The Sea of ​​Marmara is a small sea in Turkey. What does "sea of ​​marble" mean?

The Sea of ​​Marmara lies on the border of Asia and Europe. Considered one of inland seas Atlantic Ocean. The reservoir connects the Black and Aegean seas, communicating with them through the straits. Communication with the Black Sea is carried out through the Bosporus, and with the Aegean through the Dardanelles.

The length of the reservoir is 280 km, the maximum width is 80 km. The area of ​​the water mirror reaches 11350 sq. km or 4380 sq. miles. The maximum depth corresponds to 1370 meters. The average volume of water is 3382 cubic meters. km.

Bosphorus is 30 km long maximum width in the northern part 3.7 km and the minimum in the southern part 0.7 km. The depth of the fairway varies from 35 to 80 meters. Has top and downstream. The fresher upper one carries water from the Black Sea to the Sea of ​​Marmara. The saltier lower one, on the contrary, directs masses of water from Marble to Black. On the banks of the strait is the city of Istanbul.

Strait of the Dardanelles It is 65 km long and 1.2 to 6 km wide. The maximum depth corresponds to 103 meters with an average of 52 meters. Connects the Aegean Sea with the Sea of ​​Marmara. In ancient times, the strait was called the Hellespont. In later times, it was renamed in honor of the mythological city of Dardania, allegedly built on Mount Ida. At present, in the southern part of the strait on the coast of Asia Minor, there is seaport Canakkale. The city coast forms the bay of Canakkale.

Water temperature V winter period is 9-10 degrees Celsius. In summer, the upper layer warms up to 28-29 degrees Celsius. The salinity of the water is higher than in the Black Sea, but lower than in the waters of the oceans. At the same time, the bulk of salt water is concentrated at depth. It has a high density and does not rise to the surface.

The southern coast is very strongly indented by bays and bays. Here you can name such bays as Izmit, Germik, Bandirma and Erdek. For north coast characteristic underwater reefs.

sea ​​name

The name is intriguing and it really has something to do with marble. In the western part of the reservoir is the island of Marmara. The island is big. Its area is 130 sq. km. It has a rich deposit of white marble. Hence the name of the reservoir. In Greek, the word "marble" is translated as "marmaron". In English it sounds like "sea of ​​marmara". Well, it was changed into Russian as the Sea of ​​Marmara.

Sea of ​​Marmara on the map

Islands and rivers

The largest islands are Marmara and Princes. There is already a general idea about Marmara, and as for the Princes, there are nine of them. They are located very close to Istanbul. Their total area is 10.83 square meters. km. The largest island is Buyukada. Its area is 5.36 sq. km. In second place is the island of Heybeliada with a total area of ​​2.4 square meters. km. The third place is occupied by the island of Burgaz. Its area is 1.5 sq. km. The rest of the islands are much smaller.

IN salt water only small rivers flow, and mainly from the Asian coast. One of the largest is the river Granik or Biga. This water flow begins on the slope legendary mountain Ides. Its length is 80 km. In summer, the river resembles a large stream due to the low water level.

This water stream is more remarkable for its history than its size. It flows past the city of Biga. In this place in 334 BC. e. Alexander the Great entered the battle with the Persian troops under the command of Darius III. The Persians were defeated. This victory was the first in a series of all the victories of the great commander of antiquity. In the annals of that time, the river was described as a mighty water stream with a fast current and cycles.

There is also the Susurluk River, which also does not strike the imagination with its size. Other rivers and rivulets would be more correctly called large streams that feed a salty reservoir with fresh water.

Economy

A cozy body of water, hidden between the Balkan Peninsula and Asia Minor, is of great economic importance not only for Turkey, but also for many other Mediterranean countries. Marines pass through it. trade routes from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean. Numerous peoples with a rich culture have lived on the shores since ancient times. Fishing and tourism are well developed in these fertile places.

