Countries on the banks of the Danube geography. The directions of the great river. Ancient name for the Danube

Danube (Bulgarian Dunav, German Donau, Greek Ister, in Hungarian Duna, lat. Danuvius or Danubius, in Romanian Dunre, in Serbian and Croatian Dunav, in Slovak Dunaj) is the second longest river in Europe (after the Volga).
Historical information
The earliest reliable information about the Danube is contained in the writings of the ancient Greek historian Herodotus (5th century BC), who wrote in the second book of the History that the Istr River (the ancient Greek name for the Danube) begins in the country of the Celts and flows, crossing Europe in the middle. The river Istr flows into the Evksinsky Pont (Black Sea) with seven branches. Modern name the river was given by the Celts, who lived here in the first half of the first millennium BC. e. The river takes its name Danuvius (fast water) from the Celtic words danu (fast) and vius (water).
Physiography
Source

The river originates in the Black Forest mountains (Baden-Württemberg, Germany), where near the city of Donaueschingen at an altitude of 678 m above sea level, the mountain streams Brege (48 km long) and Brigach (43 km long) merge.
Direction

On its way, the Danube changes direction several times. First, it flows through the mountainous region of Germany to the southeast, and then at around 2747 km (the mileage of the river is measured from the extreme point of the girl in the direction of the source) changes direction to the northeast. This direction is maintained until the city of Regensburg (2379 km), where the highest point of the river's flow is located (49 ° 03 "north latitude). Near Regensburg, the Danube turns southeast, then crosses the Vienna Basin, and further than 600 km flows along the Middle Danube Plain. mountain ranges South Carpathians along the Iron Gates gorge, to the Black Sea (more than 900 km) flows through the Lower Danube lowland. The fullest point of the river is located near the town of Svishtov (Bulgaria) - 43 ° 38 "north latitude.
Delta

In the lower reaches, the Danube, branching out, creates a large swampy delta cut through by a dense network of branches and lakes, 75 km long from west to east and 65 km wide from north to south. The top of the delta is located near Cape Izmailsky Chatal, 80 km from the mouth, where the main channel of the Danube first splits into the Kiliya and Tulchinskoye. After 17 kilometers downstream, the Tulchinskoye arm is divided into Georgievskoye and Sulinskoye, which flow into the Black Sea separately. The Kiliya arm within the borders of the territory of Ukraine creates the so-called Kiliya delta, which is the most fleeting part of the Danube Delta. Most of the Danube Delta is covered with floodplains - this is the second largest array of this landscape in Europe (second only to floodplains in the Volga Delta).
Sleeves

The Danube has numerous branches, which sometimes significantly (10 or more kilometers) depart from the main stream. The longest on the right bank are the branches of the Moshonsky or Dyorsky Danube (turn - 1854 km, girl - 1794 km) and Dunerya-Veke (237 and 169 km); on the left bank - the Small Danube (source - 1868 km, flows into the Vah), the Shorokshar Danube (1642 and 1586 km), Borcha (371 and 248 km).
tributaries

The Danube basin has an asymmetric shape. The smaller one is its right-bank part (44% of the catchment area). But on the right bank there are the most full-flowing tributaries, with which 2/3 of the water enters the Danube.

About 120 tributaries of the Danube form the hydrographic grid of the basin. The tributaries are unevenly distributed: most of them are located in the foothills of the Alps and the Carpathians, there are almost none on the territory of the Hungarian (Middle Danube) lowland.

The tributaries of the Danube, which originate in the mountains, have a mountainous character in the upper reaches. Entering the plain, they acquire the typical features of lowland rivers and are navigable for a long distance.

The tributaries that have a significant impact on the water regime of the Danube are shown in the table.

Other characteristics

At a distance in a straight line between the source (Donaueschingen) and the extreme point of the delta (mark "0 km" in the Ukrainian part of the delta below the city of Vilkovo on the island of Ankudinov) at 1642 km, the meandering coefficient of the river is 1.71. The average decline of the Danube is 24.4 cm per 1 km. The Danube is the second river in Europe, second only to the Volga.
Parts of the Danube

According to the complex of physical and geographical characteristics, the Danube is divided into the following three parts: Upper (992 km) - from the source to the village of Genya;
Medium (860 km) - from Genyu to the city of Turnu Severin;
Nizhny (931 km) - from the city of Turnu Severin to the confluence with the Black Sea.

