fleet has significantly depleted its resource.
Replenishment of the fleet with new aircraft of domestic production takes place on a piece-by-piece basis.

Currently, about 70% of passenger traffic is carried out by domestic aircraft of the old generation, about 6% - by domestic aircraft of the new generation (Il-96, Tu-204, Tu-214, An-38) and 18% - by foreign-made aircraft. In 1995, the acquisition of aircraft at the expense of the budget was discontinued. In order to stimulate the renewal of the fleet with new generation domestic aircraft, with the support of the state, leasing mechanisms and partial budget subsidies have been implemented.

Introduced on April 1, 2004, a ban on flights to European airports for aircraft that do not meet IKAO standards led to the fact that almost 80% of the main aircraft in the fleet of Russian airlines fell under this ban. Of these, 15% can be improved by installing sound-absorbing structures.
According to experts, by 2012 Russian airlines will need more than 200 mainline, 300 regional and 80 cargo aircraft.

The Russian aviation industry is in a rather difficult situation, since for many years there were practically no orders for civil aircraft. KB and industry offer a wide range of aircraft and helicopters. Now things have moved forward - a mechanism has been developed to compensate airlines for part of the lease payments, which made it possible to implement the first projects for the delivery of 20 new aircraft - Il-96, Tu-204 and Tu-214. Piece production not only does not meet the needs of Russian airlines, but also leads to an increase in the cost of manufactured products, and, as a result, to a decrease in the competitiveness of domestic manufacturers.
Another problem area for Russian airlines is the state of ground infrastructure. Russia currently has 325 civilian airports. They include 63 airports of federal importance, which practically form the backbone of civil aviation, since they cover the entire territory of the country and meet the needs for air transportation both within the country and with foreign countries near and far abroad. 70 airports are admitted to regular international flights. It should be noted that only 62% of airfields in Russia have runways with artificial surfaces, the rest of the airfields have unpaved runways. 70% of the paved runways were built over 20 years ago and most of them require renovation. The growth of air transportation in Russia, which has been observed in the country in recent years, should be ensured by the corresponding development of the ground-based production base.

So far, insufficient equipment of airports with modern equipment, especially air terminals and cargo complexes, leads to a violation of the technological process of transportation, a decrease in the comfort and quality of passenger service, a violation of the terms of storage and delivery of goods. Only 40-45 airports work with profit. The overwhelming majority either operate at a loss or barely balance. The main reason for the low technical level of Russian airports is the insufficient amount of investment in the maintenance and development of airports.

Under the current conditions, the main forms of state support for airports should be:

· use of public-private partnership mechanisms;

· Creation of conditions for increasing the share of airport revenues from non-aeronautical activities;

· transfer of airfield infrastructure facilities on concession terms, development of an appropriate regulatory framework for the application of the concession mechanism.

One of the areas for improving the airport business is the optimization of the airport network. It is believed that a large number of international airports in the regions does not justify itself, since the status - an international airport - requires the maintenance of services financed from the federal budget at this airport: border guards, customs, a sanitary and epidemiological station, which, with small volumes of international traffic, does not always justify itself.

Experts believe that by 2012 Russia will have one or two major interchange hubs - hubs.
In addition, there should be 12-15 regional airports in which international transportation will be developed, and several dozen local airports that may be owned by the constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The geographical position of Russia allows creating several hubs on its territory and intercepting transit air flows. In the West, the first hubs were created back in the 80s. of the last century, which made it possible to dramatically increase the capacity of airports, reduce the time a passenger spends on transferring to another flight, and increase the load on aircraft.
In the main directions of the socio-economic development of Russia in the long term, the role of civil aviation in the transport complex is especially emphasized. Ensuring the constitutional rights of citizens to freedom of movement regardless of their place of residence, the geographical features of Russia, the geopolitical and state security of the state and, finally, the role of individual regions cannot be solved without air transport, which is accessible to the majority of the country's population, although at present the income level of the majority of the country's population is extremely low compared to average air fares. If in 1992 the average tariff was at the level of 27% of the average salary, then at present it is more than 150%. This affected the situation that once a mass mode of transport - air - has turned into an elite one, which can be used by up to 5% of the population. Excessive competition in the air transportation market, privatization and restriction of investment opportunities for airlines, an excessive number of airports that carry out international flights also negatively affect the operation of air transport, as this leads to irrational spending of budget money.
To bring air transport out of the crisis situation in which it found itself, work is required in a number of areas, which should include both the problems of improving the air transportation market, improving the operation of airports, and state support for civil aviation.

To improve the air transportation market, the main direction of transformation in air transport should be called the reduction in the number of airlines. World experience shows that it is not small or even medium-sized airlines that are competitive, but large and largest of them, and even those that are part of alliances. The number of air carriers in Russia is clearly excessive. It is also necessary to sharply limit the involvement of state aviation entities in commercial activities.
The implementation of these areas will not only increase the commercial efficiency of airlines, but also increase their investment opportunities and improve the quality of customer service.

