The Laptev Sea coastline is indented or not. Laptev sea

One of the marginal seas. Historically, such names of the sea have also developed - the Siberian Sea and the Nordensteld Sea.
is located between the New Siberian Islands, the Severnaya Zemlya Peninsula and the Taimyr Islands. To the west, the sea is bordered by by the Kara Sea, in the east it is connected by the straits of Eterikan, Dmitry Laptev and Sannikov with.
The area of ​​this sea is about 650 thousand sq. km. About 519 meters is the average depth of the sea. In the south, the sea is shallow, the depth does not exceed 50 m, but the north is a place of great depths, here is the Sadko trench with a maximum depth of 3385 m. Bottom of the Laptev Sea covered in shallow water with sand and pebbles, at great depths there is a thin layer of silt.
The coastline of the sea is heavily indented by bays, the largest of which are Thaddeus Bay, Khattansky, Buor-Khaya, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay. The western part of the sea is replete with islands, located mainly near the coast. Fall into the sea major rivers, such as Lena, Anabar, Khatanga, Yana.
is the most severe of the Arctic seas. Due to very frosty winters, the sea is covered with ice almost all year round. In addition, shallow water and low salinity contribute to the formation of an ice surface. sea ​​water. Icebergs drift in the northwest of the sea.
Climate of the Laptev Sea characterized as arctic. It is under the direct influence of the Siberian anticyclone. Winter here lasts up to 9.5 months. At the same time, the temperature in winter is somewhere around 55 degrees below zero. In summer, the air warms up well from Central Siberia, so in summer the temperature is usually slightly above zero.
Fauna and flora of the arctic type. Fish are represented by nelma, omul, sturgeon, etc. Among mammals, walrus, seals and white whales, polar bears live here. Sea gulls live on the shores.

The Norwegian Sea is a marginal area of ​​the Arctic Ocean. It is located between the island of Iceland, the island of Jan Mayen and the Scandinavian Peninsula.
The area of ​​this sea is more than 1.4 million sq.m. The average depth of the sea is about 1700 meters, the maximum reaches up to 3970 meters. The salinity of the water is 35 ppm.
From Atlantic Ocean The Norwegian Sea is separated by a ridge, over which the Shetland and Faroe Islands are located. The depth above the ridge [...]

The Laptev Sea is one of the marginal seas of the Arctic Ocean located between the Taimyr Peninsula and the New Siberian Islands.

The area is 672,000 square kilometers, the average depth is 540 meters, in some places more than 3 thousand meters is navigable for all sea ships.

The most flowing into the Laptev Sea big river Siberia - Lena, through which timber and other wealth of Siberia are exported. The length of the coast is 1300 km. many bays, bays, peninsulas and islands.

Ships in the sea...

Vitus ships...

Islands in the sea...

If you move along the Northern Sea Route to the east, then having overcome, and after, then clear water will open up behind the islands of Severnaya Zemlya. After the Kara Sea cluttered with hummocks, this seems incredible, but nevertheless it is so, before you is the Laptev Sea.

Scientists explain such warming over the past two decades by global warming and the geographical position of the Laptev Sea, fenced off from the west by the Taimyr Peninsula, and from the east by the New Siberian Islands. In addition, a large inflow of the inflowing Khatanga, Anabar, Olenyok, Lena and Yana rivers also contribute to the formation of relatively warm coastal waters in the Laptev Sea.

In cold years, this sea is also covered with a solid ice shell, and frosts here are up to -35 degrees, there have been cases when the temperature has dropped to -50. It is not for nothing that the discoverers of this sea, whose names it is named after, are cousins ​​​​Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokopevich Laptevs got here along the Lena from Yakutsk.

In those days when the first explorers of the Russian North came here, this sea was called the Siberian or Marginal Sea. The beginning of the Great Northern Expedition, the most grandiose of all known, was laid by Peter I at the beginning of the 18th century. This expedition was led by Commander Vitus Bering, one of the best Petrovsky sailors. The task of this expedition was to study the Russian shores from Yugorsky Shar to Kamchatka. Several detachments worked on the expedition, with a total number of more than 600 people. Two detachments, commanded by lieutenants Pronchishchev and Lasinius, leaving Yakutsk along the Lena to the sea, were supposed to explore the coast from the mouth of the Lena to the Yenisei, to the Kolyma and further to Kamchatka.

However, none of the detachments were able to complete the task assigned to them. Lieutenant Pyotr Lasinius with a team of fifty people on a two-masted deck boat "Irkutsk" left Yakutsk, reached the mouth of the Lena, went to sea and on August 20, 1735 headed east. A few days later, due to fog and ice, he stopped at the mouth of the Kharaulakh River. There the boat "Irkutsk" remained frozen in the ice. The fate of the Irkutsk team is perhaps the most tragic of all expeditions. During the winter, scurvy began and 42 people, including Lasinius himself, died. Only 9 members of the team survived the terrible winter. To save them, Commander Bering sent a special group, led by navigator Shcherbinin, who delivered the survivors to Yakutsk.

After such a failure of the detachment of Lieutenant Lasinius, Commander Bering appointed Lieutenant Dmitry Laptev, his best assistant, as commander of the Irkutsk.

Dmitry Laptev and his cousin Khariton Laptev began their naval service in 1718 to midshipmen under Peter. By the beginning of the Great Northern Expedition, Dmitry was already an experienced navigator, which is why he got on the expedition. After Bering's order, in preparation for the campaign, he recruited the best sailors into the team, and with this brave team, in small boats, along the Lena he reached the mouth of the Kharaulakh River, where the abandoned Irkutsk was located. Having restored the bot, Laptev brought him to the delta of the river. Lena. There the boat was loaded with everything necessary, and on August 22, 1736, he went to sea and headed east. But time was lost, and after four days the Irkutsk ran into a wall of ice. Laptev, in order not to destroy the team, was forced to return to the Lena and stand for the winter in the Bulun region.

The hardest wintering almost ruined this expedition, but Dmitry Laptev, taking into account the sad experience of Lasinius, did everything to save the Irkutsk crew. There was scurvy again, and in order to protect his sailors from scurvy, Laptev forced everyone to drink a decoction of cedar cones, they ate frozen raw fish and were constantly at work. This time, even scurvy did not kill the brave sailors. Although everyone was ill, only one person died. The model of the boat "Irkutsk", built by masters Rogachev and Kuzmin in Okhotsk in 1733-1736, has been preserved.