Political geography
The Danube flows from source to mouth through the territory or along the border of 10 states (Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine).

Also, the Danube basin fully or partially covers the territories of 17 states of Central and Southern Europe (except for the 10 above - Italy, Slovenia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Albania, Macedonia, Poland, Switzerland and the Czech Republic.

For all the Danubian countries, the Danube in some areas is a natural state border With neighboring countries. Within the boundaries of the territories individual countries the length of the Danube is from 1075 km (Romania) to 0.2 km (Moldova).
Major cities on the Danube
On the banks of the Danube there are dozens big cities, including the capitals of four European countries: Austria - Vienna (1597 thousand inhabitants), Serbia - Belgrade (1168 thousand), Hungary - Budapest (2016 thousand), Slovakia - Bratislava (425 thousand). On the tributary of the Isar stands the capital of Bavaria, federal state Germany (Munich, 1250 thousand). Regensburg - Germany
Vienna, Austria
Linz - Austria
Bratislava - Slovakia
Budapest, Hungary
Belgrade - Serbia
Rousse - Bulgaria
Braila - Romania

Shipping
After the construction of the Rhine-Danube Canal in Germany in 1992, the river became part of the trans-European waterway from Rotterdam on the North Sea to Sulin on the Black Sea (3500 km). Volume transportation on the Danube reached 100 million tons (1987).

Navigation on the Danube continues for most of the year and is only interrupted for 1 - 2 months. In especially warm winters it doesn't stop all year round.

In 1999, navigation was hampered by the destruction of three bridges as a result of the bombing of Belgrade by NATO aircraft. The riverbed cleanup was completed in 2002.
catchment
The total catchment area of ​​the Danube is 817 thousand km2. Her extreme points are 42°12" and 50°05" N. latitude, 8°10" and 29°40" east. e. The length of the basin from west to east is 1690 km, the width is 820 km.

The Danube basin borders in the north on the watersheds of the rivers Weser, Elbe, Oder, Vistula, in the northeast - the Dniester, in the west and northwest - the Rhine. To the south of the Danube basin are the basins of the small rivers of the Adriatic, Aegean and Black Seas.

The Danube is fed by rainwater, melted snow and glaciers of the Alps and Carpathians, groundwater.

Despite the difficult regime of water levels, periods of flood, low water and winter period. In the upper Danube, the highest water level occurs at the beginning of summer (June), the lowest - in winter (December-February). In the section of the middle Danube, before the confluence of large tributaries (Drava, Tisa and especially Sava), the water level regime remains close to the upper Danube, but the amplitude of fluctuations is somewhat smoothed. In the lower Danube, the highest water level occurs during the flood period (April-May), the lowest occurs in autumn (September-October).

The annual flow of the Danube is about 210 km of water. The Danube also has a tributary Osm from Slovenia.

Wikipedia

The Danube is an international river. It is interesting because it flows through many European states, on its banks are the capitals and big cities. This is the most long river within the territory of the European Union.

general information

The Danube River is the second longest in Europe. Its length is 2960 kilometers. Only the Volga is ahead of it in length.

The Danube, the ancient name of which we will give below, begins in the mountains of the Black Forest, in Germany. On the way to the sea, this water flow passes exactly along the border of 10 countries. The very first among them is Germany, then Austria, then the river passes Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, passes through Romania, Moldova and, finally, Ukraine, and then flows into the Black Sea.

Some European capitals are located on this great river - Vienna, Belgrade, Budapest, Bratislava. The huge drainage basin of the Danube covers about 19 more countries.

Flowing into the Black Sea, the river forms a delta on the territory of Romania and Ukraine.

Origin of the river's name

On Old Church Slavonic the ancient name of the Danube is Dounav, in Bulgarian - Dunav. Presumably, the Slavs adopted this name from the Goths, who brought it from the Celtic language, where the Danube is translated as "river".