Improvement of airport activity has several directions. One of the first is the regulation of property relations at airports. The property of airfields that is not subject to privatization should find an owner in the person of the FGP, which would lease it to commercial structures. Foreign experience shows a positive result of creating large airport hubs, it is necessary to organizationally determine potential airports in the center and in the regions that can claim the role of a hub and provide them with state support in this. Similarly, establish criteria for classifying an airport as an international one in order to determine the optimal amount of budget money spent.
The practice of foreign airports shows that they receive a significant share of their income from non-aviation activities. It makes sense to stimulate the development of this kind of activity in airports.

Aircraft can be classified according to the following criteria:

1) from the purpose and scope of use: passenger, cargo, combined, special purpose, training;

2) by speed: subsonic and supersonic;

3) depending on the length of a non-stop flight, the number of passengers carried, the size and types of runways: local and mainline aircraft.

aircraft fleet In 2010, the country had 2,200 aircraft and 1,190 helicopters. The fleet includes aircraft, the operation of which began 40-50 years ago. Among them are obsolete regional jets and planes of local airlines Yak-40, An-24, Tu-134, An-26, An-2, as well as Mi-8, Mi-8MT helicopters. They are at least a generation behind the most advanced models - An-74, An-32, An-38 and several generations behind their foreign counterparts in terms of technical parameters, they are equipped with engines developed in the 70s. Due to the imperfection of on-board equipment, they have an increased crew composition and the complexity of maintenance, although until recently they provided the appropriate conditions Russian market economic indicators of their use. At the same time, the domestic industry practically does not offer anything in return to replace the aircraft and helicopters that are leaving this segment of the market.

For the regional passenger fleet, represented by the most obsolete types (An-24, Tu-134, Yak-40, etc.), the share of aircraft temporarily taken out of service was approximately stable until 2007. In 2008 and the first half of 2009 it increased from 37% to 43%. New generation aircraft in the fleet of regional and local aircraft are represented by IL-114 (2 units), An-38 (6 units), AN-140 (2 units). In general, the share of idle regional aircraft is approximately 40-44%.

A state solution to the problem of the aviation industry is required. The second side of this problem is the development of a mechanism for transferring new aircraft to airlines, i.e. leasing systems, as well as to determine an economically viable mechanism for decommissioning aircraft equipment. In recent years, the activities of low-cost airlines have been successfully developing abroad, which are vigorously pushing traditional airlines out of the air transportation market. Apparently it is of some interest, it will study this experience and introduce it into the practice of regional airlines.

The length of air lines of domestic civil aviation is 800 thousand km, of which 200 thousand km fall on the lines of international air communications.

Passenger traffic in air transport is formed under the influence of the following factors: the solvency of the population, the number and mobility of the population, tariffs, transportation conditions, the proximity of airports, quality indicators of transportation, frequency of flights, schedule consistency with other modes of transport. Significant passenger traffic is typical for eastern directions connecting Moscow, St. Petersburg, Sochi, Irkutsk, Kazan, Novosibirsk, Rostov-on-Don with the Volga region, the Urals, Siberia and the Far East.

Currently, the reconstruction of the airports of Sochi, Khabarovsk, Blagoveshchensk, Anadyr, Nalchik, Barnaul, Yekaterinburg, which will become hub airports for servicing international air traffic.

For flight control, the country is divided into air traffic control areas. In the airport area, traffic control is carried out by the airport dispatch service).

A system is used, which is a radar and computer complex. This complex provides automatic collection, processing, and the dispatcher issues the following information:

Aircraft coordinates;

Their tail numbers;

Set and current height;

flight speed;

The amount of fuel.

The transfer of aircraft control between adjacent sectors occurs automatically. Each aircraft is assigned a level flight level at which it is required to make a level flight along the route. The height of the lower echelon must be at least 600 meters from the lowest point of the earth's landscape in a strip of 25 kilometers on both sides of the track.

An analysis of the material and technical base of the Air Traffic Management Centers shows that their equipment automated systems and air traffic control automation systems is about 80% for district centers, and more than 57% for airfield control centers. More than 2,000 radar and radio navigation aids are in operation. The service life in 2010 averages about 70%. The Federal Air Navigation Service, created by the Decree of the President of the Russian Federation, is called upon to resolve issues further development material and technical base of the ATC.

The work of air transport can be characterized by the following technical and economic indicators:

1) the volume of transportation of goods and passengers;

2) passenger turnover;

3) cargo turnover;

5) aircraft productivity - the ratio of the net ton-kilometers performed by it to the aircraft flight time in hours

6) the average range of flights of passengers - is calculated by dividing the passenger-kilometers performed by the number of passengers sent.