At the end of December 1999, a Russian oil tanker of the Volgoneft-248 type crashed in the Sea of ​​Marmara. The tragedy happened right on the road seaport Barns. The cause was a severe storm. A huge 5-meter wave split the tanker in half. There were 4.5 thousand tons of oil products on the ship. Fortunately, only a small part of them ended up in the sea, so an ecological disaster was avoided.

It is considered the smallest among all the seas existing on the planet. Scientists believe that it was formed more than two and a half years ago during the separation of the earth's crust. The sea is surrounded by islands. It is noteworthy that even in the cold season, the water temperature does not drop below 8 degrees (unlike) and it does not freeze. The coastal zone is densely populated, but does not differ in the richness and diversity of flora and fauna.

Sea of ​​Marmara: description, photo, video

The natural object takes its name from the ancient Greek name of the island of Marmara, which in translation meant “bright stone”. It is in this place that the inhabitants ancient rome Mountains were discovered more than 1,500 years ago amazing stone which was considered a gift from the gods. Over a long period of development, people mined marble and granite on the island for the construction of palaces, sarcophagi, and pedestals. It is worth noting that a stone similar in quality and characteristics does not exist anywhere else in the world.

The reservoir is compared with, because its water is very salty. Moreover, the percentage of salt content at depth is several times higher than at the surface. This is due to the fact that several rivers flow into it. Their waters reduce the percentage of salt. For this region frequent earthquakes and tsunamis.

Panorama of the Sea of ​​Marmara

The Sea of ​​Marmara borders on two large components of the huge mainland - Europe and Asia. The reservoir is adjacent to the coast of Turkey. It has access to the Bosphorus and the Dardanelles. Its coastline is characterized by steep mountainous terrain, which is replaced by beautiful sandy beaches attracting a large number of tourists. The coast is not without comfortable hotels, cozy, picturesque bays.

The length of the reservoir is 282 kilometers, the width is 81 kilometers. The depth of the sea is estimated as average. The maximum depth reaches 1359 meters, along the perimeter the depth generally does not exceed 300 meters. total area The facility is 11,470 square kilometers.

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara

The sea is located in Atlantic Ocean off the northwestern coast of Turkey. On both sides, the sea is surrounded by the Black and Aegean Seas, as well as numerous islands. This natural object is of value as transport route, along which ships sail from the Mediterranean to the Black Sea.

Sea of ​​Marmara on the map

Sea of ​​Marmara coordinates on the map:

• Latitude - 40 ° 76'06 "North latitude.
• Longitude - 28°32′76″ East.

Rivers flow into the reservoir: Granikus, Susurluk.

How to get to the Sea of ​​Marmara

To get to the marble sea, you need to contact travel company and visit it as part of a tour tourist group. If you prefer to drive to your destination on your own, you will have several options to choose from.

• Use the plane and fly to the heart of Turkey.
• By water - by ferry or sea ​​liner before . From there it follows through the Black Sea and the Bosphorus to the Sea of ​​Marmara.
• There is an option to get through railway. direct route not on the train. You will have to make a transfer in Sofia or Bucharest.

When is the best time to visit the Sea of ​​Marmara?

Most favorable period For tourist holiday here from the end of May to the end of September. This is the time when, thanks to the temperature of the air and water, favorable conditions for relaxation are created. Tourists come here from all over the world. Clean air saturated with phytoncides is recommended for people with respiratory diseases.

Despite the fact that the water in the sea never freezes, it is better to refrain from traveling here during the cold season. During the cold season, trips to the islands are extremely rare.

Peculiarities

Visiting the Sea of ​​Marmara like any other natural object has its own characteristics. They should definitely be taken into account when planning a trip.