According to the Polish scientist Jan Rozvadovsky, the Slavs used to call the Dnieper with the word "Danube". Then they moved to the banks of the described river and transferred the name to it. It is noteworthy that the name also has the same translation as the Old Slavonic ancient name of the Danube. Only "don" comes from the word "danu", that is, "water" or "river".

Ancient name for the Danube

The Danube was mentioned in ancient Greek and Roman sources. So, in the writings of the historian Herodotus, the ancient name of the Danube is mentioned (Book 4). In addition, it tells where this river flows, what features it has. And all this is described with amazing accuracy.

ancient name Danube - 4 letters in total (Istres). True, it is believed that the Greeks called so only the lower reaches of the river, since the upper was still unknown to them.

It starts according to Herodotus, in the country of the Celts, then flows through the whole of Europe, dividing it into two parts in the middle. Then, splitting into seven branches, the Istres flows into the Euxine Pont or the Black Sea. According to Strabo, this river flows in the middle of the territory located between the Black and Adriatic seas and flows into the sea through its 8 mouths near Borisfen or the Dnieper.

The ancient name of the Danube from 4 letters was also mentioned in his campaign records by the Roman emperor Julius Caesar. And the emperor of Rome, Trajan, built for the first time a stone bridge across this river.

Beginning of the river

In the mountains of the Black Forest, near the city of Donaueschingen, the Danube originates. The river is formed at the confluence of two streams - Breg and Brigah - at an altitude of 678 meters above sea level. Interesting feature rivers is that after 30 kilometers from the source, the Danube abruptly goes underground, seeping through the soft limestone rocks of the river valley.

After 12 kilometers to the south is the famous Aahsky key, beating out of the ground. It is the most powerful in this country - up to 8.5 tons of water per second flows out of it.

In 1877, it was finally proved that the Aakh key is fed by the Danube water. Especially for this, a large amount of salt (100 centners) was poured into its upper reaches, and two days later the same salt was found in the waters of the spring. By the way, during the flood period, the flow of water underground travels the same distance in just 20 hours.

Through a large underground passage, water flows to the Wimzenskaya cave, where it comes out in the Aakhsky spring. The height difference between the place where the Danube goes underground and the exit is 185 meters.

river direction

On the way to the sea, the Danube turns its stream several times. At the very beginning in the mountains of Germany, it flows in a southeasterly direction. Then, 2747 kilometers from the mouth (the place where it flows into the Black Sea), the Danube turns to the northeast.

Thus, the river reaches the city of Regensburg, located 2379 kilometers from the mouth. Here is the northernmost part of it. Further, the river changes its direction to the southeast, passes the Vienna Basin. Then 600 kilometers of the waterway runs through the Central Russian Lowland.

The river cuts through the mountains of the Southern Carpathians, passing through the Iron Gates gorge. And 900 kilometers to the Black Sea, the Danube passes through the Lower Danube Lowland.

river delta

In its lower reaches, the Danube splits into many branches and lakes. The swampy delta stretches 75 kilometers from west to east and is 65 kilometers wide.

The delta begins near Cape Izmail Chetal. After 80 km, the riverbed is divided into the Tulchinskoye and Kiliya branches. Tulchinskoye is then divided into the Sulinsky and Georgievskoe arms. All of them flow into the sea separately from each other.

The Kiliya arm in Ukraine is transformed into the Kiliya delta, which has the highest flow rate than the others. In general, the Danube Delta is covered by floodplains, they have large area and occupy the second largest in Europe after similar landscapes on the Volga. The Danube Biosphere Reserve was created here.

Danube river is one of the largest in the world. It is the second longest in Europe (the first is the Volga), and the only one of such length in the European Union. Crossing several European countries, the Danube stretches for almost three thousand kilometers, eventually flowing into the Black Sea.

The Danube River is deservedly considered an international - or, international - river, and this is true, because in its length it flows through the territory of Germany, Austria, Hungary, Slovakia, Serbia, Croatia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine. This river passes through several European capitals, worthily decorating them with their majestic appearance.