The following tasks are set for the air transport authorities (Rosaviatsia of the Ministry of Transport) for the coming years:

1. Creation of conditions for increasing the competitiveness of Russian airlines in the international and domestic air transportation markets.

2. Improving flight safety.

3. Creation of an alternative fuel supply system at airports.

4. Acceleration of integration processes between airlines.

5. Overcoming the crisis by equipping airlines with modern aircraft.

6. Revival of regional aviation.

7. Increasing the efficiency of the use of federal property through the introduction of new management mechanisms.

8. Improving the system of training flight personnel.

Since ancient times, all the peoples inhabiting our planet have played an important role in transport. As for the modern stage, the importance of means of transportation has grown disproportionately. Today, the existence of any country cannot be imagined without powerful transport.

New achievements of science and technology

The incident made it possible to change air transport not only quantitatively, but also qualitatively. It is worth saying that at all times, human vehicles have been a special dynamic system. It was the transport system that practically served as the first consumer of various discoveries and achievements in the scientific field. In many cases, it was she who acted as the direct customer of advanced developments.

It is difficult to name any area of research that would not relate to the improvement of vehicles. For their progress, the results of physical and thermodynamic developments are used. Physicists and mathematicians take a considerable part in the development of transport. Mechanics and chemists, astronomers and geologists, biologists and many other scientists are involved in solving this problem. The development of transport, including air transport, is facilitated by the results of applied research carried out in the field of mechanical engineering and metallurgy, structural mechanics and automation, astronautics and electronics.

Need for further development

The main goal pursued in this case is to increase the volume of transportation of goods and passengers over long distances and to hard-to-reach areas. At the same time, the requirements for air transport are increasing. It should become more economical and regular, comfortable and safe. To achieve these goals, new in-depth studies of various scientific branches will be required, as well as more serious experimental design.

Features of air transport

Aviation is the youngest and fastest direction, designed to carry out communication links between different regions. At the same time, it is the most expensive industry.

Air transport in Russia is an important part of the country's national economy. With its help, medicines and mail, industrial and food products are delivered to the most inaccessible corners.

What aircraft are used in modern aviation?

The types of air transport that are used in the national economy of the country are not so diverse. In modern aviation, aircraft are used, which are represented by various models of aircraft and helicopters. All of them are widely used for various tasks.

In the national economy, a lot of work is given to helicopters. These are aircraft that rise into the airspace with the help of rotating blades located on a vertical shaft. Helicopters use:

Transportation of goods by air, represented by a fleet of helicopters, is carried out over short distances.

The principle of aircraft flight lies in the interaction of the traction force of the engine and the lifting force of the wing.

Differences in application

The following types of air transport are distinguished:

For the implementation of passenger transportation;
- for the movement of goods;
- cargo-passenger (combined):
- educational and training;
- special purpose (sanitary, agricultural, fire, etc.).

This gradation is applied depending on the industry of application, as well as on the purpose of the aircraft.

The difference in technical and operational parameters

For passenger air transport, such a characteristic as capacity is used. For cargo aircraft, their carrying capacity is important. For combined air transport, the technical and operational parameter is the flight range without landing, as well as speed. According to the latter indicator, individual aircraft speeds can also be less than those of supersonic aircraft.

Government

The main executive body that exercises control over air transport is the Federal Agency for Air Transportation. Its main tasks:

Flight personnel

Air traffic control is no easy task. The flight crew includes navigators and pilots, as well as cadets of flight schools who are fit for this work according to the conclusion of the medical commission and can perform their functional duties.

Navigators and pilots must be issued permits:

For training flights that are carried out during the day or at night;
- to flights on a new modification of the aircraft;
- to special flights.

There are certain norms for crew rest and flight time. So, you can stay in the air for no more than twelve hours a day. Such a norm is established for the flight crew of air airliners. Helicopter crews must have a daily flight time of no more than eight hours.

Safety

The Air Transport Administration - Rosaviatsia - notes that the threat of terrorist attacks on air transport has not been eliminated. In connection with this situation, a directive was sent to all organizations related to civil aviation, as well as to all airports, indicating the need to implement all measures to ensure flight safety. According to this document, the passenger does not have the right to carry any liquid in hand luggage. This ban also applies to personal hygiene products. They must be checked in as baggage, which is checked with the use of technical devices for screening. Only then can the liquid be placed on board the aircraft.

In the event that a passenger needs to carry medicines with him during the flight, they can be carried as part of hand luggage only after they have been inspected by the airport security services.

Passengers should treat such measures with understanding, because they are taken to ensure the safety of the flight.

The main characteristics of air transport. Types of vehicles, characteristics and purpose

New achievements of science and technology

Need for further development

Features of air transport

What aircraft are used in modern aviation?

Differences in application

The difference in technical and operational parameters

Government

Flight personnel

Safety

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New achievements of science and technology

Need for further development

Features of air transport

What aircraft are used in modern aviation?

Differences in application

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Government

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