• Thermal sea ​​water strengthens the body, favorably affects the immune system, helps with many diseases.
• The water of the Sea of ​​Marmara is not clean. It is heavily polluted sea ​​vessels that come to the port, and also follow through it from the Black Sea to the Mediterranean Sea and vice versa.
• Vacationers are advised to choose four-star hotels for accommodation. The cost of living in hotels with the status of three and four stars is almost the same. But the service is very different.
• The resort is considered perfect place for a quiet, measured family vacation with kids. There is no loud music, night festivities, discos.
• Working hours of the boats that organize excursion trips to the islands changes regularly.
• There are also many historical religious significance places.
• The resorts of the Turkish coast are famous for their low, affordable prices.
• The Sea of ​​Marmara is considered a restless place. Tsunamis and earthquakes of various power often occur here.
• For recreation, you should choose those coastal areas that are as far away from the port as possible. It's quieter and the water is much cleaner.

What to see in the surroundings

This part of the coast of Istanbul has a huge number of attractions that visitors should definitely see.

Istanbul.

It's incredible beautiful city, which amazes with unique buildings, incredible beauty of ancient monuments and richness of vegetation.

Princes' Islands.

These are nine small islands connected to each other. They are located at a distance of 15 kilometers from Istanbul. They are named so because the Byzantine sheikhs chose these places for recreation.

• In the southern part of the marble sea is very ancient city- Iznik.
• There are a lot of ancient monuments here. architectural structures. The landmark of the city is Orthodox church Hagia Sophia, which was supposedly built in the 6th century.

The famous island of Marmara.

worldwide famous island, which to this day produces marble, which has no analogues anywhere in the world.

Despite the fact that the Sea of ​​Marmara is considered the smallest sea in the world, it is not inferior to large reservoirs for its uniqueness and attractions. Guests and tourists here will find something to see and something to be surprised.

There is a place on Earth where some 80 km of water surface separates Europe from Asia - such is the width of the Sea of ​​​​Marmara. This inland sea of ​​Turkey is located in the northwest of the country and serves natural boundary between the vast Asia Minor part of the country (97% of the area) and 3% of its European possessions located on the Balkan Peninsula.
One of the most small seas world has always had an important economic, political and strategic importance: the most important trade routes from Europe to Asia have long run along it and its shores. The Sea of ​​Marmara is connected to the Black Sea through the Bosporus Strait (or "Cow Ford" - according to ancient legend). And across the strait - with. The Sea of ​​Marmara arose in a depression in the earth's crust at about the same time as the Black and Aegean Seas. This geological episode in the history of the Earth dates from approximately the beginning of the Quaternary period (about 2.5 million years ago). The breaks in the earth's crust that occurred then divided the continents of Europe, Asia and Africa. The Bosphorus and the Dardanelles are sometimes regarded as the remnants of the channel ancient river, during the existence of which the Sea of ​​​​Marmara, which received it, was still a lake, like the Black Sea. Before the melting of glaciers as a result of climate warming about 10,000 years ago, the level of the World Ocean was 120-140 m lower than today. About 7400 years ago, the waters of the Atlantic replenished, and from there through the "Dardanelles River" they got into Lake of Marmara. About 250 years later, as a result of natural disasters (including frequent earthquakes here), the level of the lake rose so much that the Bosphorus turned into a strait.
The bottom of the Sea of ​​Marmara is formed by three basins: two of them reach 1260 m, and the third 1404 m - the most deep place the whole sea. More than half of its area is the coastal strip, where the depths vary between 90-100 m.
The salinity of the sea is uneven: at a depth it approaches the indicators of the Mediterranean, and near the surface it is more reminiscent of the Black. The seas interact like communicating vessels, and the Black Sea is made less salty by those that flow into it. deep rivers. At the same time, the level of the Black Sea is higher today, and its waters, relatively speaking, “overflow over the edges” of the Bosphorus into the Sea of ​​​​Marmara, forming a constant surface current with desalinated water in it. At depths, a parallel process occurs: due to the pressure difference salty water The Aegean is "pumped" through the Dardanelles into the deep layers of the Sea of ​​Marmara. With deep currents, it enters the Black Sea, which has long been known to local fishermen.