The mouth of the Danube is territorially divided between Ukraine and Romania, while the source lies in Germany. The Danube River was repeatedly mentioned in their writings by ancient authors, for example, Herodotus. The ancient Greeks called it the name of Istres, and the current name is of a Celtic root, and in most languages ​​it sounds about the same.

People have long chosen the Danube, because it was a source of water and fish, which is why settlements grew on its banks. Attempts to cultivate the river were observed in deep antiquity- It is believed that the very first stone bridge across the Danube was built by the Roman emperor Trajan, which happened at the very beginning of the 2nd century AD. Thus, the Danube has been known to many nations since ancient times, and a variety of tribes and civilizations inhabited its banks.

Surprisingly, such a long and really powerful river flows from two relatively small mountain streams. The source, located in the Black Forest mountains, in the German state of Baden-Württemberg, is formed from the confluence of Brigach and Breg. Their length is only about fifty kilometers, and in fact they can be called streams rather than rivers. Here, in the Baden-Württemberg city of Donaueschingen, is located old castle, near which the symbolic source of the mighty river is decorated. So, a huge Danube flows out of small mountain streams, passing further through almost the whole of Europe.

A small part of the river has an underground channel. Shortly after the source, about thirty kilometers later, the Danube River goes underground. It then seeps through rock and then it spreads to its full width. This is also sufficient amazing fact when such a mass of water comes out literally from the mountains. Truly, the Danube is unique in many ways.

The direction of the Danube is different in different parts - in places it bends, forms corners and loops. Ultimately, the river forks and its delta is quite wide. The delta region has a swampy area, abundant with lakes, but it itself is divided into two main parts. As already mentioned above, one of the parts belongs to Ukraine, while the second belongs to Romania. At the same time, the Romanian section of the Danube Delta is declared world heritage UNESCO.

Several islands can be observed along the length of the river. Among them, sometimes quite large ones come across - for example, the Zhitny Island in Slovakia, which is considered largest island on the Danube. Its area is almost two thousand square kilometers, and it is inhabited. People live on the island, they grow crops of wheat and other crops there, and at its southern tip there is a whole range of nature reserves. They contain rare species of plants, birds and animals, the existence of which in Lately endangered throughout the rest of the world. Although the island belongs to Slovakia, mostly Hungarians live there, who are citizens of this state - this has happened historically.

Of course, the Danube River is also remarkable within the boundaries of European capitals. Speaking of Hungary, one cannot fail to mention Budapest, through which the river flows, dividing it into two main parts - Buda and Pest. Once upon a time, these were two different independent cities, until, finally, they united into one, which became the capital of Hungary.

In Budapest, the Danube is hidden in stone embankments, and along them are amazing beauty houses that amaze every tourist with their unique architecture. This is the Parliament building, a number of luxury hotels, other buildings, and the famous mountain Gellert is also clearly visible from the banks of the Danube. Seven colorful bridges are thrown across the river, which are illuminated in the evening and at night with a lot of light bulbs, which makes the overall picture even more attractive.

In addition to Budapest, the Danube crosses such capitals as Vienna, Belgrade, Bratislava. Located on its banks and others famous cities, which, although they are not the capitals of states, are no less large and famous for that. Among them, we can mention the German Passau - the once famous center for the manufacture of edged weapons for almost all of Europe. Galati, Brăila, Ruse and Linz are also cities on the Danube. And besides them, many hundreds of smaller towns and villages, albeit unknown, but for centuries present on the banks of this great river.

In addition, the Danube River is an important transport artery of great importance for the whole of Europe. It has developed both passenger and transport shipping, and every day during the shipping season, hundreds of people and thousands of tons of various cargoes ply in all directions along the Danube. This message is interrupted only for a couple of months a year, since most The Danube is quite navigable.

In addition, a whole network of channels, equipped with human hands, branches out from it. These canals link rivers, cities and countries. Of course, they are also important in the economic sense, and the Danube gives them all a start.

Today, anyone can book a ticket to river cruise along the Danube. It will be a truly exciting experience as the cruise will take you through several countries, through the capital cities mentioned above and smaller cities. Stops will be made at various locations. You can easily see the whole of Europe and gain a lot of interesting impressions while traveling along the Danube.