In the summer of 1737, Laptev returned to Yakutsk on the Irkutsk, but he did not find Bering in Yakutsk. In Yakutsk, Laptev learned about tragic fate Pronchishchev's team.

The second detachment of Lieutenant Pronchishchev on a two-masted oak sloop "Yakutsk" left Yakutsk in the summer of 1735. Having descended the Lena, "Yakutsk" went to sea and headed west. However, due to ice conditions the detachment had to stand up for the winter at the mouth of the Olenyok River. And only in August 1736, after the ice retreated, Pronchishchev was able to move on. It was necessary to advance not so much under sail, but on oars or pushing off the ice floes with hooks.

His expedition explored the entire mouth of the Lena, as well as East Coast Taimyr: coasts, water depths, bays. And it was all mapped out. But to the north of 77°31` they failed to advance, impenetrable ice extended further.

It was decided to return, but on the way back, Vasily Pronchishchev himself and his wife Tatyana, who participated in the campaign, died of scurvy with a difference of only a few days. The surviving members of the detachment buried their commander and his wife in the village of Ust Olenyok. There, to this day, the grave of these brave spouses has been preserved.

After another wintering, navigator Semyon Chelyuskin, who took command of the crew, brought the ship with the surviving crew to Yakutsk.

In order to obtain permission for further research, Dmitry Laptev went to St. Petersburg. Laptev overcame a huge path from Yakutsk to St. Petersburg on horseback. During this time, he carefully considered the reasons for the failures and arrived at the Admiralty College with a clear plan of action.

The Admiralty Board evaluated everything that Lieutenant D. Laptev said in his report and decided to continue the work of the expedition. At the request of D. Laptev, Dmitry's cousin, Khariton Laptev, was appointed commander of the Yakutsk, who gladly accepted this offer, because he always dreamed of the North.

In March 1738, Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, having received everything necessary equipment and food, went to Yakutsk. Arriving at the place, they put their ships in order, worked out the plans for the expedition. And on June 18, 1739, Dmitry Laptev set sail on his Irkutsk with a crew of 35 people. July 5 "Irkutsk" was already on the high seas, and was heading east.

This time the expedition of D. Laptev worked both from the sea and from land. Having traveled a difficult path to the mouth of the Indigirka River, the expedition stopped for the winter. Safely overwintered on the shore. During this time, a lot of work has been done to study the coast. In the spring, what would come out on clean water, had to cut a whole channel a mile long. After this titanic labor, the ship, having gone out to sea, fell into a storm and was thrown aground. But the brave sailors, at the cost of enormous efforts, having unloaded the ship and removed the masts, removed it from the shoal and continued their journey east along the coast. East Siberian Sea. Part of the team was sent on foot to explore the banks of the Kolyma River. Having reached the mouth of the Kolyma, D. Laptev stopped his expedition for the second wintering in Nizhnekolymsk. We spent this winter relatively calmly, continuing work on land.

In the summer of 1741, Dmitry Laptev for the third time made an attempt to go by sea to the east of Kolyma in. But at Cape Baranov, he was again met by impenetrable ice, and the expedition was forced to return to Nizhnekolymsk. Having put in order all the records of the study of the coast from the Lena Delta to the Kolyma, Dmitry Laptev dog sledding went to the Anadyr prison, and made a thorough inventory of the Anadyr river basin. And in the autumn of 1742 he arrived in St. Petersburg with a report on the work done.

After the Great Northern Expedition D.Ya. Laptev continued to serve in the Navy, in 1762 he retired with the rank of Vice Admiral.

The expedition of Khariton Laptev passed with great difficulties, but quite successfully. Knowing from his brother's stories about the difficulties of sailing in the North Sea, Khariton Laptev arrived in Yakutsk and thoroughly prepared for the forthcoming expedition.

Having collected everything necessary and understaffing the team of Lieutenant Pronchishchev with the strongest and most experienced sailors, at the end of July 1738, on the Yakutsk, he headed north. On August 17, Khariton Laptev, having reached the first large bay of Taimyr, explored these places and gave it the name "Nordvik". Then "Yakutsk" headed further to the Khatanga Bay, exploring its shores and coastal waters. And at the exit from it, the island of Transfiguration was discovered and put on the map. After that, the expedition began to move along the eastern coast of Taimyr, exploring its coast. But at Cape Fadeya, a solid wall of ice blocked the way. Winter was ahead and Khariton Laptev, knowing the tragedy of his predecessor, turned back and set up for the winter in the Khatanga Bay, at the mouth of the Prodigal River.

The prudent Khariton, with the help of the team, quickly erected a small driftwood house on the shore, in which the expedition safely wintered. During the winter, they did not waste time, all available places were examined, and everything was prepared in order to continue work in the spring.

In the spring, leaving stocks of food and equipment for the winter, H. Laptev sent part of the team overland to explore Taimyr. And he himself, with the rest of the team, immediately after the ice broke, once again tried to bypass Taimyr from the north, but the ship was tightly clamped and crushed by ice. And although all the cargo was unloaded on the ice in advance, all this had to be dragged on foot along the ice hummocks to the wintering place. On the way, we lost 4 people who could not bear the burden of the transition, but the rest nevertheless reached the place. At the old place, the expedition quite successfully led the winter, continuing to work on land.

In the spring of 1741, the expedition of Khariton Laptev, now without a ship, continued to explore the Taimyr Peninsula. Having divided the expedition into three detachments, H. Laptev set them the task of exploring the coast of Taimyr.

And although, due to incredible difficulties, not all the tasks of Kh. Laptev were completed, on the whole, the work of the expedition could be considered successful. Bala compiled a reliable map of Taimyr. One of the groups was led by Semyon Chelyuskin, who later continued to explore the Arctic, after whom the northernmost point of Asia bears his name. The rocky "Cape Chelyuskin" is located at 77°43" north latitude and 104°17" east longitude.

X. Laptev himself examined all available places in the depths of the Taimyr Peninsula. On foot on ice hummocks, carrying luggage on dogs, he reached Lake Taimyr, and completely described its surroundings.

After that, along the Taimyrka River, Khariton went down to the sea and moved towards Chelyuskin. Having finished work, Khariton Laptev and Semyon Chelyuskin on dogs reached Turukhansk on the Yenisei River. In Turukhansk, Laptev and Chelyuskin spent the winter. But time was not wasted. During this winter they put in order all the records of the individual groups of the expedition and put it all on the map. Practically there, in Turukhansk, a detailed map of the eastern coast of the Laptev Sea and the Taimyr Peninsula was drawn up.