Story

It is believed that the sea got its name from its largest island, Marmara (from Latin marmor - “marble”), on which white marble. Different peoples lived on the shores of the sea. It was of particular importance for the Greeks, leaving a deep mark on their culture. The Greeks called it Propontis or Propontis (Propontfs, from pro - "before" and pontos - "sea"; that is, "seaside"). They appeared here as a result of a wave of Greek colonization in the VIII-VI centuries. BC e., which was the result of a mass migration of residents of different origins (from the poor to aristocrats), landless or dissatisfied with the internal politics of the state. In new territories, they most often founded agricultural settlements, such as the Byzantine settlement on the shore of the Bosporus (Bosporus), the Cyzik colony on the Sea of ​​​​Marmara itself, and others. The Sea of ​​Marmara left its mark in Greek mythology: it was his waters that the legendary Argonauts plowed.
B III c. The Sea of ​​Marmara became the scene of the Scythian War (238-271), which the Roman Empire waged against the barbarian tribes. Later, the culture of Byzantium flourished here, the battles of the Byzantine-Persian wars (VI-VII centuries) took place. The history of the sea remembers clashes with Avars and Arabs, Bulgarians and Crusaders.
At the end of the XVII century. declared its interests in this area for the first time Russian empire, putting forward a demand for the opening of both straits of the Sea of ​​​​Marmara for Russian ships.
From the point of view of navigation, the straits are very narrow (the Bosporus has a width of 700 to 3700 m, and the Dardanelles at its narrowest point is 1300 m), which makes it possible for the power that owns them to completely control the situation on the seas. Only in the 1840s was the international regulation of the mode of "work" of the straits established.
After the fall of Byzantium, the coastal territory became a possession Ottoman Empire. During the First World War, the Sea of ​​Marmara became the center of the Dardanelles (Gallipoli) operation (February 19, 1915 - January 9, 1916), the purpose of which was to capture the Entente countries of the strategically important straits of this sea and Constantinople. All participants suffered huge losses (the Ottoman Empire - 186,000 killed, wounded and missing, and the British - 119,700). As a result, the Entente was defeated, and the Turks strengthened their positions in the international arena. After the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, the Sea of ​​Marmara naturally went to the Turkish Republic formed in 1923.
It is curious that this Turkish sea was best studied by Russian scientists, the list of which was opened in 1845-1848 by hydrographer Mikhail Petrovich Manganari (1804-1887). As a result of his research, the first accurate map seas. The very first accurate oceanographic survey of this sea was made in 1894 - it was also made by the Russians. Biological and hydrological studies were continued by Russian scientists Stepan Osipovich Makarov (1848-1904) and Iosif Bernardovich Spindler (1848-1919). A significant contribution to the study of the Marmara Sea was made by expedition data, with the assistance of Turkish side held in 1891 under the auspices of the Russian geographical society and the Imperial Academy of Sciences. In Soviet times, under the flag of the USSR Academy of Sciences, the flagship of the Russian research fleet "Vityaz" continued to study.
Today, the Sea of ​​Marmara region is industrialized: the industrial axis "Istanbul-Bursa-Izmit" passes through it. On an industrial scale coastal areas food products, electrical appliances, cement, textiles, metallurgical, petrochemical, paper products are produced, the automotive industry (Toyota plant), the production of wagons and ships are flourishing. Proximity to the sea is convenient for local industrial and shopping centers: in addition to important sea routes, there are highways connecting Asia with Europe. Living an active industrial, commercial, cultural and tourist life, the Marmara region has become one of the most densely populated in the country. True, this does not always benefit the sea: unfortunately, it is quite polluted, and the accident of the Russian tanker Volgoneft-248 in 1999 almost led to an environmental disaster. However, the saturation of the region cultural objects guarantees a stable interest of tourists to it. Istanbul alone is already expensive former Constantinople with its countless monuments, Asian-European flavor and symbolically connecting the banks of the bridges: the Bosphorus (1074 m, 1973) and Sultan Fatih (1090 m, 1988). And there is also Hereke, famous for carpets and possessing unique system irrigation, agricultural Adapazari, industrial Izmit (ancient Nicomedia) with the mausoleum of Sheikh Edebali and a cultural festival in his honor, as well as Sogyut with the grave of the leader of the first Turkish settlers Ertugrul Gazi. Yalova with healing thermal baths and the birthplace of the first Ecumenical Council of Iznik (Nicaea), the first capital of the Ottoman Empire Bursa and much more.