) originates the Breg stream, which, connecting in one channel with another stream, Brigah, and takes the name Danube. The source of the Breg lies 7 km to the north-north-west of Furtwangen, at an altitude of 1000 meters above the sea surface, between the mountains of Rossek and Brigbrine, and the Brigach begins almost 9 kilometers to the east, 4 kilometers to the south-west of St. George, flows through Billingen, which lies only 5 km from the sources of the Neckar, and under the city of Donaueschingen, taking in a stream flowing from the castle garden of this city and previously considered the source of the Danube, joins in one channel with the Breg stream. The area where these three streams merge is a swampy plain. From here the river takes the name Danube and flows first to the SE, keeping the direction of Brega, but soon changes it to the SE, which it keeps to the city of Regensourg, where it again turns to the SE and flows in this direction to the city of Passau. This city is generally considered final destination Upper Danube; from here to the Iron Gates goes the Middle Danube, and from the Iron Gates to the mouth of the Lower Danube.

In the upper reaches, the Danube goes first at southern foot Swabian Jura to Donauwert, from here to Regensburg - at the foot of the Frankish Jura. Flowing through this mountainous area, the Danube is very fast with a large slope, especially near Ulm, at an altitude of 469 meters. To Ulm, covered mountains go along the right bank, although in some places there are also marshy small ones, and from Ulm, under which the Danube, having taken in its first tributary Iller, becomes navigable (with a width of 78 meters), its right bank becomes completely flat, the left remains mountainous and rocky.

The Middle Danube near Passau receives the Inn tributary, which almost doubles it, and, leaving the elevated plains of Bavaria, enters the valley, and its right bank lies in. Already beyond Passau, a gorge begins, stretching for about 120 kilometers to Krems and formed on the one hand by the southern spurs of the Bohemian Forest, Greinerwald and Mangartswald, and on the other by the northern spurs of the Alps (Sauvald). Here the Danube bed is littered with stones and cluttered up, forming the famous Strudel rapids. The water is divided into frantic streams around the island, on which the ancient Werfenstein castle stands in ruins, and rapidly rushes in the general channel, narrowing here to only 146 meters. In the past, a mass of water hit the large detached Gausstein rock and formed a terrible whirlpool, but in 1854 the rock was blown up and the path through the rapids ceased to be difficult. Not far from here, the Danube emerges from the mountain gorges, overflows with a wide tablecloth and is divided into many branches, between which are low-lying islands, the so-called "Auen", covered with dense grass and overgrown with willows, aspens and poplars. The bed of the river forks in the form of many bends, some of which are convenient for navigation, others are cluttered with sandy shoals and gradually turn into swamps. Cramped once again by parts interrupted by him Vienna Woods, the Danube enters the Lower Austrian Plain, representing the bottom ancient lake through which it once flowed. Here, along a recently corrected channel, it flows near the capital of the Austro-Hungarian Empire. South part this half has long been densely populated; factory and factory industry is in full swing everywhere, but the country north coast rivers, towards Moravia, Marchfeld, only in relatively recent times was covered with cornfields: in the Middle Ages, the German emperors deliberately left these places uninhabited and uncultivated in order to be able to defend their borders without great difficulty from the invasion of wild hordes. From here, at the confluence of the Morava River, the Danube leaves the Austrian-German and enters the borders of Hungary, where it is replaced by the last spurs of the Alps and the foothills of the Lesser. Passing under Devin (130 m above sea level) and Pressburg "Hungarian Gate", the Danube enters the Hungarian plain and spreads widely in its sloping banks. Here he takes on the character of a real big river with changeable, indefinite banks, except in those places where the mountains approaching the very water make the river narrow again for a while. The Danube washes away the banks here, forcing large masses of earth to collapse, which are then deposited in the channel or near the other bank in the form of numerous shallows, sandy arrows and spits, and even entire islands and islets. All this is overgrown with reeds, shrubs and trees. The banks of the river are densely populated. Of the many islands, two stand out below Pressburg. big islands: Large and Small Shutty. The first of them (87 kilometers long and about 25 kilometers wide) is called Tsalokez among its inhabitants, and near Zhitny Ostrov and has about 200 villages and villages. Small Schutt - about 48 kilometers long. Divided into three channels, the Danube again unites into one channel under the city of Komorn and flows eastward to the city of Gran, again breaking through the “Visegrad Passage” between the protrusions of the Bakonsky Forest protruding to the south and the foothills of the Novograd Carpathians from the north Under the mountains. Weizen D. turns rather sharply to the south and, having passed the Hungarian capital, where its height above sea level is 110 meters, enters the large Hungarian plain-lowland (Alfeld). This area has a character: a huge low-lying plain, in which no significant elevations can be seen in a large area, strikes the observer with its uniformity both in the nature of the area, and in the vegetable kingdom, and in the animal kingdom, even the person here is the same in almost the entire space. most. In Alfeld, the Danube overflows widely and slowly flows between two sloping banks, in places forming real swamps and swamps; otherwise, in a wide channel, islands rise from the applied river waters lands or next to the main channel are numerous branches separated from it, which subsequently merge again with the main river. The most significant of the islands on the Danube in this place is St. Andrew (between Weizen, Buda), then Csepel, Shar and Margita near Mogach. Near Buda, the depth is 8-12 meters, the width of the Danube here is about 1000 meters, and between Benek and Feldvar 570-1260 meters. Below the confluence of the Drava near Vukovar, the Danube is pushed back to the ESE by the Sirmian Hills (Fruska Gora, see) and flows to Petervardein (82 m) and Slankamen. Here it receives the largest of its tributaries, the second artery of the Alfeld, r. Tissu, and flows in the direction of the city of Zemlin, under which its width reaches 1560 m, depth up to 14 m; from here it goes to Belgrade and receives its main right tributary, the Sava; from this point it forms the border between and up to Orshova, or Rshava. Near the town of Baziash, the mountains squeezed the river into a gorge for about 130 km to the town of Kladova. This gorge is called Klissura, or the Iron Gates. In this gorge, the height of the Danube above sea level changes from 37.3 to 11 m; with such a strong slope, the river acquires an extraordinary swiftness of flow and is compressed on both sides to an incredible degree (from 1900 meters its width in the Iron Gates reaches 100 meters, and in one place even up to 60 meters); its depth here from 20 meters reaches 50 m and even 75 meters, and the fall of the water, equaling 4 stm near Baziash. at 1 km, here in the Iron Gates it reaches 540 m; to these difficulties for navigation is added the fact that the bottom of the river in many places is dotted with underwater rocks and stones.