After the end of the expedition, Khariton Prokopyevich Laptev returned to St. Petersburg, where his work was highly appreciated. He then continued to serve in the Navy. He finished his service with the rank of captain of the first rank.

Very informative in describing the history of the expedition of Khariton Laptev is the book by Vladlen Alexandrovich Troitsky “Notes of Khariton Laptev”. The author of the book describes the life and travels of a member of the Great Northern Expedition, the discoverer of Taimyr, Khariton Laptev (1736 - 1743). The book describes in detail how the first map of Taimyr was created, how the islands in the Laptev Sea were discovered, a complete geographical description this edge.

IN different times This sea was called differently. In the XVI-XVII centuries on the maps it was called the Tatar or Lena Sea, in the XVIII-XIX centuries it was called the Siberian or Arctic. In 1883, the Norwegian Arctic explorer Fridtjof Nansen called it the "Sea of ​​the Nordenskiöld".

But despite the fact that a lot of time has passed since then, the motherland has not forgotten the discoverers of this distant and important sea for Russia. In 1913 "Russian geographical society"offered in honor of the discoverers the brothers Dmitry and Khariton Laptev to call this sea the Laptev Sea." Officially, the name "Laptev Sea" was legalized only in 1935 by a decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR. This name has been recognized by all countries since now it is marked on maps.

The Laptev Sea for Russia still plays a very important role. In principle, this is the sea gate of central Siberia. From here, ships loaded with Siberian forests and other riches of this region go all over the world. In addition to the Laptev Sea, it is a kind of reserve of Russia's strategic oil and gas reserves.

This is due primarily to the oil and gas potential of the Laptev Sea. The sea is quite shallow and therefore gas and oil can be extracted here simply from the shore or from artificial islands. And this can significantly reduce the cost of production. In addition, the Laptev Sea is located in the very center of the Northern Sea Route, which provides a great advantage for transportation.

In addition, there is a real opportunity to connect these fields to the oil pipeline system. Eastern Siberia- Pacific Ocean". There is no doubt that this region is the future. Especially since recently the Russian government has begun to pay great attention to the development of the North-East of the Russian Federation, improving the living conditions of the local population, increasing their employment and, in general, the development of this region.

These places are quite attractive for tourism. Of course, the absence tourism infrastructure while making these places inaccessible for a wide visit, but nevertheless, lovers of the northern extreme are increasingly visiting these parts. Well, for hunters and fishermen here real paradise. After all, from time immemorial, the root local population: Nganasans, Enets, Dolgans, Nenets, Evenks, Khanty, Mansi, Komi, Selkups and Yakuts roamed in these places and were mainly engaged in fishing and hunting.

In abundance and now there are various animals and marine animals. You can hunt seals, seals, walruses and deer. You can easily meet a musk ox or even.

Well, the birds here are like mud, especially gulls, ducks, tundra and northern partridges, waders, snow bunting and of course geese. They simply cannot be counted here.

But will a hand always rise to such beauty as a goose.

Although mainly small fish species are found here: smelt, polar cod, capelin, saffron cod and other cod fish, but quite often you can find perch, whitefish, salmon, sturgeon that go out to sea for feeding, however, such fish do not move far from the mouth of the rivers. Muksun, nelma, grayling and, of course, taimen are not uncommon in the local waters. But such arctic charrs, according to the local "kunja", can only be caught here. Fish are caught mainly in bays, bays and estuaries.

Having visited these places, you should definitely ride in a sled drawn by reindeer.

well and Northern lights will not leave anyone indifferent. Such beauty can only be seen here.

Of course, rest in these places will not be very comfortable, but the days spent here will remain in your memory for a long time. And we are sure that once you get to these harsh places, you will be amazed by this northern beauty, it will always beckon you to itself, and someday you will return here anyway.

Video: Laptev Sea: history ...

The Laptev Sea is a marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean, named in 1935 in honor of the Russian explorers of the North, the brothers Khariton and Dmitry Laptev, who were the first to map the coastline of the sea (1735-1740), located between the coast of Siberia, the Taimyr Peninsula, the islands Severnaya Zemlya and Novosibirsk. In the west it connects with the Kara Sea, in the east - with the East Siberian Sea. The area of ​​the sea is 662 thousand km 2 , the volume of water is 403 thousand km 3 , the average depth is 578 m, the maximum depth is 3385 m. Large contrasts of depths are observed in the Laptev Sea. In its southern part, the average depths do not go beyond 15-25 m, and northern borders seas pass over the ocean floor with depths of more than 2000 m.

Fig.1. Laptev sea

A sharp drop in the depths of the steep continental slope, starting at 100 m and ending at the 3000-meter isobath, divides the sea into northern and southern parts almost parallel to Vilkitsky Bay. The nature of soils in the Laptev Sea corresponds to the distribution of depths. At great depths, the bottom is covered with silt. In shallow water areas bottom sediments consist of silt and sand with the addition of pebbles and boulders. For precipitation in coastal zone seas big influence rendered by rivers, the water of which carries a significant amount of suspensions. The alluvium of sediments and abrasion of the shores lead to the fact that in the coastal part the sedimentation rate reaches 25 cm/year. Many rivers flow into the sea, the largest are Lena, Khatanga, Yana, Olenyok, Anabar. There are several dozens of islands in the Laptev Sea (total area 3784 km 2), mainly in the western part of the sea.

In the cliffs of the coast of the New Siberian Islands, there are outcrops of relict ice of considerable thickness. Numerous remains of mammoths are found in the exposed layers of ice. Numerous glaciers of Severnaya Zemlya (the total area of ​​glaciation is 16,900 km2), descending into the Laptev Sea along U-shaped valleys, produce icebergs. The high ice content in the strata of the Quaternary rocks that make up the southern coast of the sea contributes to the intensification of the abrasion process in this area. The rate of coastal destruction sometimes reaches 30-40 m/year, with an average value of 5 m/year. The melting of ice and the wave-cutting process sometimes lead to the destruction of small islands.

Meteorological and hydrological conditions

The climate of the Laptev Sea is very severe. The position of the sea in high latitudes, its remoteness from the warming effect of the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans, proximity and free communication with the Central Arctic Basin are factors that determine the severity of the sea's climate. In winter, the Laptev Sea is influenced by three baric formations: the crest of the Siberian anticyclone extends from the southeast, the crest of the Arctic anticyclone extends from the north, and the hollow of the Icelandic cyclone extends over the Kara Sea to the western part of the sea.