general information

Inland Sea of ​​Turkey.
The largest city:(former Constantinople), 12,782,960 people. (2010).
Straits: Dardanelles.
Major bays: Izmit (ancient Nicomedia, 47 km), Mudanya (36 km).
Largest islands: Marmara, Gokceada, Bozcaazha, Princes' Islands.
Flowing rivers: Granik, Susurluk. Biga, Genen.
The most important ports: Istanbul, Izmit, Yalova.
Major airport: international Airport them. Ataturk (Istanbul, European part), international airport. Sabihi Gokcen (Istanbul, Asian part).

Numbers

Length: 280 km.
Width: 80 km.
Area: 11,472 km2.
Volume: 4000 km3.
Greatest depth: 1404 m.

Economy

The Sea of ​​Marmara region produces about 37% of Turkey's GDP.
Industry: marble quarries, mining of coal and iron ore (in small quantities), metallurgical, petrochemical, cement, paper, electrical, textile and food industries; mechanical engineering, including automotive and shipbuilding.
Agriculture: cattle breeding (breeding of sheep for wool and skin), crop production (cereals, fruits, sugar cane, coffee). Viticulture, winemaking, cultivation of olives (Princes' Islands). Fishing.
Service sector: tourism, logistics, trade.

Climate and weather

Moderate.
January average temperature:+7ºС.
July average temperature:+24ºС.
Average water temperature in January:+9ºС.
Average water temperature in July:+24°С.
Ice-free sea: in winter the water temperature on the surface is +9ºС, in summer up to +29ºС.
The water temperature deeper than 200 meters is +14.2ºС all year round.

Attractions

■ : the ruins of ancient Troy (archaeological reserve on the peninsula of Asia Minor off the coast of the Aegean Sea near the entrance to the Dardanelles): the remains of the city wall, the Greek temple of Athena, the Roman sanctuary, the hall of columns, the Roman theater and the Dardanian Gates;
■Istanbul: Blue Mosque(1609-1916), Suleymaniye Mosque (1550-1557), Hagia Sophia Museum (532-537), Istanbul Archaeological Museum, Museum of Painting and Sculpture. Topkapi Palace Museum, Mosaic Museum, Museum of Turkish and Islamic Culture, Museum Eastern culture, Municipal Museum, Dolmabahce Museum with clock-tower; biennale of contemporary art.
■ Bursa: Muradiya - an ancient cemetery, the mosque of Sultan Murad II (XV e.), the Cathedral Mosque (XIV century);
■ Izmit: 18th century Ottoman palace ( ethnographical museum). Old city, Orkhan Gazi Mosque, Mausoleum of Sheikh Edebala:
■ Hereke- carpet weaving center;
■ Adapazars: Beshkopru Bridge, built by the Byzantine emperor Justin in 553, Atatürk Museum, Ethnographic Museum, Yalova (in ancient times, Helenapolis, named after the mother of Emperor Constantine Elena): Atatürk House Museum, thermal baths with healing springs;
■ Iznik: the remains of the ancient Roman fortress walls, the ruins of the Hagia Sophia, the "Turquoise" Yesil Mosque, the city museum with a rich collection of ceramic tiles;
■ National parks and natural monuments: National Uludag and winter tourism center in it; national park Kushgeneti (one of the most famous bird sanctuaries in the world), Marmara (Prokonessos) island, Gyonen is the best thermal spa , Salt Lake and Gallipoli Peninsula National Park; monasteries and holy springs about Gokceada.