The Lower Danube begins at the exit of the river from the Iron Gates. Here it again enters a more even terrain, flows with many bends, first to the south, and then, gradually turning to the east in an unbent semicircle, past the cities. Vidin, Nikopol, Sistov, Ruschuk, Salistria with a width of 700-1000 meters. and with a slight fall, it passes along the edge of the Great Wallachian Plain among a wide swampy lowland, cut by numerous branches, with huge puddles of stagnant water. At Chernavoda, separated from the sea by only 50 km, the Danube, having met the flat elevation of Dobruja, suddenly changes its east. direction and, bypassing it, turns through Girshova and Brailov to the S. In this space, it is divided into a whole labyrinth of branches. Only after the confluence of the Seret, the Danube again takes its main eastbound and takes the Prut from the left side. At a distance of about 7 km above Tulci, the Danube forms its own delta. This is a huge (about 2558 square kilometers) swampy plain, overgrown with high reeds (up to 3 meters high), in which herds of buffaloes and flocks of various water birds find shelter and wolves roam. The extreme branches of this delta lie one from the other at a distance of 89 km. Of these, the left (northern), divided into several parts and overflowing like a lake, passing through Izmail, flows into the Kiliya vent, passing 101 km and bringing with it 63% of all Danube water into the sea. The right sleeve beyond Tulcea is divided into Sulinsky (middle) and St. George (southern). The Sulina branch, after the second division, runs for another 90 km, keeping almost straight to B, and flows into, bringing it only 7.4% of the Danube water. It is the most navigable of the branches of the Danube; its depth reaches 16 meters, on the shallows it is about 5 meters, and before flowing into the sea there is also a significant shallow. This depth was achieved thanks to the extensive hydraulic engineering work carried out after the war. The branch of St. George stretches after the second division for a space of 110 kilometers, has a depth of 6 to 11 meters and before flowing into the sea - a large shallow covered with water only one and a half meters.