The main influence in winter is still exerted by the Siberian anticyclone. This season is dominated by south and southwest winds. average speed 3-4 m/s in the southern part and 5-6 m/s in the northern part. These winds carry chilled and dry continental polar air to the sea. The polar night continues for about 3 months in the south and 4 months in the north. Air temperatures below zero remain in the northern part of the Laptev Sea for about 11 months, in the southern part for 9 months. The average air temperature of the coldest month, January, is from -26 to -28°С in the south and from -31 to -34°С in the north. The absolute minimum temperature is -61°C. Calm and cloudy weather prevails over the sea, but sometimes it is disturbed by cyclones passing south of the Laptev Sea.

The passage of cyclones is accompanied by strong winds and snowfalls. In summer, the Siberian anticyclone is replaced by low pressure, and the hollow of the Icelandic cyclone is filled. Over the Laptev Sea, the pressure is higher than south of it. North and northeast winds prevail, mostly weak. Strong winds are usually not observed in summer. The air temperature rises, its maximum values ​​are noted in August, the average temperature of which reaches 5-7°C in the south and 1°C in the north. In the bays deeply protruding into the land, on some days even hot weather can be observed, highest values air temperatures reach 22-24°C. The absolute maximum in Tiksi Bay is 32.7°C.

Still hot weather even along south coast the phenomenon is rare and unusual, while the negative temperature can happen in any month of the summer. Thus, the Laptev Sea is under the influence of the Siberian anticyclone for most of the year. This causes relatively weak cyclonic activity and predominantly weak monsoonal winds. Prolonged and strong cooling with a calm wind regime of winter is the most important climatic feature of the sea.

currents

The current system of the Laptev Sea has not been studied well enough. As in other Arctic seas, the circulation system is cyclonic; in the formation of the water cycle counterclockwise, some role belongs to river waters. Along the mainland coast, water moves from west to east, in the eastern part to northeast. From the mouth of the river The Lena is directed in the same way as the waste current, which enhances the general coastal flow. Most of the waters of this stream turn north along the New Siberian Islands, forming the New Siberian Current, but some of these waters enter the East Siberian Sea through the Sannikov Strait. In the north of the Laptev Sea, the New Siberian Current turns to the northwest, becoming involved in the Transarctic Current of the Central Arctic Basin.

At the northern tip of the Severnaya Zemlya Islands, a branch to the south separates from the edge of the Transarctic Current, the waters of which form a current along the eastern shores of the Severnaya Zemlya Islands and the Taimyr Peninsula, called the East Taimyr Current. This current closes the cyclonic circulation in the Laptev Sea. The velocities of the currents forming the circulation are small and do not exceed a few cm/s. Inside the gyre, the currents are unstable in direction and very weak. In some cases, strong winds can cause non-periodic currents with noticeable velocities of a direction other than constant currents.

Ice conditions in the Laptev Sea

Part of the year (from October to May) the Laptev Sea is covered with ice. Ice formation begins at the end of September and takes place simultaneously throughout the sea. In winter, in its shallow eastern part, extensive fast ice up to 2.15 m thick is developed. The boundary of fast ice distribution is a depth of approximately 25 m, which in this area of ​​the sea is several hundred kilometers away from the coast. The area of ​​landfast ice is approximately 30% of the area of ​​the entire sea. In the western and northwestern parts of the sea, fast ice is small, and in some winters it is completely absent. To the north of the landfast zone there are drifting ice.

The melting of the ice cover begins in the southern regions of the sea and, on average, falls on June 5-10. By this time, ice formation in the polynyas ceases, and they become heat accumulators and centers for clearing the sea of ​​ice. The beginning of fast ice breaking in the Laptev Sea falls on average at the end of June. Gradual breakup of the fast ice occurs within a month, and finally the fast ice breaks at the end of July, less often at the beginning of August. After fast ice breaking, the process of sea cleansing is more intensive.

During the period of melting and destruction of the ice cover, close-packed ice of 7-10 points is localized into two ice massifs - Yansky and Taimyr. Closed ice of the western part of the sea forms the Taimyr ice massif, which in summer is replenished with ice coming from the Arctic Basin with the East Siberian Current. The Taimyr massif is one of the largest spur oceanic massifs in terms of area. On average, this massif in mid-July occupies about 60% of the area of ​​the western part of the Laptev Sea, and at the end of September - 25%. The Taimyr ice mass rarely disappears completely by the end of the melting period. According to data for 1938-2007, this happened in 15% of cases, with 5% of cases occurring in August.

The salinity of sea water at the surface in the northwestern part of the sea is 28 ppm, in the southern part - up to 15 ppm, near the mouths of rivers - less than 10 ppm. Runoff has a strong influence on the salinity of surface waters. Siberian rivers and melting ice. With increasing depth, salinity increases rapidly, reaching 33 ppm.

Posted Mon, 27/04/2015 - 06:59 by Cap

The Laptev Sea (Yakut. Laptevtar baygallar) is a marginal sea of ​​the Arctic Ocean. It is located between the northern coast of Siberia in the south, the islands of Severnaya Zemlya in the west and.
The sea is named after Russian polar explorers, cousins ​​Dmitry and Khariton Laptev. In the past, it was known under various names, the last of which is the Nordenskjöld Sea.
The sea has a harsh climate with temperatures below 0 °C for more than nine months of the year, low salinity, sparse flora and fauna, and low population along the coast. Most of the time, with the exception of August and September, it is under ice.

map of the Laptev sea


For thousands of years, the sea coast was inhabited by the indigenous tribes of the Yukaghirs, and later the Evens and Evenks, who were engaged in fishing, hunting and nomadic reindeer herding. Then the shores were populated by Yakuts and Russians. The development of the territory by Russian explorers began in the 17th century from the south, along the channels of rivers flowing into the sea.

There are several dozen islands in the Laptev Sea, many of which contain well-preserved remains of mammoths.
The main human activities in this area are mining and navigation along the Northern Sea Route; fishing and hunting are practiced but have no commercial value. Most big village and port - Tiksi.