Curious facts

■ Ancient myths tell a story that sheds light on the origin of the name Bosporus. The beloved of Zeus, the beautiful Io, was turned into a white cow. Fleeing from the wrath of his wife Hera, she dived into the strait, which was named after her "cow's ford".
■ Starting from 1300 BC. e. the inhabitants of the coast of the Sea of ​​Marmara keep sad statistics of local disasters: about 300 strong earthquakes were registered, which caused about 40 tsunami waves.
■ The Princes' Islands got their name from the royals, relatives and other associates of the imperial court who were exiled to these islands near Istanbul during the Byzantine Empire. Actually big island- Prinkipos, or, in Turkish, Buyukada, - in the period from 1929 to 1933 L. D. Trotsky lived after being expelled from the USSR. For the Turks themselves, this island is associated primarily with the house of their famous writer Site Faik Abasyyanyk (1906-1954). Since the year of his death, an annual literary prize has been awarded in Turkey - for the best collection of short stories.

The shores of the continents are washed by four oceans. In the waters of one of them, the Atlantic, is the Sea of ​​Marmara. How it is formed, what is its depth, read in the article.

Characteristic

The Sea of ​​Marmara is the smallest sea in the world. Its length reaches two hundred and eighty kilometers, and its width is 80 km. Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located and what is the depth of the reservoir? The bottom of the sea is formed by three basins. The depth of two of them reaches 1,260 meters, and the third - 1,404. More than half of the sea area is coastal zone, the depth of which is ninety-one hundred meters.

The Sea of ​​Marmara is characterized by uneven salinity of the water. At great depths, it is the same as in the Mediterranean Sea, and at the very surface - as in the Black Sea, the waters of which are diluted by the rivers flowing into it. The level of the two seas, namely the Black and Marble, is different. For the first one, it is higher than for the second, so its waters smoothly overflow through the Bosphorus into the Sea of ​​​​Marmara, on the surface of which a constant current with low salinity water is formed. In the deep layers, a parallel process is carried out. The salty waters that fill the Aegean Sea are pumped into the Sea of ​​Marmara, and the currents passing at depth carry them to the Black Sea.

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located? The photo is presented for viewing. It is located in Turkey, being the inland water body of the country. It attracts tourists from different parts of the world because it does not freeze in winter time. Temperature surface water in the cold period is about nine degrees Celsius. This is a very warm sea. In summer its temperature is twenty-nine degrees. The shores are the location of small towns built for the recreation of tourists.

origin of name

The sea is named after one of its largest islands - Marmara, which means "marble" in Latin. Stone was mined on this island. The Sea of ​​Marmara left a deep mark on Greek culture. They called it the Seaside. People of different nationalities lived on the coast, forming villages and colonies. After a series of high-profile events of that time, the Sea of ​​Marmara went to Turkey, formed in 1923.

Location

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located? Its location is the territory of Turkey. The sea separates its Asia Minor part, which occupies 97% of the country's total area, and the European part, which stretches for Balkan Peninsula. This is a small body of water compared to other seas in the world.

Through the Bosporus, it communicates with the Aegean - through the Dardanelles. The Sea of ​​Marmara is an important transport facility. Sea routes ran through it for a long time. Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located? Its location is the border between Europe and Asia, as well as the territory of a country such as Turkey. In the waters of the sea there are constantly cargo and passenger ships. They carry tons of various cargoes and a large number of people.

Place of education

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara located? The place of its formation is the depression of the earth's crust. It appeared at about the same time as the Black and Aegean Seas. By historical standards, this period was about 2.5 million years ago.