Danube food method: the main role in feeding the river is played by water from the melting of mountain snows; great importance have water from plentiful and water.

Danube tributaries: Iller (right), Lech (right), Isar (right), Inn (right), Ens (right), Morava (left), Slave (right), Vag (left), Gron (left), Ipel (left), Drava (right), Tisa (left), Sava (right), Morava (right), Iskar (right), Siret (left), Prut (left).

Inhabitants of the Danube: sturgeon (beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon) and herring (herring, shad), catfish, carp, asp, bream, silver bream, fish, pikeperch, sterlet, roach, rudd, tench, crucian carp, perch, podust, gudgeon, bleak, ide, barbel, sabrefish, pike, burbot and some others.

Freezing of the Danube: The high water passes in the warm part of the year; it starts at the end of February and continues until August. The most shallow Danube in September and October. observed not annually (in January-February).

The famous and world-famous Danube River flows through 10 countries of the world, and ranks second in terms of the length of rivers in Europe, after the Russian River. The Danube River is the longest river in European Union, its length reaches 2960 km. The river originates in and, flowing through almost all of Europe, flows into Ukraine at a wide mouth. ( 11 photos)

Of course, the first thing worth highlighting in the merits of the river is that it flows and is geographical border 10 states. It also holds the honorary title of the longest river in Europe. And so, the Danube river crosses the countries: Germany, Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Bulgaria, Romania, Moldova and Ukraine.

The total length of the river is 2960 km. On the banks of the river there are many large cities and even the capitals of some countries, next to the river are located:, the capital of Austria; the city of Belgrade, the capital of Serbia; the city of Budapest, the capital of Hungary; The capital of Slavakia is the city of Bratislava.

The Danube originates in Germany, high in the Black Forest mountains at an altitude of 678 meters, where it is formed by the confluence of two mountain streams Breg and Brigach. It is from here that the great river originates, then passing through most of Europe and crossing many cities, it flows into the Black Sea. The Danube has one distinguishing feature along which it is unlike any other river in the world.

The Danube River completely disappears underground, actually disappearing from the surface of the earth. This happens about 30 km from the source, in the town of Immendingen, Germany. It would seem that everything, there is no river, but 12 km to the south, the Aakhsky spring beats with a big spring, this is precisely the continuation of the Danube River, and it does not disappear, but only sinks underground.

Flowing through limestone rocks and underground crevices, it flows out. IN medieval period scientists could not determine whether the river disappears completely or only temporarily sinks underground while continuing its movement. And only in 1877 it was finally possible to prove that the Danube continues to move underground, for this, salt was dissolved upstream and after some time the waters of the source became salty. Such a simple experience shed light on the geography of the river.

The annual water flow is 6700 m³/s, the slope of the river is 0.237 m/km. As a whole, the Danube is a fairly branched river with a large number of tributaries and branches. The main areas feeding the river are mountain system. The main sources for the river are small mountain streams.

The Danube River is subject to annual floods, which, due to the length of the river, come in different time and in different areas rivers. Freezing is also a non-standard quality of the river; again, due to its large length, the river does not freeze evenly and not in all areas.

The code amplitude of water level fluctuations is from 4-5 meters. average temperature in winter in the river areas it is from -1 to -5 degrees °C. In summer, the temperature rises to +20 °C. Strong cold winds blow almost constantly on Duai. Air masses come here from the Atlantic regions, of Eastern Europe and western Asia. The winds here are so strong that sometimes they can even change the direction of the river flow to the opposite, the wind speed can reach 30 m/s.

Due to the flat type, the river is mostly navigable and is actively used by companies to transport resources. The river is of particular value for fishing enthusiasts, because large masses of fish live here, such species as: beluga, sturgeon, stellate sturgeon, herring, catfish, carp, bream, pike perch, etc.

It was one of the most famous rivers in the world - the Danube River, famous for its length and the number of countries through which it passes, and it is also the longest river in the European Union.