Length and boundaries
Basic physical and geographical features. Between the archipelago of Severnaya Zemlya and in the west lies the sea, which bears the name of the Laptev brothers. It is limited by natural boundaries and conditional lines. Its western border runs along the eastern from the Arctic Cape (Komsomolets Island), then through the Strait of the Red Army along the eastern shore of the island. October Revolution to m. Anuchin, through the Shokalsky Strait to m. Sandy on about. Bolshevik and along its eastern shore to Cape Vaigach, then along the eastern border of the Vilkitsky Strait and further along the mainland coast to the top of the Khatanga Bay.
The northern boundary of the sea runs from the Arctic Cape to the point of intersection of the meridian of the northern tip of the island. Kotelny (139 ° E) with the edge of the continental shelf (79 ° N, 139 ° E), the eastern border from the indicated point is to the western coast of the island. Kotelny, further along the western border of the Sannikov Strait, goes around western shores islands Bolshoy and Maly Lyakhovsky and then goes along the western border of the Dmitry Laptev Strait. The southern boundary of the sea runs along the mainland coast from Cape Svyatoy Nos to the top of the Khatanga Bay. Within these boundaries, the sea lies between the parallels 81°16′ and 70°42′ N. sh. and meridians 95°44′ and 143°30′ E. d.

By geographical position and hydrological conditions, different from the ocean with which the sea freely communicates, it belongs to the type of continental marginal seas. Within the accepted boundaries, the Laptev Sea has the following dimensions: area - 662 thousand km2, volume 353 thousand km3, average depth 533 m, greatest depth 3385 m

The Laptev Sea on the coast of the northernmost sea

Physical location
The surface area of ​​the sea is 672,000 km².
The largest river flowing into the Laptev Sea (and the second largest of the Arctic rivers after the Yenisei) is the Lena with its large delta. Rivers also flow into the sea: Khatanga, Anabar, Olenyok, Yana.

The shores are strongly indented and form bays and bays of various sizes. The coastal landscape is varied, with low mountains.
Large bays: Khatanga, Oleneksky, Faddey, Yansky, Anabarsky, Maria Pronchishcheva Bay, Buor-Khaya.

In the western part of the sea and river deltas there are several dozen islands with total area 3784 km². Frequent storms and currents due to melting ice lead to severe erosion of the islands, such as Semenovsky and Vasilyevsky Islands, discovered in 1815, have already disappeared.
Most Komsomolskaya Pravda and Thaddeus.
The largest single islands: Bolshoy Begichev (1764 km²), Belkovsky (500 km²), Maly Taimyr (250 km²), Stolbovoy (170 km²), Starokadomsky Island (110 km²), and Sandy (17 km²)

Bottom relief
Depths up to 50 m prevail, the greatest depth is 3385 meters, the average depth is 540 meters. More than half of the sea (53%) is a flat continental shelf with an average depth of less than or slightly more than 50 meters, in addition, bottom areas south of the 76th parallel are at a depth of less than 25 meters. In the northern part of the sea, the bottom abruptly breaks off to the ocean floor with depths of the order of one kilometer (22% of the sea area). In shallow areas, the bottom is covered with sand and silt mixed with pebbles and boulders. Near the banks, river precipitation accumulates at a high rate, up to 20-25 centimeters per year. At great depths, the bottom is covered with silt.
The continental slope is cut by the Sadko Trough, passing in the north into the Nansen Basin with depths of more than 2 kilometers, the maximum depth of the Laptev Sea is also noted here - 3385 meters (79°35′ N 124°40′ E).

polar lights in the Laptev Sea

Climate
The climate of the Laptev Sea is arctic continental and, due to its remoteness from the Atlantic and Pacific oceans, is one of the most severe among the Arctic seas. Polar night and polar day last about 3 months a year in the south and 5 months in the north. The air temperature remains below 0 °C 11 months a year in the north and 9 months in the south.
The average temperature in January (the most cold month) varies by location between -31°C and -34°C, with a minimum of -50°C. In July the temperature rises to 0°C (max 4°C) in the north and 5°C (max 10°C) in the south, however it can reach 22-24°C on the coast in August. A maximum of 32.7 °C was recorded in Tiksi. strong winds, snowstorms and snow storms are common in winter. Snow falls even in summer and alternates with fogs. Winds in winter blow from the south and southwest at an average speed of 8 m/s and subside by spring. In summer, they change direction to the north, and their speed is 3-4 m/s. Relatively weak wind speeds lead to low convection in surface waters, which occurs only to a depth of 5-10 meters.

Tiksi Bay Laptev Sea

HYDROLOGY OF THE SEA
Hydrological characteristic.
Large continental runoff in general, the spread of fresh water over vast expanses of the sea, along with other factors (climate severity, free water exchange with the Arctic Ocean, year-round existing ice over large areas) significantly affect the hydrological conditions of the Laptev Sea. This is primarily manifested in the magnitudes of the distribution and spatio-temporal variability of oceanological characteristics in the sea under consideration.

For most of the year, the water temperature is close to the freezing point. In cold seasons, it quickly decreases in autumn, and in winter on the surface it changes over the sea from -0.8° (near Mostakh Island) to -1.7° (near Cape Chelyuskin). Similar values ​​are observed at this time in other regions. In the first months of spring warming, ice melts, so the water temperature remains almost the same as in winter. Only in coastal areas, especially near the mouth areas, which are cleared of ice earlier than others, the water temperature rises. Its magnitude generally decreases from south to north and from east to west. In summer, the surface of the sea warms up. In August, in the south (Buor-Khaya Bay), the water temperature on the surface can reach +10° and even +14°, in central regions it is equal to + 3-5 °, at the northern tip of about. Boiler and at Cape Chelyuskin + 0.8-1.0 °. In general, the western part of the sea, where the cold waters of the Arctic Basin come, is characterized by lower water temperatures (+2–3°) than the eastern part, where the bulk of warm waters are concentrated. river waters, so the surface temperature here can reach +6-8°.

The vertical distribution of water temperature is not the same in cold and warm seasons. Its change with depth is clearly expressed only in summer. In winter, in areas with depths of up to 50-60 m, the water temperature is the same from the surface to the bottom. In the coastal zone it is -1.0-1.2°, and in the open sea is about -1.6°. At great depths, at levels of 50-60 m, the water temperature rises by 0.1-0.2°. This is due to the influx of other waters, since at the same time the salinity increases slightly.

In the north, in the regions of a deep trench, the negative temperature extends from the surface to about 100 m. From here it begins to rise to 0.6-0.8°. This temperature persists up to about 300 m, and below it again slowly decreases to the bottom. High temperatures in the 100–300 m layer are associated with the penetration of warm Atlantic waters into the Laptev Sea from the Central Arctic Basin.