In those distant times, the Sea of ​​Marmara was a lake. About seven and a half years ago, the Mediterranean Sea was replenished with waters from the Atlantic, which through the Dardanelles (then the strait was still a river) fell into the lake with beautiful name Marble. it has increased significantly.

seismic activity

Where is the Sea of ​​​​Marmara and how it was formed, we mentioned above. But there is an important nuance. In the sea area, the area is restless. Tsunamis and earthquakes often occur here, caused by faults in the seabed. Over the past ten centuries, there have been about three hundred earthquakes of various strengths. In some cases, waves two and a half meters high rose up to forty times. The natural disaster brought a lot of destruction and human casualties.

At present, weather forecasters and geologists in Turkey do not give consoling forecasts. They believe that in 2030 an earthquake of enormous magnitude may occur with an epicenter in the vicinity of the country's capital, the city of Istanbul. The consequences of such a catastrophe would be irreparable.

Marmara Islands

The area is characterized by the presence of island groups with different names:

• The Marmara Islands are characterized by the presence of giant quarries, where even in ancient times quarried marble. They are available for tourists to visit.
• Imrali is an island that became the place of detention of the leader of the workers' party. This is what he became famous for.
• Genen Island is famous for its springs thermal waters, the temperature of which reaches eighty degrees above zero.
• Pashalimany Island is famous for the growth of sycamore groves on it.
• Gelibolu peninsula. On its territory there is a park of national importance, which is characterized by the presence of the Salt Lake and monuments to Turkish soldiers.

Where is the Sea of ​​Marmara physical map peace? It is located in the Atlantic Ocean. It's bright amazing beauty The sea is located surrounded by the lands of Turkey between Asia Minor and European territories.

The Sea of ​​Marmara is surrounded by lands belonging to Turkey, between its European territories and those located in Asia Minor. The length of the Sea of ​​Marmara is 280 km, the widest part is about 80 km. In total, the average annual volume of water in the Sea of ​​Marmara is about four thousand cubic meters. Maximum depth: 1355 m.

The Sea of ​​Marmara connects with the Black and Aegean seas through the straits: the Bosphorus on the northeast side, and the Dardanelles on the southwest. It is believed that the origin of the Marmara Sea is tectonic. As a result of significant faults in the earth's crust, a division occurred, and the Sea of ​​\u200b\u200bMarmara was also formed.

The winding shores of the sea are covered with mountains, their southeastern outlines are strongly indented. On north side there are underwater rocks and reefs. Most big islands located on the Sea of ​​​​Marmara - Marmara and the Princes' Islands. Several medium-sized rivers flow into the sea, most of which are located in the Asian part of the land.

History of the Sea of ​​Marmara

For the first time, the outlines and written evidence of the shores of the Sea of ​​​​Marmara were compiled by M.P. Manganari - at that time lieutenant commander of the Russian fleet. It happened in the middle of the 19th century. Later, at the end of the 19th century, Russian explorers carried out an expedition dedicated to the study of the Sea of ​​Marmara. The organizers were the Russian Geographical Society and the Imperial Academy of Sciences. I.B. led the expedition. Spindler, S.O. Makarov.

Due to the fact that the Sea of ​​Marmara passes through sea ​​route, dividing Europe and Asia, shipping is very developed there. Since ancient times, this area has been densely populated. Today, there are several large resorts on the coast.

In late 1999, a Russian oil tanker was wrecked while passing through Sea of ​​Marmara, at the same time, considerable volumes of oil fell into its waters. At present, the consequences of this event are practically eliminated.

Sea of ​​Marmara temperature

The average temperature in summer is 20 degrees Celsius and in winter - 9 degrees. The Sea of ​​Marmara does not freeze. The salinity level is about 26 ppm on the surface, near the bottom - up to 38 ppm. This is about the same level as in the Mediterranean Sea. Therefore, vegetable and animal undersea world Marble and mediterranean seas similar in many ways. Fishing is well developed on the Marmara Sea.