In summer, the upper layer 10–15 m thick warms up well and has a temperature of 8–10° in the southeastern part and 3–4° in the central part. Deeper than these horizons, the temperature drops sharply, reaching -1.4-1.5° at a horizon of 25 m. These values, or those close to them, persist to the very bottom. In the western part of the sea, where the heating is less than in the east, such sharp differences in temperature are not observed.

The salinity in the Laptev Sea varies and varies in space and time. Its differences are very large (from 1 to 34‰), but desalinated waters with a salinity of 20–30‰ predominate. The distribution of salinity over the surface is very complex. In general, it increases from the southeast to the northwest and north.

In winter, with minimal river runoff and intense ice formation, salinity is the highest. At the same time, it is higher in the west than in the east. At m. Chelyuskin it is almost 34‰, and at about. Boiler room only 25‰. At the beginning of spring, salinity remains quite high, but in June, with the beginning of ice melting, it begins to decrease. In summer, at maximum runoff, salinity is characterized by low values ​​(see Fig. 26, b). Most desalinated southeastern part seas. In the Buor-Khaya bay, salinity drops to 5‰ and lower, to the north of it it is slightly higher, up to 10–15‰. More saline waters (30–32‰) spread in the west of the sea. They are located somewhat north of the line about. Petra - m. Anisy. Thus, desalinated waters wedge out to the north in the eastern part of the sea, and salty waters descend in a wide tongue to the south in the western part of the sea.

In autumn, river runoff decreases, and in October ice formation begins and salinization of surface waters occurs. Salinity generally increases with depth. However, its vertical distribution has seasonal differences in different areas seas. In winter, in shallow waters, it increases from the surface to 10-15 m, and then remains almost unchanged to the bottom. At great depths, a noticeable increase in salinity does not begin from the surface itself, but from the underlying horizons, from which it slowly increases to the bottom. The spring type of the vertical distribution of salinity, different from the winter type, sets in from the time of intensive ice melting. At this time, salinity drops sharply in surface layer and retains fairly high values ​​in the lower horizons.

In summer, in the zone of influence of river waters, the upper layer of 5-10 m is very strongly desalinated; below, a very sharp increase in salinity is observed. In a layer from 10 to 25 m, the salinity gradient in some places reaches 20‰ per 1 m. From here, the salinity either remains unchanged or gradually increases by tenths of a ppm. In the northern part of the sea, salinity increases relatively rapidly from the surface to 50 m, from here to 300 m it rises more slowly, ranging from 29 to 33–34‰, and hardly changes deeper.

In autumn, in the southern regions, salinity values ​​increase with depth, and the summer jump gradually levels off. In the north, the same salinity covers the upper layer, and below it increases with depth. The temperature and salinity of water determine its density, and in the Laptev Sea, salinity has a great influence on the density. In accordance with the change in salinity and temperature in space and time, the density of water also changes. It increases from southeast to northwest. In winter and autumn, the water is denser than in summer and spring. Density increases with depth. In winter and early spring, it is almost the same from the surface to the bottom. In summer, the jump in salinity and temperature on the horizon of 10-15 m determines here a sharply pronounced jump in density. In autumn, salting and cooling of surface waters increases their density.

Density stratification of waters is clearly seen from late spring to early autumn; it is most pronounced in the southeastern and central regions of the sea and near the ice edge. The different degree of water overstratification along the vertical causes unequal opportunities for the development of mixing in different areas of the Laptev Sea. Laptev sea

Wind mixing in the ice-free spaces of this sea is poorly developed due to the relatively calm wind conditions in the warm season, the large ice cover of the sea and the stratification of its waters. During spring and summer, the wind mixes only the uppermost layers up to 5-7 m thick in the east and up to 10 m thick in the western part of the sea.

Strong autumn-winter cooling and intense ice formation cause active, but uneven development of convection from place to place. It starts in the northeast and north, then occurs in the central part, in the south and southeast of the sea. Due to the relatively low degree of stratification and early ice formation, density mixing penetrates most deeply (up to horizons of 90–100 m) in the north of the sea, where its distribution is limited by the density structure of the waters. In the central regions, convection reaches the bottom (40–50 m) by the beginning of winter, and in the southern part, subject to the influence of continental runoff, even at shallow (up to 25 m) depths, it spreads to the bottom only towards the end of winter as a result of a significant increase in salinity during due to winter ice formation, which is explained here by the stratification of water in depth.

The natural features of the Laptev Sea determine the markedly pronounced heterogeneity of its waters. Due to a certain similarity between the considered and the Kara Seas, their hydrological structure and the mechanism of its formation are similar and are shown in the section on the Kara Sea. Thus, in the Laptev Sea (similar to the Kara Sea), arctic surface waters with their characteristic characteristics and seasonal stratification in temperature and salinity predominate. In zones of strong influence of coastal runoff, as a result of the mixing of river and surface Arctic waters, water with a relatively high temperature and low salinity is formed. At their interface (horizon 5-7 m) large gradients of salinity and density are created. In the north, in a deep trench under the surface Arctic water, warm Atlantic waters are common, but their temperature is somewhat lower than in the Kara Sea trenches. They penetrate here 2.5-3 years after the start of their journey near Svalbard. In the deeper Laptev Sea compared to the Kara Sea, the horizons from 800–1000 m to the bottom are occupied by cold bottom water with a temperature of −0.4–0.9° and almost uniform (34.90–34.95‰) salinity. Its formation is associated with the lowering of the chilled waters of the sea along the continental slope by great depths. The decisive role in the hydrological conditions of the Laptev Sea belongs to the processes occurring in the surface Arctic waters and in the zones of their mixing with river waters.

The general circulation of the waters of the Laptev Sea is not yet sufficiently clear in detail, especially with regard to movement in the lower horizons, vertical components, etc. There are quite definite ideas about constant currents on the sea surface. In general, this sea is characterized by cyclonic circulation of surface waters. It is formed by a coastal stream moving along the mainland from west to east, where it is reinforced by the Lena current. With further movement, most of it deviates to the north and northwest and, in the form of the New Siberian Current, goes beyond the sea, connecting with the Transarctic Current. At the northern tip of Severnaya Zemlya, the East Taimyr current branches off, which moves south along the eastern shores of Severnaya Zemlya and closes the cyclonic ring in the sea. A small part of the waters of the coastal flow goes through the Sannikov Strait into the East Siberian Sea.

sunbathing on the Laptev Sea

ICE CONDITION
For most of the year (from October to May), the entire Laptev Sea is covered with ice of various thicknesses and ages (see Fig. 28). Ice formation begins at the end of September and takes place simultaneously throughout the sea. In winter, extremely extensive fast ice up to 2 m thick develops in its shallow eastern part. The boundary of fast ice distribution is a depth of 20–25 m, which in this area of ​​the sea runs at a distance of several hundred kilometers from the coast. The fast ice area is approximately 30% of the area of ​​the entire sea. In the western and northwestern parts of the sea, fast ice is small, and in some winters it is completely absent. To the north of the landfast zone there are drifting ice.

With the almost constant removal of ice from the sea to the north in winter, behind the fast ice, significant areas of polynyas and young ice remain. The width of this zone varies from tens to several hundreds of kilometers. Its individual sections are called the East Severozemelskaya, Taimyr, Lena and Novosibirsk polynyas. The last two, at the beginning of the warm season, reach enormous sizes (thousands of square kilometers) and become centers for the sea to be cleared of ice. The melting of ice begins in June-July, and by August large expanses of the sea are freed from ice. In summer, the ice edge often changes its position under the influence of winds and currents. The western part of the sea is generally more arctic than the eastern part. From the north, a spur of the oceanic Taimyr ice mass descends into the sea, in which heavy multi-year ice is often found. It persists until new ice formation, depending on the prevailing winds, moving now to the north, then to the south. The local Yansky ice massif, formed by landfast ice, usually melts in place by the second half of August or is partially carried away to the north beyond the sea.

Andrey Island Laptev Sea

Flora and fauna
Flora and fauna are scarce due to the harsh climate. The vegetation of the sea is represented mainly by diatoms, of which there are more than 100 species. For comparison, green, blue-green algae and flagellates - about 10 species of each. The total concentration of phytoplankton is 0.2 mg/l. Also in the sea there are about 30 species of zooplankton with a total concentration of 0.467 mg/l. The flora of the coast consists mainly of mosses, lichens and several species of flowering plants, including the polar poppy, saxifrage, rump and small populations of polar and creeping willows. Vascular plants are rare and are represented mainly by saxifrage and saxifrage. Nonvascular, on the contrary, are very diverse: mosses of the genera Ditrichum, Dicranum, Pogonatum, Sanionia, Bryum, Orthothecium and Tortula, as well as lichens of the genera Cetraria, Thamnolia, Cornicularia, Lecidea, Ochrolechia and Parmelia.
In the sea, 39 species of fish have been recorded, most of them typical of the brackish water environment. The main ones are different kinds graylings and whitefish, such as muksun, whitefish, omul. Sardine, Bering Sea omul, polar smelt, navaga, arctic cod, flounder, arctic char and nelma are also common.
Mammals constantly live here: walrus, sea hare, seal, harp seal, hoofed lemming, arctic fox, reindeer, wolf, ermine, polar hare and polar bear. Beluga whales make seasonal migrations to the coast (for flying). Walruses from the Laptev Sea are sometimes classified as a separate subspecies of Odobenus rosmarus laptevi, but this issue remains controversial.
Several dozen species of birds live here. Some of them are settled and live here permanently, such as a snow bunting, a sea sandpiper, snowy owl and black goose. While others roam the polar regions or migrate from the south, creating large colonies on the islands and the coast of the mainland. The latter include auk, common kittiwake, common guillemot, ivory gull, murre, charadriiformes and arctic gull. Also found are skuas, terns, fulmar, glaucous gull, pink gull, long-tailed duck, eiders, loons and ptarmigan.
In 1985, the Ust-Lena Nature Reserve was organized in the delta of the Lena River. In 1993, they were also included in its buffer zone. The territory of the reserve is 14,330 km². It contains numerous species of plants (402 species of vascular plants), fish (32 species), birds (109 species) and mammals (33 species), many of which are listed in the Red Books of the USSR and Russia.

Khatanga Bay Laptev Sea

History and development
The coast of the Laptev Sea has long been inhabited by aboriginal tribes of northern Siberia, such as the Yukagirs and Chuvans. The traditional occupations of these tribes were fishing, hunting, nomadic reindeer herding, and hunting for wild deer. Starting from the 2nd century, the gradual assimilation of the Yukaghirs by Evens and Evenks began, and from the 9th century by much more numerous Yakuts, and later by Koryaks and Chukchis. Many of these tribes moved north from the territories of Lake Baikal, avoiding clashes with the Mongols. All these tribes practiced shamanism, but the languages ​​were different. In the XVII-XIX centuries, the number of Yukaghirs decreased due to epidemics and civil strife.

Development by Russians
Russians began to explore the coast of the Laptev Sea and nearby islands around the 17th century, rafting down the Siberian rivers. Many early expeditions appear to have been undocumented, as evidenced by graves found on the islands by their official discoverers. In 1629, the Siberian Cossacks sailed through the entire Lena in boats and reached its delta. They left a record that the river flows into the sea. In 1633, another group reached the delta of the Olenyok River.
In 1712, Yakov Permyakov and Mercury Vagin explored eastern part the Laptev Sea and Bolshoi Lyakhovsky Island, discovered by them two years earlier. When repeated, they, however, were killed by the rebellious Cossacks of their detachment. In the spring of 1770, the industrialist Ivan Lyakhov succeeded. Having discovered a fossil mammoth bone there, on his return he asked for a monopoly right to collect it and, as a result, received it by a special decree of Catherine II. During his sleigh trip, he described several other islands, including Kotelny, named by him because of the copper cauldron found on it. In 1775 he compiled detailed map Big Lyakhovsky Island.

As part of the Great Northern Expedition, two detachments were engaged in the study of the Laptev Sea:
On June 30, 1735, at the head of the Lena-Yenisei detachment, Vasily Pronchishchev set off from Yakutsk down the Lena on the dubel-boat Yakutsk with a crew of more than 40 people. He explored the eastern coast of the Lena Delta, plotted it on a map, stopped for the winter at the mouth of the Olenyok River. Despite the difficulties, in 1736 he managed to advance by oars to the north beyond the 77th latitude, almost to Cape Chelyuskin - the extreme northern point mainland. However, due to poor visibility, travelers were unable to see the land.
On the way back, Pronchishchev himself and his wife, Tatyana Pronchishcheva, died: on August 29, Pronchishchev went on reconnaissance on a boat and broke his leg. Returning to the ship, he lost consciousness and soon died of a fat embolism. The wife (her participation in the expedition was unofficial) survived her husband by only 14 days and died on September 12 (23), 1736. The bay of Maria Pronchishcheva (“Maria” - due to an error made in the preparation of the publication of maps) in the Laptev Sea was named after her.
In December 1737, Khariton Laptev was appointed the new leader of the detachment. Under his leadership, the detachment again reached Taimyr, transferred the wintering to Khatanga, and after the ship was crushed by ice, continued to describe the coast of Taimyr from land. One of the groups of this detachment, under the leadership of Semyon Chelyuskin, managed to get by land to the northern tip of the peninsula, which now bears his name.
At the head of the Lena-Kolyma detachment, Dmitry Laptev (who replaced P. Lassineus, who died during the winter in 1736), on the Irkutsk boat described the sea coast from the Lena delta to the strait into the East Siberian Sea, later named after him.

A detailed mapping of the coast of the Laptev Sea was carried out by Peter Anzhu, who in 1821-1823 traveled about 14,000 km across this territory on sledges and boats, in search of Sannikov Land and thus demonstrating that large-scale coastal exploration can be carried out without ships. The Anjou Islands were named after him ( Northern part Novosibirsk Islands). In 1875, Adolf Erik Nordenskiöld was the first to sail across the entire Laptev Sea on the steamship Vega.
In 1892-1894 and again in 1900-1902, Baron Eduard Toll explored the Laptev Sea on two separate expeditions. He carried out geological and geographical research on the Zarya ship on behalf of the Imperial St. Petersburg Academy of Sciences. During his second expedition, Toll went missing somewhere on the New Siberian Islands under unclear circumstances. He managed to note large, economically significant accumulations of perfectly preserved mammoth bone on the beaches, in reservoirs, river terraces and riverbeds of the New Siberian Islands. More recent scientific studies have shown that these clusters formed over a period of about 200,000 years.

Name etymology
Historical names: Tatar, Lena (on the maps of the XVI-XVII centuries), Siberian, Arctic (XVIII-XIX centuries). In 1883, the polar explorer Fridtjof Nansen named the sea after the Nordenskjöld.
In 1913, at the suggestion of the oceanographer Yu. M. Shokalsky, the Russian Geographical Society approved the current name - in honor of the cousins ​​\u200b\u200bof Dmitry and Khariton Laptev, but it was officially fixed only by a decision of the Central Executive Committee of the USSR of June 27, 1935.

camp in the Olenyok Bay Laptev Sea

Pyasina, Upper and Lower Taimyr, Khatanga.

The southern shores of Severnaya Zemlya are only 55 kilometers from the northern tip of Asia - Cape Chelyuskin - and on a clear day they are visible. It is now well known that Russian navigators quite early, at the end of the 16th - beginning of the 17th centuries, in the Laptev Sea, by the Strait separating Severnaya Zemlya from the mainland. Perhaps these brave sailors had to see a high, bizarre mountain country, and to them we owe the first information about it. True, in the old geographical maps this country has fantastic outlines. But what's in it! After all, the continents had no less fantastic forms on the world maps of the 15th and 16th centuries; Greenland had no less bizarre outlines on maps of the 16th and even 18th centuries, despite the fact that it became known to Europeans in the 9th, 10th, and especially in the 11th and 12th centuries.

is a Russian archipelago in the Arctic Ocean. Administratively part of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) municipal district Krasnoyarsk Territory.
The area of ​​the archipelago is about 37 thousand km². Uninhabited.
On Severnaya Zemlya there is the northernmost island point of Asia - the Arctic Cape on Komsomolets Island.

Story
The archipelago was discovered on September 4, 1913 by a hydrographic expedition of 1910-1915 by Boris Vilkitsky. First named by the expedition members the word "Taiwai" (according to the first syllables of the expeditionary icebreakers "Taimyr" and "Vaigach"). Official name The "Land of Emperor Nicholas II" in honor of the then reigning Russian emperor, the archipelago received on January 10 (23), 1914, when it was announced by order No. 14 of the naval minister. Disputes continue about who was the initiator of this name. It is known that Boris Vilkitsky was his supporter both before the appearance of Order No. 14 and two decades later. Initially it was assumed that the archipelago is a single island.

On January 11, 1926, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee, by its resolution, renamed the Land of Emperor Nicholas II into Severnaya Zemlya. The island of Tsesarevich Alexei was renamed the island of Little Taimyr. Subsequently, in 1931-1933, the islands forming the archipelago were discovered, which received from the Soviet discoverers (Nikolai Urvantsev and Georgy Ushakov) the names Pioneer, Komsomolets, Bolshevik, October Revolution, Schmidt.

On December 1, 2006, the Duma of the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug adopted a resolution proposing the former name of the Land of Emperor Nicholas II, as well as renaming the island of Maly Taimyr into the island of Tsesarevich Alexei, the island of the October Revolution - into the island of St. Alexandra, the island of Bolshevik - into St. Olga Island, Komsomolets Island to St. Mary Island, Pioner Island to St. Tatiana Island, and Domashny Island to St. Anastasia Island.

However, after the unification of the Krasnoyarsk Territory and the Taimyr (Dolgano-Nenets) Autonomous Okrug Legislative Assembly Krasnoyarsk Territory did not support this initiative.

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SOURCE OF INFORMATION AND PHOTO:
Team Nomads
Shamraev Yu. I., Shishkina L. A. Oceanology. L.: Gidrometeoizdat, 1980
http://tapemark.narod.ru/more/14.html
Ust-Lensky State Nature Reserve
M. I. Belov In the footsteps polar expeditions. Part II. On archipelagos and islands
Lyakhov Ivan, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
http://znayuvse.ru/geografiya/zagadka-zemli-sannikova
Dmitry Laptev, Khariton Laptev, Great Soviet Encyclopedia
Vize V. Yu. Laptev Sea // Seas of the Soviet Arctic: Essays on the history of research. - 2nd ed. - L .: Publishing House of the Glavsevmorput, 1939. - S. 180-217. — 568 p. - (Polar Library). — 10,000 copies.
The history of the discovery and development of the Northern sea ​​route: In 4 volumes / Ed. Ya. Ya. Gakkelya, A. P. Okladnikova, M. B. Chernenko. - M.-L., 1956-1969.
Belov M. I. Scientific and economic development of the Soviet North in 1933-1945. - L .: Hydrometeorological Publishing House, 1969. - T. IV. — 617 p. — 2,000 copies.
http://www.photosight.ru/
photo E. Gusev, S. Anisimov, L. Schwartz.

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